Heart

Use in the book

The Empedoclean fragment places thought in the blood around the heart. In a Hermetic geographical analogy, the heart stands at the body’s middle and is described as the starting place of soul; Egypt is then compared to this central bodily region. The analogy supplies the source’s explanation of a claimed national character. It is not the same argument as the physiological fragment about blood.

Places to read

1. I.49.53.11Blood around the heart is called thought.
2. I.49.45.20The heart supports an analogy between body and country.

Translation in this edition

“Heart” is retained in both contexts. Claims built upon geographical centrality remain claims of the quoted speaker, not judgments endorsed by the edition.

Use in the book

Joubert’s account of Platonic physiology places a sensitive faculty in the heart and surrounding viscera; it is a report of an inherited scheme. Elsewhere many affections enlarge the heart, while living only with one’s own heart and illusions becomes a “delicate debauch.” Inwardness thus requires discrimination: an enlarged capacity for attachment differs from enclosure in private feeling. The demand that truths enlighten the heart and govern actions further binds feeling to conduct. It does not simply oppose emotional warmth to intellectual truth.

Places to read

1. I, p. 35–36, entry 1, ¶1Sensitive faculty in Joubert’s report of Platonic physiology.
2. II, p. 512, entry 10, ¶1Affections enlarge the heart.
3. II, p. 570, entry 5, ¶1Exclusive companionship with one’s own heart is criticized.
4. II, p. 809, entry 5, ¶1Truth is tested by illumination and conduct.

Translation in this edition

The English translation consistently uses heart in these witnesses, preserves the illuminating and enlarging images, and keeps the deliberately uncomfortable “delicate debauch.” Cœur should not automatically become emotion, conscience or sincerity.

Use in the book

The heart is an altar on which love should burn, but it can also harden into stone. Such images make inward responsiveness the practical condition of enjoyment. If the heart is out of frame, its judgement distorts the world; restoring justice and right ordering restores delight. Principles must therefore be deeply impressed, as though engraved on stone, and kept alive in remembrance during ordinary action. The heart is not a private chamber sealed off from others: it receives and returns the relations that make the world significant.

Places to read

1. I.91The heart is an altar for the perpetual fire of love.
2. IV.41Disorder in the heart is identified as the source of a loss of enjoyment.
3. IV.50Principles of receiving and belonging to God are to be engraved indelibly within the heart.
4. III.98Memory in the heart preserves greatness when it cannot be vividly present to sense.

In this edition

The bodily image often carries intellectual as well as emotional force. A “stony heart” describes resistance or unresponsiveness; it is not a separate faculty alongside a consistently defined “mind.”

Use in the book

A heart may appear dead before a book revives it, fill with sweetness after a friend’s conversation, or become the meeting place of creation and God. These are different scales of one recurrent action: something received from outside becomes inward life. The March 1833 meditation carries this furthest. Nature’s ascending vital currents reach the human heart, which becomes an altar where natural life and eucharistic sacrifice meet. The image claims a mediating dignity for humanity while remaining an exploratory proposal, not a finished doctrinal statement.

Heart and soul overlap without simply duplicating one another. In the portrait of liberating friendship, the heart fills while the soul returns inward to rest; in the later account of liberty, the heart’s earlier awakening prepares an increasingly active intellectual commitment. Guérin also describes a deficiency of passionate energy in his heart while acknowledging a restless surplus in his intelligence. Such contrasts are local judgments about his condition. They do not establish an anatomy in which heart, soul, and mind always have exclusive functions.

Places to read

1. 30 July 1832 · ¶1The seemingly dead heart precedes reading’s drenching of the soul, joining affective and watery registers.
2. 6 March 1833 · ¶4Sweetness fills the heart after conversation, while the soul is compared to a convalescent returning to bed.
3. 30 March 1833 · ¶1The beating heart becomes an altar and the point of convergence of universal life.
4. 16 July 1834 · ¶1Liberty first makes the heart tremble, then becomes a developing passion of the soul.

Translation in this edition

The supplied English uses both “breast” and “bosom” for sein, preserving different kinds of embodiment. “Human heart” at 30 March 1833 · ¶1 retains cœur rather than abstracting it into consciousness; its bodily and sacrificial associations remain joined.

Use in the book

B105 first evokes something nourished amid seas of blood that leap back and forth. The grammatical beginning is incomplete: the feminine participle translated “nourished” lacks its explicit subject in the surviving excerpt. The final line, however, makes a clear assertion about human thinking. Its force should not be weakened into a mere metaphor for warm feeling, but neither should the missing opening be supplied as a fully recoverable organ description.

The moving blood connects cognition with the poem’s physiology. B98 accounts for the material’s near-balanced composition, and B1002 portrays its oscillating movement in respiration. These passages make it possible to understand how a general mixture theory and a localized account of thought belong together. Yet the source does not spell out every causal link between exact blood proportions and particular mental abilities. The often repeated full reconstruction of Empedoclean psychology reaches beyond the verses printed here.

B107 states that the same constituents by which things are fitted together enable thought, pleasure, and pain. B108 associates changes in beings with changes in their thinking. Such statements support an embodied account in which cognition depends on the arrangement or condition of the thinker. They do not establish that the individual thinker is a modern brain-like machine or that the daimon can simply be identified with heart-blood. The two explanatory questions have to be kept distinct.

The phrase also matters stylistically. “Seas” enlarges a small bodily interior through the language of landscape and fluid movement. It belongs with the many passages in which the cosmos is articulated through bodies and bodies through elemental scenes. Here the image of a sea does not replace anatomy; it intensifies the blood’s abundant, active presence.

The scope of the assertion is explicitly human: the excerpt twice marks the relation to human beings. That specificity should be held beside the broader claims in B103, B107, and B110 that thought or a share of intelligence belongs to all things. The two sorts of statement do not automatically contradict one another. One may describe a particular human realization of thinking while the other makes a more encompassing claim about the capacities of compounds or constituents. The preserved text, however, does not give a full classificatory scheme assigning a distinct cognitive organ to every kind of being.

A related caution concerns the modern word “mind.” The blood passage says thought, and it identifies that thought with a bodily material in a stated region. It does not divide the person into a spatial organ plus an independently defined mental substance. Conversely, the sacred mind of B134 is described without a human head, limbs, or sexual organs. Treating both descriptions as if they were interchangeable would flatten an important contrast between human bodily thought and the nonhuman divine subject of that passage.

Places to read

1. B 105The excerpt culminates in the identification of blood around human hearts with thought.
2. B 98A near-equal mixture accounts for blood’s composition.
3. B 107The constituents of bodily formation also enable cognition and feeling.
4. B 108Changes in beings accompany differences in their thinking.

Translation in this edition

“Thought” translates νόημα in B105. The edition’s opening “nourished” must not be treated as a complete sentence with an expressly named heart. The most secure anatomical statement is the final line, whose surrounding-blood qualification should be retained.

Use in the book

Censorinus attributes to Empedocles the judgment that the heart develops first because it chiefly sustains a person's life, adding that Aristotle followed him. This is a report of agreement, not a quoted Aristotelian acknowledgment in the present passage. It does not explain the observations or embryological mechanism behind the developmental claim. A79 supplies a useful contrast: Soranus assigns liver implantation of umbilical vessels to Empedocles and heart implantation to Phaedrus. These need not conflict, because a first-forming organ and a destination for particular vessels are different questions. Nor does the priority of the heart necessarily place all thought there: other testimonia give blood a cognitive role, and the present sentence does not identify the organ as the sole seat of soul.

Places to read

1. A 84 (testimony)Censorinus, On the Birthday. Attributes first growth and vital primacy of the heart to Empedocles and says Aristotle followed him.
2. A 79 (testimony)Soranus, Gynaecology. Contrasts Empedocles' liver insertion of umbilical vessels with Phaedrus' heart insertion.

Translation in this edition

The edition treats this as a rare secure case of Aristotle following Empedocles. The explicit evidence here is Censorinus' attribution of that relation; it should retain his mediating role.

Use in the book

The frame presents Chactas and Souël as gaining ascendancy over René’s heart through indulgence and severity (p. 140). The invitation to open it makes confession a relational action. Yet the heart he describes repeatedly closes upon its own movement. The Preface’s ‘full heart’ in an ‘empty world’ establishes the mismatch, and the solitary heart becomes an echo chamber for passion on p. 161.

The incomplete lyre (p. 162) gives the heart a structural incapacity: joy can only be expressed in the key of sighs. This universal claim belongs to René’s interpretation of a shepherd’s song. It is not a neutral verdict delivered independently by the narrator. The Preface’s discussion of Aubry makes a different limitation explicit: the finite heart cannot even remain unhappy indefinitely (pp. 6–72). René’s later discovery that grief cannot be exhausted like pleasure thus meets a proposition elsewhere in the volume that questions its permanence.

Amélie’s arrival opens his heart to joy, and her own heart, thought, and voice seem to sigh in concert (pp. 166–1672). He idealizes that harmony while failing to understand its concealed disturbance. When her secret emerges, his heart makes grief into occupation rather than escaping its need to feed upon feeling. ‘Kneaded of ennui and misery’ converts the language of plenitude into a confession of poverty (p. 183).

The last pages distribute moral qualities across several hearts. Chactas remembers Aubry’s peace, which understood storms; Souël’s compassion exists beneath severity; Amélie’s inward struggle has issued in charity. A heart’s worth is consequently tested by relation and action, not merely by how much it can contain or express.

Places to read

1. Preface p. 9On habite, avec un cœur plein, un monde vide — The full/empty antithesis formulates the disproportion between inner capacity and experienced world.
2. p. 162Notre cœur est un instrument incomplet — René generalizes emotional mixture through the figure of a lyre lacking strings.
3. p. 164mon cœur aimoit — The complete sentence distinguishes love of God in the heart from an impious reasoning mind.
4. p. 183mon cœur est naturellement pétri d'ennui et de misère — The language of constitution makes his satisfaction in occupied grief itself disquieting.
5. p. 189un cœur compatissant — The frame’s description prevents equating Souël’s severe words with absence of concern.

Translation in this edition

The English generally retains ‘heart’, preserving the cross-connections between bodily metaphor and moral psychology. At p. 140 the 1826 text adds sentiments to the earlier account of René’s pensées; at p. 155, 1802 names the ‘histoire secrète de son cœur’, where 1826 omits secrète. These changes alter explicit emphasis without removing the inner-life design.

Use in the book

A principal organ and the seat of affection

The heart holds court as king in the chest. The brain is its councillor, the lungs its speaking instrument, and the arteries communicate life through the body. Burton calls the heart the fountain of life, heat, spirits, pulse and respiration, the sun of the body, and the seat and organ of all affections. His Latin Primum vivens, ultimum moriens gives the inherited claim that it lives first and dies last. Its chambers receive and distribute blood, spirits and air within the historical account of generation and cooling.

The heart is active in emotion. Joy dilates it and sends blood outward; sorrow contracts it and calls blood inward. Different passions bring different humours into motion. This does not require every use of heart elsewhere to be a literal physiological description, but it explains why bodily and emotional vocabulary often coexist without a clean boundary. In the account of imagination’s power, spirits communicate a perceived object from brain to heart, which sets itself to pursue or avoid it and draws accompanying humours into the response. Strong or distorted imagination produces a stronger disturbance, according also to the person’s bodily preparation and temperament.

Whether the heart is the principal part affected in melancholy remains disputed. Marcus de Oddis and others argue from fear and sorrow’s location there. Burton favours the answer that the brain is primarily affected and the heart suffers with it through bodily sympathy. Yet the inward-causes chapter assigns major importance to heart, humours and spirits; other cited accounts allow a heart either too hot or too cold to cause the disorder. The treatment chapter explicitly says heart and brain affect one another. The royal metaphor does not settle every causal question or remove the brain’s role.

