Kinds and species

Use in the book

The mathematical passage says that the whole of nature stamps out form and kind in every proportion (990e). Eidos and genos here accompany the claim that numerical and dimensional relations articulate nature. The sentence does not explain a separate ontology of immaterial Forms, define the distinction between eidos and genos, or supply a complete classificatory tree. Its immediate setting is proportional mathematics.

At 991c the Athenian requires bringing “what is one by one” to “what is by forms” in each gathering. The edition interprets this as bringing single things under their forms. That interpretation makes the cognitive movement clear: particular cases are not to remain an unrelated accumulation. They should be ordered by the relevant general structures or kinds, and statements about them submitted to question and correction.

The conjunction with questioning and refutation matters. The passage is not a license to assign any convenient label to a collection and declare the inquiry complete. The forms under which particulars are brought must be used within a practice that tests what has not been well said. Conversely, the demand for unity at 991e–992a2 does not erase distinctions. Geometry, number, harmony, and the stars remain differentiated domains whose relations must become visible.

It is reasonable to describe this as an element of dialectical organization, but the noun “dialectic” is not printed here. Nor does this sentence explicitly name the procedure of division, diairesis. A lexicon may explain how sorting according to kinds and testing accounts evokes familiar classificatory methods without inserting those technical words into the Greek register as local attestations. Where division is used as an explanatory term, it must mean the discrimination of relevant kinds, not a separately narrated sequence of cuts absent from the dialogue.

The edition's careful distinction between morphē, “shape,” in the definition of a living being at 981a and eidos, “form,” here further discourages treating every English “form” or “shape” as one invariant technical object. The inferential task is local: identify what is being grouped, the respect of likeness, the account offered, and whether it survives the stated test.

Places to read

1. 990eεἶδος καὶ γένος — Form and kind are articulated in the proportional account
2. 990eκαθ’ ἑκάστην ἀναλογίαν — Their local setting is each proportion
3. 991cτὸ καθ’ ἓν τῷ κατ’ εἴδη προσακτέον — Single-item consideration must be brought to consideration by forms
4. 991cἐν ἑκάσταις ταῖς συνουσίαις — The procedure belongs in each gathering
5. 991cἐρωτῶντά τε καὶ ἐλέγχοντα — Organization is joined to questioning and refutation
6. 991eεἰς ἓν βλέπων μανθάνῃ — Learning must look toward one unifying object or relation

Translation in this edition

“Form” for eidos remains distinct from “shape” for morphē. The note labels the subsumption of single things under forms as interpretation. Neither a capitalized “Forms” nor an automatic doctrine of separate existence is imposed on the local words. The heading gives normalized καθ’ ἕν, while the continuous accentuation of the cited phrase is καθ’ ἓν.

Relation of particulars to forms — προσάγειν (prosagein)

προσάγειν (prosagein)

Relation of particulars to forms. Single-item consideration must be brought to consideration according to forms, as part of questioning and correction. Attested: προσακτέον (991c). Forms kinds and the organization of particulars.

Mathematical articulation — εἶδος (eidos)

εἶδος (eidos)

Mathematical articulation. Form paired with kind is what nature stamps out in the proportional setting; separate Forms are not independently established by the noun. Attested: εἶδος (990e). Forms kinds and the organization of particulars.

Organization of particulars — εἶδος (eidos)

εἶδος (eidos)

Organization of particulars. The plural in according to forms names the general structures or kinds toward which single items are brought during tested inquiry. Attested: εἴδη (991c). Forms kinds and the organization of particulars.

Articulation by proportion — γένος (genos)

γένος (genos)

Articulation by proportion. Kind accompanies form in the account of mathematical nature; the passage does not define a technical genus-species hierarchy. Attested: γένος (990e). Forms kinds and the organization of particulars.

Particulars brought to forms (contextual phrase)

τὸ καθ’ ἓν τῷ κατ’ εἴδη προσακτέον (991c)

The single-item treatment is to be related to treatment according to forms or kinds. The edition's subsumption interpretation is useful, but the clause alone neither states separate Forms nor prints a technical noun for division or dialectic. Forms kinds and the organization of particulars.

Use in the book

The explanation of what earlier thinkers called “species” identifies images suited to strike the mind as visible images strike the eye. Optical and olfactory outflows support the comparison. By contrast, the appendix’s human species is the class of humans in a hypothetical extinction scenario. Genre may also mark a kind of clarity appropriate to moral exhortation or a literary form with its own manner. Reading must first determine which classificatory setting applies.

