Madness

Use in the book

Alcibiades first uses the label to separate himself from Oedipus: a healthy person would not dare to pray as Oedipus did. Socrates replies by obtaining agreement that madness is opposite to intelligence. Together with an exhaustive division into intelligent and unintelligent people and a rule permitting only one opposite, this yields the conclusion that every unintelligent person is mad. Its shocking consequence is that the many fellow citizens whom Alcibiades calls unintelligent should all behave like the violent madmen invoked at 139d.

The corrected comparison is with kinds of illness and craft. At 140c the mad are those who possess the largest share of unintelligence; people with somewhat less receive other labels. The passage combines differences of degree with differences of kind, and does not supply a medical boundary between them. Its useful negative conclusion is clearer: sharing the wider description “unintelligent” does not make all cases identical to the conspicuous extreme.

Oedipus returns at 141a as an unintelligent person acting in anger, while many present-day people act without that anger and believe their requests good. The subsequent argument therefore no longer needs to diagnose every mistaken suppliant as mad. Alcibiades’ “madcap” at 148a belongs to margos, the word played upon through Margites, rather than to the mania family; it should not be treated as a formal return to the initial classification.

Places to read

1. 138cAlcibiades calls Oedipus a madman, and Socrates asks about the opposite of intelligence.
2. 139b–dThe identity thesis leads to the rejected picture of a city of violent madmen.
3. 140c–dMadness becomes the largest share of a differentiated unintelligence.
4. 141aAngry Oedipus is distinguished from people who mistake bad requests for good.
5. 148a“Madcap” uses a different Greek word and recalls Margites.

Translation in this edition

The edition distinguishes “mad”, “madman” and “madness” as the syntax requires, but retains the lexical family. Its “thunderstruck” at 140c is embrontētos, not another occurrence of mania. The classification and its potentially insulting names belong to the dialogue’s speakers.

Use in the book

The Phaedrus passage defends a particular madness sent by gods through love, arguing that it benefits lover and beloved. The next distinction separates divine inspiration from states associated with illness. The positive claim therefore does not praise every disordered condition indiscriminately.

Places to read

1. I.9.8Divinely sent loving madness is defended as beneficial.

Translation in this edition

“Madness” preserves the startling ancient contrast, with its divine qualification made explicit.

Use in the book

Caelius reports that those following Empedocles distinguish a condition arising from purgation of the soul and another from derangement of mind due to a bodily cause or disorder. He explicitly turns to discuss the latter. The excerpt therefore offers a medical writer's selection from a reported school distinction, not a verbatim surviving statement by Empedocles.

The twofold division is important because it resists treating every disturbed mental condition as one homogeneous bodily disease. But it does not tell us the practices, symptoms, duration, or value assigned to the purgative kind. Nor does it explicitly say that this first kind is harmless, desirable, or wholly non-bodily. The edition's sharper contrast between disease and nondisease goes beyond the brief Latin. The article records an ancient distinction without applying the labels to modern diagnoses or deriving medical advice from it.

Places to read

1. A 98 (testimony)Caelius Aurelianus, On Chronic Diseases. Reports two kinds among followers of Empedocles and identifies the bodily-caused kind as his topic.

Translation in this edition

The attribution is Empedoclem sequentes, “those following Empedocles.” The notice must not be promoted into a direct quotation or the securely documented organization of a formal medical school.

Use in the book

The definition and its unsettled boundaries

Burton first reports writers who combine madness, phrensy and melancholy, and others who distinguish phrensy but make madness and melancholy one disease, differing only in degree. Shared causes and an intensified or diminished humour explain this latter position. He then announces his choice to follow those who treat the conditions separately. His definition therefore belongs to an adopted arrangement, not a consensus concealed behind a dictionary formula.

Within that arrangement, madness exceeds melancholy in violence of body and mind. Burton lists anger, clamour, alarming looks, actions and gestures, force and boldness, and excludes fear and sorrow from this particular type. He distinguishes it from phrensy by absence of fever and generally better memory. “Most part” matters: better memory is usual in the comparison, not invariably sound memory. Fracastorius adds mature age, appropriate duration and an established inability to exercise the understanding, excluding passing disturbances associated with wine or certain plants. His “impotency” concerns understanding, not sexuality.

The subsequent kinds complicate a purely violent picture. Ecstasy includes trance, and Cardano is reported to enter it voluntarily; animal-transformation beliefs and behaviour are considered under lycanthropy; hydrophobia is also called a kind of madness. Its description contains fear of water and sadness, although the earlier formal definition excluded fear and sorrow. The lexical class consequently cannot be reconstructed by requiring every feature of its opening description in every subsequent instance. These are reported historical categories and explanations, including contested claims, rather than retrospective diagnoses. The same subsection places reported compulsive dancing in this neighbourhood, citing a book of “Madness,” while also reporting a classification as palsy. Its last kind is demonic obsession or possession, but Burton says “madness or melancholy” and “if I may so call it,” attributes the preternatural account to Plater and others, and chooses to omit disputed stories. This hesitation is part of the classification.

The division recurs later without becoming entirely settled. The marginal account attributed to Hercules de Saxonia says the soul’s functions are diminished in intellectual incapacity, abolished in mania and deranged in melancholy; the body compresses this distinction. Elsewhere Burton again reports authorities who regard madness as melancholy extended. These statements should remain attributed, especially beside his accounts of people deluded on one subject yet wise elsewhere.

Degree, duration, fear and bodily theories

A three-degree account attributed to Rhasis moves from mistaken thought through its expression to its enactment. The following authorities call the last stage the furthest extent of melancholy, or madness itself. Burton's broader catalogue also warns that different people have different symptoms: a reader who combines them all would manufacture an impossible composite. The alleged progression is one explanatory scheme within this varied material, not a law that every person with melancholy must follow.

Heat and scorched humours often explain the boundary. Following an account of extreme boldness and endurance attributed to Cardano, Burton intervenes: he takes these people to be mad or desperate rather than properly melancholic. His prognosis likewise says that heating melancholy quite often leads to mania, with madness occurring in fits or continuously. The qualifications, bodily model and temporal alternatives all belong to the argument. In the Latin–English pair “per circuitus, aut semper insanit” / “he is mad by fits, or altogether,” “altogether” means all the time, not merely more intensely.

Fearlessness is particularly unsafe as a book-wide test. The Agrigentum drinkers remain “mad” while explaining that they threw the tavern’s goods away to avoid an imagined shipwreck and death. Burton leaves wine versus an admixture unresolved. Later, Fracastorius explains fearless madness through heat, but Burton immediately objects that the reasoning cannot explain fearful melancholy arising from scorched choler. The reported theory and his objection must be read together.

Anger, folly and inspired excess

The preliminary picture of a chained, roaring madman turns into a mirror of the reader’s anger. The anger chapter develops both resemblance and alleged causation: the angry and mad person are said to be indistinguishable during the fit, while repeated excessive anger supposedly passes from a temporary disposition into an established condition. The time limitation and the claim about repetition are different propositions; neither licenses diagnosing every angry person.

The preface expands madness much further. Its Greek proverb differentiates greed, lust, ambition and envy within a universal satire on folly. Poets can be mad through inspiration, extravagance or the narrator’s hostile judgment. Sabatus’s ship, sailors, water and winds are mad for different reasons, and Burton ends by calling the speaker and perhaps the reader mad too. He later expressly leaves people who are metaphorically, slightly or temporarily mad to undertake his more serious account of established melancholy. That announced change of scope is a guide to reading the whole word family.

The label can itself be a mistake. The citizens of Abdera take Democritus’s laughter for madness and summon Hippocrates, but the physician’s concluding verdict calls him exceptionally wise and says they were deceived. This reversal belongs to Burton’s retelling of pseudonymous Hippocratic letters, not an independently authenticated consultation. In the same expansive preface, “deal not so madly” rebukes foolish conduct, while “mad of” hawking, hunting or cockfighting means excessively absorbed in those pursuits. “Horn mad” adds a cuckold’s-horns joke to extreme folly: its targets knowingly tolerate their wives’ affairs.

The “mad haven” has a different force. Burton describes a harbour with a secret power “to dementate,” and its margin adds a “laurus insana,” a mad laurel said to drive all banquet guests mad. The place and plant supposedly cause derangement; they are not themselves patients or merely turbulent objects. Both are transmitted marvels whose names and abbreviated sources remain unresolved in the supplied edition.

Madness is not always condemnation. Burton acknowledges holy madness and spiritual drunkenness among good people, while refusing to attribute the disputed passions to God himself. Later he again allows beneficial contemplation and a positive spiritual ecstasy before calling their abuse delusion and madness. The positive concession and its limiting turn must survive together. His accusations against particular religious opponents remain his polemic.

Love, religion and responsibility

In love melancholy, philosophical and medical classifications compete again: Plato is said to call love madness itself, Ficino a species of madness, and physicians generally a species of melancholy. Burton elects to follow the physicians’ separate treatment. The later prognosis alleges madness or death if help is not given, supported by accounts of prolonged passion, sleeplessness and bodily drying. The condition in the Latin, the named speakers and the historical physiology matter more than the compressed English prediction considered alone.

Amorous madness also admits comic and approving shades. The suitor who must “be mad in Print” must conduct even his infatuation with the studied precision demanded of his clothes and manners. The Heinsius margin gives the corresponding joke in “cum cura insaniendum,” going mad with care, as an impersonal obligation. Later the “mad merry fellow in Mimnermus” speaks within praise of love’s pleasures, valuing life only while love lasts. Neither use should be flattened into the later prognosis of incapacitating derangement.

Religious madness can instead name error and torment in a confessional classification. Burton’s deficient extreme includes opponents he condemns as well as people despairing of divine mercy; his attack on superstition culminates in “Religiosa insania.” This language does not create a neutral clinical class embracing the communities he names. The continuation describes continual fear, another reason not to import the exclusion into every occurrence.

The care and consolation passages also alter the direction of judgment. Following Crato, Burton insists on gentle speech and gradual treatment: someone trying to expel one madness by another is “madder” than the patient. He condemns companions who exploit a person’s weakness for amusement and recommends removal from destructive company. At the end of the religious discussion, madness or melancholy can qualify agency in a conditional plea for charitable judgment after a death. That plea includes prior evidence of spiritual rebirth and distinguishes the force of illness from freely chosen action; it is not a universal declaration about responsibility.

