Affection

Use in the book

The usual contracted infinitive is φιλεῖν. The verb has a broad range: parents love Lysis (207d), people love horses, wine, exercise, and wisdom (212d), and the body is said to love medicine (217b). These are not all erotic relations.

The active participle ὁ φιλῶν means the one loving; the passive ὁ φιλούμενος means the one loved. At 212a–213c2 their relation to φίλος is tested in both directions. A person can love without being loved back, or can even be hated. ἀντιφιλέω explicitly supplies reciprocal love; reciprocity should not be smuggled into φιλέω alone.

At 215a–b2 the absence of need is made to imply an absence of cherishing and then of loving. At 221b–d2 desire and erotic love are taken to involve loving their objects, prompting a revised account of the cause of friendship. The English “love” should therefore be read with its grammatical subject, object, and immediate argument. It does not identify a single settled psychological theory.

Places to read

1. 212cὁ μὲν φιλεῖ, ὁ δὲ φιλεῖται — the one loves, the other is loved.
2. 207d
3. 212a–213c2
4. 215a–b2
5. 217b
6. 221b–d2

Use in the book

The Philebus extract describes soul and body sharing a single affection and movement, named perception. Porphyry subsequently distinguishes what bodies undergo from what is said of incorporeal things. The apparent sameness of vocabulary therefore conceals a question about whether the two subjects are affected in the same way.

Places to read

1. I.50.2bA shared affection and movement of soul and body is called perception.
2. I.49.21.1Bodily alteration is distinguished from the soul’s activities.
3. I.47.12.1The Timaeus extract introduces pleasant, painful, perceived, and unperceived affections.

Translation in this edition

“Affection” preserves the breadth of the noun. Where the syntax is verbal, “being affected” makes the relation clearer. Apathēs is “unaffected,” not automatically “unfeeling.”

Use in the book

In the account of Platonic faculties, reason should govern affections and affections govern appetites. The middle position gives affections an ordering function rather than treating them as identical to appetite. Elsewhere their multiplicity enlarges the heart. Domestic affections then appear as an exception within Joubert’s sweeping claim about the French inability to sustain lasting feelings. The claim is historically situated and categorical in his words; the lexicon should neither endorse the national stereotype nor quietly soften it into an established psychological law.

Places to read

1. I, p. 35–36, entry 1, ¶2Affections occupy a middle place between reason and appetites.
2. II, p. 512, entry 10, ¶1Many affections enlarge the heart.
3. II, p. 827, entry 8, ¶1Domestic affections qualify a national generalization.

Translation in this edition

The English translation uses affections in the faculty hierarchy and domestic affections in the social judgment, while sentimens in the latter becomes feelings. The pair therefore helps readers see a difference that a blanket translation as emotions would erase.

Use in the book

Traherne makes affections constitutive of the soul's beauty. In the miniature scheme at II.83 they provide its colours, while objects provide lineaments and actions graces. Their task is to answer real worth. Rational affection is therefore guided by clear causes and divine ends, and love requires an art of management if it is to become proportionable. Yet regulation does not mean narrowing the soul. Its multiplicity of affections equips it for an equally various inheritance; infinity supplies room in which desire and love can expand. Affections fail when socially taught desires detach them from their proper objects. They flourish when intellectual apprehension, valuation, and practical love become mutually supporting powers.

Places to read

1. II.69Rational affection is distinguished from mere appetite and rude propensity.
2. II.83Affections supply the colours of the soul’s developing form.
3. III.42The variety of affections equips human beings to enjoy their treasures.
4. V.3Infinite room prevents desires and affections from being imprisoned.

In this edition

Do not reduce “affections” to tenderness or treat them as intrinsically opposed to reason. Traherne expressly calls an affection rational.

Use in the book

An affectio here is often a condition or modification, not an emotion. A body's extension and its being affected are called kinds of passio: passivity or undergoing action. The patiens is the recipient of action, paired with the agens, the agent. Ficino initially denies that body precisely as body acts, then assigns bodily effects to form and quality. In reporting Plotinus, he describes dimensions and qualities as the earliest passive conditions of matter; he also reports a different distinction under which quality acts upon both its own and foreign matter, though insufficiently. The passage thus compares different philosophical formulations rather than offering one unqualified definition. In the argument for angels, action and passion are asymmetric: moving is prior to being moved, and Ficino reasons that the former may exist without the latter. “Passion” in this discussion does not normally mean a strong feeling or moral vice.

Further passage references. I.2.1–I.2.4234; I.3.19–I.3.202; I.4.2; I.5.19

Places to read

1. I.2.1–4234Body as body is passive; quantitative separation impedes agent, recipient and transmission.
2. I.3.19–202Different attributed accounts agree that bodily quality is not a sufficient first source of action.
3. I.5.19Moving is an action distinct from being moved, supporting the inference to unmoved movers.

Translation in this edition

The agent/patient wording preserves a causal opposition. At I.3.19, distinguish Ficino’s report of Plotinus from the alternative account introduced afterward; the two accounts assign different degrees of activity to quantity and quality.

afficio / affectio / passio

afficio / affectio / passio. Printed forms: affectioque; affici; passiones; passioni.

To be affected, a condition, and undergoing action. Extension and modification are called passivities of matter; these uses concern receptivity, not necessarily emotion or moral passion. References: I.2.1. See Affection and passivity.

agens / patiens

agens / patiens. Printed forms: agens; agenti; patiens; patienti.

The acting agent and the recipient undergoing action. Perfect natural action requires the agent’s power, readiness and close penetration of the patient; both may be impeded by quantitative division. References: I.2.2, I.2.4, I.2.10. See Affection and passivity.

movere / moveri

movere / moveri. Printed forms: movere; moveri.

To move something and to be moved. Ficino distinguishes action from passion and argues that the prior action can exist apart from the passion, supporting unmoved movers. References: I.5.19. See Affection and passivity.

passio / patiens / pati

passio / patiens / pati. Printed forms: passio; passiva; passivae; patiendi; patiens; patitur.

Undergoing or receptivity, not necessarily emotion. To be bounded involves passivity; primary matter and essence are called the first recipient in contrast to the first agent. References: II.4.1, II.4.5, II.6.5. See Affection and passivity.

pati / passio

pati / passio. Printed forms: passione; pati; patiatur; patiendique.

Undergo / being affected. A body’s passive role differs from soul’s acquisition of new activity and angel’s receptive formation. References: III.1.9, III.1.10, III.1.19. See Affection and passivity.

pati / passivus

pati / passivus. Printed forms: passivam; pati; patitur.

To undergo an effect; passive. Bodily action and suffering occur divisibly, temporal numbering affects operation, and bodily forms receive a passive alteration at the end of descent. References: IV.1.33, IV.2.8, IV.2.19. See Affection and passivity.

pati / patior

pati / patior. Printed forms: pati; patiatur; patitur; patiuntur.

To undergo or be acted upon. Fire is said to resist admixture while matter is universally receptive; the verb’s object determines the kind of passivity, not necessarily conscious suffering. References: I.2.5, I.2.6. See Affection and passivity.

subicere / tollere / removere

subicere / tollere / removere. Printed forms: subici; sublata; sublato; submota.

To subject to a limit or remove a supporting condition. Removing life stops motion in Ficino’s argument; removing good or preserving cause removes being. References: II.4.1, II.6.5, II.7.21. See Affection and passivity.

subire

subire. Printed forms: subire.

Enter or assume a condition. The first agent cannot assume the condition of a subject that receives qualities from another source. References: II.11.4. See Affection and passivity.

Use in the book

V.3 places matter and quantity at the passive extreme and God and angel at the active extreme. Quality and soul occupy intermediate positions, but do not share equally in bodily passivity. Quality inheres in a passive body and undergoes change both in operation and essence. Soul may experience bodily affection in its operative capacity while its essence remains free of such passion. The contrast is a theory of ontological dependence, not a claim that sorrow, pain or sensory interruption never occurs.

V.5.9 explains why hostile elemental qualities can destroy a bodily composite but cannot enter the soul’s immaterial essence: matter is the first subject exposed to those passions, and quantity and quality share that exposure through matter. The storm of elements and the battling qualities personify that conflict. Separable essence lacks the material receptive capacity through which a contrary would injure it.

V.6 and V.8234 do not therefore exclude every kind of reception. An indivisible image or spiritual form can perfect a recipient without material alteration. The soul’s receiving knowledge is not the same process as a hot body receiving cold. V.1523456789101112131415161718192021222324252627’s sleep discussion likewise distinguishes interruption of bodily sensation from loss of the soul’s own power. Reading every occurrence of “affected” as corruption would undo distinctions the proof expressly needs.

Places to read

1. V.3.1Active/passive ranking permits operative affection without essential corruption.
2. V.5.9, V.6.1The material basis of destructive passion is contrasted with nondestructive reception.
3. V.8.3The soul receives according to its own spiritual mode.
4. V.15.23, V.15.24Sleep inhibits bodily sense without, on Ficino’s account, removing psychic power.

Translation in this edition

The translation retains technical “passion” alongside the more explanatory “passivity.” At V.5.9 potentia separabilis is adverbial, “separable in potency”; it must not be confused with the distinct potency for receiving hostile qualities later in the unit.

expers

expers. Printed forms: expers; expertem.

Without a share in something or devoid of it. Soul's essence is without bodily passion; prime matter is devoid of forms of its own. The privation has a different object in each case. References: V.3.1, V.4.1. See Passivity and bodily affection.

hostilis / noxius

hostilis / noxius. Printed forms: hostile; noxiam; noxium.

Hostile or harmful, qualifying the destructive kind of reception under discussion. The argument does not exclude all reception; it excludes a material openness to something that would destroy the soul's essence. References: V.5.9, V.8.3. See Passivity and bodily affection.

inquinare

inquinare. Printed forms: inquinabitur; inquinat.

To stain or defile by receiving something alien. A contrary quality may stain matter-bound forms, but cannot enter and corrupt the separate rational essence. References: V.5.9, V.14.8. See Passivity and bodily affection.

passio

passio. Printed forms: passionem; passioni; passionis; passionum.

An undergoing or being affected, especially destructive material alteration in these proofs. Ficino permits bodily affection in operative capacity but excludes it from the soul's essence; not every reception is such a passion. References: V.3.1, V.5.9, V.8.3. See Passivity and bodily affection.

passivus / activus

passivus / activus. Printed forms: activa; activi; passiva; passivum.

Passive and active, marking capacities to undergo or to originate action. Matter and quantity occupy the passive extreme, God and angel the active; quality and soul differ in their intermediate participation. References: V.3.1. See Passivity and bodily affection.

percipere (undergoing affection)

percipere (undergoing affection). Printed forms: percipit.

To receive or undergo an affection in this construction, rather than necessarily to apprehend an object cognitively. The soul receives a certain bodily passion in its operative capacity while its essence remains exempt. The sense is controlled by corporalem aliquam percipit passionem and differs from the cognitive use of percipere elsewhere. References: V.3.1. See Passivity and bodily affection.

procella / tempestas

procella / tempestas. Printed forms: procella; tempestate.

A storm, metaphor for conflicting bodily qualities. The soul stands above the elemental storm, while forms contracted to body are disturbed by it. References: V.5.9, V.7.2. See Passivity and bodily affection.

violentia

violentia. Printed forms: violentia; violentiam.

Violence or externally imposed force. The matter proof tests whether any agent can destroy the underlying foundation; the soul proof excludes a bodily force separating essence from itself. References: V.4.2, V.4.6, V.4.8, V.8.3. See Passivity and bodily affection.

Use in the book

Conditions and properties

Fernel’s definition of disease calls it an affection of the body contrary to nature. Affection supplies the general sense condition; contrary to nature makes that condition pathological. The original marginal Latin supplies the same relation. Other bodily uses are neutral: the four humours have their several affections, the properties distinguishing them from one another and from faulty humours. Life and death are called concomitants or affections of the vegetative faculty, while sleep and waking are affections of the senses. Neither phrase makes ordinary sleep or life an illness.

In the initial controversy over the part affected, Affection turns the question from bodily site to which mental faculty is impaired: imagination, reason or both. The modern rendering supplies “faculty affected” to express that question; affection itself means the impairment rather than being a general synonym for faculty. Burton’s eventual settlement distinguishes initial imaginative disorder from reason’s later involvement.

In the account of erotic melancholy, affections of the brain does mean disorders. Burton’s preference for a brain-based account rests upon impaired imagination; he then rehearses rival claims for liver, heart and blood and qualifies the involvement of reason by violence or duration of illness. The nearby statement that many place affections in the heart concerns passions, illustrating how quickly the same word shifts with its referent. These medical senses explain why fondness alone cannot interpret either the disease definition or this classification of erotic melancholy.

“Proper affection” names the brain’s own disorder, contrasted with vapours arriving from other parts. Proper distinguishes a locally arising condition from one communicated by physiological sympathy; it does not mean an appropriate or morally good feeling.

The grammatical forms can clarify the difference between undergoing a condition and producing one. The heart and brain are both “affected” by a malady, then “affect one another”: the first is their disordered condition, the second their reciprocal action. Beyond human feelings, an original Latin margin speaks of “affectiones syderum,” stellar influences added to the supposed causes of illness. Another describes the “affectu ramorum,” disposition of palm branches, interpreted in a personified story as a sign of love. These remain the historical causal and natural-history accounts in which the words occur.

Emotions, their objects and their effects

In the social satire, people led wholly by affection follow feeling or partiality without judgment. The same crowd applauds someone in favour and turns against him in disgrace, like village dogs all barking when one begins. This is affection’s power to bias evaluation.

Elsewhere in the satire, those “not affected as he is” are people differently minded from a dogmatist. “Affect difficult things” means seek them out, in Democritus’s complaint about unstable desires in the pseudonymous Hippocratic story; Hippocrates replies that necessity and uncertainty explain many choices. These uses describe orientation and pursuit, rather than disease or counterfeit feeling.

The faculty account makes affections responses to good and bad objects, distinguishing present enjoyment, absent desired good, present evil and feared future evil. It describes expansion or contraction of the heart and goes on to compound emotions. In the passage from transient disposition to settled disorder, neglected Affects are repeated disturbances said, through Seneca’s comparison, to become disease. Differences in bodily constitution and resistance qualify how severely different people are affected. That account expressly calls them “natural, and not to be resisted”; its wording should remain visible beside the book’s counsels to govern excessive passions. The original Seneca margin uses plural “affectus” for passions, unlike the bodily condition in Fernel’s definition.

A local distinction attributed to Scaliger calls tears actions rather than affections. It separates an outward bodily operation from a state undergone, within an account of mental movements and their physical expression. Elsewhere the verb affect makes direction of influence explicit: bodily disease affects the soul through sympathy, just as emotions can harm the body. Here the body is the source of influence; consent is their shared responsiveness, not an agreement made by the sufferer.

Inclination, attachment and reciprocity

The definitions of love show that an affection can be an orientation towards a good. Leone Ebreo’s formulation calls love voluntary affection and desire for enjoyment. Scaliger challenges definitions through appetite because love can remain after desire is satisfied; his alternative makes it the disposition by which union is obtained or continued. Burton lays these accounts together without erasing their disagreement about desire and enjoyment.

Ordinary attachment is equally real. Spenser’s quoted verse speaks of dear affection towards kindred, then compares it with erotic love and friendship. The financially grateful dependant is affectioned towards his patron, though Burton’s exaggeration makes the material basis of that devotion conspicuous. In erotic service the lover is affectionate and reshapes himself to her affections, meaning her wishes or inclinations. The pronouns matter: the lover is accommodating another person’s desires, not merely intensifying his own feeling.

The inability to command love becomes explicit in the tale of an enslaved maid who claims her soul remains free. Burton’s following maxim and counsel to parents reject the assumption that people can love whoever is appointed for them; mutual response is required. The verb affect has this loving sense in the earlier report of a woman forced to marry someone she could not love. These are concrete uses of attachment, not metaphors for bodily affection.

Attraction, assumption and accomplishment

A “natural inbred affection” is a supposed affinity or magnetic power stirring desire, not a declaration that the beautiful woman loves the observer. In a different construction, “affecting a more speedy alteration” means bringing about a quicker change: the proposed change redirects the lover’s attachment to another person.

Burton’s account of speaking through Democritus distinguishes someone who “affects or acts” a role from someone who really is that person. His denial of verbal “affectation” likewise concerns deliberate stylistic display, although the sentence itself is highly ornate. The Latin family has a further construction in the original marginal description of scholarly honours: people “maximis honoribus afficiuntur,” receive the highest honours. They are recipients of distinction, not sufferers from illness.

Corrupt and hopeful dispositions

In religious controversy, corrupt affection is the common root Burton assigns to atheism, idolatry, heresy and hypocrisy, but he immediately distinguishes their growth, symptoms, occasions and remedies. The shared root does not make the categories interchangeable. This moral sense differs again from the hopeful affection of the penitent: a person can desire repentance before performing it. Burton’s continuation says that desire counts as repentance in God’s acceptance, while retaining the distinction from repentance in its nature.

The related adjective affected has another ordinary use in the account of smiles. There it describes a composed, artificial expression intended to entice. The following paragraph also admits that lovers misread ordinary friendliness as favour. An affected smile is not a diseased smile, and an observer’s interpretation is not proof of the person’s intention.

Related entries

Passion; Perturbation; Appetite; Bowels; Humour; Faculty; Habit and disposition; Action; Judgment; Religious melancholy; Will and nill

Places to read

1. · paragraph 24–26disclaimed affectation of verbal ornament within ornate authorial self-presentation
2. · paragraph 9–16affect as seek out, in Democritus’s speech and Hippocrates’s reply
3. · paragraph 4–6emotion and partiality in unstable collective approval and blame
4. · paragraph 21–23affected as disposed or minded, in the satire of dogmatic judgment
5. · paragraph 32–34afficiuntur as receiving honours, in a cited institutional report
6. · paragraph 21–23affects as assuming a role in Burton’s defence of his persona
7. · paragraph 2a condition contrary to nature in Fernel’s disease definition; original Latin in note 1448
8. · paragraph 14–16neglected emotional disturbances becoming disease; English Affects and original Latin affectus
9. · paragraph 29distinctive properties of bodily humours
10. · paragraph 35life and death as concomitant conditions; continue through Subsection 5. The soul and its faculties · paragraph 36
11. · paragraph 21sleep and waking as sensory states, with physiology in Subsection 7. The internal senses · paragraph 22
12. · paragraph 28emotions arising from objects; mixed states follow at Subsection 8. The moving faculty · paragraph 29
13. · paragraph 19–23affection as the impairment considered by which mental faculty it affects, followed by the qualified settlement
14. · paragraph 13–15affectiones syderum as stellar influences in reported medical astrology
15. · paragraph 43affect as love in a reported coerced-marriage case
16. · paragraph 47bodily disease acting upon the soul through sympathy; read MEMBER 5 SUBSECTION 1 Immediate, internal, antecedent and proximate causes… · paragraphs 46–48
17. · paragraph 5–7proper affection as the brain’s own disorder, contrasted with communicated disturbance
18. · paragraph 9Scaliger’s distinction between tears as actions and affections
19. · paragraph 17–19affected organs and reciprocal action, within historical treatment claims
20. · paragraph 28voluntary inclination in the definition of love; read competing accounts at SUBSECTION 2 Love’s origin, object, definition and divisions · paragraphs 28–31
21. · paragraph 32devotion to a benefactor, following the discussion of profit at MEMBER 2 SUBSECTION 1 Human love, which varies with its objects: the useful… · paragraph 31
22. · paragraph 31family attachment compared with erotic love and friendship; read MEMBER 3 Charity combining all three kinds of love Pleasant profitable and… · paragraphs 30–32
23. · paragraph 28–31affectu ramorum, the disposition of branches in the palm-love story
24. sequence [446 printed 246]brain disorders and neighbouring emotional usage; full context SUBSECTION 2 How love tyrannizes over human beings. Love, or heroical… · paragraphs 60–64
25. · paragraph 12–14affection as supposed natural affinity or magnetic attraction
26. · paragraph 35affected smiles as contrived expressions; misinterpretation follows at Artificial attractions of love and incitements to lust Gestures Clothes Dowry… · paragraph 36
27. · paragraph 1the beloved’s inclinations and the affectionate lover’s service
28. · paragraph 1–7affecting as bringing about a change of attachment; reported counsels and river analogy
29. and unnumbered scan leaf PDF688affections cannot be commanded; the reciprocity argument continues onto the unnumbered leaf
30. · paragraph 20corrupt inclinations as a common root with distinct outcomes; continue through MEMBER 2 SUBSECTION 1 Religious Melancholy from Deficiency: Those… · paragraph 21
31. inward desire before action; read Treatment of despair through medicine, good counsel, consolation, and so on · paragraphs 7–9 for the acceptance/nature distinction

In this edition

“Affection of the body” becomes “condition of the body”; “affections of the brain” becomes “disorders of the brain”; and “corrupt affection” becomes “corrupt passions.” These three local choices preserve condition, pathology and moral disposition without forcing one equivalent throughout. The neutral uses are equally explicit: humours’ affections become “properties,” and sleep and waking become “states” of the senses.

At the passage “the Affection” becomes “the faculty affected,” with faculty supplied to make the question explicit. “Her affections” becomes “her inclinations,” while the adjective affectionate remains. “Could not affect” becomes “could not love”; “affectioned” becomes “affectionate.” Finally, “penitent in affection” becomes “penitent in desire,” preserving its contrast with action. The same spelling family thus passes from states undergone to preferences, loving attachment and inward intention, with exact grammatical relations deciding the rendering.

“Affect difficult things” becomes “seek out difficulties”; the theatrical “affects” becomes “puts on”; “affecting” an alteration becomes “bring about” a change. In “without all affectation of big words,” the noun construction is recast as “without affecting grand words.” The marginal “affectus,” “affectiones syderum,” “affectu ramorum” and “afficiuntur” align with their editorial translations, separately from the modern body.

affect

Printed “affect” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Seek out or pursue as an object of desire.

Context: Democritus is speaking in Burton’s retelling of the pseudonymous Hippocratic letter, ridiculing unstable desires; Hippocrates replies by appealing to necessity and uncertain outcomes.

Source: original body

Source wording: Others affect difficult things

affect · affects

Printed “affects” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Puts on or assumes a role.

Context: Burton distinguishes an assumed dramatic persona from what the speaker actually is, defending his Democritus persona and patchwork of authorities.

Source: original body

Source wording: him that affects or acts a Princes, a Philosophers, a Magistrates, a Fools part

affect · affecting

Printed “affecting” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bringing about or accomplishing.

Context: The object is a quicker alteration of the lover’s attachment, not an emotional state named affecting. Burton proposes praising a replacement beloved while disparaging the former one; the continuation gives literary and medical authorities without proving efficacy.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: for the better affecting a more speedy alteration

Modern rendering, Modern wording: to bring about a quicker change

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The purpose phrase is aligned; modern quicker expresses more speedy, while better is absorbed into the purpose of accomplishing the change rather than translated separately.

affect (noun)

Printed “Affects” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Emotional disturbances that, when frequent and neglected, are said to become disease.

Context: Seneca is invoked in the transition from passing disposition to established habit; strength of humour and capacity of resistance qualify the outcome.

Source: original body

Source wording: many Affects contemned

affect (verb) · affect · local use 1

Printed “affect” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Love or feel attraction towards a person.

Context: The young woman is the subject and her imposed husband the object; the story is reported from Platter.

Source: original body

Source wording: whom she could not affect

affect (verb) · affect · local use 2

Printed “affect” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Act upon or alter the state of something.

Context: Bodily disease is the acting source here; consent means physiological sympathy, not willing agreement.

Source: original body

Source wording: bodily diseases affect the soul by consent

affectation

Printed “affectation” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Deliberate or ostentatious adoption of a manner, here grand verbal ornament.

Context: Burton disclaims ornate stylistic display in an elaborately ornamented sentence; the denial is authorial self-presentation, not proof that the text has no rhetorical artifice.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: without all affectation of big words

Modern rendering, Modern wording: without affecting grand words

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The original noun construction is recast as a verbal gerund phrase in the modern sentence; the entire construction, not noun alone, is aligned.

affected · local use 1

Printed “affected” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Deliberately contrived or assumed in appearance.

Context: Adjectives qualify smiles; this is affectation of expression, not being medically afflicted.

Source: original body

Source wording: counterfeit, composed, affected, artificial and reciprocal

affected · local use 2

Printed “affected” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Disposed or minded, here sharing another person’s feelings and opinion.

Context: The dogmatist judges people unlike himself foolish; the phrase concerns disposition rather than disease or artificial display.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: that are not affected as he is

Modern rendering, Modern wording: who does not share his feelings

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Original plural people understood from all idiots and asses is rendered under modern singular everyone; the relative clause is aligned with that grammatical recasting explicit.

affected · local use 3

Printed “affected” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Disordered or impaired by a disease.

Context: Heart and brain are the subjects of passive affected; in the following clause the same organs actively influence each other. Usually qualifies their joint involvement. The passage’s treatment recommendations remain historical.

Source: original body

Source wording: the heart and brain, which are commonly both affected in this malady, and do mutually affect one another

affection · Affection · local use 1

Printed “Affection” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

A condition or state of the body; the added contrary-to-nature qualification makes it disease.

Context: Fernel’s definition is one among several reported medical definitions, not a claim that every affection is pathological.

Source: original body

Source wording: an Affection of the body, contrary to Nature

affection · affections · local use 1

Printed “affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Distinctive properties of the four bodily humours.

Context: The humours are the bearers of these properties; no emotional state of a person is being attributed to them.

Source: original body

Source wording: they have their several affections

affection · affections · local use 2

Printed “affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Conditions or necessary concomitants of vegetative life, here life and its privation.

Context: Burton gives the faculty’s concomitants, not a list of illnesses or feelings.

Source: original body

Source wording: Necessary concomitants or affections of this Vegetal facultie, are life, & his privation, death

affection · affections · local use 3

Printed “affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

States of the senses, specifically sleeping and waking.

Context: The senses are what undergo these conditions; the continuation supplies a physiological account.

Source: original body

Source wording: The affections of these senses, are Sleepe and Waking

affection · affections · local use 4

Printed “affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Emotional responses to objects taken as good or evil, present or absent.

Context: The faculty account explicitly calls these affections natural and not to be resisted, against its representation of the Stoics; it traces bodily effects and then adds mixed emotions. This wording should not silently become a claim that all feelings must always be suppressed.

Source: original body

Source wording: All affections and perturbations arise out of these two fountaines

affection · affections · local use 5

Printed “affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

States undergone, distinguished here from acts such as the production of tears.

Context: Scaliger’s local distinction within the explanation of bodily expressions of feeling; it is not a denial that sorrow is an emotion.

Source: original body

Source wording: Neither are tears, affections, but actions

affection · local use 1

Printed “affection” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

An inclination that unites one with the beloved or maintains that union.

Context: Scaliger’s alternative definition challenges definitions by appetite because love continues after desire is satisfied.

Source: original body

Source wording: an affection by which we are either united to the thing we love, or perpetuate our union

affection · affections · local use 6

Printed “affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Disorders of the brain, among which erotic melancholy is classified.

Context: Burton favours the brain because imagination is impaired; the continuation reports rival seats and distinguishes sequence of faculty impairment.

Source: original body

Source wording: the affections of the brain

Source page qualification: Paired label says 446; original note identifies the printed numeral 246.

affection · affections · local use 7

Printed “affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The beloved’s inclinations or wishes to which a lover adapts himself.

Context: He is the adapting lover; her affections are the preferences accommodated.

Source: original body

Source wording: He composeth himself wholly to her affections, to please her

affection · Affections

Printed “Affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Amorous inclinations that cannot simply be imposed by command.

Context: A story of an enslaved maid introduces Burton’s maxim; the following counsel applies it to imposed marriages.

Source: original body

Source wording: Affections are free, not to be commanded

affection · local use 2

Printed “affection” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

An inward disposition or desire to repent, distinguished from actual performance.

Context: Consolation answers inability to repent; the next paragraph says desire counts as repentance in God’s acceptance, not in nature.

Source: original body

Source wording: penitent in affection, though not yet in action

affection · Affection · local use 2

Printed “Affection” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The impairment under discussion, considered according to which mental faculty it affects.

Context: Burton changes from the bodily part affected to the mental faculty impaired and reports disagreement; later he gives a duration-qualified settlement.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: As many doubts almost arise about the Affection: whether it be Imagination or Reason alone, or both

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Almost as many doubts arise about the faculty affected: whether imagination alone, reason alone or both

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied or implicit wording: The modern text supplies faculty to express the topic of the question, rather than translating Affection as a standalone synonym for faculty.

affection · affections · local use 8

Printed “affections” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Emotions or passions, in a reported view locating them in the heart.

Context: This is a reported location of emotions alongside Guaineri’s assignment of erotic melancholy to the brain; it is distinct from disorders of the brain in the preceding use.

Source: original body

Source wording: though many put all the affections in the heart

affection · local use 3

Printed “affection” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Emotion or partiality guiding collective approval and blame without judgment.