Heart-pain and a grief that comforts cannot reach

The symptom lists include palpitation, heaviness, aching and faintness. Burton reports vapours as a cause of palpitation and aching, while another diagnostic list assigns aching and trembling to cases proceeding from the heart. At the same time, cardiaca passio is carefully localized at the mouth of the stomach: it makes the patient think the heart itself aches. The distinction is part of the original text, not an anatomical correction imposed by the modernization. These historical descriptions require their local explanations rather than a blanket replacement with one present-day condition.

The heart-strings that burn and beat beside the midriff are bodily structures in a historical symptom list. The passage does not specify their precise modern anatomical equivalent, and they should not be reduced to a metaphor for tender feelings.

The single Cordolium passage has another kind of precision. Burton retells Menedemus’s distress in Terence’s Heauton Timorumenos. Returning home, the father receives every practical comfort his servants can provide: his socks are removed, his bed prepared and his supper readied. None removes the loss that troubles him. He has “lost his son,” meaning that the son has gone abroad after the father opposed his love, not that he has died. illud angebat, “that tormented him,” identifies the particular source of suffering. Cordolium then names his persistent pain and agony. The surrounding discussion presents the force of melancholy sorrow; the literary example shows why material comfort can fail when it cannot address the felt cause.

Burton’s own explanation of writing likewise begins with gravidum cor, a burdened heart, paired with a pregnant head and an abscess needing discharge. Other bodily images make care burn or consume the heart. Cura quasi cor uro is wordplay offered as an etymology: care, as though “I burn the heart.” The emotionally taken injury matters too. A person who understands mockery and “take it to heart” suffers differently from someone unaware of it. In another setting heartburning is resentment between rivals, rather than the gastric symptom now commonly associated with that word.

Inner thought, courage and moral response

The distance between tongue and heart exposes hypocrisy: speech and the hidden inward disposition can differ. The imagined window into the breast would reveal otherwise secret thoughts and motives. Burton later rejects Bodin’s claim that spirits can know the secrets of a person’s heart; the relevant interior is explicitly explained as human thoughts. In the religious satire, the one who examines the heart and detects Cor dolo plenum, “a heart full of deceit,” is God. These passages do not grant ordinary observers reliable access to another person’s concealed intentions.

In the rational-soul discussion, the evil heart as seat of affections is said to enslave and compel the will. The next passage qualifies the apparent helplessness: divine precepts and good motions of the Spirit can counterbalance the will, as in David’s refusal to take revenge on Saul. The inward heart is therefore part of an account of moral action and resistance, not merely a hidden store of thoughts.

Heart can also mean intellectual capacity or courage. The phrase Xenodotus heart, grouped with Crates’s liver and Epictetus’s lamp, invokes supposed intellectual gifts within a satire on learned folly; the exact proverbial source remains unresolved in the supplied notes. “Where is least heart, is most tongue” opposes lack of courage to excessive talk. Children described as disheartned lose courage under harsh treatment, while hard hearted masters show cruelty towards those in their power. The related flinty-heart image condemns leaders who expend soldiers without pity. Conversely, tender-hearted joins kindness and forgiveness in the account of divine charity. Burton assembles scriptural exhortations, and the following passage makes their practice conditional on a true inward disposition to love. These are distinct moral and social uses of bodily language.

The Latin family also separates intelligence from affection. Scholars are said to rank a corculis, among the wise, and Baconthorpe bears the title Corculum Theologiæ, “keen mind of theology”; both occur amid a satire that denies learning any automatic exemption from folly. quibus cor sapit, “whose hearts have understanding,” likewise gives the heart an intellectual force. The adjective cordatus, with forms cordato and cordati, means sensible or judicious: it describes a hoped-for reader, a rebuking friend and a person offering consoling counsel.

The compounds keep distinct moral and emotional senses: false-hearted means deceitful, here in Burton’s criticism of young men as well as women, while heart-sick qualifies distressed thoughts in a poetic account of jealousy. To be after Gods own heart is to meet with divine approval; it does not locate a human inside a divine organ.

The phrase “could not finde in his heart” means could not bring himself to do something. Burton uses it in an account he attributes to Cato, refusing to sell an old ox or dismiss an old servant; the edition notes that the humane speech is actually Plutarch’s criticism of Cato. Keeping the idiom does not require preserving the mistaken attribution as verified history. Elsewhere the heart of an oak is its central substance or vitality, consumed in an analogy for predatory lawyers. Bodily interdependence also supplies an analogy for the household body: if the head, heart or another organ suffers, the rest suffer with it.

To engrave a maxim in the heart is to retain and inwardly adopt it. Burton transfers a purported tomb inscription into his own resolve to despise worldly things; the inscription and its attribution remain unverified in the supplied apparatus. The cosmic phrase heart of the Sun extends the vital-centre image beyond a human or animal body, in his reported discussion of humanity’s place among possible worlds. The passage does not define an exact physical referent for that image.

Love’s organ, beloved and emblem

Love is called a delight of the heart in one definition, while another account makes the heart affected by both reason and appetite through their sympathetic connection. The anatomical seat of erotic melancholy is again contested: Lange places it in liver and heart; Ficino emphasizes blood; Freitag includes heart, liver, brain and blood; Burton prefers the brain because imagination is impaired. A heart-centred phrase should therefore not suppress the ensuing dispute about the part affected.

In the discussion of fascination, the heart produces spirits that pass through the eyes and affect another person. Ficino’s illustrative Phaedrus and Lysias exchange rays and spirits. Phaedrus follows Lysias because his heart wants its spirits, while Lysias follows Phaedrus because he loves their seat or home; Burton’s account makes Lysias the more eager pursuer. Burton ends by saying that Lysias draws Phaedrus; the supplied apparatus distinguishes that direction from Ficino’s consulted wording. This is an attributed explanation of love, not a demonstration of physical transfer. Ordinary endearments then draw on it: sweet heart names the beloved, and meum cor, “my heart,” stands among honey, sweetness and other terms of affection. The paired lovers’ “one heart in two bodies” represents agreement of will and refusal. In a different setting, the ruler is supported by his people’s hearts and hands: inward loyalty joins outward service.

The diminutive corculum, “little heart,” is another affectionate name for the beloved; here the same Latin family used for keen minds serves tenderness and erotic praise.

Spenser’s three competing loves dispart the heart, dividing affection among kindred, erotic love and friendship. This division of feeling differs from the later hearts divided given as love-tokens. The three loves in the verse also differ from Burton’s useful, pleasant and honourable categories.

The wounded or burning heart belongs to the lover’s bodily experience and rhetorical excess. Cor scissum means a heart torn apart; Burton’s following English amplifies it into a heart crushed, dissolved, melted or transferred into the beloved’s bosom. The alleged dissection of a lover with a burnt heart is reported through Hoffmann and attributed to Plato, but the supplied edition does not authenticate either the Platonic source or the event. Its movement into Cupid’s cooking-pot emblem keeps the figurative register visible. Hearts also become love-tokens: “hearts divided” occur beside half-rings among rural gifts and observances.

A heart-burning eye kindles erotic feeling in Burton’s Spenser quotation, unlike the resentment named by heartburning elsewhere. Lovers also have cor proximum ori, a heart close to the mouth: Burton expands this into the heart leaping at the mouth amid trembling, panting and blushing. These are locally explained images and symptoms, not assertions that the organ moves out of its place.

Restoring and examining the heart

In the historical treatment scheme, cordials support the heart and spirits. Burton joins them to alteratives after evacuation, while the heart and brain are to be strengthened together. Wine is commended conditionally, when used moderately and at the proper time; the continuation warns that excess produces a sorrowful heart instead. Erastus’s joke about medicinal gold sharpens the difference between claimed bodily efficacy and the miser’s pleasure in possession: gold cheers him when it is in his money chest. The term also becomes figurative when reading Scripture is called the surest cordiall, a restorative for a mind burdened by care.

The literal animal heart appears in food and medicinal catalogues. Heart is among the internal parts condemned as hard to digest; a wolf’s heart may be carried as an amulet or eaten in an attributed remedy; os in corde cervi is the bone in a stag’s heart, listed among simples. These are material objects in Burton’s reports, not metaphors for courage or kindness. Their presence in a catalogue is not a recommendation to use them.

Relief can also address the person’s circumstances and feelings. Kind speech softens a hardened heart. Where possible and reasonable, friends should give the sufferer “his hearts content”; when that cannot be achieved, comfort and good counsel still have a place. The heart’s content here is the satisfaction of desire, not material located inside an organ. hearts ease is peace of mind, preferred to wealth or honour in the counsel on contentment. The same counsel urges hearty, or heartfelt, thanks for what one has received instead of anger about what is lacking.

The religious argument also exposes imagined hearts. A Latin satire compares credulous people with children who believe bronze statues live and possess a cor, a heart. Later, Apollidorus is said to have thought that his own heart spoke within him. Both are represented beliefs: the second passage preserves “as they say” and “as they think,” and the supplied note distinguishes Burton’s inward voice from the dream recounted in Plutarch.

The religious discussion uses the eyes of the heart for inward perception of virtue and divine beauty. Cleansing the heart prepares it to see; hardness describes resistance or the felt absence of repentance. But the cure of despair carefully prevents the latter feeling from becoming a final verdict. Someone distressed because the heart seems hard already desires a different condition. The desired sincere sorrow is accepted by God as repentance, although Burton explicitly distinguishes this acceptance from identity in nature. A touched heart is inwardly moved; Bradford’s answer to Careless explains a penitent and believing heart as one that desires repentance and belief, with the will accepted for the deed. Burton’s late consolation thus examines the quality of desire instead of treating the sufferer’s feeling of hardness as proof of rejection.

Related entries

Sorrow; Passion; Affection; Imagination; Spirits; Blood and sanguine; Anatomical arteries; Organical parts; Ventricle; Consent and essence; Conscience; Will and nill; Despair; Religious melancholy

Places to read

1. Unnumbered preliminary versethe hoped-for sensible reader, cordatus
2. Address to the reader · paragraph 9Democritus’s hearty laughter
3. Address to the reader · paragraph 7the burdened writer’s heart, divine approval, proverbial intellectual gifts and pitiless leaders’ flinty hearts
4. Address to the readerintention, concealed motives, oak substance, bodily interdependence and intellectual corculum in learned satire
5. Unnumbered Latin postscriptcordato, the sensible friend who may rebuke a critic
6. 1.1.2.2–4heart, spirits, bodily government and the physical action of passions
7. 1.1.2.8joy dilates and sorrow contracts the heart
8. 1.1.2.11the heart’s affections, the will and the qualifying possibility of restraint
9. 1.1.3.2dispute over the principal affected part and the heart’s sympathetic suffering
10. First Partition · paragraph 19denial that spirits know hidden thoughts, hearty food, hart as deer, heart as food, and imagination communicating with heart
11. First Partition, [printed 113], 148 [sequence; printed 144], 150resentment, care’s burning wordplay, understanding hearts, disheartening cruelty and taking injury to heart
12. First Partition · paragraph 48heart-related causes and bodily symptoms
13. 1.3.1.2Menedemus’s absent son and the heartache practical comforts cannot remove
14. First Partitionapparent heart-pain at the gastric opening, conditional organ signs, bodily heart-strings and the vapour explanation of palpitation
15. Second Partition · paragraph 26the sun’s heart in a reported cosmological ranking, within questions about other worlds
16. Second Partition, [296], 329–330, 353–354figurative cordial, gentle speech, satisfaction of desire, inwardly engraved resolve, heartfelt thanks and courage
17. Second Partitionanimal-heart remedies, medicinal gold, cordials and qualifications on wine
18. Third Partition · paragraph 31love’s definitions, sympathetic affection, the eyes of the heart, divided loves and tender-hearted charity
19. Third Partition · paragraph 19, 56–61conjugal agreement and the disputed bodily seat of erotic melancholy
20. Third Partition · paragraph 61the erotic heart-burning eye in Burton’s Spenser quotation
21. Third Partition · paragraph 9–11exchanged spirits, heart-at-mouth excitement, burnt and broken hearts, affectionate corculum, endearments and tokens
22. Third Partition, unnumbered verso afterfalse-hearted young men in the reciprocal criticism of lovers
23. Third Partition · paragraph 37the people’s hearts as loyalty supporting the ruler
24. Third Partition · paragraph 20heart-sick thoughts in the quoted description of jealousy
25. Third Partition · paragraph 22cordati and the sensible person’s consoling words
26. Third Partition · paragraph 36inward spiritual sight and the cleansed heart
27. Third Partition · paragraph 48–50the satirical belief that bronze statues live and have hearts
28. Third Partition · paragraph 8–10deceit known by God, the examiner of hearts
29. Third Partition · paragraph 41–43involuntary thoughts, the reported inward-speaking heart and the adjacent constrained reasoning of despair
30. Third Partitionconsolation for a seemingly hard heart and desired sincere repentance

In this edition

“Cordolium” becomes “heartache”. The previous Latin verse is translated independently, with slippers and dining couches, while Burton’s prose paraphrase keeps socks and bed. The explanatory note establishes the son’s absence rather than death. “Cardiaca passio” is translated “cardiac affection” before Burton’s own explanation of the gastric pain; that explanation must accompany the label.

The modern column translates Cor scissum as “a heart torn apart” before retaining Burton’s expanded English images. Similarly, gravidum cor supplies a burdened heart, while the abscess belongs to the larger head-and-heart construction. At the passage “heartburning” becomes “resentment”; “heart” becomes “courage”; and “cordiall” becomes “restorative.” No single rendering covers all these uses.

At the passage “my dear bowels” is modernized as “my dear heart,” while the source’s “my sweet heart” becomes “my sweetheart.” The modern word heart therefore cannot by itself establish an original occurrence of the same word. Source forms and their aligned constructions must be distinguished from words supplied or substituted by the edition.

The new Latin endearment corculum becomes “little heart,” whereas the honorific Corculum Theologiæ becomes “keen mind of theology.” These are distinct local uses of the diminutive family. “Dispart the heart” becomes “divide the heart,” preserving the divided-affection image.

a corculis

Printed “a corculis” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

Among the wise or keen-minded; corculis is a plural use associated here with intellectual distinction.

Context: Quoted praise of scholars immediately reversed by the following satire that they too require hellebore.

Source: original body

Source wording: Et esse a corculis datum est.

Original wording: esse a corculis

Modern rendering, Modern wording: to rank among the wise

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole infinitival construction

after gods own heart

Printed “after Gods own heart” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Original wording: after Gods own heart

Citation convention

Pleasing to God or conforming to his will; a phrase of approval rather than a bodily location.

Context: Burton invokes David’s favoured status while arguing that even revered figures acknowledge folly; following Psalm attribution is separately qualified in the supplied notes.

Source: original body

Source wording: David a man after Gods own heart

Modern rendering, Modern wording: after God’s own heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole idiomatic phrase

cardiaca passio

Printed “cardiaca passio” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: cardiaca passio

Citation convention

Historical cardiac affection immediately explained as pain at the stomach’s opening.

Context: Patient thinks the heart aches; Burton locates the described pain at stomach opening.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: cardiac affection

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: label only; its gastric explanation follows separately

cor

Printed “cor” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Heart as a supposed sign of animate human life inside a statue.

Context: The quoted satire attributes this belief to children and credulous people; Burton does not assert that the statues possess living hearts. Supplied apparatus identifies Lucilius as transmitted by Lactantius, distinct from the compressed printed citation.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: credunt signis cor inesse ahenis

Modern rendering, Modern wording: believe that bronze statues have a heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole reported-belief construction

cor dolo plenum

Printed “Cor dolo plenum” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Cor dolo plenum

Citation convention

Heart full of deceit, hidden from outward reputation but judged by God.

Context: He who examines heart is God; human public esteem is contrasted.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: a heart full of deceit

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

cor proximum ori

Printed “cor proximum ori” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: cor proximum ori

Citation convention

The heart close to the mouth: a figurative description of intense palpitation and agitation on seeing the beloved.

Context: Phrase attributed to Aristaenetus; emotional symptoms and bodily descriptions are mixed, without literal displacement of the organ.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: the heart is close to the mouth

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole Latin elliptical predication

cor scissum

Printed “Cor scissum” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Cor scissum

Citation convention

A heart torn apart; lover’s exaggerated distress.

Context: Burton’s catalogue of lovers’ extravagant speech; lover swears he has it.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: a heart torn apart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Latin noun phrase; following crushed/melted images are Burton’s separate expansion

corculum

Printed “corculum” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation key, Printed form, Original wording: corculum

Citation convention

Little heart, a diminutive term of affection for the beloved.

Context: Burton’s catalogue of lovers’ inflated and affectionate addresses; distinct from the intellectual corculum use.

Source: original body

Source wording: pretty diminutives, corculum, suaviolum

Modern rendering, Modern wording: little heart

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Corculum Theologiæ

Printed “Corculum Theologiæ” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Original wording: Corculum Theologiæ

Citation convention

Keen mind of theology, an honorific applied to Baconthorpe; the heart/mind diminutive functions as intellectual praise.

Context: Burton’s catalogue of learned titles within a skeptical rhetorical question about learning; not an affectionate address.

Source: original body

Source wording: Baconthrope, Dr. Resolutus, and Corculum Theologiæ

Modern rendering, Modern wording: keen mind of theology

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

cordatus

Printed “cordatus” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation key, Printed form, Original wording: cordatus

Citation convention

Sensible or judicious, qualifying the hoped-for kindly reader.

Context: Conditional invitation addressed to the book: if such a reader looks here; not bodily courage asserted.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording: Si quis cordatus, facilis, lectorque benignus

Modern rendering, Modern wording: sensible

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

cordatus · cordato

Printed “cordato” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Original wording: cordato

Citation convention

Sensible or judicious; ablative singular agreeing with amico, the friend who may rebuke an abusive critic.

Context: Hypothetical return of Hippocrates’ judgement upon the Abderites; original postscript, unnumbered scan leaf.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording: ab amico cordato

Modern rendering, Modern wording: sensible

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

cordatus · cordati

Printed “cordati” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Original wording: cordati

Citation convention

Sensible or discerning; genitive adjective qualifying the person whose consoling speech is recommended.

Context: Original marginal formulation supports comforting counsel; the cited historical episode and precise source remain uncollated.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording: quam cordati hominis sermone

Modern rendering, Modern wording: sensible

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation in Burton-labelled note; not original marginal wording.

cordial · cordials

Printed “cordials” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Remedies intended to strengthen heart and spirits after evacuating harmful matter.

Context: Historical therapeutic programme emphasizes mutual heart/brain affection.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: alteratives, cordials and such means

Modern rendering, Modern wording: alteratives, cordials and similar means

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole remedy list

cordial · cordiall

Printed “cordiall” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Surest restorative, used figuratively of reading Scripture.

Context: Burton recommends reading as mental relief; not an ingested medicine in this occurrence.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: surest cordiall

Modern rendering, Modern wording: the surest restorative

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole superlative noun phrase

cordolium

Printed “Cordolium” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Persistent heartache over Menedemus’s absent son, unrelieved by servants’ comforts.

Context: Burton retells Terence’s father; son abroad, not dead; no cardiac diagnosis asserted.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: that was his Cordolium, his pain, his agony which could not be removed

Modern rendering, Modern wording: That was his heartache, his pain, his agony, which could not be removed.

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole defining clause

could not finde in his heart

Printed “could not finde in his heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Could not bring himself to sell an aged working animal.

Context: Burton attributes to Cato; supplied note corrects to Plutarch’s own criticism of Cato.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: he could not finde in his heart to sell an old Ox

Modern rendering, Modern wording: He could not bring himself to sell an old ox

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole idiomatic clause

cura quasi cor uro

Printed “Cura quasi cor uro” (Latin; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Cura quasi cor uro

Citation convention

Care explained through the wordplay I burn the heart.

Context: Burton calls it common etymology; supplied note identifies wordplay, not verified historical derivation.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: cura, “care,” as though from cor uro, “I burn the heart.”

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole etymologizing construction, with editorial translations of both Latin units

delectation of the heart

Printed “delectation of the heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Delight in something desired or enjoyed within one definition of love.

Context: Body attributes definition to Augustine, margin to Godefridus; Scaliger immediately objects to desire-based definitions.

Source: original body

Source wording: a delectation of the heart

dishearten

Printed “disheartned” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Deprived of courage by excessively harsh upbringing.

Context: Children receive harm; parents and supervisors are criticized, moderation urged.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Preserve sequence and printed-number distinction exactly.

Source wording, Original wording: so disheartned and cowed

Modern rendering, Modern wording: so disheartened and cowed

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole adjective pair

dispart the heart

Printed “dispart the heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Divide the affections among competing kinds of love.

Context: Spenser’s verse as Burton prints it weighs kinship, erotic love and friendship, favouring virtuous friendship.

Source: original body

Source wording: And do dispart the heart with power extream

engrave it in my heart

Printed “engrave it in my heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Retain and inwardly adopt a maxim as a continuing resolve.

Context: Burton adopts the counsel of a purported tomb inscription; the historical attribution remains unverified.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: I will engrave it in my heart

Modern rendering, Modern wording: I will engrave that in my heart

Word and construction: The indexed expression is a component of the quoted construction.

Alignment convention

eyes of our hearts

Printed “eyes of our hearts” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Inward capacity to perceive and love justice or virtue despite bodily suffering.

Context: Augustinian passage as quoted; source Psalm locator corrected only in apparatus.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering, Modern wording: the eyes of our hearts

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole metaphorical phrase

false-hearted

Printed “false-hearted” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Deceitful or unfaithful in inward intention.

Context: Burton extends his criticism of difficult lovers reciprocally to young men; not an editorial generalisation about men.

Source: original body

Source wording: deceitful, false-hearted

flinty hearts

Printed “flinty hearts” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Pitiless determination of leaders who expend soldiers’ lives.

Context: Question quoted from unnamed author; figures and event narration remain reported.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: their flinty hearts

Modern rendering, Modern wording: the stony hearts

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: noun phrase; possessive redistributed into following relative clause

gravidum cor

Printed “gravidum cor” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: gravidum cor

Citation convention

A laden or burdened heart, explaining pressure relieved through writing.

Context: Burton’s account of his own purpose for writing; bodily metaphor.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: a burdened heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole Latin noun phrase; not the following pregnant head or abscess

hard hearted

Printed “hard hearted” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Cruel and unresponsive to dependants’ suffering.

Context: Masters are agents of frightening speech and harsh treatment.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Preserve sequence and printed-number distinction exactly.

Source wording, Original wording: hard hearted, and bitter to their servants

Modern rendering, Modern wording: hard-hearted and bitter towards their servants

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole description and target

hart

Printed “Hart” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

A deer in the food catalogue; a homograph distinct from heart spelled hart.

Context: Animal eaten as venison, not the organ or seat of emotion.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Hart and Red Deer

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Hart and red deer

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole coordinated naming phrase

heart · Heart · local use 1

Printed “Heart” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Principal organ of the chest and seat of the passions in Burton’s physiology.

Context: Burton’s anatomical exposition; the royal and solar metaphors accompany inherited physiological claims.

Source: original body

Source wording: the principal part is the Heart

Original wording: of this region the principal part is the Heart

Modern rendering, Modern wording: The principal organ of this region is the heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole clause; this region resumes surrounding context

heart · Heart · local use 2

Printed “Heart” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Heart as seat of emotion, following the brain in this explanation of primary affection.

Context: Argument answering heart-first objection; does not deny heart involvement.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: then the Heart, as the seat of Affection

Modern rendering, Modern wording: then the heart as the seat of emotion

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole sequential phrase

heart · local use 1

Printed “heart” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Organ receiving spirits’ communication of an imagined object and responding through humours.

Context: Imagination communicates; spirits mediate; heart pursues or avoids.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: the heart, the seat of all affections

Modern rendering, Modern wording: the heart, the seat of all emotions

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole apposition

heart · hart

Printed “hart” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Heart perceived as the site of pain actually described at the mouth of the stomach.

Context: Hart is spelling of heart here, not deer; perception distinguished from assigned site.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: the patient think his hart it self aketh

Modern rendering, Modern wording: the patient think the heart itself aches

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole perception clause; hart supplies heart

heart · local use 2

Printed “heart” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Courage, contrasted with empty or insolent talk.

Context: Burton counsels restraint in response to a quarrelsome person.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: where is least heart, is most tongue

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Where there is least courage, there is most talk

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole proverbial clause

heart · local use 3

Printed “heart” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

An oak’s central substance or vitality consumed in a comparison with predatory lawyers.

Context: Ivy/oak image applied to corrupt civic exploitation.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: untill it hath got the heart out of it

Modern rendering, Modern wording: until it has eaten out its heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole comparative clause

heart · hearts

Printed “hearts” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Affectionate loyalty joined to active support of a ruler.

Context: Composite Daniel panegyric quoted by Burton, not a statement of the lexicon writer’s political allegiance.

Source: original body

Source wording: all our hearts, and all our hands

heart is at their mouth

Printed “heart is at their mouth” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

The sensation or image of an excited heart rising into the mouth, in a lovers’ symptom catalogue.

Context: Burton’s English expansion of the preceding Latin heart-near-mouth image; retain its erotic setting rather than restrict it to fear.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: their heart is at their mouth, leaps

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Their heart leaps into their mouth

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole English predication

heart of the Sun

Printed “heart of the Sun” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A figurative cosmic centre or vital interior associated with the sun; the exact physical referent is not defined here.

Context: Burton reports a conclusion attributed to Kepler after unresolved questions about other worlds and humanity’s rank.

Source: original body

Source wording: neerest the heart of the Sun

heart spake

Printed “heart spake” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A bodily heart imagined as an inward speaker in Burton’s reported account.

Context: Apollidorus is said to think this; as they say/as they think qualify the adjacent demonic-voice discussion. Supplied note distinguishes Plutarch’s cauldron dream from Burton’s compression.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: thought his heart spake within him

Modern rendering, Modern wording: thought his heart spoke within him

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole perception/report clause

heart-burning eye

Printed “heart-burning eye” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

An eye that kindles erotic feeling; heart-burning here describes love’s figurative fire, not resentment.

Context: Spenser quotation as Burton prints it; supplied note records differences from familiar Spenser wording without replacing Burton.

Source: original body

Source wording: Driven with the power of an heart-burning eye

heart-sick

Printed “heart-sick” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Deeply distressed or sorrowful, qualifying the thoughts from which jealousy is said to arise.

Context: Quoted poetic description of jealousy; not an anatomical cardiac diagnosis.

Source: original body

Source wording: Of heart-sick thoughts which melancholy bred

heart-strings

Printed “heart-strings” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bodily strings or fibres associated with the heart, named alongside the midriff in a symptom list; the exact anatomical referent is not established here.

Context: Literal historical bodily complaint in the uterine-melancholy sequence; not the modern metaphor of pulling someone’s emotions. Avoid equating it with a particular modern cardiac structure.

Source: original body

Source wording: The midriffe and heart-strings do burn and beat very fearfully

heartache

Printed “heartake” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Aching paired with heaviness among reported bodily symptoms.

Context: Symptom catalogue ties effects to spleen and bodily excrements; not the literary Cordolium case.

Source: original body

Source wording: heavines of heart & heartake

heartburning

Printed “heartburning” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Resentment or interpersonal ill will among rivals.

Context: Social/emotional sense, not gastric complaint.

Source: original body

Source wording: private grudge, heartburning

heartily · local use 1

Printed “heartily” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

With vigour or feeling, describing Democritus’s laughter.

Context: Narrated habitual response to ridiculous sights, not a physiological diagnosis.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: laugh heartily

Modern rendering, Modern wording: laughed heartily

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole verb/adverb construction

heartily · local use 2

Printed “heartily” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Sincerely; here the sorrow desired by a distressed person, whose desire is accepted as repentance without being declared identical in nature.

Context: Burton addresses the person who cannot yet feel repentance; preceding potential/action distinction and subsequent lack of feeling are retained.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: to be heartily sorry

Modern rendering, Modern wording: to be sincerely sorry

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole infinitival construction; heartily alone supplies sincerely

hearts content

Printed “hearts content” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Satisfy the sufferer’s desire where practicable and appropriate.

Context: Conditional if it may conveniently be; subsequent counsel remains available when satisfaction impossible.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.

