Fear

Use in the book

Fear precedes philosophical classification. Demodocus says that rearing his son has kept him continually afraid; the present desire frightens him particularly, although it is “not ignoble” (121c). This qualification matters. He does not identify desire for wisdom as intrinsically bad. He fears the means, companions, and consequences of pursuing it. Money is explicitly a lesser concern than the danger toward which the boy is hurrying.

The father chooses supervised introduction because resistance may drive the boy into association without him and so expose him to corruption (122a). His concession is therefore a risk-management decision, not confidence in every sophist or abandonment of paternal responsibility. The threatened harm is prospective. The dialogue does not report that a named sophist has already corrupted Theages.

At 127b–c Demodocus regards Socrates as an escape from fearful worries. Theages reinforces this hope, telling his father not to fear if Socrates can be persuaded to accept him. Their assurance assumes that a trustworthy companion who agrees to help can secure the outcome. Socrates' subsequent account removes that assumption: willingness does not control whether the daimonic permits association, whether association benefits, or whether benefit lasts.

Socrates consequently asks whether education with people who themselves control their benefit might be safer (130e). The opening opposition is now unsettled. The supposedly dangerous search for a professional teacher has led the father to Socrates, who presents his own association as uncertain. This is not an unqualified declaration that sophists are safe or that their claims are true; the alternative is described under the condition that its providers command the benefit they confer.

The military examples also give fear a distinct evidential setting. Socrates is very afraid for the army accompanying Sannion (129d), on the basis of the sign. This is a prediction within the narrated conversation, not an outcome already witnessed there. Across these uses, fear is neither dismissed as mere weakness nor made infallible knowledge. It prompts inquiry, supervision, warning, and eventually a consciously provisional experiment.

Places to read

1. 121cἐν φόβῳ; πάνυ με φοβεῖ; σφαλερὰ δέ — The father's continuing fear and the unsafe ambition
2. 122aοὐκ εἰς μικρὸν κίνδυνον — The direction of the boy's pursuit involves serious danger
3. 127b–cπολλῶν καὶ φοβερῶν … φροντίδων — Socratic association is hoped to remove fearful worries
4. 127cΜηκέτι … φοβοῦ — Theages asks his father to cease fearing, conditionally
5. 130eἀσφαλέστερον — Socrates raises the comparative safety of another educational arrangement

Translation in this edition

“Unsafe” at 121c and “safer” at 130e preserve the verbal framing. Kindyneuei in the planting comparison (121b) and Demodocus' reply at 122d is rendered “it looks” or “it looks … as though.” Those idiomatic uses must not automatically be entered as literal dangers; the cognate noun κίνδυνον at 122a unmistakably is one.

Being afraid — δεδιέναι (dedienai)

δεδιέναι (dedienai)

Being afraid. The participle reinforces the father's ongoing fear for the boy. Attested: δεδιότι (121c). Fear, danger, and the question of safety.

Danger — κίνδυνος (kindynos)

κίνδυνος (kindynos)

Danger. The serious exposure the father associates with the direction of the son's pursuit. Attested: κίνδυνον (122a). Fear, danger, and the question of safety.

Fear — φόβος (phobos)

φόβος (phobos)

Fear. The father's continuing emotional condition while caring for his son. Attested: φόβῳ (121c). Fear, danger, and the question of safety.

Frightens — φοβεῖν (phobein)

φοβεῖν (phobein)

Frightens. The new desire causes the father's particular alarm. Attested: φοβεῖ (121c). Fear, danger, and the question of safety.

It looks as though — κινδυνεύειν (kindyneuein)

κινδυνεύειν (kindyneuein)

It looks as though. An idiomatic qualification of the growth comparison rather than a literal statement of danger. Attested: κινδυνεύει (121b). Fear, danger, and the question of safety.

Unsafe — σφαλερός (sphaleros)

σφαλερός (sphaleros)

Unsafe. The desire is risky in its pursuit despite not being ignoble. Attested: σφαλερὰ (121c). Fear, danger, and the question of safety.

Not ignoble but unsafe (contextual phrase)

121c: ἔστι μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ἀγεννής, σφαλερὰ δέ. The men/de contrast separates the aspiration's respectable character from its danger. “Not ignoble” is weaker and more guarded than “unconditionally excellent”. The father's anxiety does not condemn wisdom as an end; it concerns the hazardous way the son proposes to acquire it. The safer educational alternative at 130e returns to this distinction. See Fear and risk.

Use in the book

The Philebus excerpt distinguishes painful bodily affections from the soul’s anticipation of them. What is expected before pain is fearful and distressing, just as the anticipation of pleasure can be encouraging. Fear therefore belongs here to the account of expectation, not only to the immediate response of a body. This distinction helps explain how a present psychic affection can concern an experience still to come.

Places to read

1. I.47.13.4Anticipated pain produces fear and distress in soul.

Translation in this edition

“Fearful” preserves the anticipatory character of the Greek adjective. The passage supports a local explanation of fear; it does not offer an exhaustive classification of emotions.

Use in the book

The invisible-things fragment moves from no fear to dread impressing an idea upon minds, then makes fear of God constitutive of religion. It says fear and hope mingle in true affection. The mortality note places fear opposite the hope of immortality but leaves the animal comparison unfinished. Quietism and Jansenism are elsewhere compared as shivering love and fear of one unnamed state. The bodily force of “shivering” matters, while the state itself should not be supplied from an external doctrinal scheme.

Places to read

1. II, p. 628, entry 1, ¶1Fear helps make invisible things present to thought.
2. II, p. 567, entry 11, ¶1Fear of death is paired with hope of immortality.
3. II, p. 823, entry 1, ¶2Fear and shivering love are compared through an unnamed state.

Translation in this edition

The English translation changes from fear to dread at the initial peur/crainte change, then returns to fear for familiar religious pairings. It retains the fragments and the incomplete words as qualified readings.

Use in the book

The evening field gives fear an instructive setting. Once the child forgets the presence of other people, the world’s openness becomes a source of imagined invasion and danger. Recollection of providential care and human habitation answers that desolation. Scriptural fear has another function: it belongs with the purity and endurance of divine law, which Traherne presents as a treasure. Fear can thus indicate a deficient apprehension requiring correction or an appropriate religious disposition sustained by knowledge.

Places to read

1. III.23Forgotten companionship makes the wide world terrifying, until its larger supports are understood.
2. III.72The psalm’s clean and enduring fear of the Lord belongs to the delights of divine law.
3. I.59The cross gathers human fear and hope into a single revealing spectacle.

In this edition

Do not translate every fear into terror. Conversely, the account of childhood dread should not be softened into reverence: its weakness, loneliness, and anticipated danger are explicit.

Use in the book

The introductory account organizes emotions by their objects and by whether those objects are present or absent. A present good brings joy; an absent good brings hope, love and desire. A present evil brings sorrow, a future evil fear. Feeling is bodily action as well as mental response: the same paragraph describes the heart’s expansion or contraction and the body’s condition. Burton calls affections natural and “not to be resisted” here, though nearby and later passages insist on their government. The renewed classification makes excess the condition under which passions consume the spirits. These varying formulations should remain visible.

The range is wider than human disorder. Burton calls fear and sorrow common passions of creatures with senses, including birds, beasts and dogs. The preface quotes the claim that desire leads to fear and fear excludes freedom, beside Lactantius’s exclusion of fear from wisdom. Later Burton counters the ideal of complete freedom from passion with common mortal experience. The courteous reader, meanwhile, allows his personified book to “fear nothing”: apprehension belongs to literary self-presentation as well as psychology.

Fear and sorrow are both causes and symptoms of melancholy. Fear is sorrow’s cousin, then sister and faithful companion; Burton calls it both “an assistant and a principal agent” in producing the disorder. Its effects include trembling, pallor, sweating, fainting, impeded speech and memory, and anticipation that torments people for days before an event. Cicero’s public speaking and Lucian’s comic Jupiter supply very different kinds of example. Fear can also shape imagined appearances: people think they see what they dread. Burton combines this explanation with reported demonic agency, rather than consistently choosing one account.

Personification has other uses. Fear itself is reportedly worshipped and painted with a lion’s head: Burton’s body calls it a god, his margin a goddess. These are his transmitted accounts of ancient religion. The proverb Timidus Plutus, “Timid Plutus,” makes the god of wealth an image of avaricious anxiety: friends, enemies, war and peace alike become threats. This is Plutus, not Pluto.

The familiar definition of melancholy includes fear and sadness without apparent occasion, but Burton immediately limits this to most cases, not all. His symptom chapter rehearses the universal claim, compares its followers to hounds on a false scent, and permits four combinations: sorrow without fear, fear without sorrow, both, and neither. Inspired figures, some poets, and cheerful or grandiose sufferers enter the exceptions. He concludes “not alwayes … but usually” and later explicitly subscribes to Sassonia’s rejection of universality. These qualifications govern the surrounding categorical language about inseparable companions.

The feared objects range widely: illness, death, poverty, disgrace, accusation, crowds, confined rooms, being alone, and being seen by others. Some fear an impulse or an involuntary utterance; others suspect their closest friends. The beliefs that people are bewitched, poisoned or damned remain the sufferers’ beliefs in these descriptions. “Without a cause” does not mean unreal suffering: Burton says that distress over what he calls trifles can be as real as distress over substantial dangers. Jacchinus’s account allows otherwise sound judgement and behaviour. The barking dog that seldom bites figures fear’s continual disturbance, not a denial of its painful effects. Burton also warns that reading this symptom catalogue may temporarily make an already melancholy reader worse.

Fear may spread from remembered injury to similar dangers: Plutarch’s shipwrecked travellers fear more than the original mishap. It also inhibits advancement and companionship. The Latin “fear holds these back, shyness those” distinguishes fear from bashfulness, while the question whether solitude is chosen for pleasure or fear becomes pleasure or pain in Burton’s immediate English. He allows both motives, preferring fear and sorrow.

The causal explanation then challenges ridicule. A healthy person would grieve at news of a friend’s death or tremble on a precipice; the sufferer, Burton argues, carries an inward cause that cannot simply be outrun, like a shadow. Dark humours, vapours and obscured spirits supply his historical physiology. Fracastoro proposes cold rather than internal darkness; Burton objects that this cannot explain fear associated with scorched choler. Thus the discussion contains disagreement as well as an explanatory model. Commands to stop fearing can do little while the cause remains, just as commands cannot abolish a wound’s pain.

The prognosis makes a further disturbing distinction: people may fear death and yet seek it in hope of escaping suffering. The Galen-attributed sentence says “very often,” a historical claim without a statistical measure; Lucretius’s verse makes fear of death itself produce hatred of life. Burton qualifies compulsion as “in a manner” and presents relief as the sufferers’ hope, not an established result. At the partition’s close, his opposition to the act is accompanied by mitigation of punitive judgement when reason is lost and refusal to decide a person’s ultimate fate.

Terror is distinguished by the force and suddenness of an alarming perception, including something dreamed or imagined. Sassonia’s explanation through agitation of the spirits differs from humoral imbalance. “Panick fears” can seize groups during alarms, invasion or fire, with temporary or lasting effects in Burton’s account; the Faunus quotation in the margin connects panic with the classical figure. Superstitious fear, by contrast, fixes upon portents and predicted destinies. Burton attributes alleged fulfilments to imagination, fear, demonic craft and divine permission. He does not establish that the predictions were true. His Latin about fear making a prediction credible is stronger in his English gloss, which makes fear bring it about.

Deliberately inflicted fear is not confined to proposed treatments. The complaint about scholars living on college allowances uses Greek φόβου (phobou, “fear”) in the phrase “lacking everything except hunger and fear.” Burton criticizes frightening children with imaginary monsters and cites Lavater’s allegations of lasting harm, though his recommendation allows sparing use on just occasion. Augustine’s schooling is meticulosam necessitatem, “a fearful compulsion”: the adjective qualifies the compulsion, not an innate disposition of the child.

A different historical causal theory makes parents’ fear and sorrow affect their offspring. After Cardan’s account of disturbed spirits at conception, children are predicted to remain “timerous” throughout life; the continuation attributes effects to a mother’s fright and imagination during pregnancy. These are claims about transmitted disposition and maternal impressions, supported with reported anecdotes rather than established causes.

Fear changes role across the work. One original margin makes jealousy, fury, hope and despair arise “from fear,” where the body says they arise from love. Burton rejects Sassonia’s exclusion of fear from love melancholy and quotes Penelope’s anxious love in Ovid; the comic Aeschinus distrusts the very good news he desires. Yet another discussion says that love drives fear from the breast and produces courage, while the Leucadian-leap story receives the converse marginal moral that vehement fear expels love. Beauty itself can command reverence: verentur means “revere” or “stand in awe of” in the Heliodorus-attributed maxim.

Jealousy includes fear of losing a beloved’s favour or exclusive possession, but the adopted son’s anxious father fears harm or disgrace, a different kind of concern. The jealous lover who fears that she may not be his is described as scarcely curable; Burton subsequently allows cure or mitigation if the condition is resisted early. In politics, rulers use fear while suffering fear themselves; whether it causes tyranny or follows it is disputed. Daniel’s royal panegyric, by contrast, denies the king cause to be “dreadfull of disloyalty,” meaning afraid of disloyalty. In religion, hope and fear become siege engines exploited by alleged deceivers. The Petronius-attributed Latin says fear first created gods, whereas Burton’s English speaks of fear enforcing obedience. The difference belongs within his polemic, rather than establishing either sentence as his complete doctrine of religion.

Fear can also be beneficial. The fear of God restrains David’s impulse to revenge, and the fear of the Lord produces gladness in Burton’s Sirach quotation. True religion offers “a fear expelling fear”: reverence and trust counter distress. Yet charitable duties should arise from love of God rather than fear or worldly considerations. His consolatory account even credits fear and sorrow with restraint and sobriety, a sweeping counterweight to earlier accounts of reckless sufferers. Augustine’s distinction asks what a person fears, with what reason and moderation, rather than forbidding every fear. The consolatory verse about one’s last day likewise forbids both wishing for it and fearing it.

Theological uses remain differentiated. Burton polemically classes those who profess religion timide, “timidly,” among milder atheistical spirits; their hesitancy is not thereby a symptom of melancholy. Excessive fear of divine judgement can lead toward despair, but this does not warrant accepting a sufferer’s certainty of rejection. Careless’s fear that his sins are unforgiven is answered by Bradford with assurance grounded in the heart’s desire to repent and believe. Burton’s subsequent sufferer protests that the reassurance cannot apply to him; the eventual reply distinguishes resisted, unwanted thoughts from willing assent.

The historical treatment discussion itself is divided. Gentle reassurance, friendship, changes of occupation and removal of frightening objects sit beside demands for self-government. Burton lets a sufferer object that such advice is easier to give than to follow. He also reports coercive practices and the proposal to displace one fear with another after gentler means fail. These severe measures are part of the historical text, not present-day advice. Ordinary authorial uses remain distinct: “I am afraid” can express apprehensive judgement, while the preface’s “I fear not” is promptly retracted as “I fear.” Neither is automatically a medical symptom.

Fear is also a target of proposed bodily remedies. The wine discussion claims to remove fear and sorrow, but begins by requiring moderate, timely use. An imagined reader draws the conclusion “lets drink and be merry”; Burton answers with restrictions, rejects drunkenness and reports that excess instead produces a sorrowful heart. His conclusion distinguishes conditions considered hot from cold melancholy and says wine soberly used “may” help the latter. The therapeutic claims and constitutional distinctions remain historical.

Related entries

Sorrow; Passion; Jealousy; Shame; Imagination; Spirits; Terror and affright; Hope; Despair; Religion and superstition; Faith and assurance; Melancholy

Places to read

1. Unnumbered preliminary scans · paragraph 22–35the personified book’s apprehension and reassurance before a kindly reader
2. Unnumbered preliminary scansalternating delight and fear in the Abstract’s unnamed voices
3. · paragraph 8, 20authorial apprehension and judgement
4. · paragraph 12–14fear, desire, wisdom and freedom; passions in animals
5. · paragraph 8–10foreign threats in a historically situated royal panegyric
6. · paragraph 31–32the authorial “I fear not” and its recantation
7. · paragraph 22awe in the psalm quotation; appetite and future evil
8. · paragraph 40–42fear of God restraining revenge in the divided will
9. · paragraph 7–17disputed definition, exceptions, brain and heart
10. · paragraph 10–19alleged parental transmission of fear and sorrow, lifelong timidity and maternal impressions
11. · paragraph 35–37the ideal of freedom from fear and Burton’s appeal to mortal experience
12. [scan 197], repeated [scans 198–199], suppliedclassification, reciprocal causation, worship of personified Fear, public fear, imagination and shame
13. · paragraph 14–16Timid Plutus and the avaricious person’s fears
14. · paragraph 1–3scholarly poverty and the Greek phrase about hunger and fear
15. Sequence []frightening children and fearful compulsion in schooling
16. · paragraph 1–6terror, spirits, collective panic, earthquake reports and fear extended from earlier mishaps
17. · paragraph 2printed fear meaning fare, excluded from the emotional family
18. · paragraph 1–12portents, predicted destinies and fear of death
19. · paragraph 23–51disputed universality, varied objects, real distress, restricted impairment, contrasting recklessness, bashfulness and solitude
20. · paragraph 11–13exceptions to universal fear and sorrow reaffirmed
21. · paragraph 1–4fearfully as alarmingly in bodily symptom description
22. · paragraph 18–26internal causes, disagreement about cold and the limits of commands
23. · paragraph 26–30contrived scares and mixed accounts of frightening appearances
24. [the latter misnumbered; sequence ]fearing death yet seeking escape from suffering; qualified compulsion, disputed relief, opposition to the act and mitigation of judgement
25. · paragraph 18–20reverence, gladness and trust in God
26. · paragraph 3–17reassurance, objections and coercive counterpassions
27. · paragraph 37–40what is feared, with what reason and moderation
28. · paragraph 20–23neither wishing for death nor fearing it
29. · paragraph 30–33consolatory claims for fear and sorrow’s restraining benefits
30. · paragraph 39–41the unresolved adjective timidum applied to hellebore in the margin; historical medicinal claims
31. · paragraph 19–46claimed medicinal removal of fear, the imagined reader’s inference, moderation and constitutional qualifications
32. · paragraph 27–29fear in the original margin versus love in the body as the source of other passions
33. · paragraph 40–43reverence and awe before beauty
34. · paragraph 46–50fear retained among love melancholy’s symptoms
35. · paragraph 53–54love expelling fear and producing courage
36. · paragraph 53–62the Leucadian-leap narrative and its marginal moral that fear expels love
37. · paragraph 9–17possessive jealousy, protective concern, disputed tyranny and a king said to have no cause for dread
38. · paragraph 15–19fear that the beloved may not be one’s own; qualified pessimism about cure
39. · paragraph 10–15love rather than worldly fear as a motive; reverent fear expelling distress
40. · paragraph 10fear exploited in religious polemic; the Latin origin-of-gods line and the distinct English obedience gloss
41. · paragraph 1–3timid religious profession in Burton’s polemical classification
42. · paragraph 28–29expectation, despair and non-identical conditions
43. Careless’s fear, Bradford’s assurance, the sufferer’s renewed objection and the distinction between unwanted thoughts and assent
44. Unnumbered TableBurton’s retrieval headings for causes, symptoms, love and remedies

In this edition

“or future, as Fear” is represented by “Or they concern some future evil, as fear does”. The modern supplies the repeated subject and object needed by Burton’s compressed contrast; fear alone does not mean the whole clause. “Fained fears” becomes “imagined fears” within the full phrase “fained fears and sorrowes” → “imagined fears and sorrows”: the construction need not imply conscious pretence.

“Fearfull sights” → “terrifying sights” illustrates the object’s capacity to frighten, while “fearfully and wonderfully made” invokes reverent wonder in the psalm quotation. Elsewhere “forraign fears” → “foreign threats” and “such fears are often done” → “Such scares are often contrived” refer to dangers and frightening effects. “Fearfully” becomes “alarmingly” in bodily description, while “dreadfull of disloyalty” becomes “fear of disloyalty”: the latter is the king’s apprehension.