Context: Burton’s social satire contrasts feeling-driven public opinion with judgment; favour and disgrace reverse collective response.

Source: original body

Source wording: men wholly led by affection

affection · local use 4

Printed “affection” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Natural affinity or attractive power.

Context: Burton asserts a hidden magnetic attraction in the beautiful woman which moves the observer’s desire; this proposed power is not the woman’s declared loving intention. The preceding hermit story does not directly answer the question about congenital blindness.

Source: original body

Source wording: a magnetique power, a natural inbred affection

affectionate

Printed “affectionate” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Devoted and loving, here in the language of the lover’s service.

Context: The adjective belongs to the lover represented as subordinate to his mistress; the passage compares love to tyranny.

Source: original body

Source wording: her most devote, obsequious, affectionate servant and vassall

affectioned

Printed “affectioned” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Devoted or attached to a benefactor.

Context: Burton’s exaggerated praise exposes dependence and self-interest in attachment purchased by gain.

Source: original body

Source wording: most devote, affectioned, and bound in all duty

affectiones syderum

Printed “affectiones syderum” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

Stellar influences, represented as contributing causes.

Context: Original Latin margin placed beside reported physicians’ support for stellar causation; the claim is historical astrology and the printed Carto remains uncorrected.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: accedunt ad has causas affectiones syderum

Modern rendering, Modern wording: the influences of the stars are added to these causes

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: independently checked against supplied marginal quotation and its editorial translation, not the modern body

affectus · local use 1

Printed “affectus” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

A bodily condition, qualified as contrary to nature in a definition of disease.

Context: Original Fernel quotation in the margin; its editorial English translation is a separate layer.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: Morbus est affectus contra naturam corpori insidēs

Modern rendering, Modern wording: disease is a condition contrary to nature residing in the body

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: Original marginal quotation distinguished from editorial translation within Burton-labelled note

affectus · local use 2

Printed “affectus” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Passions or emotional disturbances.

Context: Plural subject in the original Seneca margin; frequency and neglect are the conditions said to turn passions into disease, not part of a claim that every affection is disease.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: affectus frequentes contemptiq; morbum faciunt

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Repeated and disregarded passions produce disease

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: independently checked against supplied marginal quotation and its editorial translation, not the modern body

affectus · affectu

Printed “affectu” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Disposition or inclination of branches, made a sign of supposed desire.

Context: A palm tree is the grammatical subject of significat in the original Latin margin. The context interprets bending branches through personified mutual love; it does not establish the botanical report as fact.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: affectu ramorum

Modern rendering, Modern wording: by the disposition of her branches

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: independently checked against supplied marginal quotation and its editorial translation, not the modern body

Supplied or implicit wording: Her makes explicit the branches’ relation to the feminine palm subject in the Latin context.

afficere

Printed “afficiuntur” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Are awarded or provided with, here receiving honours.

Context: Passive verb: those successful in learning receive honours in the original Osório quotation; the actual awarding agents are not named. The report supports Burton’s imagined civic arrangements without independently verifying Chinese practice.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: maximis honoribus afficiuntur

Modern rendering, Modern wording: receive the highest honours

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The passive Latin construction is recast with receive in the editorial translation; the understood people remain recipients, not awarders.

Edition note: independently checked against supplied marginal quotation and its editorial translation, not the modern body

corrupt affection

Printed “corrupt affection” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Disordered passion or inclination presented as a common root of religious errors.

Context: Burton’s polemical classification immediately distinguishes the errors’ different development and remedies.

Source: original body

Source wording: indulgence to corrupt affection

dear affection

Printed “dear affection” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Tender attachment towards family.

Context: In quoted Spenser verse, kinship love competes with erotic love and virtuous friendship.

Source: original body

Source wording: The dear affection unto kindred sweet

proper affection

Printed “proper affection” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

An organ’s own disorder, distinguished from disturbance communicated from elsewhere.

Context: The brain is disordered in itself or by physiological sympathy; proper means its own, not fitting or morally correct.

Source: original body

Source wording: by himself or his proper affection

voluntary affection

Printed “voluntary affection” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

An inclination of the mind directed towards enjoying a good.

Context: Definition reported through Leone Ebreo, followed by a distinction between desire for absent good and enjoyment of present good.

Source: original body

Source wording: Love is a voluntary affection, and desire to enjoy that which is good