Blood

Use in the book

The Empedoclean verses identify blood around the heart with thought, introduced by the reporter as an account of blood as an instrument of understanding. The Hermetic passage rejects the inference that soul is blood, explaining coagulation through the prior withdrawal of spirit. The Timaeus extract describes blood as the nourishment of flesh and the whole body.

Places to read

1. I.49.53.11Heart-blood is connected with thought.
2. I.47.9.2Blood is distinguished from soul in an account of death.
3. I.60.1.18Blood nourishes and replenishes the body.

Translation in this edition

The English keeps “blood” constant while preserving the different relations asserted: identity in a verse, instrument in its introduction, and bodily nourishment elsewhere.

Use in the book

The early physiological report makes nourishment become blood in the liver. The judgment on anger gives it a place in the blood but refuses it authority in the mind. Rousseau’s thoughts are imagined with pomp, colors, flesh and blood that might be stripped away. The conditional sequence leaves its consequence unstated. Conversely, nobility of soul is said to come from heaven or light, not blood: genealogy cannot itself confer the spiritual dignity being praised.

Places to read

1. I, p. 35–36, entry 1, ¶9Blood is described within a historical account of nutrition.
2. I, p. 422, entry 7, ¶1Anger belongs in blood but not in the governing mind.
3. II, p. 767, entry 6, ¶1Rousseau’s thoughts are imagined with removable flesh and blood.
4. II, p. 915, entry 9, ¶1Spiritual nobility is distinguished from descent.

Translation in this edition

The English translation interprets the evident printed sans in the first physiological sentence as blood, while retaining the French anomaly. The bodily and hereditary metaphors remain recognizably “blood.”

Use in the book

The book does not leave blood at the level of an abstract emblem. Christ's dryness, wounds, and exhausted body insist on the physical extremity of suffering. Yet the sight must be interpreted through the love of the sufferer: the visible wounds alone are too small to contain the full understanding of eternal love. Blood unites the redeemed community and obliges the speaker to a corresponding generosity with his own life, estate, and time. This does not turn every form of violence into holiness. The opening method explicitly prefers peace to bloodshed; the value of Christ's blood lies in loving sacrifice and redemption, not in injury as such.

Places to read

1. I.4The speaker’s promised advancement proceeds by peace rather than bloodshed.
2. I.64Bloody wounds require knowledge of Christ’s person and love to become fully intelligible.
3. I.79The blood of the Cross unites the Church and prompts the offering of one’s own resources.
4. I.89The bodily desolation of the crucified Christ is described without softening its violence.

In this edition

“Blood” ranges from the physical substance to sacrificial and communal meaning. Read the devotional transfer through its stated relation to Christ rather than treating it as an interchangeable ornament for love.

Use in the book

In B98 earth meets Hephaestus, rain, and shining aither in roughly equal quantities, with small departures from exact equality allowed. Blood and forms of other flesh result. The recipe places blood within the general account of compounded mortal substances. It is not an additional root, nor is it given a mysterious material origin separate from flesh.

B1002 then describes what blood does. As it withdraws inward from the bodily passages, aither enters; when blood surges back, breath is expelled. The alternating movement, rather than a modern account of oxygen exchange or circulatory anatomy, is the mechanism made visible by the clepsydra comparison. In both body and vessel, a fluid’s movement is coordinated with the movement of air. The description is rhythmic, and the final line specifies an equal return of breath.

B105 is more concentrated and more startling: the blood surrounding human hearts is thought. The preceding image is of seas of blood leaping to and fro. This joins cognition to the same active bodily material that the respiration passage sets in motion. It would be misleading to retain only the locative paraphrase “thought is in the heart,” since the verse explicitly names the surrounding blood.

Blood also appears in the vocabulary of killing and defilement elsewhere in the book. