Form

Use in the book

Ctesippus says that Socrates is far from failing to know Lysis’ εἶδος: the boy is recognizable by his figure alone, although his own name remains less familiar than his father’s. The noun directs attention to visible appearance and the recognizability of an attractive person.

At 222a it appears again among the respects in which people might be akin, alongside soul, character, and ways of life. Neither occurrence by itself introduces a transcendent Form. Keep the ordinary descriptive sense distinct from later philosophical uses readers may associate with this familiar Greek word.

Places to read

1. 204eτὸ εἶδος ἀγνοεῖν τοῦ παιδός — to fail to know the boy’s figure.
2. 222a

Use in the book

The report concerning Aristotle first places form beside matter, then gathers several descriptions of form and distinguishes it from surface shape. In the account of soul, form is used to explain actuality. A separate Pythagorean report pairs forms with ideas in numbers and harmonies.

Places to read

1. I.12.1b.1Form is paired with matter and distinguished from surface shape.
2. I.49.1a.3Form and activity explain the actuality named in the definition of soul.
3. I.12.1a.2Forms and ideas are paired in a report under Pythagoras’s name.
4. I.11.4.2Form and matter are considered separately in defining body.
5. I.12.2bForms as patterns explain participation through likeness in a proposal.

Translation in this edition

“Form” normally renders eidos. The paired eidos and idea may become “form” and “idea” to preserve a local distinction, although idea is itself “form” in other contexts.

Images and comparisons

The account of Aristotle contrasts whiteness on a painted surface with the whiteness belonging to milk’s substance. The comparison concerns the depth of a determination, not only an external outline.

Definition, pattern, and likeness

Form considered apart from matter is called incorporeal in the Aristotelian report. The Parmenides excerpt proposes a different explanatory relation: forms are patterns, and other things participate by being made like them. The proposal belongs to an argument in which it is subsequently tested. Its use of patterns should not be transferred without qualification to every occurrence of form in accounts of body, soul, or physical shape.

Use in the book

The human body is said to contain every form used in mechanical instruments, with movements that perform their work more perfectly and without our awareness. This is a comparison of configurations and operations. Air’s ability to mold itself lightly produces the opposite emphasis: clinging too firmly to form seems insufficiently spiritual. Words, finally, possess form alongside sound, color, and transparency, making a place where thought becomes visible. Joubert can value a determinate form and its lightness or flexibility without simply retracting either judgment.

Places to read

1. II, p. 928, entry 2, ¶2Mechanical forms are compared with configurations in the body.
2. II, p. 481, entry 1, ¶1Air illustrates light molding and a weak hold on form.
3. II, p. 651, entry 4, ¶1The form of beautiful words helps make thought visible.

Translation in this edition

“Form” remains distinct from body, matter, and appearance. The comparison with mechanical instruments is presented as an assertion in the notebooks, without adding a modern anatomical explanation.

Use in the book

The inward-eye meditation distinguishes knowing exterior forms from understanding nature's intimate language and eternal beauty. This does not make form worthless. It identifies a failure of relation: an outward shape needs to be received in a soul capable of discerning what it communicates.

Forms can also embody rather than merely represent a force. Flowers are not only a sign arbitrarily assigned to love; their varied shapes, colors, and perfumes are described as love's own manifestation. In the December 1834 account, imaginative light animates the physiognomy of things, while its withdrawal leaves every form opaque and struck with death. Shape persists, but its felt vitality changes with perception.

The same vocabulary reveals the problem of imagining what lies beyond sight. Imagination forms clouds from inward vapors and gives the invisible shapes of unknown origin. In mourning, however, its terrestrial habits clothe the departed Marie in recognizable features. The comfort of this forming activity may immediately provoke renewed grief: the beloved is present only as a thought. Form makes intimacy possible and exposes its limit.

Guérin's usage therefore resists a simple opposition between sensible form and spiritual content. Their relation is the question. Form can be a dead exterior, a living manifestation, an uncertain construction, or an indispensable means of holding what absence would otherwise remove.

Places to read

1. 15 March 1833 · ¶1Exterior forms without inward meaning exemplify incomplete perception.
2. 31 March 1833 · ¶1Floral forms make the same love visible that speaks and sings elsewhere in creation.
3. 10 December 1834 · ¶3Imaginative illumination vivifies forms; its loss makes them opaque and lifeless.
4. 10 December 1834 · ¶4The shaping of mental vapors gives a mobile model of imaginative production.
5. 12 February 1835 · ¶1Earthly forms both sustain an image of the departed and expose the painful absence of bodily presence.

Translation in this edition

The English generally retains “form” and “forms,” but the active “les forme à son gré” becomes “shapes them as it pleases.” This verb matters: imagination is arranging and condensing, not simply receiving ready-made pictures.

Use in the book

Form supplies determinate being, intelligibility, and efficacy; it is not restricted to visible outline. In the definition attributed to Proclus, it is that by which something distinctly and actually is and acts. A body belongs to a kind and performs its characteristic operations through form rather than bulk. Yet forma and species vary by context: form can mean a substantial constituting principle, an accidental quality, an intelligible pattern in a cause, or a natural kind. Humans and horses belong to different species, whereas God's knowing through unam speciem concerns one intelligible form rather than one biological species.

Book I calls quality a form divided in body. Its material dependence, dispersion, and change make it an incomplete form, prompting the ascent toward a self-subsisting incorporeal form identified as rational soul. I.3.15 refines the distinction through decrementum and remissio: decrease in extent differs from weakening of intensity. Quality admits both; substantial corporeal form can decrease without being remitted in intensity; the higher incorporeal substantial form is subject to neither. Divisibility, dependence, and variable intensity therefore do not name the same limitation. Nor does an incorporeal form's independence entail spatial remoteness: it can penetrate bodies and govern their qualities while remaining separate in substance. The mind's abstraction of forms belongs to the related cognitive argument for separateness.

The divine use requires further qualification. God is uniform because he transcends created forms and omniform because his power produces them all. Their presence in him is not like fire's collection of heat, dryness, and lightness. Divine intelligence understands how one perfection can be imitated in different degrees, such as life without cognition in plants or cognition without intelligence in animals. Many exemplary relations are thus known in one divine essence. The analogy of a light containing many colors through causal power illustrates how multiplicity can be present without constituent parts. In IV.1.25, God is expressly denied to be the form of matter: such a form is a principle of being, whereas God is being itself.

Book IV also distinguishes contingent forms externally imposed by human art from substantial forms produced through nature's inward activity. Its descending account says forms pass from one divine essence to 'manifold qualities' in angel, from stability into effective motion in soul, and from living activity into passive alteration in body. The angel remains indivisible; this vocabulary concerns modes of reception and efficacy rather than a physical object's descent through space. Forms received in angel, soul's formative principles, material forms, and visible configurations consequently retain different roles. IV.2.15 even distinguishes configurations in heaven from forms produced in matter as different results of coordinated activity.

In II.11.17 God is above forms and maker of all forms. Ficino distinguishes imitations by their degree and manner: life without cognition gives the plant example; cognition without intelligence gives the animal example. Those are differences among possible likenesses, not components assembled inside God. The following account of one form and one gaze makes the intellectual mode explicit.

Further passage references. I.2.9–I.2.102; I.3.1–I.3.623456, I.3.14–I.3.182345, I.3.24, I.3.28, I.3.33; II.2.7–82; II.9.1–4234; II.9.12–15234; II.10.10–1223; II.11.1–23234567891011121314151617181920212223; III.1.2–423, 10–12; IV.1.10–IV.1.13234; IV.1.25–IV.1.2723; IV.1.32–IV.1.332; IV.2.15

Selected annotated passages.

II.11.17. Uniform and omniform are joined through intellectual nature and differentiated imitation.

II.11.18. One form and one gaze preserve simplicity while the exemplary relations multiply.

Places to read

1. I.2.9–102Form accounts for the body’s kind and characteristic operation.
2. I.3.1–623456Material quality is incomplete form and cannot be its own adequate source.
3. I.3.15Decreased extent is distinguished from remitted intensity.
4. I.3.28–292The definition of form and the active/passive extension argument support dimensionless form.
5. II.9.15Diverse forms and properties are understood through modes of communicating divine goodness.

Translation in this edition

The definition attributed to Proclus does not expressly include dimension, though its “by which something” may suggest a subject. Do not equate immaterial celestial form with incorporeal form. Decrementum, decrease in extent, differs from remissio, diminished intensity.

The supplied Latin reads Per hanc enim formam Dei se ipsam intuendo se concipit. The English construes “Through this form, then, God...” That interpretation does not resolve the Latin construction. Preserve the printed wording and mark the difficulty; do not silently substitute forma Dei or Deus. The surrounding argument is intelligible without pretending that the local reading has been settled. The apparatus’s lexical note on II.11.17 explains ratio as intelligible account or principle; it does not resolve the printed formam Dei construction.

adsciscere / complecti

adsciscere / complecti. Printed forms: adsciscere; complecti.

To take on form; to embrace matter. Matter's receptivity and form's guidance are complementary relations making a living composite possible. References: IV.1.71. See Form.

amplus / amplior

amplus / amplior. Printed forms: amplior; ampliorem; Amplissima; amplissima.

Wider or more comprehensive in scope. The more comprehensive cause acts through a more comprehensive form; this is causal scope rather than bodily size. References: II.9.4. See Form.

comprehendere

comprehendere. Printed forms: comprehendi.

Contain or encompass. The effect’s form must already be contained in its cause; the verb here concerns causal containment rather than a human act of understanding. References: II.11.1. See Form.

confusus / distinctus

confusus / distinctus. Printed forms: confusam; distinctum.

Confused or undifferentiated / distinct. Forms in matter’s pure potency are contrasted with forms present distinctly in divine act; this is a difference of mode, not two inventories. References: II.11.1. See Form.

forma / formare

forma / formare. Printed forms: forma; formam; formata.

Determining form, intelligible character, or forming an image. A wider cause acts through a more comprehensive form; finite formed things cannot exhaust the infinite exemplar. References: II.9.1, II.9.4, II.10.5. See Form.

forma / species

forma / species. Printed forms: formae; formam; formas; specie; species.

Form and the kind determined by it. Different bodies act differently because form makes them members of different kinds; species in this argument is not a visual image. References: I.2.9. See Form.

Form / determinate form, kind, or intelligible presentation. At II.11.1 forms are present causally; in III.2.29 species belongs to the delicate cognitive phrase. The senses must be read with their recipients. References: II.11.1, III.2.29. See Form.

omniformis / uniformis

omniformis / uniformis. Printed forms: omniformem; omniformis; uniformem.

Containing every form / uniform or of one form. The divine intellect unites these predicates without assembling many constituent forms; the textual difficulty in II.11.17 remains open. References: II.11.1, II.11.17. See Form.

respectus / vigor

respectus / vigor. Printed forms: respectu; vigore.

A respect or relation, and effective power. These qualifications explain how the truly one form can be considered all-formed without literal aggregation. References: II.10.11. See Form.

Proclus (authorities and cited works)

Proclus. A source for classifications of bodies and forms, arguments for incorporeal substance with Syrianus, and angelic numerical orders with Iamblichus. I.3.28–31234; I.5.27. See Form; Incorporeal and immaterial; Angel.

Use in the book

V.8234 asks why a thing has its own determinate being and what it would have to lose to cease. Generation tends toward being and corruption toward nonbeing through acquisition and loss of form. The examples move from artificial likeness to natural constitution, then to a bodily form's dependence upon a composite and finally to the soul as pure separate form.

The bronze example must be kept at its proper strength. A bronze horse is called a horse by resemblance to a form supplied by craft; it is not thereby a living animal. Ficino passes from that artificial case to natural determination without forgetting the change of case. Plato is a human not because the world's common material happens to be his, but because of the bodily constitution and soul associated with the human form. Ficus similarly becomes a tree of its kind. The examples show why material continuity cannot by itself account for species or individual form.

The lengthy fire passage then makes the being of a composite more precise. Being belongs primarily to the whole formed fire, not separately to a free-standing lump of matter and an independently existing heat. The heat has been drawn out under a condition: it is to extend through the matter and depend on it. Its being is the composite's shared being. Once the two are separated, there is no surviving free heat of that same kind. Matter, however, receives another form immediately. Thus “the parts separate” does not mean that both former parts continue with equal independence afterward.

Against that background, the soul's being its own form means that the soul is not an analogous combination of an underlying material part plus an added soul-form. V.8.3 adds two defenses against loss. First, natural self-preserving striving excludes the soul's willing separation from itself. Second, external influences are received according to its spiritual mode, so the material corruption of a receiver does not apply. The nourishment and reproduction questions are not digressions: they ask what motive or need an eternal received form could have for destroying a recipient's supposed material. Neither need fits an eternal immaterial object.

V.8.4 completes the proof through two distinct conditions of continuance: remaining with one's form and remaining under the fashioner's law. Identity with form answers the first; the assigned law of self-subsistence and the exclusion of displacement by self, superior or inferior answer the second. The conclusion therefore uses both formal identity and efficient conservation. The neighboring article on the fashioner's law develops the latter, while the First Cause article explains why formal self-possession never removes dependence on the giver of being.

Places to read

1. V.8.1, V.8.2Bronze figures, Plato and fire establish form’s role and the composite’s shared being.
2. V.8.3, V.8.4Soul is form itself and cannot be separated from a further formal part.
3. V.9.1, V.9.2Being follows form according to its specifically assigned mode.

Translation in this edition

At V.8.2 Ficino expressly calls the substantial form of fire “heat” for argumentative convenience because it lacks a readily evident name. This provisional naming must not be flattened into an uncomplicated identity between substantial form and sensible warmth. At V.8.4 the source construes nullo interveniente instrumentally: no intermediary separates soul from form.

aes / aeneus

aes / aeneus. Printed forms: Aeneus; aeris; aes.

Bronze and made of bronze, the common material of different representations. A bronze horse and human figure differ through impressed likeness, not through the bronze shared by both. References: V.8.1. See Form and formal being.

calor / caliditas

calor / caliditas. Printed forms: Caliditas; caliditate; caliditatem; caliditati; calor; calorem; caloris.

Heat or warmth; sometimes provisionally the unnamed substantial form of fire. V.8.2 expressly qualifies the naming, so sensible heat and substantial form must not be uncritically identified. References: V.8.2, V.9.4, V.14.3. See Form and formal being.

dignitas

dignitas. Printed forms: dignitatem.

A thing's proper worth or rank. The soul's preservation of its form and dignity is one reason it cannot displace itself from self-subsistence. References: V.8.4. See Form and formal being.

esse proprium / commune esse

esse proprium / commune esse. Printed forms: commune esse; esse commune; esse proprium; proprium suum esse.

Proper being belongs to something in the relevant mode; common being here is the being of a composite shared by its dependent constituents. Form gives a thing its determinate nature and proper being. In the fire example, however, the form provisionally called heat has no being proper to itself: it exists through the common being of the whole fire and perishes when that composite dissolves. Proper does not mean uncreated. References: V.8.1, V.8.2. See Form and formal being.

forma

forma. Printed forms: Forma; forma; formae; Formae; formam; formarum; formas; formis.

A determining principle through which a thing has its proper nature and being. A material form belongs to a composite's common being, while rational soul is form subsisting in itself. References: V.8.1, V.8.2, V.8.3, V.9.2. See Form and formal being.

A determining form, ranging from life-giving substantial principle to divided bodily form or separate intelligible form. The local adjective and causal role govern its sense: rejecting body does not automatically show that a form is indivisible, substantial or free from material origin. References: VI.2.10, VI.3.1, VI.7.3, VI.9.3, VI.12.18. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

Determining form, or the form through which a knower apprehends an object. A form in bodily matter differs in mode from an intellectual representation; the argument cannot be read by assigning all forms one material location. References: VIII.4.1, VIII.4.9, VIII.13.1, VIII.13.2. See Intellectual forms and intelligible essences.

instinctus

instinctus. Printed forms: instinctu.

Natural prompting, not a modern technical biological reflex. It accompanies the perpetual effort by which things preserve themselves as far as possible. References: V.8.3. See Form and formal being.

intercidere / interponere

intercidere / interponere. Printed forms: intercidet; intercidit.

To fall or stand between two terms as an intermediary. Nothing can be closer to the soul's form than its own essence, so no middle term can sever the supposed bond. References: V.8.4, V.9.2, V.13.17. See Form and formal being.

mera forma

mera forma. Printed forms: mera forma; mera quaedam forma.

Pure form in the sense of not being composed with or lodged in bodily matter. The soul's identity with its own form excludes separation from a detachable formal part without excluding efficient creation. References: V.8.3, V.8.4. See Form and formal being.

separare / seiungere / disiungere

separare / seiungere / disiungere. Printed forms: disiungitur; disiunguntur; seiuncta; seiungitur; separari; separata; separatur.

To separate or sever, physically, causally or in subsistence according to context. A bodily composite can lose its form; the separate soul cannot be divided from its own essence as if it were an attached part. References: V.4.3, V.7.2, V.8.2, V.8.3, V.8.4, V.15.13, V.15.15. See Form and formal being.

species

species. Printed forms: specie; speciebus; speciei; speciem; species.

Kind, determinate form or intelligible appearance, depending upon context. Form differentiates species; operation takes its species from its object; the meaning is not always the modern biological species. References: V.4.1, V.8.1, V.11.8, V.13.12. See Form and formal being.

A determinate nature or an intelligible representing form, according to context. Human and numerical species remain one under their defining accounts; the species received by mind is not a spatial parcel. References: VIII.4.1, VIII.4.10, VIII.4.11. See Simplicity of human and numerical species.

speciosus / deformis

speciosus / deformis. Printed forms: deformius; foedius; pulchrius; speciosius.

More well-formed or beautiful, and more ugly or deformed. The body's organization can be diminished by loss of form rather than by removing material bulk. References: V.15.6. See Form and formal being.

Use in the book

The animal can be analysed as matter and form or as body and soul. Because body is not itself the form of something else, soul occupies the formal role: it is the internal principle of operation, motion and being, bringing the potentially living body into actual life. If soul itself were another matter–form body, a further unifying form would be needed. The hypothetical composition also prevents its whole essence from forming the body, assigns one form two matters of the same kind, and permits mutual transmutation between soul and lower bodies.

Ficino then distinguishes substantial from accidental form. Soul contains, steadies and turns body, surpassing what it governs; a mover as source of motion does not derive its being from the moved; and soul remains the same while opinions, knowledge, ignorance and affections change. Its identity is not identical with any one passing state. The closing postponed arguments concern resistance to bodily demands, self-reflection and knowledge of substance above accident. Their mention is not a full demonstration within this chapter.

Places to read

1. VI.7.1, VI.7.2The matter/form analysis and three consequences test a bodily composition of soul.
2. VI.7.3, VI.7.4Governance, causal independence and reception of opposites support substantial form.

Translation in this edition

The apparatus retains contineat without the later witnesses’ non in VI.7.3; that negation would conflict with the ruling soul’s containing role. VI.7.4’s “form insofar as form cannot be formed” concerns the formal aspect, not a denial that a created soul has a producer.

commutatio; transmutatio

commutatio; transmutatio. Printed forms: commutaretur; commutatio; transmutatio.

Mutual transformation between things. A shared matter would allow soul and lower bodies to change into each other, a consequence Ficino rejects. References: VI.7.2, VI.7.3. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

continere; sistere; torquere

continere; sistere; torquere. Printed forms: contineat; sistat; torqueat.

To hold together, steady and turn. The three operations explicate the soul’s governance; the reading correctly lacks the later witnesses’ negation before containing. References: VI.7.3. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

forma

forma. Printed forms: Forma; forma; formae; Formae; formam; formarum; formas; formis.

A determining principle through which a thing has its proper nature and being. A material form belongs to a composite's common being, while rational soul is form subsisting in itself. References: V.8.1, V.8.2, V.8.3, V.9.2. See Form and formal being.

A determining form, ranging from life-giving substantial principle to divided bodily form or separate intelligible form. The local adjective and causal role govern its sense: rejecting body does not automatically show that a form is indivisible, substantial or free from material origin. References: VI.2.10, VI.3.1, VI.7.3, VI.9.3, VI.12.18. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

Determining form, or the form through which a knower apprehends an object. A form in bodily matter differs in mode from an intellectual representation; the argument cannot be read by assigning all forms one material location. References: VIII.4.1, VIII.4.9, VIII.13.1, VIII.13.2. See Intellectual forms and intelligible essences.

forma substantialis; accidentalis

forma substantialis; accidentalis. Printed forms: accidens; non accidentalis; substantialis.

Substantial form as opposed to dependent accident. The soul’s ruling role, causal priority and endurance under contrary states support the former classification. References: VI.7.3. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

formari

formari. Printed forms: formari non potest.

Cannot be formed, insofar as it is form. The statement isolates the formal explanatory aspect; it does not deny that a substantial soul is produced by a higher cause. References: VI.7.4. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

materia et forma

materia et forma. Printed forms: anima atque corpore; materia et forma.

Matter and form, compared with soul and body as analyses of a living composite. The parallel makes soul, not body, occupy the formal constitutive role. References: VI.7.1. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

opposita suscipere

opposita suscipere. Printed forms: opposita suscipit; permanet idem; repugnantes affectus.

Receiving contrary states while remaining the same bearer. Changing opinions, knowledge/ignorance and affects supply a test for substance rather than identifying soul with any transient state. References: VI.7.3. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

potentia

potentia. Printed forms: potentia; potentiam.

Power or potentiality, with the act/potency contrast determining the latter sense. Materia’s potentiality for a form differs from the soul’s named vegetative power; translation must not force one English equivalent into both constructions. References: VI.1.5, VI.2.1, VI.7.1. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

Capacity or potency; the context distinguishes active power from receptive possibility. Potential bodily points cannot be privileged as a cognitive subject; matter's infinite potency is receptivity subject to God. References: VIII.2.8, VIII.4.2, VIII.10.2, VIII.16.2. See Finite angels, infinite act, and infinite potency.

potentia; actus

potentia; actus. Printed forms: actu; potentia.

Potentiality and actuality. Soul makes the potentially living body actually living; this formal role is not merely adding another bodily component. References: VI.7.1. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

recipere; accipere

recipere; accipere. Printed forms: acceperat; accepistis; accepit; accipimus; accipit; recipit.

To receive or take in. Reception of bodily images, reception of contrary mental states and reception of being are different relations; their shared verb does not make every reception material passion. References: VI.2.3, VI.2.12, VI.2.13, VI.7.3, VI.12.6, VI.13.6. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

rectrix; motrix; pedisequa

rectrix; motrix; pedisequa. Printed forms: motrixque; pedisequa corporis; rectrix.

Ruler, mover and the body’s handmaid. The soul governs and is not a dependent attendant deriving its being from the body it moves. References: VI.7.3. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

repugnare; reflecti; definire

repugnare; reflecti; definire. Printed forms: definiret; discernere; metiri; reflecteretur; repugnare.

To resist, reflect upon oneself, define, distinguish and measure. These briefly postponed arguments would show that soul exceeds a necessarily dependent accident; they are not fully developed here. References: VI.7.4. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

secundum totam essentiam

secundum totam essentiam. Printed forms: secundum totam sui essentiam; totam perficere materiam.

Through the whole essence, perfecting the whole proper matter. A matter–form composite soul would fail to form through its material part, contradicting the role of proper form. References: VI.7.2. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

subiectum; locus

subiectum; locus. Printed forms: loco; subiecto.

A bearer of form or qualities; a spatial place. Natural form is in a formed subject, while a body is in a place; the difference blocks treating body as form. References: VI.7.1. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

substantia; essentia

substantia; essentia. Printed forms: essentia; essentiae; essentiam; substantia; substantiae; substantiam.

Substance and essence, used for the enduring reality and what it is. The text distinguishes substantial bearer from changing accidents and essence from the being and operations it communicates; the two nouns are related but not a uniform translation formula. References: VI.2.9, VI.7.3, VI.9.2, VI.13.5. See Substantial form and the receiving subject.

Use in the book

Shaping a book, a body and a polity

Burton says he lacked time to “lick it into form,” comparing his book with supposedly shapeless bear cubs. Form is the finished shape that revision would confer on a confused heap of notes. This is a literary apology using an old natural-history belief; it does not establish that the published book actually lacked deliberation. The following declaration that he values matter over words continues his self-presentation as an unpolished writer.

Cities can have a regular “form,” round, square or rectangular, and the heart a “pyramidical forme,” compared to a pine cone. The left cardiac chamber has the form of a cone. These are configurations of bodies or spaces within Burton’s descriptive account. The city passage then permits a second, institutional meaning: his projected “form of government” is monarchical. Later he compares pure forms of commonwealths with pure species of melancholy. Both are clearer in theory than in actual mixtures, which are usual rather than exceptionless, so the political analogy qualifies diagnostic classification rather than supplying an additional anatomical shape. The proposed buildings are also “uniform,” consistent in appearance, without requiring every city to have the same outline.

The verb can describe making as well as geometrical shaping. Animal spirits are “formed” from vital spirits, whereas the membrane in the hearing apparatus is “formed like a drum head.” The former describes constitution from a material source, the latter a configuration. In the airy digression, pots are reportedly à natura formatas, shaped by nature, and compared with pots manufactured by people. At the other end of the book, people “formed” images like animals: their workmanship becomes part of Burton’s argument against worshipping the objects. The maker, material and alleged process therefore matter as much as the resulting outline.

Matter, form and the faculties

In the debate about the soul’s origin, “matter and forme” are the material and determining constituents of a living being. The assertion that a human parent would otherwise beget only half a human is the argument of those who hold that the soul is propagated from the parent. Burton marks their reasoning with “say they” and “as they hold.” He later commends the view that the human soul is created and infused, rather than simply adopting the earlier objection. The lexical explanation must therefore distinguish the philosophical components from the particular theory about how they originate.

In the account of understanding, “formes and notions” are intelligible contents that the passive understanding can receive, further judge and retain. The active understanding judges what imagination has received from sense and passes it on. The passive understanding is compared first to a pupil and then to a cleared writing tablet. Forms here belong to cognition: they are contents for judgment and retention, and the passive understanding is not merely an inert storehouse. The account follows the abstraction of intelligible species from imagination, while the next paragraph also admits innate notions; Burton combines inherited schemes without resolving that tension.

Matter’s relation to form supplies two very different comparisons in the love partition. “ut materia appetit formam, sic mulier virum” means that, as matter desires form, woman desires man. It lends philosophical language of potentiality and fulfilment to a gendered praise of marriage; it does not argue that women literally are prime matter. The praise of married happiness is itself conditional on the couple’s living lovingly. Later Burton invokes prime matter’s readiness for “new forms” in a hostile account of changing female desire. The very next paragraph calls many men more fickle than any woman. The two applications of the analogy have different rhetorical purposes, and the latter qualification belongs with the latter attack. Another lover’s metaphor calls the mistress anima informans, the animating soul that gives a body living form; she supplies his life and movement as the wind supplies a windmill’s. The phrase concerns animation, not communicating information.

Images, patterns and invented determinations

“Strange formes” of bogeys and devils are imagined shapes produced by fear in the discussion of imagination. In the plank example, “forma cadendi impressa” is an impressed representation of falling: the imagined fall powerfully affects the body even when the plank itself has not changed. The surrounding argument challenges the assumption that distress can be stopped merely by choosing to stop it. Burton’s body describes powerful disturbance; the original marginal version goes further and says the person will not walk across the raised beam. Those claims should not be silently equated.

A “forme of health” is a conception or pattern of health in the physician’s mind. Galeottus is offered as the authority for this explanation of confidence in treatment; the adjoining claims about hope and medical reputation are attributed to Galen and Paracelsus. The form is a mental pattern used to explain the physician–patient relation. Elsewhere a “myriad of forms” means the many ways melancholy troubles the mind when the body is free; multiformia similarly calls melancholic derangements manifold, varying with causes, constitution and duration. A related original margin makes beauty’s hidden rays engrave the beloved’s formam, image, in the lover’s breast. This Tatius quotation accompanies the Musaeus poem but is not part of it.

The verb also has psychological force. Distressed readers “form” fatal schemes of predestination and reprobation to their own ruin. They construct interpretations; they do not enact God’s decree. Burton immediately turns their question around: if they cannot prove that they are saved, how can they prove that they are rejected? The construction of certainty against oneself is the local problem.

Changing appearances, disguises and figures

The accounts of spirits distinguish bodily shape from the appearance of a change. Bodin’s argument begins from the corporeality he advocates and requires the roundest, most perfect “forme.” Later, “Illusoriæ & præstigiatrices transformationes” describes deceptive transformations while the surrounding prose denies real metamorphosis. Reports of apparitions in various formis stand beside Thyraeus’s alternatives of devils, damned souls or souls from purgatory. The witch catalogue then describes changes into several “formes,” followed by limitations and possible exceptional magicians. Burton assembles claims and qualifications; these passages do not form a single unqualified theory of shape-changing.

In the account of natural and manufactured scares, forma dæmonum is an apparent demonic shape produced through a contrivance, while the original margin’s formant describes soothsayers fabricating voices as if a spirit spoke. The apparent spirit is not the agent making those voices. The final advice again allows internal natural causes, then permits a devil to “transform himself” by God’s permission, for a limited time and with bounded power. Its immediate assurance is that he may terrify but not hurt. These alternatives and local limits should remain visible.

Ordinary disguise borrows the same imagery. The satirical opportunist is Proteus “transformans,” changing roles for advantage; women “transformed themselves” at the Bacchic spectacle by assuming mythological appearances. Jesuits in “all forms” and lovers in as many forms as Jupiter are likewise represented as adopting disguises or identities. The wardrobe story is specifically qualified by “if we may believe,” while the lover’s daily attendance is conditioned on his being truly enamoured. Neither passage independently proves the conduct it describes. Figurative forms range still further: the Virgilian formæ, terrible figures, become companions of impoverished scholars; musical air dances in “twenty sweet forms”; and Maximus’s departed good soul is said to see perfect beauty unhindered by a “variety of forms.” Burton closes that spiritual report with “so they will have it.”

Beauty, inward and divine

The Latin word can mean attractive appearance or beauty. The marginal claim that Queen Money bestows “formam” satirizes a world in which wealth determines apparent worth. In Chrysostom’s rebuke, by contrast, “formam hominis” is human shape, which can conceal beastlike conduct. A human exterior does not establish humane behaviour. Nor does forma always imply attractiveness: a marginal description of the supposedly ugly chaplain gives his frightening face that name, precisely to contrast it with the divine beauty of his soul. The anecdote’s names and chronology are questioned in the supplied notes.

In the love partition, “Imperio digna forma” praises beauty as worthy of command. Yet a “most absolute form” is also the supposed perfect beauty seen by an enamoured man whose judgment Burton questions. In the next movement, Burton grants the imagined objection that everyone agrees the mistress is perfect, only to ask how long that beauty can last. The cited “Anceps forma bonum” then calls beauty a doubtful or precarious blessing. Praise, the lover’s claim, conditional concession and corrective counsel are distinct uses of the beauty vocabulary. The quoted Aristaenetus antithesis sharpens adjective into noun: dressed, she is formosa, beautiful; undressed, tota forma, beauty itself. Polyphemus’s admiration of his own forma, looks, is another interested judgment. The subsequent Corydon quotation is a fresh parallel, not a continuation of Polyphemus’s speech.

Beauty is not confined to bodily appearance. In honourable love, “Interna forma,” inward beauty, consists in virtue, wisdom, integrity and real worth; the preceding “true form” contrasts genuine character with painted or counterfeit virtue. At the opening of religious love, “divine forme” names the beauty that draws the soul towards God. Burton reasons from the attraction of created beauties to their creator, described as their fountain and purest essence. Cicero’s marginal formosius makes the same transfer when it says nothing is more beautiful than virtue. God in turn courts people formâ suâ, with his beauty, and the later hanc formam requires cleansing the heart to see it. It would therefore be misleading to make every occurrence of form a visible bodily outline.

The explanations of beauty are not uniform. Piccolomini’s formam boni names the appearance of goodness in the account of love’s object, though the marginal syntax is compressed. The next Forma defines beauty as living radiance flowing from good through ideas, seeds, intelligible principles and shadows; this is followed by an account of proportion among bodily parts. A preceding attack on philosophers as formarum admirers belongs to an imagined opponent and is answered by the defence of honourable love. No single definition or speaker should be made to govern them all.

The body’s shape can be discussed without settling its beauty. Ovid’s Forma papillarum praises the shape of breasts through an erotic image of pressing or caressing. The later scrutiny of a face distinguishes its “form,” proportions, from colour. The question whether forma owes more to art or nature remains an open general dispute before Burton gives his own preference for artifice; Léry’s ensuing comparison emphasizes clothing and explicitly declines to call the Brazilian women less beautiful by nature. The advice to choose statam formam means moderate beauty, neither too fair nor too ugly, rather than medium height. The surrounding discussion rejects extremes and then allows personal preference.

Beauty can function as a social resource and as the object of possessive desire. The father’s occulto formæ præsagio connects foresight to his daughter’s beauty, while Burton’s separate English speaks of her fortune. Cardan’s marginal Zelus de forma concerns jealousy lest someone else enjoy the beauty loved; the subsequent Vives definition of care for wards and children expressly excludes beauty as its object. Beauty’s judgments are also reversible: Timon becomes “deformed” in others’ estimation when his fortune fails, and the lover cured by separation can see what infatuation had concealed. Neither change requires a bodily metamorphosis.

Informing, deforming and reforming

“inform” may mean instruct: Burton aims to inform the reader’s understanding, and the later enform introduces an author who can explain more. The consolatory claim that a widower can “inform another” wife means teach or shape her, and depends on the alternatives that he found his first wife good or made her so, with a further doubt whether such a wife existed. In “information of his manners” and music’s power to “informe our manners,” the emphasis is cultivation of conduct. The related marginal efformandis also means forming character, but its claim about a nurse and her milk says they often play a large part, less categorically than the body’s wording. These are historical accounts of education and influence.

“this informs, that deforms our life” opposes the good love that gives life its proper shape to the other love that spoils it; the marginal rectè informat explicitly says rightly forms. The bodily informis, ugly or unshapely, is a different adjective: Corydon’s “not so ugly” becomes Burton’s defence against literary contempt, while an informem land is unshapely in the colonial craftsman comparison. The Stoic sage is mocked as physically deformis yet supposedly formosus. Elsewhere “Deformities” includes deafness and blindness as well as differences of visible shape, whether innate or acquired; Burton denies that these diminish moral worth and makes a stronger consolatory claim that they enhance the soul.

Deformation may also be inflicted: the “deformed” eunuchs are mutilated in the immediate castration account, and the marginal deformavit explicitly describes a wound disfiguring a man’s face. These reported injuries differ from moral deformis horror, the foulness concealed beneath austere clothing, and from the socially produced judgment of Timon. The narratives retain their historical and polemical qualifications; the lexical family alone cannot turn physical difference into moral fault.

Reform means correct, improve or bring into suitable order. It can concern society, land use, maps, the six non-naturals, habituation or repentance. The imagined universal reformer’s powers are eventually dismissed as vain wishes; the patient is not to be reformed abruptly; and continual reform of vice is likened to repairing an old house, beside reassurance of divine mercy. These uses cannot all be reduced to a change of outline or to the religious Reformation. Conform may instead mean adapt oneself to circumstances; conformable, cooperate with guidance. The same compliance becomes servility in the chaplain who must be “comformable” to a patron. Latin conforme simply compares beer to the Stygian marsh, whereas conformationem concerns consolidating political dominion.

A resting place and a bench

The hare sitting in its “form” supplies Burton’s reported emblem of melancholy: fearful, solitary, withdrawn. He attributes the account of Egyptian hieroglyphics to Pierius; neither this article nor the supplied edition establishes it independently as ancient Egyptian practice. The same paragraph qualifies the symptoms as more or less evident, sometimes scarcely perceptible or absent. A later satire on noble descent turns the animal’s resting place into a hunting metaphor: tracing an ancestor to his “form” means tracking him back to his origins.

The woman who falls from a “form” during a sermon falls from a bench. Wolfius’s reported anecdote distinguishes the congregation’s ordinary laughter from Brunsellius’s three days of debilitating laughter. Burton’s original marginal account reinforces the furniture sense with its own Latin word for a bench. The earlier account of compulsive dancing likewise puts “formes” between stools and tables. These objects remain ordinary furniture even in extraordinary medical stories.

Prescribed arrangements and procedures

“forms of Potions and Clisters” and “Forms of artificiall bathes” are recipes or prescribed compositions. “The custome and forme of law” is the established manner of lawful procedure, in an account of marriage as a remedy for lovesickness. A form of government can also become a model for bodily self-control: the power of movement is to restrain conduct when appetite rebels. The prescription at 105-19 goes further towards the resulting object: its “form” is a scented preparation to be kept in the patient’s hands. A poetic formæ supplies yet another pattern, a garland to which a group is likened; the supplied translation openly interprets the compressed wording. None of these uses requires the metaphysical matter–form relation.

Finally, “formes of exorcismes” are set procedures or verbal formulas. Burton names writers who prescribe them and then explicitly rejects them as deceptive and ineffective. The earlier pagan “forms” are modes of observance, distinguished from the “prodigious forms” of idols. Listing a form of practice is not endorsing it; here the turn from report to first-person judgment is decisive.

Formalists observe prescribed outward forms. Burton’s satire makes them turn like weathercocks for advancement; later they become double-dealing religious opportunists. The counsel to behave as a “good Formalist” under successive gods and rulers belongs to a survey of accommodation, not an unqualified final endorsement. Formality, in the sufferer’s accusation that worship was only for form’s sake, means external observance without devotion. That accusation forms part of a larger movement towards consolation; it does not establish the guilt of any named sufferer.

Related entries

Matter; Species in perception; Genus and species; Soul; Understanding; Imagination; Appetite; Action; Faculty; Beauty; Judgment; Habit; Will and nill; Fear

Places to read

1. Literary shapingThe bear-cub comparison, Corydon’s literary defence and the stated aim to inform the understanding
2. Religious conformity and advantageFormalists between rejection of ceremony and opportunistic conformity
3. Beauty conferred by wealthThe original marginal formam and the satire of Queen Money
4. The opportunist’s transformationsProteus as a figure for changing roles and allegiances
5. Human shape and beastlike conductChrysostom’s rebuke and marginal formam hominis
6. Unshapely land and colonial improvementInformem in the craftsman comparison; the historical judgments retained
7. The wished-for universal reformerSocial correction, Rosicrucian promises and the dismissal of omnipotent reform as a vain wish
8. City shapeAlternative city outlines and uniform buildings
9. Improvement of landReformation as supervised local improvement and security for tenants
10. Constitutional formMonarchical government and public honours
11. The sage deformed yet handsomeDeformis and formosus in the mocked Stoic paradox
12. Beauty in the quoted wishPrinted forma against the supplied Horatian fama comparator, followed by the warning against pride
13. Benches among furnitureThe reported dancing disorder
14. Knowledge shaping conductInformation of manners as cultivation, beside preservation of health
15. Formation of animal spiritsProduction from vital spirits in the historical physiological account
16. Anatomical configurationThe heart and its left chamber
17. A membrane shaped like a drumFormed as bodily configuration within the hearing mechanism
18. Matter, form and generationThe propagated-soul argument is attributed to its advocates
19. Burton’s subsequent commitmentCreated and infused soul; faculties of one soul
20. Received intelligible contentsForms, notions and the cleared tablet
21. Pure kinds and actual mixturesPolitical forms compared with diagnostic species
22. Corporeal spirits and round shapeBodin’s conditional premise and reported conclusion
23. Illusory transformationsDeception of sight distinguished from actual bodies and metamorphosis
24. Apparitions in different formsThe marginal forms and Thyraeus’s alternative explanations
25. The witch catalogue and its limitsReported forms, subsequent limitations and possible exceptional magicians
26. Beer resembling the Stygian marshConforme in the poet’s insult, answered by Burton’s qualified defence
27. Feared appearancesImagined shapes and their attributed causes
28. Terrifying figures as companionsVirgilian formæ and Burton’s expanded English monsters in the scholar’s complaint
29. A compliant chaplainPrinted comformable and the patron’s demand for servile preaching
30. Forming character through nursingMarginal efformandis; often a large part contrasted with the body’s stronger language
31. Manifold signsMultiformia and the variation of causes, qualities and manifestations
32. The hare’s resting placeReported emblem, solitary conduct and variable symptoms
33. The church benchA fall, ordinary laughter and prolonged pathological laughter
34. Many modes of distressVariation in duration, trigger and manifestation
35. The image of fallingBody and margin differ over disturbance and refusal to cross
36. Manufactured shapes and voicesForma dæmonum as apparent shape and formant as fabricated voices; natural and demonic alternatives
37. Reforming the non-naturalsRegulating diet and habits within the historical regimen
38. The conformable patientCooperation as a condition of the physician’s success
39. A mental pattern of healthGaleottus, confidence and the physician’s conception
40. Medicinal recipesPotions, enemas and artificially prepared baths
41. Forms produced by natureReported pots shaped by nature compared with potters’ work
42. Reforming mapsRevision and correction under if possible, with the compass method rejected
43. Enform and returning from the digressionCommunicating knowledge; reforming natural and artificial air
44. Reforming diet and habitsThe practical regimen’s regulation of the six non-naturals
45. Government of conductA form of rule extended to the bodily faculties
46. Gradual reformationHabituation after rejection of harsh treatment; not abrupt change
47. Music informing mannersShaping conduct as one of the effects attributed to music
48. Bodily impairment and moral worthDeformities includes sensory impairments and both innate and acquired conditions
49. Tracking an ancestorThe hare’s form used metaphorically in criticism of pedigree
50. Conforming to circumstancesAdaptation to fortune and the distinction between what one wishes and can do
51. Teaching another spouseInform within the found-or-made alternatives and conditional consolation
52. A preparation held in the handsForm as the prescribed scented composition; no modern ingredient identification supplied
53. The objection to admirers of beautyAn imagined critic, printed à demente and the subsequent acquittal
54. Appearance of good and definitions of beautyFormam boni, marginal Forma, radiance and competing accounts of proportion
55. Changed social valuationDeformed as the altered judgment of a person whose fortune fails
56. Inward beautyGenuine virtue, counterfeit appearance, the reversed marginal comparison and qualification about outward gifts
57. Virtue beautiful and a face unattractiveComparative formosius; physical forma beside divine soul; doubtful reported anecdote
58. Good love informing and bad love deformingEnglish and Latin contrasts; object redistribution and explicit marginal rectè
59. Marriage and fulfilmentMatter desiring form; the conditional praise of married happiness
60. Beauty’s powerQuoted praise and the command exercised by attractive appearance
61. Musical air taking formsPoetic shapes, with the supplied Chapman/Marlowe attribution distinction
62. The shape of breastsForma and the erotic passive pressing interpreted as caress
63. The beloved’s engraved imageTatius’s marginal formam distinguished from the Musaeus poem
64. Nature, art and clothingThe unresolved general dispute, Burton’s preference and Léry’s qualified comparison
65. Festive transformationAssuming mythological figures in the composite Plutarch narrative
66. Disguises and polemical reportsProtean forms and the specifically qualified wardrobe story
67. The beloved as animating soulAnima informans, first mover and windmill metaphors
68. Beautiful or beauty itselfFormosa and tota forma in the lover’s hyperbole
69. The lover’s assumed formsDisguises like Jupiter’s and the condition of true infatuation
70. Self-admiration and a new speakerPolyphemus’s forma followed by Corydon’s distinct informis quotation
71. Recovering judgment of beautyThe eye tale and lovers’ inability to judge forma
72. A lover’s perfect beautyA supposition and the question of distorted judgment
73. Beauty granted, then qualifiedThe imagined objection, transience and doubtful blessing
74. Shape distinguished from colourCritical scrutiny, proportion and the qualification that faultless faces are rare
75. Prime matter and changing desireA hostile analogy followed by a comparison unfavourable to men
76. Lawful procedureMarriage as the proposed form of union
77. Beauty and anticipated fortuneThe formæ presentiment, Latin/English difference and qualified marriage examples
78. Erotic jealousy and protective careZelus de forma contrasted with non de forma for wards and children
79. Deformed through mutilationThe immediate castration context and qualifications of the historical household reports
80. Disfigurement in a jealousy narrativeDeformavit; the facial wound specified in the margin and the sequence of reported outrages
81. Moderate beauty and personal choiceStatam formam, the rejected extremes and the local meaning of middle size
82. A garland as patternFormæ and the explicitly interpreted compressed poetic construction
83. Divine beautyInference from created beauty to its maker; God courting through gifts and beauty
84. Beauty perceived by the heartHanc formam, corrupted love and cleansing the heart
85. Ritual forms and idol shapesDifferent senses within Burton’s confessional account
86. Consolidation of dominionConformationem in the reported political use of religion
87. Forms no longer hindering the soulMaximus’s Platonist report, so they will have it and Burton’s intervention
88. Manufactured images and their shapesFormed and formes; human workmanship distinguished from alleged heavenly origin
89. The accommodating formalistPolitical and religious accommodation within a survey of arguments
90. Outward religion and hidden foulnessFormalists as opportunists and deformis as moral ugliness
91. Repentance as continuing repairReform of vice, house analogy and reassurance of divine mercy
92. Formality without devotionThe sufferer’s accusations within the movement to consolation
93. Constructing fatal schemesThe verb form and Burton’s challenge to self-condemnation
94. Natural appearances and bounded transformationInternal causes, divine permission, temporal limits and the assurance against harm
95. Exorcistic formulasReported prescriptions explicitly rejected by Burton

In this edition

The three concrete contrasts remain visible: “an Hare sitting in her form” becomes “a hare sitting in its form”; “fall off from a form” becomes “fall off a bench”; and “ut materia appetit formam” becomes “As matter desires form.” The modern column renders literary “form” as “shape,” anatomical “forme” as “shape,” the church “form” as “bench,” and medicinal “forms” as “recipes.” It retains the hare’s named resting place and the philosophical “matter and form,” with explanatory notes. “most absolute form” becomes “perfect beauty” in one passage and “faultless figure” in the next, keeping the lover’s claim distinct from an established fact.

In “true inward form,” the modern column supplies “inward” to explain the moral contrast; the original has only “true form.” The immediately following “Interna forma” explicitly contains the inward qualification and is rendered “inward beauty.” At the plank, the body’s “the impression of falling” translates the whole Latin phrase, while the supplied translation of the marginal version makes its participial force explicit as “the image of falling being impressed upon him.” Neither rendering belongs to forma alone.

The marginal quotation on honourable love has a separate directional problem: its Latin says love draws beauty, whereas Burton’s body says beauty draws love; the margin also uses amber where the body has jet. Both are retained as distinct source layers within this edition; the single Latin verb is repeated in English to supply the parallel clauses. The original marginal wording and its editorial translation are distinguished in the evidence records; no new collation of the earlier authorities is claimed.

Further distinctions arise when translation expands a construction. “this informs” becomes giving life its “proper form,” with the shared object redistributed between clauses; rectè, rightly, is explicit only in the separate Latin margin. statam formam becomes “moderate beauty,” and Burton’s “middle size” becomes a “middling sort.” The formæ assimulata coronæ passage becomes “Arranged like a garland,” alongside an acknowledged contextual interpretation of the printed Cura puellaris. None of these expansions should be indexed as though every modern word stood in the original.

anima informans

Printed “anima informans” (Latin; noun plus present participle).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: anima informans

The soul that gives living form to a body; the animating principle.

Context: The beloved is metaphorically the lover’s life-giving source, with the first mover and windmill comparisons. This is not informing in the sense of reporting information.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: animating soul

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

conform

Printed “Conforme” (English; imperative verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Conforme

Adjust or accommodate oneself to circumstances.

Context: The reflexive counsel concerns accepting present fortune, after the distinction between what one wishes and what one can do.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Adapt

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

conformable · comformable

Printed “comformable” (English; adjective; printed variant comformable).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: comformable

Compliant or accommodating to another’s demands.

Context: The printed comformable describes a dependent chaplain who preaches as the patron wishes, in a satire on corrupt patronage; it is not a neutral demand for doctrinal correctness.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: conform

Alignment convention

Qualification: Be comformable is recast as Let him conform. The adjective is verbalized; the source spelling is retained.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

conformable

Printed “conformable” (English; adjective).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: conformable

Compliant or willing to follow guidance.

Context: The patient’s cooperation is made a condition of the physician’s success, with the next injunction concerning expenditure. This is Burton’s historical relation of physician and patient.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: cooperate

Alignment convention

Qualification: Will not be conformable becomes will not cooperate; a predicative adjective is recast as a verb within the same negative condition.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

conformatio

Printed “conformationem” (Latin; accusative singular noun).

Establishment or strengthening, here consolidation of political dominion.

Context: Vanini’s quoted claim says elites use religion to secure power while fear restrains philosophers’ speech; it is a reported political account, not evidence that every individual secretly disbelieves.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: ad imperii conformationem & amplificationem

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: to consolidate and enlarge their dominion

Alignment convention

Qualification: The purpose phrase with two action nouns becomes coordinated infinitives, consolidate and enlarge. Their supplies the contextual rulers as possessors of dominion.

Supplied words: their (contextual possessor)

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

conformis

Printed “conforme” (Latin; neuter singular adjective).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: conforme

Similar in form or character; resembling.

Context: The old poet’s insult compares beer to the Stygian marsh. Burton then defends beer for accustomed drinkers; his English River Styx is distinct from the Latin marsh.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: resembling

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

deform

Printed “deforms” (English; verb).

Disfigures, spoils or disorders; here morally damages life.

Context: That other love is the agent, opposite to the divine love that orders life. The object is life, not a claim of bodily disfigurement.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: deforms our life

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: disfigures it

Alignment convention

Qualification: The original full object our life is moved into the preceding modern clause and resumed here by it; this is anaphoric redistribution.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

deformed · local use 1

Printed “deformed” (English; adjective).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: deformed

Unattractive or ugly, here a social judgment accompanying loss of wealth.

Context: The contrast between Timon’s former admirers and their changed valuation does not establish that his physical shape changed when his fortune did.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: misshapen

Alignment convention

Qualification: In the parallel clause none so ugly, none so deformed / No one was so ugly, so misshapen, deformed corresponds to misshapen; modern ugly corresponds to the preceding original ugly. The full context describes changed social valuation, not an observed alteration of the body.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

deformed · local use 2

Printed “deformed” (English; adjective).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: deformed

Bodily altered or disfigured, here by castration.

Context: The immediate historical account says the eunuchs were deprived of their genital organs in childhood; the racial and sexual generalizations remain Burton’s account rather than independently verified facts.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: mutilated

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

deformis · local use 1

Printed “deformis” (Latin; nominative singular adjective).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: deformis

Misshapen or unattractive in bodily appearance.

Context: In the marginal Stoic paradox the ideal sage can be physically deformed yet handsome. Burton introduces the description as Plutarch’s mockery; this is not a literal transformation.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: deformed

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed. The original marginal attestation is on; the attached body unit’s wider locator remains separately preserved in source_locator.

deformis · local use 2

Printed “deformis” (Latin; nominative singular adjective).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: deformis

Ugly, unseemly or repellent, here morally foul.

Context: The Latin hides hideous ugliness beneath shabby dress; Burton’s separate English explicitly calls it horrible vices. The Jerome attribution differs from the supplied Ambrose parallel and remains unresolved.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: hideous

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

deformity

Printed “Deformities” (English; plural noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Deformities

Bodily irregularities or impairments, including lameness, curvature, deafness and blindness.

Context: The list includes innate and acquired conditions, broader than visible ugliness. Burton’s consolatory argument denies diminished moral worth and makes the stronger historical claim of enhanced powers of soul.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: deformities

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

deformo · deformat

Printed “deformat” (Latin; third-person singular verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: deformat

Disfigures or disorders.

Context: The original margin assigns this harmful effect to that other love, contrasting it with the love that rightly forms life.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: disfigures

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

deformo · deformavit

Printed “deformavit” (Latin; third-person singular perfect verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: deformavit

Marred or disfigured the bodily appearance.

Context: In Osório’s reported story a jealous husband wounds another man’s face and cuts off his leg; the original margin specifies facial injury omitted from the body’s shorter account. His suspicion is not proof of adultery.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: disfigured

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

efformo

Printed “efformandis” (Latin; gerundive within in moribus efformandis).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: efformandis

Shaping or fashioning, here cultivating character.

Context: The marginal historical nursing claim says the nurse’s disposition and milk often play a large part; it must not inherit the body’s stronger all/alone language.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Locator qualification: Preserve sequence and printed-number distinction exactly.

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: forming

Alignment convention

Qualification: In moribus efformandis means in forming character; forming renders the gerundive in this construction. No claim that the nurse invariably determines every trait is supplied.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · local use 1

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

A finished shape or organized condition; here the literary finish conferred by revision.

Context: Burton’s self-deprecating account of composition uses a bear-cub comparison.

Source: original body

Source wording: lick it into form

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 2

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

Configuration or plan; the outline of a city.

Context: Burton prescribes city designs in his imagined polity.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: for their form, regular, round, square, or long square

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Their shape shall be regular: circular, square, or rectangular

Alignment scope: redistributed topic and predicate

Qualification: For their form is recast as the subject Their shape; shall be makes the governing prescription explicit in this clause. The alternative shapes retain or, rather than becoming a demand that every city have the same shape.

Supplied words: shall be (predicate made explicit from the surrounding prescription)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 3

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

A constitutional arrangement or type of government.

Context: First-person prescription for the imagined commonwealth, not a description of every state.

Source: original body

Source wording: My form of government shall be Monarchical

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · formes · local use 1

Printed “formes” (English; lemma).

Benches; ordinary pieces of seating among other furniture.

Context: Burton reports the routes of compulsive dancers.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: over stooles, formes, tables

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: over stools, benches and tables

Alignment convention

Qualification: The original comma-separated furniture list becomes an explicitly coordinated English list; and is supplied before tables.

Supplied words: and (explicit list coordination)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forme · local use 1

Printed “forme” (English; lemma).

Geometrical shape, here the heart’s pyramidal configuration.

Context: Burton’s historical anatomical description; the comparison is with a pine cone.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Of a pyramidical forme

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Pyramidal in shape

Alignment convention

Qualification: The prepositional phrase Of a pyramidical forme is redistributed as adjective plus in shape; the article is absorbed in that recasting.

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forme · local use 2

Printed “forme” (English; lemma).

The configuration of a bodily cavity, compared with a cone.

Context: Burton’s anatomy of the heart; creeke is the chamber, not a blood vessel.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: The left creeke hath the forme of a Cone

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: The left chamber is cone-shaped

Alignment convention

Qualification: The verb phrase hath the forme of a Cone is recast as is cone-shaped, with cone-shaped as a predicative adjective. The whole clause, not forme alone, carries the equivalence.

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forme · local use 3

Printed “forme” (English; lemma).

The determining or actualizing principle considered with matter as constituents of a living being.

Context: Part of the propagated-soul advocates’ objection, marked say they and as they hold; Burton later commends creation and infusion.

Source: original body

Source wording: both matter and forme

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · formes · local use 2

Printed “formes” (English; lemma).

Intelligible contents or representations received by understanding.

Context: The passive understanding receives material already judged by the active understanding, further judges it, retains it, and is capable of all forms and notions; it is not only a storehouse.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: capable of all formes and notions

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: capable of receiving every form and notion

Alignment convention

Qualification: Receiving makes the receptive force of capable of explicit; all plural forms and notions becomes every singular form and notion, preserving universal scope.

Supplied words: receiving

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · formes · local use 3

Printed “formes” (English; lemma).

Constitutional types considered apart from mixtures.

Context: Burton’s analogy says pure political types and diagnostic species are clear theoretically but usually mixed in practice. Usually qualifies the claim; he does not deny every unmixed instance.

Source: original body

Source wording: their pure formes of Commonwealths

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · formes · local use 4

Printed “formes” (English; lemma).

Imagined shapes or appearances.

Context: Rhetorical question about a fearful person in darkness; Lavater and Weyer supply attributed explanations.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: what strange formes of Bugbears, Devils, Witches, Goblins?

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: What strange shapes of bogeys, devils, witches and goblins!

Alignment convention

Qualification: The rhetorical question is repunctuated as an exclamation; and explicitly coordinates the final item in the list. The scope of the imagined appearances remains.

Supplied words: and (explicit list coordination)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 4

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

A hare’s shallow resting place or lying place, not an underground burrow.

Context: Burton’s account of an emblem is attributed to Pierius; the same paragraph qualifies symptom prevalence.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: an Hare sitting in her form

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: a hare sitting in its form

Alignment convention

Qualification: The English animal pronoun her is modernized to its, without changing the hare as possessor of the resting place.

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 5

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

A bench used for sitting.

Context: The half-asleep woman falls; Brunsellius is the onlooker whose laughter persists, in Wolfius’s reported story.

Source: original body

Source wording: fall off from a form

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forms · local use 1

Printed “forms” (English; lemma).

Modes or manifestations of a condition, rather than bodily configurations.

Context: A conditional alternative: if the body is free, the condition can still trouble the mind in many ways.

Source: original body

Source wording: in a myriad of forms exercising the minde

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forme · local use 4

Printed “forme” (English; lemma).

A conception or pattern, here of the healthy condition.

Context: Galeottus’s attributed reason for the power of confidence, not an independently established medical mechanism.

Source: original body

Source wording: the forme of health is contained in the Physicians minde

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forms · local use 2

Printed “forms” (English; lemma).

Recipes or prescribed compositions for medicinal preparations.

Context: Cnemander’s reported prescriptions aim to keep the patient’s bowels loose; historical treatment, not present advice.

Source: original body

Source wording: many forms of Potions and Clisters

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · Forms

Printed “Forms” (English; lemma).

Recipes specifying the composition of prepared baths.

Context: Reported medical recommendations; artificial means prepared with ingredients.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: their peculiar Forms of artificiall bathes

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: their particular recipes for artificially prepared baths

Alignment convention

Qualification: Artificiall is expanded into artificially prepared, making preparation explicit; peculiar is particular in the sense of recipes specific to the cited physicians.

Supplied words: prepared (expanded artificiall)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 6

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

A mode or arrangement of rule, extended to control of bodily conduct.

Context: Melanchthon’s analogy distinguishes unruly emotions from restraint of the outward members.

Source: original body

Source wording: another form of government

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 7

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

A hare’s resting place, figuratively the origin to which an ancestor is tracked.

Context: Conditional reply in the satire on pedigree: if the ancestor was the better gentleman, the hunt has reached his starting place.

Source: original body

Source wording: we have traced him to his form

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 8

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

Genuine inward character or moral constitution, opposed to a painted appearance of virtue.

Context: Burton’s account of sincere virtue; the modern qualifier inward explicates the local contrast.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: true form

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: true inward form

Alignment convention

Qualification: The modern supplies inward to mark the moral contrast implicit in true form. This is an explicitly expanded rendering, not word-for-word equivalence.

Supplied words: inward

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 9

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

A figure or person of supposedly complete beauty.

Context: The lover’s valuation is explicitly qualified by in his eye at least and questioned in the next sentence.

Source: original body

Source wording: a most absolute form in his eye at least

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 10

Printed “form” (English; lemma).

A completely beautiful figure, hypothetically accepted in an objection.

Context: Burton voices the lover’s anticipated answer, then grants it conditionally before questioning beauty’s duration.

Source: original body

Source wording: of a most absolute form in all mens opinions

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forms · local use 3

Printed “forms” (English; lemma).

Successive determinations received by prime matter, metaphorically new objects or configurations of desire.

Context: Burton’s hostile comparison of female inconstancy; the next paragraph describes many men as still more fickle.

Source: original body

Source wording: new forms

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forme · local use 5

Printed “forme” (English; lemma).

An established lawful manner or procedure.

Context: Avicenna’s reported counsel on uniting lovers; Burton’s continuation explicitly proposes marriage.

Source: original body

Source wording: the custome and forme of law

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · forme · local use 6

Printed “forme” (English; lemma).

Divine beauty, treated as the source and supreme essence of created beauty.

Context: Burton’s a-fortiori question moves from the attraction of ordinary beauty to the soul’s attraction to God.

Source: original body

Source wording: this divine forme

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · local use 11

Printed “form” (English; verb).

To construct or frame a conception, here ruinous interpretations of predestination and reprobation.

Context: The distressed interpreters are the grammatical subject; Burton challenges their certainty of rejection in the continuation.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Gods eternall decree of predestination, absolute reprobation, and such fatall tables they form to their own ruine

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: They construct God’s eternal decree of predestination, absolute reprobation and such tables of destiny to their own ruin

Alignment convention

Qualification: The object-fronted original puts the interpreters’ they after the list of fatal determinations. The modern restores subject-first order. They construct their conception of these decrees; the passage does not say they enact God’s decrees.

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · formes · local use 5

Printed “formes” (English; lemma).

Prescribed procedures or verbal formulas for exorcism.

Context: Practices attributed to named Roman Catholic writers and then explicitly rejected by Burton.

Source: original body

Source wording: several formes of exorcismes

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

form · formed · local use 1

Printed “formed” (English; past participle).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering, Modern wording, Original construction, Modern construction: formed

Produced or constituted from material already present.

Context: Animal spirits are formed from vital spirits in the historical account, then brought to the brain and distributed by nerves; this is production, not merely alteration of outline.

Source: original body

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · formed · local use 2

Printed “formed” (English; past participle).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formed

Given a particular configuration or likeness.

Context: The small membrane is likened to a drumhead in Burton’s historical mechanism of hearing; it is distinct from the production of animal spirits.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: shaped

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · forme · local use 7

Printed “forme” (English; noun).

Citation key, Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: form

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forme

Geometrical shape, here perfect roundness.

Context: Bodin’s argument says spirits must have a shape if corporeal, a premise he strongly advocates, and concludes that all are round. Burton is reporting that argument.

Source: original body

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · formes · local use 6

Printed “formes” (English; noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formes

Shapes or appearances into which people are said to change.

Context: The witch catalogue reports change of oneself and others. Subsequent limits and possible exceptional magicians qualify the catalogue; the claims are not independently authenticated.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: forms

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · local use 12

Printed “form” (English; noun).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: form

A prescribed medicinal composition, here the resulting scented preparation.

Context: Montanus’s patient is to keep it in his hands. The immediate cold-scent context does not specify enough to identify a particular modern preparation or prove its efficacy.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: preparation

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · forms · local use 4

Printed “forms” (English; noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forms

Configurations or figures, here the fancied shapes in which musical air moves.

Context: The poetic personification gives moving air fancied shapes in response to the fingers. The supplied note distinguishes the Chapman continuation’s personified Music from Burton’s attribution to Marlowe and application to Hero.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: shapes

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · forms · local use 5

Printed “forms” (English; noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forms

Shapes or assumed identities, here disguises.

Context: Burton’s anti-Jesuit accusation uses Proteus as a comparison. If certain reports are to be believed specifically qualifies the wardrobe story; it does not independently establish any of the accusations.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: shape

Alignment convention

Qualification: All forms becomes every shape in the surrounding construction: plural all is redistributed as singular every without loss of breadth.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · local use 13

Printed “form” (English; noun).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: form

Bodily shape or proportion, here distinguished from colour.

Context: The conditional expert examination is part of Burton’s counsel to dispel infatuation. The next paragraph says faultless faces are rare, rather than declaring an exceptionless anatomical rule.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: shape

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · forms · local use 6

Printed “forms” (English; noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering, Modern wording, Original construction, Modern construction: forms

Modes or prescribed arrangements of religious observance.

Context: Burton’s Eusebian account condemns pre-Christian worship through forms, ceremonies and sacrifices; the subsequent prodigious forms of idols names shapes instead. The universal chronology and demonic explanation are historical polemic.

Source: original body

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · forms · local use 7

Printed “forms” (English; noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering, Modern wording, Original construction, Modern construction: forms

Visible configurations or appearances, treated as hindrances to pure apprehension.

Context: Maximus’s reported Platonist account says the departed good soul is no longer impeded by them and sees perfect beauty. So they will have it marks Burton’s distance; his devil alternative follows.

Source: original body

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · formed · local use 3

Printed “formed” (English; past-tense verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formed

Fashioned or shaped, here manufactured images in animal likenesses.

Context: Human makers are the agents; Burton contrasts their workmanship with claims that images fell from heaven and condemns the worship. The descriptions of cult figures are not harmonized with other traditions.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: made

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

form · formes · local use 7

Printed “formes” (English; noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formes

Visible configurations or shapes of images.

Context: Burton calls the mixed human-and-animal representations monstrous in his polemic; the judgment belongs to him, not to the lexical definition of form.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: forms

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · formam · local use 1

Printed “formam” (Latin; lemma).

Beauty or attractive appearance; accusative singular, an object of what Money bestows.

Context: Quoted marginal satire on social valuation; the subject is Queen Money, not beauty.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Et genus & formam regina pecunia donat.

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Queen Money bestows both birth and beauty.

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal quotation aligned with its supplied editorial translation, not with the modern body.

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma · formam · local use 2

Printed “formam” (Latin; lemma).

Shape or bodily appearance; accusative singular in a claim to human identity.

Context: Chrysostom’s imagined respondent claims human shape; the rebuke denies that it guarantees humane conduct.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formam hominis habeo

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: I have a human shape

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal wording and its separate editorial translation. I expresses the first-person subject in habeo; a supplies an English article; hominis, of a human being, is recast as adjectival human.

Supplied words: I (subject implicit in habeo); a (English article)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma · formam · local use 3

Printed “formam” (Latin; lemma).

A conception or pattern of health, accusative object of contain.

Context: Galeottus’s attributed explanation. The printed animi medici is a plural subject, medical minds, which the supplied editorial translation renders physicians’ minds; the English body instead uses a singular physician’s mind.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Quoniam sanitatis formam animi medici continent

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Because physicians’ minds contain the form of health

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal wording and separate editorial translation. Medical minds becomes physicians’ minds through an adjectival-to-possessive recasting; the supplies the article before form of health.

Supplied words: the (English article)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma · formam · local use 4

Printed “formam” (Latin; lemma).

Beauty, accusative object of draws in the marginal comparison.

Context: Vives citation: amor, love, is the grammatical subject of the second clause; this reverses the body’s beauty drawing love and uses amber instead of jet.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: ut paleam succinum sic formam amor trahit

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: As amber draws straw, so love draws beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal comparison and its separate editorial translation. The single final trahit serves both clauses; English draws is supplied in the first clause and repeated in the second. The original second clause makes love the subject and beauty the object, opposite to the English body; amber and jet also differ.

Supplied words: draws in the first clause (verb understood from final trahit)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma · formam · local use 5

Printed “formam” (Latin; lemma).

The determining fulfilment received by matter, used in a comparison of female desire and marriage.

Context: Matter is the first clause’s desiring subject, form its object; woman and man occupy the parallel roles. The following praise of happiness is conditional on loving conduct.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: ut materia appetit formam, sic mulier virum

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: As matter desires form, so woman desires man

Alignment convention

Qualification: The verb appetit is explicit only in the first Latin clause. The modern supplies desires in the parallel woman/man clause from that ellipsis; this does not assign the philosophical predicate literally to women as matter.

Supplied words: desires in the second clause (understood from appetit)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma · local use 1

Printed “forma” (Latin; lemma).

Beauty or attractive appearance, personified as deserving rule.

Context: A quoted encomium attributed to Abulensis in a catalogue of beauty’s power.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Imperio digna forma

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Beauty worthy of command

Alignment convention

Qualification: Equal-scope phrase alignment; the entire phrase, not each component separately, carries the stated rendering.

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma · local use 2

Printed “forma” (Latin; lemma).

Beauty considered as a precarious or double-edged good.

Context: Senecan quotation within the reply to a hypothetical claim of perfect beauty.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Anceps forma bonum mortalibus

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Beauty is a doubtful blessing for mortals

Alignment convention

Qualification: The nominal Latin clause omits its copula; English is and a make the predicate explicit. Anceps qualifies the good as doubtful or double-edged, not unequivocally beneficial.

Supplied words: is (elliptical copula); a (English article)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma · formæ · local use 1

Printed “formæ” (Latin; lemma).

Beauty, genitive singular specifying what the flower represents.

Context: Camerarius marginal emblem cited for transience; a reported literary comparison, not a newly verified botanical claim.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formæ typus

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: an emblem of beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal noun phrase and its separate editorial translation; an supplies an English article, while formæ is the genitive specifying the emblem’s subject.

Supplied words: an (English article)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma · local use 3

Printed “forma” (Latin; nominative singular noun).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma

Beauty or attractive appearance, one of the desired goods in the quoted verse.

Context: The supplied note reports Burton’s forma against Horace’s fama, reputation; the modern follows Burton rather than silently correcting the printed word.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · formis

Printed “formis” (Latin; ablative plural noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formis

Visible shapes assumed by reported apparitions.

Context: The original marginal examples include black dogs and cats; the adjoining Thyraeus account offers devils, damned souls or souls from purgatory as alternatives.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: forms

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · formæ · local use 2

Printed “formæ” (Latin; nominative plural noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formæ

Shapes or embodied figures; here personified terrors.

Context: Burton turns the Virgilian terrifying forms into companions of impoverished scholars. His separate English verse expands the phrase into monsters.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Shapes

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · formarum

Printed “formarum” (Latin; genitive plural noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formarum

Beautiful appearances or beauties, here the object of admiration.

Context: The charge against philosophers is voiced as an opponent’s possible objection in Maximus’s defence and answered in the next paragraph. Printed à demente remains an awkward contrast, not silently emended.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: The plural formarum becomes collective singular beauty in admirer of beauty; this does not make the objection Burton’s final judgment.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · Forma · local use 1

Printed “Forma” (Latin; nominative singular noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Forma

Beauty, here defined as a living radiance flowing from goodness.

Context: The marginal Platonist definition moves through ideas, seeds, rationes and shadows towards union of minds; the next paragraph offers a competing account through bodily proportion.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · local use 4

Printed “forma” (Latin; ablative singular noun).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma

Bodily appearance or facial configuration, here explicitly unattractive.

Context: The original margin contrasts a frightening face with the divine soul praised in the story. The reported queen/chaplain anecdote has names and chronology questioned in the supplied editorial note.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: face

Alignment convention

Qualification: Eâ forma is rendered with a face in the wider construction; the lexical unit face narrows appearance to the immediate bodily description. The demonstrative eâ is unfolded by the following relative description, while with and the English article belong to the full construction.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed. The original marginal attestation is on; the attached body unit’s wider locator remains separately preserved in source_locator.

forma · Forma · local use 2

Printed “Forma” (Latin; nominative singular noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Forma

Shape or configuration, here of breasts.

Context: The Ovidian speaker’s erotic praise describes bodily configuration. The modern clause interprets the passive pressing or squeezing as an invitation to a caress; that extra force does not belong to Forma alone.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: shape

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · formam · local use 6

Printed “formam” (Latin; accusative singular noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formam

An image or likeness, here of the beloved impressed on the mind.

Context: The Tatius margin makes beauty streaming through hidden rays engrave this image in the lover’s breast. It is a related marginal account, not part of the Musaeus poem in the body.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: image

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed. The original marginal attestation is on; the attached body unit’s wider locator remains separately preserved in source_locator.

forma · local use 5

Printed “forma” (Latin; nominative singular noun).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma

Beauty or attractive appearance, considered in relation to art and nature.

Context: The general dispute remains unresolved before Burton states his own preference for artifice; the subsequent Léry example attributes the difference to clothing without calling Brazilian women naturally less beautiful.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · local use 6

Printed “forma” (Latin; nominative predicate noun).

Beauty itself, a person treated as its embodiment.

Context: The second half of the quoted antithesis intensifies formosa, beautiful, to tota forma, wholly beauty; it is the admiring lover’s hyperbole.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: tota forma est

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: she is beauty itself

Alignment convention

Qualification: The predicate tota forma becomes beauty itself; she supplies the subject carried over from the preceding clauses and is renders est.

Supplied words: she (subject carried over)

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · local use 7

Printed “forma” (Latin; nominative singular noun).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma

Personal appearance or looks, here appraised by the person himself.

Context: Polyphemus admires his reflection and asks Galatea not to despise his gifts. The following non sum adeò informis is a new Corydon quotation, not part of Polyphemus’s speech.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: looks

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · local use 8

Printed “forma” (Latin; ablative singular noun after de).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma

Beauty as an object of aesthetic judgment.

Context: The maxim attributed to Fabius says lovers cannot judge it; separation or better advice may restore judgment. In the preceding tale the woman’s eye has not changed, the lover’s perception has.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · formæ · local use 3

Printed “formæ” (Latin; genitive singular noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formæ

Beauty as the ground of an anticipated future advantage.

Context: Leontius’s reported presentiment is linked to Athenais’s beauty in Latin; Burton’s following English expands it into foreknowledge of fortune. The supplied inheritance parallel differs and does not establish his immediate source.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: her beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: The possessive her is supplied for the daughter identified in the preceding narrative; the original word gives of beauty.

Supplied words: her (contextual possessor)

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · local use 9

Printed “forma” (Latin; ablative singular noun after de).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma

Beauty, by extension the beloved person whose enjoyment is desired exclusively.

Context: Cardan’s marginal definition treats erotic jealousy as fear that someone else will enjoy the beauty loved. Vives’s later concern for wards and children expressly says non de forma, distinguishing protective concern from this erotic object.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · formæ · local use 4

Printed “formæ” (Latin; dative singular noun).

Shape or pattern, here a garland used as a model for an arrangement.

Context: The modern interprets the compressed printed Cura puellaris as the girls’ busy company, informed by the supplied Chaloner comparator Curia. This is contextual interpretation, not a settled correction of the printed Latin.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formæ assimulata coronæ

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Arranged like a garland

Alignment convention

Qualification: The complete phrase, assimilated to the form of a garland, becomes Arranged like a garland. Formæ is absorbed into the comparison like; a is supplied. The governing girls’ company is a separately acknowledged contextual interpretation.

Supplied words: a (English article)

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

Also find under: Cura puellaris (discussed contextual expression; printed Cura remains distinct from supplied comparator Curia; girls’ busy company is contextual interpretation, not a settled correction or direct lexical equivalent)

forma · formâ

Printed “formâ” (Latin; ablative singular noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formâ

Beauty, here God’s attractive excellence.

Context: The quoted Augustine tag makes God the one courting us by gifts and his beauty; the modern also reads Burton’s printed wooes up as woos us in the separate English restatement.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma · formam · local use 7

Printed “formam” (Latin; accusative singular noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formam

Divine beauty apprehended through a cleansed heart.

Context: The marginal admonition attributed to Augustine enjoins cleansing and calming the heart in order to see it; this is theological perception, not a claim of a visible bodily outline.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma boni

Printed “formam boni” (Latin; accusative noun phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formam boni

The appearance or aspect of good, as presented to desire.

Context: The original Piccolomini margin’s compressed final syntax leaves its pronoun relation unsettled. The phrase names apparent goodness within the account of love’s object, not necessarily bodily beauty.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: the appearance of goodness

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Supplied words: the (English article)

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

forma cadendi impressa · local use 1

Printed “forma cadendi impressa” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma cadendi impressa

An impressed image or representation of falling.

Context: The Byarus example attributes bodily disturbance to imagination; the body does not expressly say the person refuses to cross.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: the impression of falling

Alignment convention

Qualification: The full noun–gerund–participle construction is represented by the impression of falling. Impression absorbs forma with impressa; the supplies an English article. This is constructional compression, not a translation of forma alone.

Supplied words: the (English article)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma cadendi impressa · local use 2

Printed “forma cadendi impressa” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma cadendi impressa

An image of falling impressed upon the subject’s imagination.

Context: Original marginal Byarus quotation; this version explicitly says he will not walk across the elevated beam.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: the image of falling being impressed upon him

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal construction aligned with its separate editorial translation. Being unfolds the passive participle impressa; the supplies an article and upon him makes the affected person explicit from context.

Supplied words: the (English article); being (passive participle unfolded); upon him (contextual affected person)

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

forma dæmonum

Printed “forma dæmonum” (Latin; noun phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: forma dæmonum

The appearance or shape of demons.

Context: The Albertus recipe is reported as making nearby people appear this way through natural contrivances; it does not assert that they become demons. Burton next locates most deception in the brain while expressly saying that the devil often deludes melancholy people and those who are ill.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: the form of demons

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Supplied words: the (English article)

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

formalist · Formalists · local use 1

Printed “Formalists” (English; plural noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Formalists

People who observe prescribed outward forms; here religious conformists adapting for advantage.

Context: Burton’s hypothetical Democritus survey contrasts over-scrupulous rejection of ceremony, fearful or flattering conformity, and predatory pursuit of Church property.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: Conformists

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

formalist · Formalist

Printed “Formalist” (English; noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Formalist

A person who accommodates himself to prescribed outward forms.

Context: The prudent conformist belongs to a survey of accommodation arguments under changing rulers and religions; the cynical should is not Burton’s unqualified final recommendation.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: conformist

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

formalist · Formalists · local use 2

Printed “Formalists” (English; plural noun).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Formalists

Observers of outward forms, here religious opportunists adapting to whichever company they keep.

Context: Burton’s accusation of hypocrisy contrasts their public religious profession with private disbelief and self-interest; the planetary Mercury comparison is an analogy.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: formalists

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

formality

Printed “formality” (English; noun).

Mere observance of outward form, without inward devotion.

Context: The second-person catalogue presents a sufferer’s worst accusations before consolation; it is not evidence that an identified person made a pact or committed every listed offence.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: for formality and fashion sake

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: for form’s sake and to follow custom

Alignment convention

Qualification: For formality and fashion sake becomes for form’s sake and to follow custom. Form’s sake renders the nominal construction with the shared sake; it is not a new original possessive.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

formo · formant

Printed “formant” (Latin; third-person plural present verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formant

Fashion or produce, here fabricate voices.

Context: The original margin’s soothsayers use belly and throat to imitate voices near or far as though a spirit spoke; the apparent spirit is not the described producer.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: form

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

formo · formatas

Printed “formatas” (Latin; accusative plural feminine past participle).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formatas

Fashioned or given form.

Context: The marginal pots are reportedly shaped by nature and dug out of the earth, compared with pots made by potters; nature and human craft remain different agents.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: shaped

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

formosus

Printed “formosus” (Latin; nominative singular adjective).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formosus

Beautiful or handsome; applied paradoxically to the supposedly perfect sage.

Context: The concessive tamen contrasts this ideal beauty with preceding bodily defects; the English body intensifies it to most beautiful and calls him king in conceit.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: handsome

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed. The original marginal attestation is on; the attached body unit’s wider locator remains separately preserved in source_locator.

formosus · formosius

Printed “formosius” (Latin; neuter comparative adjective).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formosius

More beautiful; a comparative transferred to moral excellence.

Context: Cicero’s reported praise says nothing is more beautiful than virtue, rather than treating beauty only as facial appearance.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: more beautiful

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

formosus · formosa

Printed “formosa” (Latin; feminine nominative predicate adjective).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: formosa

Beautiful or attractive; a predicate adjective.

Context: The Aristaenetus antithesis says she is beautiful dressed and beauty itself undressed. Burton presents the lover’s extravagant valuation before extending the charge of folly to women.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: beautiful

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

inform · local use 1

Printed “inform” (English; verb).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: inform

Instruct or enlighten; furnish the understanding with knowledge.

Context: Burton declares instruction, rather than pleasing the ear, his aim. His Apollonius/Socrates affiliation is uncertain in the supplied note.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: informing

Alignment convention

Qualification: The infinitive inform becomes the gerund informing after devote my effort to; the lexical act of instructing is preserved.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

inform · informe

Printed “informe” (English; verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: informe

Shape or cultivate, here improve conduct.

Context: Music is the asserted agent in Burton’s encomium drawing on several authorities; the historical claim is not presented as a verified instantaneous cure.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: shapes

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

inform · local use 2

Printed “inform” (English; verb).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: inform

Instruct or educate; here shape a spouse’s conduct.

Context: The consolation is conditional: if such a good wife existed, and if the husband made rather than found her good, the supposed teacher remains. The supplied note distinguishes Xenophon’s Ischomachus from Burton’s Critobulus.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: teach

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

inform · informs

Printed “informs” (English; verb).

Gives shape or ordering form to; here orders life well.

Context: This, the good or divine love, is contrasted with that other love which disfigures life; the body’s final opposition leads that to repentance and this to heaven.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: this informs, that deforms our life

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: This gives our life its proper form; that disfigures it

Alignment convention

Qualification: The complete coordination is aligned. The shared object our life moves into the first modern clause and is resumed by it in the second. Its proper form expands informs to express the good/bad contrast; this is explicitly redistributed construction.

Supplied words: our life (shared object redistributed from later in the original clause); its proper (good ordering made explicit)

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

inform · enform

Printed “enform” (English; verb; variant enform).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: enform

Inform or instruct; communicate knowledge.

Context: Panciroli is invoked to explain lost ancient knowledge before Burton returns from his digression. This is a spelling variant of the reporting/instructing verb.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: explain

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

information

Printed “information” (English; noun).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: information

Formation or cultivation, here the shaping of conduct.

Context: In the Melanchthon appeal for anatomical knowledge, information of manners is a moral benefit alongside preservation of health; it is not news or a data collection.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: shaping

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

informis

Printed “informis” (Latin; nominative singular adjective).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: informis

Ugly or ill-formed; here a borrowed defence of attractiveness transferred to literary worth.

Context: Burton adapts Corydon’s protest in Virgil and retains not so; the later quotation at 132-18 is Corydon’s separate parallel after Polyphemus, not Polyphemus continuing to speak.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: ugly

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

informis · informem

Printed “informem” (Latin; accusative singular adjective).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: informem

Unshapely, uncultivated or lacking an ordered appearance.

Context: The quoted description of land is denied of Germany adorned with cities. The craftsman/material comparison supports Burton’s colonial argument, not an editorial judgment of existing inhabitants.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: unshapely

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed. The original marginal attestation is on; the attached body unit’s wider locator remains separately preserved in source_locator.

informo

Printed “informat” (Latin; third-person singular verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: informat

Gives shape or organization to.

Context: In the original margin, this love rightly forms life; rectè supplies the favorable qualification explicitly, unlike the English body’s unqualified informs.

Source: original marginal wording in Burton-labelled note

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: forms

Alignment convention

Qualification: Original marginal lexical unit aligned with the corresponding unit in its separate editorial translation; the surrounding note’s explanation is not an original attestation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

Also find under: rectè (discussed Latin component meaning rightly; qualifies forms in the original margin, distinct from the English body)

interna forma

Printed “Interna forma” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Interna forma

Inner beauty constituted by virtue, wisdom, integrity and real worth.

Context: Appositional phrase specifying the object of honourable love.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: inward beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Equal-scope phrase alignment; the entire phrase, not each component separately, carries the stated rendering.

Notes: Historical source attributions are Burton’s; no fresh collation of the cited works is claimed.

multiformis

Printed “multiformia” (Latin; neuter plural adjective).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: multiformia

Having many forms or manifestations; manifold.

Context: Aëtius’s melancholic deliria vary with humoral qualities and their intensification or remission. Burton’s separate gloss diversity of melancholy signs is looser than the Latin derangements.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: take many forms

Alignment convention

Qualification: The adjective multiformia is recast as the predicate take many forms with melancholic derangements as subject; take is supplied to unfold the adjectival predication.

Supplied words: take (verb supplied for adjectival predicate)

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

reform · local use 1

Printed “reform” (English; verb).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering, Modern wording, Original construction, Modern construction: reform

Correct or improve what is faulty, here social institutions and conduct.

Context: Burton wishes for a universal visitor and cites Rosicrucian promises with they say; the later reformer fantasy is explicitly rejected as a vain wish before his imagined commonwealth.

Source: original body

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

reform · reforming

Printed “reforming” (English; gerund).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: reforming

Correcting or bringing into a suitable order.

Context: The synopsis’s dietetic treatment regulates the six non-naturals; the term does not mean supernatural transformation or religious reform.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: regulating

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

reform · reforme

Printed “reforme” (English; verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: reforme

Correct or amend; here revise maps to remedy errors.

Context: Burton’s first-person exploratory wish is qualified by if possible, and rejects compass-based longitude determination while seeking a better method.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: revise

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

reform · reformed

Printed “reformed” (English; past participle).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: reformed

Altered or retrained, here gradually habituated to previously intolerable experiences.

Context: The horse analogy supports gradual human habituation. Not ex abrupto excludes abrupt change, and the preceding counsel explicitly rejects harsh treatment.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: changed

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

reform · local use 2

Printed “reform” (English; verb).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: reform

Correct or amend, here overcome a vice through repentance.

Context: Burton compares repeated repentance with repairing an old house; the continuation offers divine mercy, not a claim that unaided repair earns salvation.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: reforming

Alignment convention

Qualification: The imperative still reform becomes keep reforming, unfolding continual effort rather than one completed correction.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

reformation

Printed “reformation” (English; noun).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: reformation

Correction or improvement, here of the use and distribution of land.

Context: The supervisors in Burton’s imagined polity determine needs locally; the following long leases and fixed charges aim to encourage tenants’ improvements.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: improvements

Alignment convention

Qualification: The singular abstract reformation is distributed as plural improvements needed in each place; it does not name a single religious Reformation.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

stata forma

Printed “statam formam” (Latin; accusative noun phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: statam formam

A moderate or middling degree of beauty, between exceptional beauty and ugliness.

Context: The advice attributed to Ennius is qualified by the purpose of preserving chastity. Burton’s middle size concerns appearance, not specifically height; nearby counsel and individual preferences complicate any simple universal ideal.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: moderate beauty

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

transform · transformed

Printed “transformed” (English; past-tense verb).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: transformed

Changed their appearance or assumed another shape, here through festive disguise.

Context: Women and boys enact mythological figures in Burton’s composite Plutarch account. The narrative does not require actual bodily metamorphosis.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: took on

Alignment convention

Qualification: The original reflexive transformed themselves becomes took on with shapes as the modern object; the full body makes the costume/performance context explicit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

transform

Printed “transform” (English; verb).

Change shape or appearance; here assume different shapes.

Context: Burton permits the devil this capacity by God’s permission and for a time, then bounds his power with the immediate assurance that he may terrify but not harm.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: transform himself into several shapes

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: assume various shapes

Alignment convention

Qualification: The full reflexive construction becomes assume various shapes. The reflexive himself is absorbed into the subject’s assumption of shapes; several becomes various. The aligned construction alone does not contain the separately preserved permission and limits.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

transformatio

Printed “transformationes” (Latin; plural noun).

Changes of form or shape, here appearances of change rather than real metamorphoses.

Context: Burton allows deception of sight but denies real bodies or actual metamorphosis in this passage; the citation attributes the illusory account to Cicogna.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: Illusoriæ & præstigiatrices transformationes

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: illusory and deceptive transformations

Alignment convention

Qualification: The entire adjectival noun phrase is aligned; the explicit illusory and deceptive qualifications are retained.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

transformo

Printed “transformans” (Latin; present participle).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Original construction: transformans

Changing shape or appearance; here assuming different roles and allegiances.

Context: The Proteus quotation is transferred to an opportunist acting for advantage, rather than asserting literal bodily metamorphosis.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording, Modern construction: transforming

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.

uniform

Printed “uniform” (English; adjective).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering, Modern wording, Original construction, Modern construction: uniform

Consistent in form or appearance; of a common pattern.

Context: The proposed buildings share an orderly appearance. The earlier city outlines may be round, square or rectangular; uniform buildings does not erase those alternatives.

Source: original body

Alignment convention

Qualification: Corresponding lexical units in the original and modern body; the definition and agency fields describe the fully read context, without attributing its other words to this unit.

Notes: Historical claims and attributions remain those of the supplied source; no fresh collation of earlier witnesses is claimed.