The transitive verb sharpens the question of agency. A scoffer who “mads others” drives them into disturbance; Burton imagines that the same treatment would torment the scoffer himself. The next paragraph makes the effect depend on whether a target notices the joke and takes it to heart. Elsewhere, however, the husband who plays his drum while his wife quarrels “madded her more”: he exasperated her by showing that she could not move him. This latter anecdote gives the verb an angering sense without establishing a lasting illness.

Related entries

Melancholy; Calenture and ague; Dotage; Distraction; Lycanthropy; Ecstasy; Phrenitis; Lucid intervals; Crased; Imagination; Anger; Love

Places to read

1. The reader’s angry mirrorThe madman panel and the reader’s implication
2. Literal and figurative breadthBroad melancholy, the conduct adverb madly and the Greek proverb distinguishing kinds of folly
3. A mistaken judgment reversedThe citizens’ supposed madman becomes the physician’s model of wisdom in the literary letter episode
4. Approved holy madnessSpiritual transport, its positive allowance and the God–human distinction
5. Poets, pursuits, seafarers and the readerLiterary accusation, excessive enthusiasm, physical/metaphorical extensions and the horn-mad pun
6. Causing derangementThe mad harbour and marginal mad laurel are transmitted causal marvels
7. The turn to established illnessAn explicit limit on the preceding universal satire
8. Classification and the formal definitionRival arrangements, fever, memory, duration, dancing and the qualified demonic category
9. Faculty and degreeThe differentiated marginal account and the rival view that madness extends melancholy
10. Anger in a fit or as a causeTemporal comparison, repetition and historical explanations
11. The mocker as a disturbing agentMads as a causative verb, hypothetical recoil and the victim’s response
12. The frightened drinkersImagined shipwreck, uncertain cause and continued fear during madness
13. Burton’s own boundaryHis intervention after competing bodily and demonic explanations
14. Progression and diversityLimited delusion, alleged degrees and the warning against combining every symptom
15. A fearlessness theory rejectedThe explanation and Burton’s immediate objection
16. Fits or continuous madnessHumoral prognosis, frequency and the Latin–English temporal pair
17. Care and destructive companyGentle treatment, the madder attendant and the harms of scoffing; the printed mispagination is retained
18. Angering rather than incapacitatingMadded in the drumming husband’s anecdote and counsel about enduring insults
19. Love’s competing classificationsPhilosophical and medical categories followed by Burton’s choice
20. Fashionable and merry amorous excessBeing mad in Print, its Latin marginal obligation and the mad merry speaker
21. Conditional love prognosisHelp, continued passion and reported bodily mechanisms
22. Religious polemic and fearMadness and folly as evaluative classifications
23. Contemplation and its abuseA positive allowance before the condemnation
24. Illness and charitable judgmentThe conditional distinction between illness’s force and will

In this edition

Two definitional pairs show the edition’s choices: “a vehement Dotage” becomes “severe mental derangement,” and “raving without a Fever” becomes “raving without fever.” The modern text retains “Madness” as the category, makes the intensifying phrase intelligible, and preserves the fever distinction. “Their memory is most part better” becomes “the patients’ generally having better memory,” keeping the qualification instead of declaring memory intact.

Spelling is regularized in “madnes” and “madnesse”; the figurative uses generally retain “mad.” This continuity of English wording does not mean continuity of diagnosis. “Stark mad by fits” remains “stark mad in fits,” while “mad by fits, or altogether” becomes “mad in fits or all the time.” The adjoining Latin is translated separately as “He is mad periodically, or continually.” Its subject is supplied from the Latin verb and context, and the alternative course must not be lost. Elsewhere the modern text unfolds rather than simply repeats a form: “mads others” becomes “drives others mad,” “madded” becomes “maddened,” and “in Print” becomes “with studied precision.” The last phrase shares the sentence’s opening “He must,” while its Latin marginal parallel supplies the generic “You” to express an impersonal obligation.

The Greek proverb, Bernard’s attributed Latin phrase and the English holy madness each remain separately visible; they are not interchangeable original witnesses. The medical Latin in the marginal notes has an editorial English translation in the supplied container. By contrast, the original English marginal heading “Madnesse” has no separate translated phrase. In the love prognosis, the modern rendering of the Latin explicitly keeps “Unless they receive help,” before the compressed English restatement. These layers and constructions explain the local readings without asserting that the underlying historical authorities have all been independently collated.

dotage

Printed “Dotage” (English; lemma).

Mental derangement intensified by vehement in the local definition of madness; not necessarily age-related impairment.

Context: The adjective supplies the severity; the noun is the broader category.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: a vehement Dotage

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: severe mental derangement

Alignment convention

Qualification: Dotage contributes mental derangement; vehement contributes severe. The English noun is indexed separately from the madness family, to whose definition the whole phrase contributes.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

holy madness

Printed “holy madnesse” (English; phrase).

Approved spiritual transport in good people; the adjective holy changes the evaluative force of the noun.

Context: Burton’s explicit concession, distinguished from the attribution of passions to God that he condemns.

Source: original body

Source wording: a holy madnesse

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

horn mad

Printed “horn mad” (English; phrase).

Extremely foolish or irrational, with a pun on cuckolds’ horns; here directed at husbands knowingly tolerating their wives’ affairs.

Context: Burton’s satirical condemnation of lust and marital connivance, not a claim that these husbands are necessarily furious with jealousy.

Grammar: Intensifying compound adjective, predicated elliptically of some of them.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: horn mad some of them, to let others lie with their wives, and wink at it

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Some are mad enough to wear cuckolds’ horns: they let others sleep with their wives and turn a blind eye

Alignment convention

Qualification: Wear cuckolds’ horns explicitly unfolds horn; are supplies the elliptical predicate. Turn a blind eye preserves the deliberate overlooking in wink at it.

Supplied words: are (supplied copula); wear cuckolds’ horns (explicit explanation of the pun in horn)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

impotency

Printed “Impotency” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Original wording: Impotency

Meaning: Inability or incapacity.

Here: Incapacity to exercise understanding properly, rather than sexual impotence.

Context: Fracastorius requires an established condition, distinguished from passing disturbances after wine or drugs; confirmed supplies established duration. His margin specifies the intellectual object.

Source: original body

Source wording: a confirmed Impotency

Modern rendering: incapacity

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Exact component alignment in paired body; established translates the separate confirmed.

Edition note: checked against the supplied source; editorial interpretation explicitly qualified where applicable

insanio · insanit

Printed “insanit” (Latin; lemma).

Is mentally deranged; the accompanying phrases specify the alternatives periodically or continually.

Context: Burton prints Latin then an English restatement; each has its own supplied modern rendering.

Grammar: Third-person singular present active indicative of insanio; per circuitus is an accusative plural prepositional phrase and semper an adverb.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: per circuitus, aut semper insanit

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: He is mad periodically, or continually

Alignment convention

Qualification: Insanit is rendered He is mad, with the subject supplied from verbal person and the local human referent. Periodically and continually translate the temporal modifiers, not the verb alone.

Supplied words: He (subject supplied from Latin third-person singular insanit)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

insanio · insaniendum

Printed “insaniendum” (Latin; lemma).

Go mad or behave irrationally; here a comic obligation to perform even amorous folly with care.

Context: Marginal words attributed to Heinsius, supporting the lover’s meticulous conduct; the precise edition remains uncollated.

Grammar: Neuter singular gerundive used impersonally with understood est, parallel to loquendum, incedendum and bibendum; cum cura is an ablative manner phrase.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Cum cura loquendum, incedendum, bibendum & cum cura insaniendum.

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: You must speak, walk and drink with care, and go mad with care.

Alignment convention

Qualification: You supplies the generic human participant; must expresses the gerundive obligation, and with care translates cum cura. These are editorial English explanations of the original Latin margin.

Supplied words: You (generic subject supplied to express the impersonal construction)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

insanus · Insanus

Printed “Insanus” (Latin; lemma).

Mad or mentally unsound; here a substantivized adjective denoting the person who meets Fracastorius’s age, duration and established-incapacity conditions.

Context: A marginal quotation attributed to Fracastorius; the English in this container is supplied editorial translation.

Grammar: Masculine nominative singular adjective used substantivally; the relative qui specifies the person. Ætate and tempore are ablative, while confirmatam and the negated momentaneam & fugacem qualify accusative impotentiam.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Insanus est, qui ætate debitâ, & tempore debito per se, non momentaneam & fugacem, ut vini, solani, Hyoscyami, sed confirmatam habet impotentiam bene operandi circa intellectum.

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: A mad person is one who, at the appropriate age and for the appropriate duration, has in himself an established inability to exercise the understanding properly, rather than a momentary and fleeting one, such as that caused by wine, nightshade or henbane.

Alignment convention

Qualification: The full original marginal definition is aligned with its supplied editorial translation. Person expands the substantivized adjective; the later one repeats inability; caused by makes explicit the relation of wine and the named plants to the temporary incapacity. These English explanations are not original marginal wording.

Supplied words: person (expresses substantivized Insanus); one (repeats inability in the comparison with a fleeting condition); caused by (explicates the elliptical causal relation in ut vini, solani, Hyoscyami)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

insanus · insana

Printed “insana” (Latin; lemma).

Causing madness or mental derangement; qualifies the laurel said to affect every guest when brought to a banquet.

Context: A marginal transmitted marvel accompanying the mad harbour; the abbreviated authorities have not been independently collated.

Grammar: Feminine nominative singular adjective agreeing with laurus; quæ is subject of affecit, convivas omnes its accusative object, and insania an ablative of the condition with which they are affected.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: laurus insana quæ allata in convivium convivas omnes insania affecit

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: the mad laurel, which, brought into a banquet, drove all the guests mad

Alignment convention

Qualification: The English causal drove... mad unfolds insania affecit. All belongs to omnes and must not be weakened to some; the editorial English is separate from the original Latin margin.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

mad · mads

Printed “mads” (English; lemma).

Drives into mental disturbance or derangement; the transitive verb makes the mocker an agent who can suffer the same injury if similarly treated.

Context: Burton’s counterfactual reversal against scoffers. The next passage distinguishes an oblivious victim from one who recognizes the mockery and takes it to heart.

Grammar: Third-person singular present active verb, with others as direct object; the following if-clause is counterfactual and would be marks its consequence.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: he that mads others, if he were so humored, would be as mad himself, as much grieved and tormented

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: The man who drives others mad, if treated in the same way, would be just as mad himself, just as distressed and tormented

Alignment convention

Qualification: Drives... mad expands the causative verb mads; the following would and if preserve the hypothetical recoil, not an assertion that every mocker is already deranged.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

mad · madded

Printed “madded” (English; lemma).

Angered or exasperated; here the verb describes increasing a quarrelling wife’s irritation.

Context: Burton’s anecdote in counsel about disregarding insults: the husband’s drumming displays his refusal to be moved and provokes her further.

Grammar: Past-tense transitive verb with her as object and more marking an increase in degree.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: by that means madded her more

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: which maddened her still more

Alignment convention

Qualification: The modern version retains a causative verb, maddened; still more expresses the increase. The scene supports exasperation without claiming an established mental illness.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

mad in print

Printed “mad in Print” (English; phrase).

Extravagantly infatuated while observing exact fashionable form; the phrase makes even a lover’s folly conform to meticulous rules.

Context: Burton’s comic account of a suitor’s grooming and behaviour, following the cited Heinsius letter.

Grammar: Predicate adjective with in Print as a manner phrase; must is an asserted requirement within the satire.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: he must be mad in Print

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: be mad with studied precision

Alignment convention

Qualification: With studied precision explains in Print. The local modern fragment shares He must from the opening of the sentence, so the modal is retained without repetition.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

mad of

Printed “mad of” (English; phrase).

Excessively fond of or absorbed in an activity; here a satirical charge against enthusiasm for field sports and cockfighting.

Context: Burton’s catalogue of governing whims among wealthy men, continuing into drinking, spending, building and fighting.

Grammar: Predicate adjective with of introducing the objects of excessive enthusiasm.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: one is mad of hawking, hunting, cocking

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: One is mad about hawking, hunting, and cockfighting

Alignment convention

Qualification: About replaces the older complement preposition of; cockfighting expands cocking. The activities are the complement, not part of the adjective’s definition.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madly

Printed “madly” (English; lemma).

Foolishly or irrationally, describing conduct in a rebuke addressed to fools.

Context: Burton’s scriptural quotation within the expansive preface, followed by the Stoic equation of folly and madness.

Grammar: Adverb modifying deal; deal means act or behave here.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: deal not so madly

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: do not act so madly

Alignment convention

Qualification: The modern do supports the negative imperative and act modernizes deal; the adverb is retained. The supplied editor identifies a different modern Psalm location without silently replacing Burton’s citation.

Supplied words: do (auxiliary in the modern negative imperative)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness

Printed “Madnesse” (English; spelling variant).

Mental derangement or raving, named by the original English marginal heading introducing the disputed classification.

Context: This unlettered original heading is retained within a Burton-labelled note; no separate modern translation is supplied.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Identity transcription, Original construction: Madnesse.

Alignment scope: original heading / identity transcription

Qualification: The note container preserves the English original heading verbatim and supplies no separate modern translation. This is identity transcription, not evidence of a translated marginal phrase.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · Madman

Printed “Madman” (English; word family).

A person represented as violently deranged; the preliminary poem makes his image a mirror of the reader’s ordinary anger.

Context: Burton’s emblematic speaker describes a chained figure, then turns the comparison upon the reader.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording: But see the Madman rage down right

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madnes

Printed “madnes” (English; word family).

Mental derangement or irrational folly, within the preface’s expressly broad literal and figurative field of melancholy; madnes is a spelling variant of madness.

Context: Burton expressly admits proper and improper, temporary and settled, true and metaphorical uses.

Source: original body

Source wording: dotage, discontent, fear, sorrow, madnes

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 1

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Inspired, excessive or foolish in a literary and satirical generalization about poets.

Context: Burton reports Fracastoro and Scaliger, then develops competing accusations against poets; not a retrospective diagnosis.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: all Poets to be mad

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: all poets are mad

Alignment convention

Qualification: The original infinitival report all Poets to be mad becomes the finite clause all poets are mad after the modern admits that. The change of construction does not remove the attributed generalization.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 2

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Violently agitated or raging, applied figuratively to water rather than to a human illness.

Context: Sabatus’s comic argument, reported by Burton, extends madness to ship, water and winds.

Source: original body

Source wording: the waters are raging mad, in perpetual motion

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · maddest

Printed “maddest” (English; word family).

Most foolish or recklessly adventurous; the superlative of mad in a satire on seafaring.

Context: The attributed argument is then turned against its speaker and reader.

Source: original body

Source wording: those men are maddest of all that go to sea

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 3

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Figuratively foolish, slightly disturbed, or temporarily disposed to disturbance, set apart from the established illness of the ensuing inquiry.

Context: Burton explicitly announces a change of scope from his satirical preface.

Source: original body

Source wording: metaphorically mad, lightly mad, or in disposition

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · Madness · local use 1

Printed “Madness” (English; word family).

Severe mental derangement, treated as a disputed medical class: some authorities make it a degree of the same disorder as melancholy.

Context: Burton reports the common-cause and degree account, then elects to treat the conditions separately.

Source: original body

Source wording: make Madness and Melancholy but one disease

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · Madness · local use 2

Printed “Madness” (English; word family).

In this local taxonomy, vehement mental derangement or raving without fever, distinguished by greater violence from melancholy.

Context: Burton’s adopted formal definition; the rest of the sentence adds anger, clamour and lack of fear and sorrow.

Source: original body

Source wording: Madness is therefore defined to be a vehement Dotage; or raving without a Fever

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 4

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Suffering from a raging animal disease, here the dog’s condition associated with transmission of hydrophobia through its bite; not a moral judgment of the animal.

Context: Burton’s historical classification and transmission account; the supplied editorial note distinguishes unsupported alleged mechanisms.

Source: original body

Source wording: the biting of a mad dog

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 1

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Mental derangement understood as a broad class under which Burton places hydrophobia; its subsequent description includes fear and sadness.

Context: This classificatory use must not inherit every exclusion from the preceding narrow definition.

Source: original body

Source wording: Hydrophobia, is a kinde of madness

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · Madness · local use 3

Printed “Madness” (English; word family).

Severe mental derangement, regarded by the reported authorities as melancholy carried further in degree rather than as a different kind of disease.

Context: Burton reports this view in a discussion of confused matter and confused species, not a settled unanimity.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Madness no other then Melancholy in extent

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: madness is simply melancholy carried further

Alignment convention

Qualification: The quoted constructions are aligned at phrase level; individual component meanings are not equated with the entire phrase.

Supplied words: is (makes the original elliptical predicate an explicit finite clause)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 2

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Overt, established mental derangement, alleged to arise from frequently repeated anger; frequency is a condition of this causal claim.

Context: Burton attributes the statement to Saint Ambrose within a humoral account of overheating.

Source: original body

Source wording: if it be too frequent, it breaks out into manifest madness

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad man

Printed “mad man” (English; word family).

A mentally deranged person, compared with someone overcome by anger; the comparison is limited to the angry fit.

Context: Burton follows Lucian’s account of a disposition becoming established; its rhetorical source and age/sex claims are historical.

Source: original body

Source wording: no difference betwixt a mad man, and an angry man, in the time of his fit

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 5

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Temporarily deranged after drinking, in the story of young men who mistake a tavern for a ship in danger.

Context: A reported anecdote; wine or an admixture is explicitly uncertain, and fear of death motivates the conduct.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: thus they continued mad a pretty season

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: They remained mad in this way for quite some time

Alignment convention

Qualification: The complete span includes thus, represented by in this way; a pretty season denotes a substantial period, not a pleasant time.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madnesse

Printed “madnesse” (English; word family).

Severe mental derangement, alleged to be a common outcome of an intensely heated humour; madnesse is a spelling variant.

Context: Burton marks his own judgment with “but I take,” classing the preceding people as mad or desperate rather than properly melancholic.

Source: original body

Source wording: commonly this humor so adust and hot, degenerates into madnesse

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 3

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Severe mental derangement, presented as the highest degree of a reported progression when a person begins to carry mistaken conceptions into action.

Context: A gradation attributed through Savonarola and Gordonius after Rhasis’s three degrees; not an inevitable course for all sufferers.

Source: original body

Source wording: the extent of melancholy or madness it self

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madmen

Printed “madmen” (English; word family).

Mentally deranged people, invoked to support a hot/cold explanation of fury and fearlessness that Burton immediately challenges.

Context: Fracastorius’s explanation is immediately challenged by Burton for failing to explain fear in melancholy from scorched choler.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: the more hot, the more furious, and void of fear, as we see in madmen

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: the hotter they are, the more furious and fearless, as we see in madmen

Alignment convention

Qualification: The parallel comparatives are retained, with they are supplying the subject and verb left implicit in the English original. The adjoining objection remains necessary to interpreting the reported physiological explanation.

Supplied words: they are (makes the elliptical comparative clauses finite)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 6

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Mentally deranged, either in recurring episodes or continuously; altogether concerns duration, as the accompanying Latin confirms.

Context: Burton’s historical prognosis follows conditional claims about the humour becoming hotter and increasing.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: he is mad by fits, or altogether

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: mad in fits or all the time

Alignment convention

Qualification: The original English he is is not separately repeated in the modern English restatement; that restatement follows the modern translation of the Latin, which already begins He is. By fits corresponds to in fits, and altogether to all the time, not to a greater degree of violence.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madder

Printed “madder” (English; word family).

More irrational or wrongheaded, applied comparatively to an attendant using harshness to treat a distressed patient.

Context: Burton’s admonition, following Crato, turns the accusation back upon the supposedly corrective person.

Source: original body

Source wording: he that so doth, is madder then the Patient himself

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 7

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Severely disturbed as an alleged consequence of persistent tormenting and exploitation by companions.

Context: Burton condemns the scoffers and recommends escape from destructive company in the continuation.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: a very Idiot, or stark mad

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: an utter simpleton or drive him completely mad

Alignment convention

Qualification: The construction remains governed by the earlier able to make any man. The modern drive him supplies a second causative predicate and repeats the affected person; completely renders stark, while utter renders very in the separate simpleton phrase.

Supplied words: drive him (repeats the causative force and affected person supplied by earlier make any man)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 4

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Mental derangement or an overpowering disorder of mind, the state or class to which Plato and Ficino are said to assign erotic love.

Context: Burton reports competing philosophical and medical classifications, then follows physicians who treat love melancholy separately.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Plato madness it self, Ficinus his Commentator, cap. 12. a species of madness

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Plato as madness itself; and his commentator Ficino, chapter 12, as a species of madness

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both originals depend on the earlier defines it; the modern as is expressed before each predicate complement, where the original leaves the relation implicit.

Supplied words: as (expressed before the predicate complements following the shared defines it)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed. The typed locator gives 446; the supplied the accompanying notes identify the printed page number as 246. Retain this qualification in the reader route.

madness / mad · madness · local use 5

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Mental derangement, predicted from prolonged love passion and bodily drying in an attributed humoral explanation.

Context: Gordonius’s surrounding Latin makes lack of help a condition; Montaltus’s explanation depends on continued passion and inflammation reaching the brain.

Source: original body

Source wording: madness followes

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 6

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Irrational error or mental disorder, graded within Burton’s polemical account of religious deficiency and distress; the noun does not itself establish a neutral medical class.

Context: The grouping joins disparate religious opponents and despairing people within his confessional polemic; it is not an editorial diagnosis.

Source: original body

Source wording: divers degrees of madness and folly

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 7

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Irrationality or mental derangement, invoked to condemn superstition as tormenting; meer adds the force sheer or complete.

Context: Burton’s polemical judgment amplified by attributed Latin phrases; the continuation stresses continual fear.

Source: original body

Source wording: a meer madness

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 8

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Mental derangement or irrational delusion, applied to abused spiritual practices after the concession that contemplation and ecstasy can be beneficial.

Context: Burton expressly restricts the condemnation to abuse after allowing a beneficial spiritual use.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: But as it is abused, a meer dotage, madness

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: But when abused it is sheer delusion and madness

Alignment convention

Qualification: The quoted constructions are aligned at phrase level; individual component meanings are not equated with the entire phrase.

Supplied words: it is (makes the original elliptical predicate explicit)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 9

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Severe mental derangement, invoked as an illness that can qualify agency and support charitable judgment after a death.

Context: Burton’s conditional pastoral argument also requires prior evidence of spiritual rebirth; it does not state a universal rule about culpability.

Source: original body

Source wording: by occasion of madness or melancholy

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 8

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Mentally deranged, as a label explicitly rejected in the reported physician’s verdict about Democritus.

Context: Hippocrates speaks within Burton’s retelling of pseudonymous letters: the citizens’ supposed patient is pronounced exceptionally wise. This is a literary reversal, not an authenticated historical assessment.

Grammar: Predicate adjective in a reported assertion denied by the governing much deceived.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: they were much deceived to say that he was mad

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: they were greatly mistaken in calling him mad

Alignment convention

Qualification: The finite that he was becomes calling him with a predicative complement; the negation of the citizens’ judgment remains in greatly mistaken.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 9

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Causing mental derangement, applied to a harbour reputed to have a hidden power to dementate.

Context: Burton deploys a transmitted marvel in his universal satire. The supplied notes leave the harbour name and cited historical witnesses unresolved.

Grammar: Attributive adjective with a causative sense clarified by the following relative clause.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: the mad haven in the Euxine sea of Daphnis insana, which had a secret quality to dementate

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: the mad harbour in the Black Sea, Mad Daphne, with its hidden power to derange the mind

Alignment convention

Qualification: Haven becomes harbour; the following clause explains what mad means here. The modern Mad Daphne is the edition’s treatment of the transmitted name Daphnis insana, not a newly verified place-name identification.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · madness · local use 10

Printed “madness” (English; word family).

Mental derangement, used in a tentative classification joining alleged demonic harassment or possession with madness or melancholy.

Context: Burton qualifies the name, attributes the preternatural account to Plater and others, and expressly omits disputed stories because some reject them.

Grammar: Noun in the alternative genus phrase madness or melancholy, followed by a qualified predicate identification.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: The last kinde of madness or melancholy, is that demoniacal (if I may so call it) obsession or possession of devils

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: The last kind of madness or melancholy is demonic, if I may call it that: harassment or possession by devils

Alignment convention

Qualification: The modern version retains or, the if I may qualifier, and the distinction between harassment and possession. It does not establish the reality of the reported demonic mechanism.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

madness / mad · mad · local use 10

Printed “mad” (English; word family).

Extravagant or wildly enthusiastic, joined to merry in describing a speaker who values life only while love lasts.

Context: Burton’s playful description of the voice in a Latin rendering of Mimnermus, within a passage praising love’s pleasures; it is not a clinical case history.

Grammar: Attributive adjective accompanying merry and qualifying fellow.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: saith a mad merry fellow in Mimnermus

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: says a mad, merry fellow in Mimnermus

Alignment convention

Qualification: The modern preserves both adjectives and inserts punctuation. Mad does not here supply the separate meaning merry, nor does the speaker become an independently identified historical patient.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

mania · local use 1

Printed “mania” (Latin; lemma).

Madness in a historical classification asserting abolition of the soul’s functions, as against diminution or derangement.

Context: The marginal account is attributed to Hercules de Saxonia and is more differentiated than Burton’s compressed body sentence.

Grammar: Ablative singular after in; the plural subject Animæ functiones governs three passive verbs, distinguishing diminution, abolition and derangement.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Animæ functiones imminuuntur in fatuitate, tolluntur in mania, depravantur solum in melancholia.

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: The soul’s functions are diminished in intellectual incapacity, abolished in mania and merely deranged in melancholy.

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal wording aligned with supplied editorial translation in the same note container; the translation is not original marginal text.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

mania · Mania

Printed “Mania” (Latin; lemma).

Madness considered melancholy extended in degree, a rival account to a difference of kind.

Context: The original marginal formulation supports the set of authorities reported in the body; not Burton’s unanimous conclusion.

Grammar: Feminine nominative singular noun, subject of est; non... nisi expresses the restriction nothing but, and extensa agrees with melancholia.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Non est Mania, nisi extensa melancholia.

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Mania is nothing but melancholy extended.

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal wording aligned with supplied editorial translation in the same note container; the translation is not original marginal text.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

mania · local use 2

Printed “mania” (Latin; lemma).

Madness as the alleged frequent consequence of melancholy growing hotter; the Latin does not say that it always follows.

Context: Historical humoral prognosis, retaining the qualifier sæpius and the condition of heating.

Grammar: Mania is feminine nominative singular, subject of the third-person singular present deponent sequitur; calescentem melancholiam is its accusative object. Sæpius is a comparative adverb, here rendered quite often.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Calescentem melancholiam sæpius sequitur mania.

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Mania quite often follows melancholy as it grows hot.

Alignment convention

Qualification: The modern clause as it grows hot expands the accusative present participle calescentem modifying melancholy; it refers to melancholy. Sæpius retains a frequency qualification rather than an assertion of inevitability.

Supplied words: it (subject supplied in the finite expansion of calescentem, referring to melancholy)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

mania · maniam

Printed “maniam” (Latin; inflected form).

Madness as an alleged possible outcome of untreated love passion, in the accusative after in.

Context: Gordonius’s reported prognosis; the absence of help is explicit and the alternatives are not a modern prediction.

Grammar: Maniam is accusative singular after in, marking the condition entered; succurratur is third-person singular present passive subjunctive used impersonally with dative iis. Cadunt and moriuntur have the same understood plural human subject.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: si non succurratur iis, aut in maniam cadunt, aut moriuntur

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Unless they receive help, they either fall into madness or die

Alignment convention

Qualification: Unless they receive help recasts the Latin impersonal passive condition, literally if help is not given to them, as an active English clause. They names the recipients in iis and supplies the subjects implicit in cadunt and moriuntur; the absence-of-help condition and either/or outcome remain explicit.

Supplied words: they (English subjects expressing the recipients iis and the plural persons implicit in cadunt and moriuntur)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

raving without a fever

Printed “raving without a Fever” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording: raving without a Fever

Incoherent or irrational speech and behaviour without accompanying fever; the absence of fever is the explicit discriminant from phrensy in this classification.

Context: The same paragraph qualifies the memory comparison as generally better, not invariably intact.

Source: original body

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

religiosa insania

Printed “Religiosa insania” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Religiosa insania

Religious madness, a phrase attributed to van Meteren and used to condemn superstition.

Context: Burton adopts the phrase in a confessional argument; it does not supply a neutral diagnosis of religious communities.

Grammar: Feminine nominative singular adjective plus noun, used as an attributed naming phrase.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: religious insanity

Alignment convention

Qualification: The quoted constructions are aligned at phrase level; individual component meanings are not equated with the entire phrase.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

sancta insania

Printed “Sanctam insaniam” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Sanctam insaniam

Holy madness or approved spiritual transport, the Latin phrase Burton attributes to Bernard.

Context: The Latin is a separately printed phrase, not the original form of the preceding English wording.

Grammar: Feminine accusative singular adjective plus noun; the nominative citation phrase is sancta insania.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: holy madness

Alignment convention

Qualification: The quoted constructions are aligned at phrase level; individual component meanings are not equated with the entire phrase.

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

stark mad

Printed “stark mad” (English; phrase).

Utterly or intensely mentally deranged during fits; stark intensifies the adjective, while by fits separately limits the temporal course.

Context: Arnoldus’s attributed addition to the account of scorched choler; the surrounding supernatural abilities are unverified reports.

Source: original body

Source wording: stark mad by fits

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.

μανία

Printed “Μανία” (Greek; lemma).

Madness or folly, here in a Greek proverb differentiating greed, lust, ambition and envy rather than identifying one medical presentation.

Context: Burton’s proverb belongs to the Stoic-paradox context of universal folly.

Grammar: Feminine nominative singular noun, with the feminine nominative adjective ὁμοία; πᾶσιν is dative plural, and οὐ negates the predication. No copula is printed.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Μανία οὐ πᾶσιν ὁμοία

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Madness is not the same in everyone

Alignment convention

Qualification: The complete proverb is aligned: madness corresponds to Μανία, not to the whole sentence; is supplies an unprinted copula, and in everyone renders the dative πᾶσιν.

Supplied words: is (supplied English copula in a Greek nominal sentence)

Notes: Authorities and anecdotes are reported as Burton presents them; no fresh historical-witness collation is claimed.