Places to read

1. II, p. 758, entry 2, ¶3Historical species are explained as intelligible images.
2. II, p. 928, entry 2, ¶4The human species appears in a hypothetical survival question.
3. II, p. 481, entry 7, ¶1Genre means a kind of clarity appropriate to a purpose.
4. I, p. 475, entry 1, ¶1A manner can belong to a literary genre rather than an individual.

Translation in this edition

The English translation uses “species,” “kind,” and “genre” contextually. The historical “species” explanation remains attributed to an unnamed “they”; the lexicon does not identify a school more precisely than the witness permits.

Use in the book

Aëtius says that animal kinds differ through their particular mixtures. Some have an impulse more at home in water, some with more fire fly into air, heavier kinds move to earth, and balanced kinds are said in the translation to accord with every region. This connects bodily composition with habitat and movement. The last claim is particularly insecure because the transmitted closing words are corrupt and the rendering follows Diels' reconstruction. A73 then gives a different relation between composition and environment: the most fiery animals live in water to escape excessive internal heat. The first passage can be read in terms of affinity or predominant constituent, the second in terms of compensation. Neither should be silently rewritten to match the other. The discrepancy may reflect different contexts, kinds, or transmission, but the surviving excerpts do not settle which.

Places to read

1. A 72 (testimony)2Aëtius. Differentiates animal groups and their environments according to characteristic mixtures.
2. A 73 (polemical)Aristotle, On Respiration; Theophrastus, On the Causes of Plants. Attribute aquatic life to the need of excessively fiery animals for moisture.

Translation in this edition

Diels reconstructs the final habitat clause from corrupt text. Calling the account a settled ecological classification or modern adaptation theory would conceal both that textual problem and its tension with A73.

Use in the book

Species can mark a determinate kind, a form, or what is presented to cognition. The context must decide. Bodies belong to this or that species through form rather than bulk. The discussion of fire's substantial species concerns what makes fire the kind of thing it is, not merely its visible appearance. Separate minds are said to complete their own species, whereas a soul joined to a body is part of a composite living kind. In angelic intellect, the numerous species of understood things are intelligible forms or contents, not additional material organisms. The account of angelic abundance likewise compares species of separate substances with species of corporeal things. “Species” therefore has a wider range than a modern biological classification, while “idea” would fit only some contexts. Ontological kinds, bodily form, and intelligible objects remain distinguishable uses.

Further passage references. I.2.9; I.3.22, I.3.28; I.5.15–I.5.162, I.5.23–I.5.272345; I.6.4, I.6.14

Places to read

1. I.2.9 and I.3.22Formal determination makes a thing belong to a kind, and substantial species distinguishes fire from accidental heat.
2. I.5.16A separate mind completes its own species, unlike an embodied soul as a part of a composite living kind.
3. I.5.23–272345The plurality of intellectual species is compared with bodily kinds.
4. I.6.4Species rerum intellectarum are the forms of things understood within intellect.

Translation in this edition

The English alternates “species” and “forms” according to context. Restricting every occurrence to modern biological taxonomy would misread separate intellectual species and the forms contained in intellect.

genus

genus. Printed forms: genere; generis; genus.

A kind or explanatory genus. The first cause of a kind must account for that whole kind; “human race” in the opening is another local sense, not a fixed biological taxonomic rank. References: I.1.1, I.3.3, I.3.8. See Species.

speciem complere

speciem complere. Printed forms: compleant; complent; speciem.

To constitute a complete species or kind. Embodied minds are parts of a composite living species; separate minds are said to complete their own kinds, distinguishing completeness from mere numerical individuality. References: I.5.16. See Species.

Use in the book

Burton’s definitions are often arguments about classification. Some authorities make dotage the common name or “summum genus” of madness, melancholy and related conditions; others distinguish it from them. Some regard madness and melancholy as degrees of one disease, whereas Burton elects to follow those who treat them separately. “as some will have it” and “whom I will follow” distinguish reported alternatives from his working arrangement.