Source wording, Original wording: give him his hearts content

Modern rendering, Modern wording: give him his heart’s desire

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole idiomatic verb phrase

hearts divided

Printed “hearts divided” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Divided heart-tokens paired with half-rings in rural love observances.

Context: Verse about shepherds; material emblem, with inference grounded in immediate gift context.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: hearts divided, and half rings

Modern rendering, Modern wording: divided hearts and half-rings

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole pair; token identity inferred from preceding gifts and tokens

hearts ease

Printed “hearts ease” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Peace or ease of mind, preferred here to public honour.

Context: Counsel advocating contentment over wealth/glory; not herbal heartsease.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: so that I may have hearts ease

Modern rendering, Modern wording: provided I may have peace at heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole conditional preference clause

hearty · local use 1

Printed “hearty” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Substantial or sustaining, describing beef as food.

Context: Historical diet discussion condemns it for some while allowing it conditionally to strong healthy labourers.

Source: original body

Source wording: a strong and hearty meat

hearty · local use 2

Printed “hearty” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Heartfelt or sincere, describing gratitude for benefits received rather than substantial food.

Context: Burton’s counsel, attributed to Chrysostom, contrasts gratitude for what is received with anger about what is lacking.

Source: original body

Source wording: hearty thanks

illud angebat

Printed “illud angebat” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: illud angebat

Citation convention

That particular loss tormented the father.

Context: Implied him is Menedemus, that refers to absence of son.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: that tormented him

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole Latin clause

meum cor

Printed “meum cor” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: meum cor

Citation convention

My heart, an address to the beloved among endearments.

Context: Quoted love verse attributed to Marullus; not removed anatomical organ.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: my heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Latin phrase only

one heart in two bodies

Printed “one heart in two bodies” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Marital unity in agreeing what to desire and refuse.

Context: Normative should of conjugal love, not literal merged anatomy.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: have one heart in two bodies

Modern rendering, Modern wording: having one heart in two bodies

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole figurative construction

os in corde cervi

Printed “os in corde cervi” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: os in corde cervi

Citation convention

Bone in a stag’s heart, listed as a medicinal simple.

Context: Catalogue ascribed to Dondis; Latin and Burton’s English gloss separately represented.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: the bone in a stag’s heart

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

our heart evil

Printed “our heart evil” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Inward seat of affections portrayed as corrupted and as compelling the will, with the possibility of restraint qualified in the next passage.

Context: Burton’s fallen-nature argument, qualified by unless and divine precepts/Spirit in 026-41.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: our heart evil, the seat of our affections, captivates and enforceth our will

Modern rendering, Modern wording: our evil heart, the seat of our emotions, enslaves and compels our will

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole subject/apposition/predication; evil modifies heart

primum vivens, ultimum moriens

Printed “Primum vivens, ultimum moriens” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

First to live, last to die; traditional temporal claim about the heart.

Context: Historical claim summarized by Burton, not independently established embryology or physiology.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Primum vivens, ultimum moriens, it lives first, and dies last in all creatures

Modern rendering, Modern wording: In every creature it is the first to live and the last to die.

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Latin formula plus Burton’s English restatement combined in the modern sentence

quibus cor sapit

Printed “quibus cor sapit” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Original wording: quibus cor sapit

Citation convention

Whose hearts have understanding: cor carries intellectual judgement and sapit means is wise or has understanding here.

Context: Wise judges distinguish genuine judgement from vainglorious authors’ pretensions.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.

Source wording: in all wise mens judgments, quibus cor sapit

Modern rendering, Modern wording: whose hearts have understanding

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole Latin relative clause

secrets of a mans heart

Printed “secrets of a mans heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Hidden human thoughts, whose supposed accessibility to spirits Burton denies.

Context: Bodin’s claim rejected as most false; not an assertion that devils read minds.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: the secrets of a mans heart, aut cogitationes hominum

Modern rendering, Modern wording: the secrets of a person’s heart or people’s thoughts

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole English-Latin equivalence phrase

sweet heart

Printed “sweet heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

The beloved addressed affectionately, following Ficino’s exchanged-spirits example.

Context: Illustrative dialogue of Phaedrus and Lysias attributed to Ficino.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: my sweet heart Phædrus

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Phaedrus, my sweetheart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole address; name order changes

take it to heart

Printed “take it to heart” (English; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: take it to heart

Citation convention

Feel an understood humiliation or injury deeply.

Context: Conditional on apprehending the insult; distinct from the unaffected person who misses it.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: takes it to heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: idiomatic verb phrase

tender-hearted

Printed “tender-hearted” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Kind and compassionate in the moral account of divine charity.

Context: Scriptural exhortations assembled by Burton; the next passage conditions such conduct on a true inward disposition to love.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording, Modern rendering, Modern wording: courteous and tender-hearted

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole coordinated adjective phrase

tongue and heart

Printed “tongue and heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Outward speech contrasted with inward intention or disposition.

Context: Satirical accusation of disparity between profession and conduct.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: betwixt tongue and heart

Modern rendering, Modern wording: between tongue and heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole contrast phrase

touched heart

Printed “touched heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Heart inwardly moved, with sincere desire for repentance and reconciliation.

Context: Consolatory argument cited with Abernethy/Perkins; not a physical touch.

Source: original body

Source wording: if it be in a touched heart

wolfes heart

Printed “Wolfes heart” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Animal organ carried as an amulet or consumed in an attributed remedy.

Context: Mercurialis’s approval reported; carried and eaten remain distinct.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: a Wolfes heart born or eaten

Modern rendering, Modern wording: a wolf’s heart carried on the person or eaten

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole noun phrase and alternative uses

xenodotus heart

Printed “Xenodotus heart” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Xenodotus heart

Citation convention

Supposed proverbial intellectual gift in a satirical catalogue of learned folly.

Context: Reference unresolved in supplied notes; no independent claim about historical Xenodotus.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Xenodotus’s heart

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole possessive phrase