In “Love is a thing full of anxious fear,” timoris supplies “fear,” while solliciti supplies “anxious.” Greek φόβου is the genitive of φόβος (phobos, “fear”). The construction timet ut sua sit becomes “fears she may not be his”: the fear-clause, rather than an expressed Latin non, supplies that negative force. Marginal timidum, applied to black hellebore, is unusually rendered “feared”; the printed adjective is retained and its medicinal application left unresolved, without silently replacing it or endorsing the reported remedy.

Printed “good fear and diet” means fare, food, and is excluded from this emotional family. Original marginal Latin and its editorial translation remain distinct. The supplied edition records recovered leaves and textual comparisons; this article does not claim fresh collation of the historical witnesses or authorities.

agitation of spirits

Printed “ab agitatione spirituum” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: ab agitatione spirituum

Citation convention

From disturbance of the spirits, distinguished here from imbalance of humours.

Context: Sassonia’s proposed causal type; historical spirits are bodily agents.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: from the agitation of the spirits

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The English article before spirits is grammatical expansion; no additional kind of spirit is supplied.

barking dog

Printed “like a barking dog” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A simile for fear’s persistent harassment even when threatened harm seldom occurs.

Context: The dog seldom bites; the passage still stresses actual torment.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: like a barking dog that alwayes bawls, but seldome bites

Modern rendering: Like a barking dog that always yelps but seldom bites

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: No referent is added; dog and its two actions are already expressed in the simile.

be afraid

Printed “I am afraid” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Apprehensive judgement about having gone too far in literary self-criticism.

Context: Burton’s prefatory voice anticipates readers’ judgements, not a medical case.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: in some mens censures, I am afraid I have overshot my self

Modern rendering: I fear some will judge that I have gone too far

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Some will judge expands in some mens censures into a clause; the judges are already present in mens. I have gone too far modernizes I have overshot my self, not afraid alone.

causeless fear

Printed “an inward cause” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

The internal bodily source used to explain fear without an external adequate object.

Context: Burton answers an objection and rejects the claim that sufferers can merely choose not to fear.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: so have melancholy men an inward cause

Modern rendering: So too do melancholic people have an internal cause

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Too makes explicit the comparison signalled by So; people expands the substantive men, and internal modernizes inward.

dreadful

Printed “dreadfull” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Afraid or apprehensive: the person experiences dread, rather than inspiring it.

Context: Daniel’s royal panegyric says the king has no cause for this fear; the negative claim belongs to the quotation, not a general history of kings.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: dreadfull of disloyalty

Modern rendering: fear of disloyalty

Word and construction: The adjective dreadfull with of is rendered by the noun phrase “fear of”; disloyalty supplies the feared object.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The modern changes adjective dreadfull with of into noun fear of. Disloyalty is explicit; the king as experiencer comes from the surrounding verse.

ex timore

Printed “ex timore” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

From fear, expressed as a source or cause; ex governs ablative timore.

Context: The original marginal quotation makes fear the source of the listed states, whereas the body says they arise from love. The difference is retained, not harmonized.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: statim ex timore nascitur Zelotypia, furor, spes, desperatio.

Modern rendering: immediately from fear arise jealousy, fury, hope and despair.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled note; translation is not original Burton wording

Supplied words note: From renders ex and fear renders ablative timore; the listed effects and immediately are explicit. English plural arise accommodates the coordinated subject list where the Latin has singular nascitur.

fear · I fear not

Printed “I fear not” (English; lemma). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: I fear not

Citation convention

A declaration of fearless literary independence immediately retracted.

Context: The following No, I recant reverses this prefatory assertion.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: I am not afraid

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Am afraid is the modern adjectival construction for the source verb fear; no new referent or modal qualification is introduced.

fear · Fear

Printed “Fear” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

An affection whose object is an anticipated evil, contrasted with sorrow over present evil.

Context: Burton classifies affections by their objects and their temporal presence.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: or future, as Fear

Modern rendering: Or they concern some future evil, as fear does

Word and construction: The supplied modern repeats the implicit subject and supplies some future evil from the preceding contrast; the entire clause is not a gloss of Fear alone.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: They concern some future evil supplies the subject and object carried over from the preceding classification; does completes the elliptical predicate. These words are not lexical meanings of Fear.

fear · forraign fears

Printed “forraign fears” (English; lemma). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: forraign fears

Citation convention

Feared dangers or threats, here from abroad, rather than only the inward feeling of fear.

Context: Part of Burton’s panegyric on national peace and James I; the supplied note identifies an earlier historical setting retained in this edition.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: foreign threats

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Threats interprets fears as feared dangers; foreign modernizes forraign. No particular invading power is supplied.

fear · fears

Printed “fears” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Scares: frightening appearances or contrivances, rather than only feelings.

Context: Burton includes manipulated lights, optical effects and other natural causes in a mixed explanation of frightening sights. Later clauses also allow imagination and alleged demonic agency.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: such fears are often done

Modern rendering: Such scares are often contrived

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Contrived interprets done in the surrounding account of manipulated appearances; scares gives the object/effect sense of fears.

fear and despair

Printed “whilst evil is expected, we fear” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: whilst evil is expected, we fear

Citation convention

Fear anticipates evil before despair treats the feared outcome as certain.

Context: Burton’s adjoining definition makes impossibility supposed; certainty is not independent proof of hopelessness.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: while evil is anticipated, we fear

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: While and anticipated modernize whilst and expected; evil and we remain explicit.

fear and sorrow · most Melancholy, not all

Printed “most Melancholy, not all” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

The scope limitation on fear and sorrow as characteristics of melancholy.

Context: Burton accepts Sassonia’s exception for pleasant, laughing or bold cases.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: inseparable companions of most Melancholy, not all

Modern rendering: inseparable companions of most melancholy, though not all

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Though makes explicit the contrast already expressed by not all; it adds no new group of sufferers.

fear and sorrow · Fear and sorrow

Printed “Fear and sorrow” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Emotions credited with restraining dissolute behaviour in the consolatory argument.

Context: Burton’s sweeping praise here differs from his earlier fearless and reckless cases.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Fear and sorrow keep them temperate and sober

Modern rendering: Fear and sorrow keep them moderate and sober

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Moderate modernizes temperate; the emotions, people affected and sober qualification are already expressed.

fear as cause

Printed “an assistant and a principal agent” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: an assistant and a principal agent

Citation convention

Fear acts as a principal cause as well as an assistant in producing the disorder; the indefinite article does not make it the sole principal cause.

Context: Burton’s personification gives both causal descriptions; it is not a distinction assigning them to two different agents.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Modern rendering: a helper and a principal agent

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Helper modernizes assistant; no extra agent or exclusivity is supplied.

fear as counterpassion

Printed “to expel one fear with another” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: to expel one fear with another

Citation convention

To displace one fear through another, in the historical counterpassion proposal.

Context: Burton recommends this after preceding remedies fail; surrounding coercion and injury are historical prescriptions, not current advice.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: Expel one fear with another

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The modern imperative omits the source infinitive marker to; neither a new fear nor a new agent is named.

fear as motive

Printed “not for fear” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: not for fear

Citation convention

Fear considered as a motive for performing religious and charitable duties, here rejected.

Context: Burton urges love of God as the motive; the nearby context distinguishes worldly fear of punishment from reverent fear. This is not an abolition of all fear of God.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: neither from fear

Word and construction: Modern “neither” anticipates the following “nor for worldly considerations”; it is the paired construction, not an additional lexical sense of fear.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Neither anticipates the following nor for worldly considerations; not for fear supplies the first negative motive.

fear creates gods

Printed “primus in orbe deos fecit timor” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: primus in orbe deos fecit timor

Citation convention

Fear is made the subject that first creates gods; deos is the object of fecit.

Context: Burton quotes the line as Petronius within his attack on religious intimidation. The Latin origin formula differs from his English claim about fear keeping people obedient, and should not be detached as Burton’s settled account of religion.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: Fear first created gods in the world

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The article before world is grammatical expansion. Fear is the subject timor, gods the object deos, first primus, and created fecit; no Christian singular God is supplied.

fear expelling fear

Printed “a fear expelling fear” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: a fear expelling fear

Citation convention

Reverence and trust in God countering distress and danger.

Context: Burton’s positive religious contrast follows his account of superstition as fear breeding fear.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: a fear that drives out fear

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: That drives out expands the participle expelling into a relative clause; no additional fear is supplied.

fear expels love

Printed “vehement Fear expells Love” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Intense fear is said to drive out love.

Context: Burton’s English marginal moral interprets the Leucadian-leap story. This is a reported mythic remedy, not a recommendation or verified account of a safe treatment.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering: The moral is, vehement Fear expells Love.

Word and construction: Fear is the subject, love the object; vehement supplies intensity. The second field repeats the original note solely because no independent modern rendering is present.

Alignment scope: Original English marginal wording; no distinct modern parallel is supplied

Edition note: Same English sentence retained for retrieval, not claimed as a translation

Supplied words note: No separate modern rendering is supplied. The original English marginal sentence is repeated only for retrieval and must not be counted as an independent translation.

fear for another

Printed “a sollicitous fear and care he had of his adopted son” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: a sollicitous fear and care he had of his adopted son

Citation convention

Anxious apprehension for another person’s welfare or conduct.

Context: The comic father fears harm, wrongdoing or disgrace affecting his adopted son. Through Vives, Burton distinguishes this protective concern from jealousy over beauty or sexual possession.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: anxious fear and concern for his adopted son

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: For his adopted son modernizes of his adopted son as the object of concern. The source he had is absorbed into the noun phrase; no new family relationship is supplied.

fear generalized from experience

Printed “fear not that mischance only, but all such dangers whatsoever” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: fear not that mischance only, but all such dangers whatsoever

Citation convention

Fear extending from a remembered mishap to similar dangers.

Context: Plutarch’s comparison concerns travellers and sailors who have run aground or struck a rock; not only expands the objects feared, rather than negating fear.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: fear not only that particular misfortune but all dangers of that kind

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: That particular misfortune and dangers of that kind modernize the two source objects; the not only/but all scope is preserved.

fear in animals

Printed “fear, sorrow” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering: fear, sorrow

Citation convention

Fear and sorrow as passions shared by creatures capable of sensation.

Context: Burton extends the passions to birds, beasts and especially dogs, with reported claims about their melancholy; “sensible creatures” means creatures with senses.

Source: original body

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The aligned wording is unchanged; no added referent. Creatures with senses belongs to the surrounding passage.

fear of death and self-destruction

Printed “Etsi mortem timent, tamen plerumque sibi ipsis mortem consciscunt” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Etsi mortem timent, tamen plerumque sibi ipsis mortem consciscunt

Citation convention

Although they fear death, they nevertheless frequently bring death upon themselves: the fear does not exclude the reported act.

Context: Burton attributes the sentence to Galen within a severe historical prognosis. Plerumque expresses frequency, not a measured proportion. The continuation explains the sufferers’ hoped-for relief, qualifies compulsion as “in a manner,” and later allows mitigation of punitive judgment when reason is lost.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: Although they fear death, they nevertheless very often bring death upon themselves

Word and construction: The whole concessive sentence is aligned: timent contributes “they fear,” while the second clause separately expresses the self-inflicted death.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: They is encoded by the two finite verbs; themselves renders sibi ipsis. Although and nevertheless express etsi and tamen; very often is the supplied rendering of plerumque, without a numerical risk estimate.

fear of God · fear of the Lord

Printed “fear of the Lord” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Religious reverence associated with gladness and a cheerful heart.

Context: Burton quotes Sirach as encouragement within his theological account of treatment.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: The fear of the Lord maketh a merry heart

Modern rendering: The fear of the Lord makes the heart cheerful

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: No new referent is supplied; cheerful modernizes merry, with heart and the Lord both explicit.

fear of God · Fear of God

Printed “Fear of God” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Fear of God

Citation convention

Reverence for God operating as moral restraint.

Context: In Burton’s account of the divided will, this motive joins religion and honesty in restraining David from revenge against Saul.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: the fear of God

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The is an English article added before fear; God is already explicit.

fear of unforgiven sin

Printed “fear my sins are not forgiven” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: fear my sins are not forgiven

Citation convention

Apprehension that one’s sins remain unforgiven.

Context: Careless voices the objection; Bradford answers by treating the desire to repent and believe as a penitent and believing heart. The words are not Burton’s own confession or an assurance issued without that stated ground.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: the fear that my sins are not forgiven

Word and construction: The modern supplies the article and the conjunction “that” to make the fear’s propositional content explicit.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The and that are supplied to mark the noun phrase and its propositional complement. My sins and their not being forgiven are explicit in the source.

fearful · fearfull sights

Printed “fearfull sights” (English; lemma). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: fearfull sights

Citation convention

Sights that terrify, rather than sights themselves experiencing fear.

Context: The Abstract’s unnamed speaker reports frightening appearances presented by imagination.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Modern rendering: terrifying sights

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: No referent is supplied: sights remains the noun; terrifying gives the object-directed sense of fearfull.

fearful · some neither fearfull, nor sad

Printed “some neither fearfull, nor sad” (English; lemma). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: some neither fearfull, nor sad

Citation convention

Fearful or afraid; this clause says that some are neither fearful nor sad, one of the four combinations Sassonia allows.

Context: Sassonia’s reported fourfold range opposes a universal requirement for fear and sorrow.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: some neither fearful nor sad

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: No referent is added: some and the paired negatives are explicit in the original.

fearfully · local use 1

Printed “fearfully” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

In an awe-inspiring manner, within praise of the body and soul’s making.

Context: Burton adapts the psalmist’s praise; the adverb does not describe the maker as frightened.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering: fearfully and wonderfully made

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The aligned wording is unchanged; no additional referent is supplied.

fearfully · local use 2

Printed “fearfully” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

In an alarming or frightening manner, describing bodily sensations.

Context: Within historical symptom description, the midriff and heartstrings burn and beat; they are not presented as organs themselves experiencing fear.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: burn and beat very fearfully

Modern rendering: burn and throb alarmingly

Word and construction: Fearfully is rendered “alarmingly”; the aligned larger phrase also contains burn, beat and the intensifier very, without a separate modern equivalent for very.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Alarmingly renders fearfully; very is absorbed rather than separately repeated. No human experiencer is supplied for the bodily organs.

feigned fears

Printed “fained fears” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Fears judged imaginary, without implying that the sufferer deliberately feigns them.

Context: Burton’s advice attributes primary occasion to false imaginings; the sufferer’s objection follows.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: fained fears and sorrowes

Modern rendering: imagined fears and sorrows

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Imagined interprets fained here; no claim of deliberate pretence is supplied.

for fear

Printed “for fear” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Because of apprehension that something may happen. The following clause supplies the feared temptation; that particular object is not part of the phrase’s definition.

Context: The reported person avoids places for fear of temptation; fear is not assent to the feared act.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: for fear he be tempted

Modern rendering: for fear he may be tempted

Word and construction: For fear is retained; the source subjunctive be is expanded to “may be.” The following clause names the feared event.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: May makes the force of the source subjunctive be explicit. He and the feared temptation are already expressed.

foreign fears

Printed “forrain fears” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: forrain fears

Citation convention

Fears concerning external circumstances rather than the body’s suspected condition.

Context: Burton turns from outward occasions to inward bodily concern.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: fears of external things

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Of external things explains forrain in this local contrast with inward fears; things is an explicit expansion of the implied external objects.

fright

Printed “fright” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

To frighten, used transitively of adults deliberately making children afraid.

Context: Burton criticizes this discipline and cites Lavater’s report of lasting harm; his conclusion is qualified, “not at all, or … sparingly … upon just occasion.” These are historical claims.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Preserve sequence and printed-number distinction exactly.

Source wording, Original wording: Some fright their children with beggars, bugbears, and hobgoblins

Modern rendering: Some frighten their children with beggars, bogeymen and hobgoblins

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Frighten modernizes fright and bogeymen modernizes bugbears; the children and means of frightening are explicit. The adults are identified by the preceding context about parents and carers, rather than by a separate noun in this sentence.

hope and fear

Printed “Hope and Fear” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Expectations of reward and punishment treated as instruments exploited by deceivers.

Context: The Devil and alleged ministers are the principal agents in Burton’s confessional polemic; passions are siege engines.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Hope and Fear, those two battering Canons and principal Engines

Modern rendering: Hope and Fear, those two battering cannon and chief siege engines

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Siege makes the military sense of Engines explicit from the battering-cannon image; it does not add a separate agent.

jealous fear

Printed “a fear of losing her favour” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: a fear of losing her favour

Citation convention

Fear of losing a beloved person’s favour, within a definition of jealousy.

Context: Burton attributes this formulation to Scaliger; the margin instead speaks of dispossession from the loved thing.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: a fear of losing the favour of the woman

Word and construction: The modern repeats the woman as possessor; the adjective clause about earnest love continues outside both selected units.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The woman expands the pronoun her from the jealousy discussion; her referent is supplied by context, not by the noun fear.

love expels fear

Printed “expectorat amor timorem” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: expectorat amor timorem

Citation convention

Love expels fear from the breast. The resulting courage and daring are elaborated in the surrounding passage, rather than expressed by this clause alone.

Context: Burton’s account of love’s courage differs from the earlier emphasis on its fears.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: love drives fear from the breast

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: From the breast unpacks the verb expectorat; it is not an independently supplied anatomical cause. Love and fear are explicit subject and object.

meticulosus

Printed “meticulosam” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Fearful or fear-laden; meticulosam is accusative feminine singular qualifying necessitatem, “compulsion.”

Context: Burton quotes Augustine’s distress at coercive schooling and the learning of Greek. The supplied edition qualifies the citation and preserves the Latin alongside Burton’s English.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Preserve sequence and printed-number distinction exactly.

Source wording, Original wording: meticulosam necessitatem

Modern rendering: a fearful compulsion

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: A is ordinary English article expansion. Compulsion comes from necessitatem, while fearful renders meticulosam.

metuo · Quæ metuunt, fingunt

Printed “Quæ metuunt, fingunt” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Quæ metuunt, fingunt

Citation convention

To fear; metuunt is third-person plural present. The whole clause says that they imagine what they fear.

Context: Burton cites Lavater while also reporting demonological explanations; fearful expectation shapes what the sufferers think they see.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Modern rendering: They imagine what they fear

Word and construction: Metuunt contributes “they fear”; fingunt contributes “they imagine,” and quæ supplies the shared object “what.”

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: They is encoded in both finite verbs, and what represents quæ. Imagine comes from fingunt, not metuunt.

metuo · metuas · local use 1

Printed “metuas” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

To fear; metuas is second-person singular present subjunctive in an exhortation, with nil supplying “nothing.”

Context: Democritus Junior addresses his personified book: a kindly reader will forgive its faults. The instruction concerns that encounter, not a medical cure.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording, Original wording: metuas nil

Modern rendering: fear nothing

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The second-person addressee is encoded in metuas; nil supplies nothing. The modern does not name the personified book again.

metuo · metuet

Printed “metuet” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

To fear; metuet is third-person singular future indicative. The line makes future fear accompany desire.

Context: The quoted verse joins the surrounding claims attributed to Lactantius and Stoics that fear excludes wisdom or freedom. Burton later rejects freedom from all passion as a mortal condition.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: qui cupiet, metuet quoque porro

Modern rendering: Whoever desires will also fear

Word and construction: Cupiet supplies desire, metuet “will fear,” and quoque the addition “also”; “whoever” represents qui.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Whoever represents qui; will fear renders the future metuet. Also is supplied by quoque, not inferred from fear.

metuo · metuas · local use 2

Printed “metuas” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

To fear; metuas is second-person singular present subjunctive in the paired prohibition, with the final day as its understood object.

Context: The consolatory verse forbids both wishing for death and fearing it. Burton’s marginal “Hor.” is corrected to Martial by the supplied editor; no fresh classical collation is claimed.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Summum nec optes diem nec metuas

Modern rendering: Neither wish for your last day nor fear it

Word and construction: Nec optes and nec metuas supply the paired “neither wish … nor fear”; summum diem supplies the last day, resumed by modern “it.”

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Your is supplied to address the implied second person, and it resumes summum diem, the last day. Neither/nor reflects the two nec forms.

metuo and vereor

Printed “Ne metue, ne verere” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Ne metue, ne verere

Citation convention

Do not fear or be ashamed: an invitation to disclose distress and accept help.

Context: Chremes addresses Menedemus in Burton’s adapted Terence quotation, not Burton addressing a documented patient.

Source: original marginal quotation

Modern rendering: Do not fear, do not be ashamed

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled note; translation is not original Burton wording

Supplied words note: The negative commands and their second-person subject are expressed by ne and the verb forms; do is English imperative support. Be ashamed is the local rendering of verere.

metus

Printed “ut ipse metus fidem faciat” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: ut ipse metus fidem faciat

Citation convention

Fear or apprehension; metus is nominative singular, the subject of faciat. The whole clause says that fear itself makes the prediction credible.

Context: The Latin attributed through Ricci differs from Burton’s English causal paraphrase making it come true.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: that fear itself makes the prediction credible

Word and construction: Metus contributes “fear”; ipse supplies “itself,” while fidem faciat supplies the making-credible construction. The prediction is understood from context.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The prediction is supplied from the preceding context. Fidem faciat is construed as makes credible, whereas metus alone means fear.

moderation of fear

Printed “Not to fear, but wherefore is he afraid” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Judgement of fear by its object and reason rather than prohibition of every fear.

Context: Burton adapts Augustine and adds an explicit requirement of moderation.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Not to fear, but wherefore is he afraid?

Modern rendering: not to fear, but what he is afraid of

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: What he is afraid of expands wherefore as the object or ground of fear; he is explicit in the source. The question’s wording is not a bare definition of fear.

ob timorem

Printed “ob timorem” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

From fear, as a proposed motive; ob governs accusative timorem.

Context: The Latin question contrasts pleasure with fear; Burton’s immediate English asks pleasure or pain, then he favours fear and sorrow while allowing both.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Ob voluptatem, an ob timorem soli sunt?

Modern rendering: Are they alone for pleasure or from fear?

Word and construction: Ob timorem supplies “from fear.” The Latin’s timorem is not the word for “pain” in Burton’s adjacent English paraphrase.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: They is encoded in sunt; alone renders soli. From fear renders ob timorem, not Burton’s adjacent English pain.

panic fear

Printed “panick fears” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: panick fears

Citation convention

Sudden collective terror such as that caused by alarms, invasion or fire.

Context: Burton allows temporary or enduring effects; the Faunus margin provides the classical association.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: panics

Word and construction: The complete plural noun phrase panick fears corresponds to panics; no modern diagnostic equivalence is claimed.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Panics condenses panick fears into one noun; no new feared object or causal condition is supplied.

pavor

Printed “pavor” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Fear or dread at the prospect of death in a literary consolation scene.

Context: The phrase describes Axiochus in Burton’s compressed philosophical dialogue, not a clinical observation.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Imbellis pavor & impatientia

Modern rendering: unmanly fear and lack of fortitude

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Lack of fortitude interprets impatientia; it is not an extra description contributed by pavor. Unmanly renders the separate adjective imbellis.

personified Fear

Printed “Fear” (English; phrase). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Fear personified and represented as a divinity, not an individual’s symptom.

Context: Burton reports ancient worship and iconography through cited authorities. His body calls fear a god; the attached Latin calls Fear a goddess. These reports are not independently verified here.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Source wording, Original wording: Fear was commonly adored and painted in their Temples with a Lions head

Modern rendering: Fear was commonly worshipped and depicted in their temples with a lion’s head

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Worshipped and depicted modernize adored and painted. Fear, the temples and the lion’s head are all explicit.

political fear

Printed “fear, cowardise and jealousie” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: fear, cowardise and jealousie

Citation convention

Fear, cowardice and jealousy: the three states whose causal relation to tyranny Burton presents as disputed.

Context: Burton explicitly contrasts the Plutarch-attributed causal opinion with the majority symptom opinion.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: fear, cowardice and jealousy

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Only spelling is modernized; the three coordinated states are all explicit.

removal of fear and sorrow

Printed “it takes away feare and sorrow” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: it takes away feare and sorrow

Citation convention

Claimed relief of both apprehension and sadness by wine within a conditional historical treatment discussion.

Context: Burton emphasizes the medicinal target after citing Mattioli. Moderate and timely use is stipulated at the outset; unrestricted drinking is an imagined reader’s inference that Burton rejects. The ending distinguishes alleged cold constitutions from hot conditions and allows only possible benefit.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: it takes away fear and sorrow

Word and construction: The whole clause is aligned; takes away expresses claimed relief, while fear and sorrow remain distinct objects.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: It means wine from the preceding context; neither column repeats the noun within this short clause. No efficacy guarantee is supplied.

self-reinforcing fear

Printed “metusque causæ nescius, causa est metus” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: metusque causæ nescius, causa est metus

Citation convention

Fear without knowledge of a cause becomes itself a cause of fear.

Context: Heinsius’s dramatic line belongs to Louise’s speech in Auriacus according to the supplied note; Burton prints Austriaco.

Source: original marginal quotation

Modern rendering: fear that knows no cause is itself a cause of fear

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled note; translation is not original Burton wording

Supplied words note: Itself makes the repeated self-causing fear explicit; no external cause is supplied. That knows no cause renders causæ nescius.

superstitious fear

Printed “superstitious fear” (English; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering: superstitious fear

Citation convention

Apprehension aroused by portents and ominous events.

Context: Burton treats this as a distinct occasion of fear and invokes an unresolved Aristotelian classification.

Source: original body

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The aligned wording is unchanged; no additional referent is supplied.

terror

Printed “terrors” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Intense fears arising from apprehension of something terrible.

Context: Burton attributes a distinction from other fears to Cicero and Patrizi; subsequent examples include dreams.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: these terrors which arise from the apprehension of some terrible object heard or seen

Modern rendering: these terrors, arising from the perception of some dreadful thing heard or seen

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Thing modernizes object; the heard-or-seen qualification and the indefinite some are already expressed.

timeo

Printed “timent de non timendis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: timent de non timendis

Citation convention

To fear; timent is third-person plural present. The whole construction says that they fear things that need not be feared; timendis is a substantival neuter plural gerundive after de.

Context: Gordonius’s phrase concerns the judged object of fear, not the nonexistence of suffering.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: they fear things that need not be feared

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: They is encoded in timent. Things supplies the substantive referent of the neuter plural gerundive timendis; need not be feared expresses its passive/modal construction with non.

timeo with ut

Printed “timet ut sua sit” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

To fear that something desired may not be so; ut with subjunctive sit expresses the feared failure.

Context: The Ovid-attributed couplet describes a jealous lover, then says cure will scarcely be possible. Burton’s ensuing discussion still allows cure or relief under stated conditions.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Qui timet ut sua sit, ne quis sibi subtrahat illam

Modern rendering: He who fears she may not be his, lest someone take her from him

Word and construction: Timet contributes “fears”; the fear-clause with ut is rendered “may not,” although there is no separate Latin non. The following ne clause fears the positive event of someone taking her.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: She and his make the feminine predicate and possessive referents explicit. May not renders the feared failure expressed by ut with subjunctive sit, without an independent Latin non. Her and someone in the following clause correspond to illam and quis.

timide

Printed “timide” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Timidly, describing the manner in which certain people profess religion.

Context: Burton labels them a milder sort of atheistical spirits and reports causes of their uncertainty; that polemical classification is his, not a modern judgement of hesitant believers.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: timide & hæsitanter

Modern rendering: timidly and hesitantly

Word and construction: Timide supplies “timidly”; hæsitanter separately supplies “hesitantly.”

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: And renders the ampersand; timidly comes from timide and hesitantly separately from hæsitanter.

timidus · Timidus

Printed “Timidus” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Timid or fearful; Timidus is masculine nominative singular agreeing with Plutus.

Context: The proverb personifies anxious wealth in Plutus. Burton applies its all-encompassing fears to the avaricious; Plutus should not be confused with Pluto.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Timidus Plutus

Modern rendering: Timid Plutus

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Timid and Plutus correspond to the two Latin words; no referent is supplied.

timidus · timidum

Printed “timidum” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The adjective normally means timid or fearful; here neuter singular timidum qualifies black hellebore and is rendered “feared.” This unusual application remains textually unresolved.

Context: The original marginal wording belongs to a reported medicinal claim; its editorial rendering does not establish a passive lexical sense or warrant silently emending timidum. Neither the safety claim nor the treatment is endorsed.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: veratrum nigrum, alias timidum & periculosum

Modern rendering: black hellebore, otherwise feared and dangerous

Word and construction: The supplied editor renders timidum “feared” in the full phrase; this is a disclosed interpretation of the printed form, not independent evidence that it means safe or harmless.

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled note; translation is not original Burton wording

Supplied words note: Feared is the supplied editor’s interpretation of the unusual printed timidum; it is not an extra word independently attested in the original margin. Otherwise and dangerous correspond to alias and periculosum.

timor · Timor

Printed “Timor” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Fear or dread; Timor is nominative singular, the subject of inducit, “produces.” The rest of the clause lists its alleged bodily effects.

Context: Original marginal Latin attributed to Agrippa states historical physiology.

Source: original marginal quotation

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Source wording, Original wording: Timor inducit frigus, cordis palpitationem, vocis defectum atque pallorem.

Modern rendering: Fear produces cold, palpitation of the heart, failure of the voice and pallor.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled note; translation is not original Burton wording

Supplied words note: The articles and of the heart expand normal English grammar for the Latin nouns and genitive cordis; the listed bodily effects are separately expressed in the Latin.

timor · timoris

Printed “timoris” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Fear; timoris is genitive singular dependent on plena, “full.” The separate adjective solliciti supplies “anxious.”

Context: Ovid’s Penelope supplies Burton’s quotation against Sassonia’s exclusion of fear from love melancholy.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Res est solliciti plena timoris amor

Modern rendering: Love is a thing full of anxious fear

Word and construction: Timoris contributes “fear”; solliciti supplies “anxious,” plena supplies “full of,” and amor is the subject “love.”

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: The English article in a thing is grammatical expansion of res. Anxious comes from solliciti, full of from plena, fear from timoris, and love from amor.

Also find under: solliciti (exact Latin adjective within the attested construction; anxious)

timor and pudor

Printed “timor hos, pudor impedit illos” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: timor hos, pudor impedit illos

Citation convention

Fear restrains one group, shyness another: timor and pudor are distinct subjects sharing impedit.

Context: Burton uses the Latin to explain reluctance to take office or advancement; his following English pairs timorousness with bashfulness more generally.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: fear holds these back, shyness those

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: These and those render hos and illos. The shared verb impedit is placed with fear in English and understood again with shyness; no new second action is introduced.

timorous

Printed “timorous” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Fearful in a sequence of jealous and suspicious states.

Context: Burton challenges the sufferer to examine the grounds of fear; his assertion is part of historical counsel.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: thou art jealous, timorous, suspicious

Modern rendering: You are jealous, fearful, suspicious

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Fearful modernizes timorous; you represents thou, and the neighbouring adjectives remain separately expressed.

timorous · timerous

Printed “timerous” (English; lemma).

Citation convention

Fearful or timid: here a disposition predicted of the children in the reported parental-influence theory.

Context: Burton develops the claim attributed to Cardan that a parent’s disturbed spirits at conception affect offspring; the continuation adds maternal impressions during pregnancy. The lifelong prediction belongs to this historical causal theory and is not established as a medical fact.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: they will be dull, heavy, timerous, discontented all their lives

Modern rendering: they will be dull, heavy, timid and discontented all their lives

Word and construction: Timerous corresponds to timid; dullness, heaviness, discontent and lifelong duration belong to the surrounding predication.

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: They refers back to their children. All their lives is explicit in the original, not an added modern guarantee.

vereor

Printed “verentur” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

To revere or stand in awe of; verentur is third-person plural present of a deponent verb with active meaning.

Context: The Heliodorus-attributed maxim claims that beauty softens those it calls barbarians. Formosam supplies a feminine object, expanded to “a beautiful woman.”

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Formosam Barbari verentur

Modern rendering: Barbarians revere a beautiful woman

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: A beautiful woman expands substantival feminine formosam; woman is not a separately expressed Latin noun. Barbarians renders Barbari, the quoted speaker’s category.

φόβος

Printed “φόβου” (Greek; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation: Dictionary keys use standard headwords (Latin verbs in first-person singular present, nouns in nominative singular); phrase/family keys are explicitly labelled. Exact printed forms and inflections are retained separately. Greek φόβος is transliterated phobos; printed φόβου is its genitive singular.

Fear; φόβου is genitive singular after πλὴν, “except.”

Context: Within the quoted complaint about scholarly poverty, the college allowance is compared to Phalaris’s reproach to the Leontines: the students lack everything except hunger and fear.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: πάντων ἐνδεεῖς πλὴν λιμοῦ καὶ φόβου

Modern rendering: lacking everything except hunger and fear

Word and construction: Φόβου contributes “fear”; πλὴν supplies “except,” λιμοῦ “hunger,” and πάντων ἐνδεεῖς “lacking everything.”

Alignment convention

Supplied words note: Everything is represented by πάντων, hunger by λιμοῦ and fear by φόβου. No Greek noun meaning students occurs in this phrase; that referent comes from the surrounding account.

Also find under: phobos (transliteration of Greek dictionary key φόβος); phobou (transliteration of printed Greek form φόβου)