The definition of melancholy tests both genus and difference. Critics object that the common definition says what melancholy is not and omits its “specifical difference,” imagination and the brain. Burton then gives dotage or anguish of mind as the “summum genus,” with additions intended to separate melancholy from other disturbances. The marginal quotation distinguishes diminished functions in intellectual incapacity, abolished functions in mania, and deranged functions in melancholy more carefully than the body’s wording does. Subsequent clauses about fever, fear, sorrow and absence of cause likewise do classificatory work, but Burton immediately acknowledges that fear and sorrow are not present in every case.

The number of species is contested too. Authorities offer two, three, four or five, many or infinitely many kinds, variously grounded in humours, bodily location or manifestations. Burton proposes that some supposedly infinite “species” are really symptoms: infinite in their variety, but reducible by seat to head, whole body and hypochondria. This is a reasoned choice of organizing principle, not a claim that every writer uses species consistently. He also mentions additional kinds, including the melancholy attributed to widows and nuns, enthusiasts, love and lycanthropy. Love and religious melancholy receive later treatment.

Practical cases resist the neat divisions. Different physicians give different diagnoses of the same patient; kinds may occur together or successively; diseases rarely appear without mixture. Burton compares pure medical types with pure forms of government, which are easier to distinguish in theory than in practice. The distinctions remain useful to the book while their adequacy to individual bodies is openly qualified.

A later objection to Arnald’s definition of love turns on the difference between genus and symptom. Continual thought cannot supply love’s general class, the commentator argues, because people also continually think of what they hate; desire can also exist without hope of attainment. The subsequent authorities do not agree whether love is literally a disease, a bodily or mental disorder, madness, a species of madness or a species of melancholy. Burton chooses to follow the physicians who discuss it separately. These are competing definitions, not interchangeable labels.

The book’s architecture can itself promote a symptom into a species. Burton argues that jealousy deserves separate treatment because of its breadth and conspicuous importance above ordinary symptoms. He similarly defends religious melancholy as a subdivision, initially saying that few recognize it as a species and then naming explicit precedents. His claim to have no model must be read with those exceptions. The resulting category is polemical and historical, not a diagnosis to be assigned to present-day religious people. At another boundary, he excludes from the despair under discussion the kind of despair that relinquishes confidence in one’s own resources and relies upon God.

“Genus and species” also stand for the study of logic itself. In a Latin verse contrasting professions, Galen gives wealth and Justinian honour, while genus and species go on foot. The logical terms are personified as impoverished walkers. Burton’s English couplet makes the contrast explicit: physicians and lawyers ride while the poor scholar walks. The marginal Buchanan reference is not secure evidence that Buchanan wrote this particular verse; the supplied note identifies its secure connection with a later couplet.

Several neighbouring senses require separation. The fourteen “species of the understanding” are kinds, but the “intelligible Species” abstracted from imagination are forms or representations. The faculties receive, preserve and judge sensory species; in the imagined survey of hidden lives, an optical or listening instrument would multiply such impressions. Imagined species of love can even arise from hearing descriptions. “Species” in reproduction names the kind perpetuated by generation. An arrogant man’s behaviour “as if he were of another Species” satirizes an imagined exemption from human weakness, rather than establishing a different human kind. “the said species” in an ointment recipe means the ingredients already named. These passages are lexical evidence for distinct senses, not current medical advice.

Latin quotations broaden “genus” beyond technical logic. “Et genus & formam regina pecunia donat” makes money confer birth and beauty; “Fortuna non mutat genus” says fortune does not change birth. Their opposing rhetorical purposes should remain visible rather than being reconciled as one doctrine of social rank. Ordinary kinds and groups occur elsewhere: kinds of folly, food, remedies or consolation, and “varium vitæ genus,” a varied way of life, in Celsus’s reported regimen. Not every genus is a logical superordinate and not every species is a disease category.

The appearance sense ranges from the sight of gold, “auri species,” in the marginal account of rekindled greed to the deceptive “specie virtutis & umbra,” the appearance and shadow of virtue. A different logical use occurs in “idem specie”: the same in kind, expressly distinguished from the same individual in the account of cosmic recurrence. Burton attributes that doctrine to the authors being reported, and the following passage gives Vanini’s stated rejection of it. Neither the appearance sense nor this qualified recurrence should be collapsed into a medical diagnosis.

Related entries

Equivocation; Definition; Dotage; Melancholy; Symptoms; Cause; Species in perception; Imagination; Intellect; Love melancholy; Jealousy; Religious melancholy; Despair

Places to read

1. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraph 27Genus as birth conferred by personified Money in the marginal Horatian verse, note 641.
2. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 15–17The hypothetical optical/listening instrument and multiplied sensory impressions within the imagined survey.
3. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraph 29Genus as kind of folly in the rearranged marginal question, note 721.
4. Subsection 4. Mental Impairment, Frenzy, Madness, Hydrophobia, Lycanthropy, St… · paragraphs 17–20The highest genus and rival accounts of the relation between melancholy and madness.
5. Subsection 5. The Soul and Its Faculties · paragraphs 34–35Generation’s stated purpose of perpetuating the living kind.
6. Subsection 6. The Sensitive Soul · paragraph 3Sensory forms retained like a seal’s impression in wax.
7. Subsection 6. The Sensitive Soul · paragraph 9Visible forms in the debated receiving-versus-emitting accounts of sight.
8. Subsection 6. The Sensitive Soul · paragraph 14Eight kinds of flavour announced, with four examples and an etcetera.
9. Subsection 7. The Internal Senses · paragraphs 17–20Reception, judgement, imaginative invention and storage of sensory forms.
10. Subsection 10. Understanding · paragraphs 28–30Intelligible forms distinguished from fourteen kinds of understanding.
11. Member 3 Subsection 1. The Definition of Melancholy Its Name and Distinctions · paragraphs 6–12Genus, specific difference and the disputed definition of melancholy; body and marginal functional distinctions remain separate.
12. Subsection 4. The Species or Kinds of Melancholy · paragraphs 43–60Rival species, symptoms, bodily seats and the difficulty of mixed cases; additional classifications do not erase Burton’s chosen threefold arrangement.
13. Subsection 3 Witches and Magicians: How They Cause Melancholy · paragraphs 36–38Attributed classes and subdivisions of magical practitioners, including apparent command of demons and their reported purpose.
14. Subsection 1 Bad Diet as a Cause. Substance. The Quality of Foods · paragraphs 33–36Varieties of food within the historical causal discussion.
15. Subsection 2. The Power of Imagination · paragraph 8Retained and amplified mental images and their alleged real effects in some people.
16. Subsection 10. Discontents, Cares, Miseries and the Like as Causes · paragraphs 41–43The arrogant man’s supposed different species within the critique of wealth and indifference.
17. Subsection 15 Love of Learning or Excessive Study With a Digression on The… · paragraphs 24–27The personified genus and species walking while medicine and law ride; the Buchanan attribution is qualified.
18. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 25–27Genus as a way of life in Celsus’s attributed regimen, followed by a separately attributed prospect claim.
19. Section 3 Member 1. Subsection 1 a Digression on Consolation, Containing… · paragraph 6A kind of consolation arising from necessity, Latin margin note 6416.
20. Member 2 Bodily Deformity, Sickness, Low Birth, and Particular Discontents · paragraphs 17–19Birth unchanged by fortune in a social-rank argument, contrasted with the earlier Money verse.
21. Subsection 2 Simple Remedies Suited to Melancholy Against Imported Simples · paragraph 33Kinds of remedies correlated with forms of disease in Heurnius’s margin note 7474; the local-remedy claim is separately qualified.
22. Subsection 5 Compound Alteratives Criticism of Compounds and Mixed Medicines · paragraphs 27–29Species as pharmaceutical ingredients in historical ointments and related preparations.
23. Subsection 3 Honourable Objects of Love · paragraphs 21–23Specie as deceptive appearance in the contrast between genuine virtue and flattery.
24. Sequence [printed 246]Love’s genus versus symptom, competing classifications, Burton’s chosen method and the commentator’s next rejection.
25. Member 2. Subsection 2. Other Causes of Love Melancholy: Sight; Beauty of The… · paragraphs 6–8Images of love arising through reading and hearing, followed by sight as the usual cause.
26. Resist the Beginnings, Avoid Occasions, Change One’s Location; Fair and Foul… · paragraphs 5–7The appearance of gold, auri species in margin note 10578, beside the argument about rekindled desire.
27. Jealousy: Its Different Meanings, Name, Definition, Extent and Various Kinds… · paragraphs 6–10Jealousy’s claim to separate-species treatment and the limits of its stated comparison with love.
28. Member 1. Subsection 1. Religious Melancholy. · paragraph 17 through Its Object, God; What His Beauty Is; How It Attracts. The Parts and People Affected. · paragraphs 18–28The disputed subdivision of religious melancholy, all/some/few distinctions and named precedents qualifying novelty.
29. Member 2 Subsection 1 Religious Melancholy From Deficiency: Those… · paragraphs 25–27Same in kind versus individual identity in reported recurrence, followed by Vanini’s stated rejection.
30. The Different Meanings and Definitions of Despair and the People and Parts… · paragraphs 40–42The kind of despair excluded because it relinquishes reliance on one’s resources in favour of God.

In this edition

“summum genus” becomes “highest general category,” and “specifical difference” becomes “distinctive features”. The latter is an explanatory rendering of a technical distinction, not evidence that the original term was nontechnical. The verse’s “genus & species” remains “genus and species”, followed by Burton’s own English explanation in the next unit. The definition and verse occur on.

Elsewhere the modernization usefully differentiates “intelligible forms,” “kinds of understanding,” “ingredients,” and “birth.” Those renderings must not be folded back into a single definition. It retains “species” where Burton is expressly debating the word. “genus” becomes “general class”; this does not make the surrounding disagreement disappear. Supplied notes and modernization aid reading but are not independent primary witnesses. No fresh collation of historical medical or logical authorities is claimed.

genus · local use 1

Printed “genus” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Birth or ancestry treated satirically as something money can confer.

Context: A marginal Horatian quotation supports Burton’s attack on worldly valuation; the following Juvenal sentence is a separate quotation.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: Et genus & formam regina pecunia donat.

Modern rendering: Queen Money bestows both birth and beauty.

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Birth renders accusative singular genus; beauty renders the separate formam. Queen Money is the subject regina pecunia, and both recasts the paired et... et.

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled note; translation is not original Burton wording

genus · local use 2

Printed “genus” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Kind or variety, here of folly.

Context: A rearranged Horatian question in the original margin; not a formal medical genus.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: non est genus unum stultitiæ

Word and construction, Supplied words note: No supplied-modern comparison is claimed for this clipped Latin attestation. Genus is nominative singular kind; non... unum means not one single kind. The attached editorial translation of the whole rearranged question is a separate layer.

Alignment convention

Edition note: No supplied-modern comparison claimed

genus · genera

Printed “genera” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Kinds or classes: nominative plural genera, here kinds of remedies correlated with the forms of disease.

Context: Heurnius is quoted in the original margin; the body additionally reports a local-remedy thesis as what some hold.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: tot remediorum genera variis potentiis decorata

Modern rendering: so many kinds of remedies exist, endowed with different powers

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Kinds renders nominative plural genera; of remedies renders remediorum. Exist is supplied to complete the verbless latter half of the as-many/so-many correlation; endowed with different powers renders variis potentiis decorata.

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled note; translation is not original Burton wording

genus · local use 3

Printed “genus” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Broader class required by a definition, distinguished here from a symptom.

Context: The objection is attributed by the previous unit to Arnald’s commentator, not offered as Arnald’s own definition.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: continuall cogitation is not the genus, but a symptome of love

Modern rendering: continual thought is not love’s general class but a symptom of it

Word and construction, Supplied words note: General class renders genus; love’s makes explicit the relation already provided by of love, and of it refers back to love. A symptom remains a distinct predicate, not a synonym for genus.

Alignment convention

genus · local use 4

Printed “genus” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Way or manner: accusative singular in the phrase a varied way of life.

Context: Burton reports Celsus’s regimen for a person wishing to preserve health; varied occupations and settings explain the phrase. The following prospect claim belongs to Gomesius.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: varium vitæ genus

Modern rendering: a varied way of life

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Way renders genus; varied renders varium, and of life renders genitive vitæ. A is supplied for idiomatic English. The Latin phrase is cited within an English construction governed by to have.

Alignment convention

genus and species

Printed “genus & species” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

General classes and their subordinate kinds; here the personified logical terms stand for poorly rewarded academic philosophy.

Context: A quoted Latin verse contrasts medicine and law with scholarship; the nearby Buchanan attribution does not securely establish this verse’s authorship.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Sed genus & species cogitur ire pedes

Modern rendering: But genus and species are forced to go on foot

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Genus and species retain the logical nouns. Are forced renders printed singular cogitur with English plural agreement; to go on foot renders ire pedes. The nouns are personified as walkers and stand for poor philosophical scholars.

Alignment convention

intelligible species

Printed “intelligible Species” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Forms or representations abstracted from imagination for understanding.

Context: Burton describes the active understanding’s operation; this is not a subdivision of disease or biological kind.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: abstracts those intelligible Species from the Phantasie

Modern rendering: abstracts intelligible forms from the imagination

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Forms renders Species; intelligible is retained; imagination renders the separate Phantasie. The modern omits the demonstrative those and makes the active understanding the subject in the surrounding sentence.

Alignment convention

species · Species · local use 1

Printed “Species” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The kind of living thing perpetuated through reproduction.

Context: The account of vegetative generation explains its proposed purpose within historical natural philosophy.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: to the perpetual preservation of the Species

Modern rendering: perpetually preserving the species

Word and construction, Supplied words note: The species is retained; perpetually preserving turns the purpose phrase to the perpetual preservation into a participial construction. Generation is identified by the surrounding clause, not by species alone.

Alignment convention

species · local use 1

Printed “species” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Kinds of flavour; a subdivision of an object of taste.

Context: Some authorities enumerate eight; Burton actually supplies four examples and an etcetera.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: eight species or kindes of savor

Modern rendering: eight kinds of flavour

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Kinds renders species or kindes as a single equivalent; flavour renders savor. Eight is preserved even though only four examples and an etcetera follow.

Alignment convention

species · local use 2

Printed “species” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Kinds or categories of understanding, unlike the intelligible forms in the preceding account.

Context: Burton extends an attributed enumeration to fourteen, distinguishing innate and acquired kinds.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: 14. species of the understanding

Modern rendering: fourteen kinds of understanding

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Kinds renders species, fourteen renders 14, and understanding remains the separate genitive complement. The phrase classifies kinds of understanding, not fourteen sensory forms.

Alignment convention

species · local use 3

Printed “species” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Kinds or classes of mentally deranged people; nominative plural species with genitive plural amentium, rendered abstractly as kinds of mental derangement.

Context: Melanchthon is the cited authority in the original marginal quotation; Burton subsequently disputes how species should be understood.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: unde variæ amentium species

Modern rendering: hence the different kinds of mental derangement

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Kinds renders nominative plural species; amentium is genitive plural of the substantive adjective for mentally deranged people. The editorial translation makes this abstract, of mental derangement. Different renders variæ, and hence renders unde.

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled note; translation is not original Burton wording

species · local use 4

Printed “species” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Purported kinds that Burton proposes reinterpreting as differences of symptoms.

Context: Burton expressly qualifies this as his judgement and cites Arculanus’s own gloss.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: what these men speak of species, I think ought to be understood of symptomes

Modern rendering: what these writers say about species should, I think, be understood as referring to symptoms

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Writers renders men; referring to supplies an idiomatic completion of understood of. I think preserves Burton’s qualification; species and symptoms remain distinct terms in his reinterpretation.

Alignment convention

species · Species · local use 2

Printed “Species” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

An imagined different kind of being, beyond ordinary human weakness.

Context: Burton’s satirical as-if construction characterizes arrogance rather than asserting literal nonhuman status.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: as if he were of another Species, a demi-god

Modern rendering: as though he belonged to another species, a demigod

Word and construction, Supplied words note: As though preserves the hypothetical as if; belonged to recasts were of, with another species and a demigod separately expressed. The phrase reports an arrogant posture rather than an actual difference of human kind.

Alignment convention

species · local use 5

Printed “species” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Ingredients used in compounding ointments in the historical preparation list.

Context: Burton lists historical preparations; the record explains vocabulary, not present-day treatment.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Oyntments composed of the said species, oyls and wax

Modern rendering: Ointments are compounded from those ingredients, oils, wax

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Ingredients renders species in the pharmaceutical sense; those renders the said. Are is supplied to complete Oyntments composed; oils and wax remain separately named materials.

Alignment convention

species · local use 6

Printed “species” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Kind of melancholy under which most physicians are said to place love.

Context: The physicians’ classification follows competing classifications by other authorities; Burton chooses to imitate their separate treatment.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: most Physitians make it a species, or kinde of melancholy

Modern rendering: most physicians make it a species or kind of melancholy

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Species or kind preserves the original pair; it refers to love in the preceding discussion. Most remains explicit, and the neighbouring explanations are not folded into the noun’s definition.

Alignment convention

species · species or kinde

Printed “species or kinde” (English; lemma). Attestation: phrase.

Citation convention

A distinct category, contrasted with a symptom or cause of melancholy.

Context: Burton says all acknowledge a most notable symptom, some a cause, but few a species. He then qualifies his lack-of-precedent claim by naming explicit exceptions.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: all acknowledge it a most notable Symptome, some a cause, but few a species or kinde

Modern rendering: All acknowledge it as a very notable symptom, some as a cause, but few as a species or kind

Word and construction, Supplied words note: As is supplied after acknowledge. Very notable renders most notable, while all, some and few preserve the three differently quantified claims; species or kind remains the third category.

Alignment convention

species · local use 7

Printed “species” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

A kind of despair excluded from the harmful despair being treated.

Context: Zanchi supplies the positive distinction: giving up reliance on one’s own means and relying on God.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: but that species is not here meant

Modern rendering: But that is not the kind meant here

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Kind renders species, and that... meant here preserves the demonstrative, exclusion and context. The positive self-distrusting, God-relying kind is identified in the preceding clause, not added to the bare noun’s meaning.

Alignment convention

species · specie · local use 1

Printed “specie” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Appearance or semblance: ablative singular, here the deceptive semblance of virtue.

Context: False declarations and hypocritical behaviour deceive people through apparent virtue; the next clause expressly denies genuine worth in the described flatterers.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: specie virtutis & umbra

Modern rendering: with the appearance and shadow of virtue

Word and construction, Supplied words note: With makes the instrumental ablative relation explicit; appearance renders specie, shadow the separate umbra, and of virtue the genitive virtutis. The article the is supplied.

Alignment convention

species · specie · local use 2

Printed “specie” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Kind or form: ablative singular of respect, in the claim of recurrence as the same in kind.

Context: The passage attributes this cosmological claim to Vanini’s reported doctrines and explicitly contrasts individual identity. The next unit reports Vanini’s own Christian rejection of the doctrines, rather than making them Burton’s settled assertion.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: idem specie

Modern rendering: the same in kind

Word and construction, Supplied words note: The same renders idem; in makes the ablative of respect explicit, and kind renders specie. The following non individuo supplies a separate exclusion of individual identity.

Alignment convention

species apart

Printed “Species apart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A kind deserving its own treatment rather than remaining an ordinary symptom.

Context: Burton argues for the promotion of jealousy because of its range and prominence.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: it ought to be treated of as a Species apart

Modern rendering: it deserves to be treated as a separate species

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Separate renders apart; deserves to be treated recasts ought to be treated of. It refers to jealousy; its range and near equality to love’s extent are separate reasons in the surrounding sentence.

Alignment convention

specific difference

Printed “specifical difference” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Distinguishing feature needed to identify a species within its genus.

Context: Hercules de Saxonia and David Crusius object to the common definition; Burton reports the objection before examining particulars.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: omitting the specifical difference, the Phantasie and Brain

Modern rendering: omitting its distinctive features: imagination and the brain

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Distinctive features renders singular specifical difference in the plural; its supplies the relation to the disease, whose distinctive features the definition omits. Imagination and the brain render the appositional Phantasie and Brain, not the technical phrase alone.

Alignment convention

summum genus · local use 1

Printed “summum genus” (Latin phrase in English; phrase).

Citation convention

Highest general class under which some authorities place several mental disorders.

Context: Burton attributes the grouping to Laurentius and Altomarus and immediately considers a distinct use of dotage.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: call it the summum genus of them all

Modern rendering: calling it their highest genus

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Highest renders summum; genus is retained. Their compresses of them all, referring to madness, melancholy and the other named kinds.

Alignment convention

summum genus · local use 2

Printed “summum genus” (Latin phrase in English; phrase).

Citation convention

The highest general category proposed for melancholy in a logical definition.

Context: Burton assembles attributed definitional clauses; the margin makes a more precise functional distinction than the body.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: The summum genus is Dotage, or Anguish of the minde

Modern rendering: The highest general category is mental derangement—or anguish of mind

Word and construction, Supplied words note: Highest general category renders summum genus. Mental derangement renders Dotage; anguish of mind is the alternative expression separately attributed to Aretaeus.

Alignment convention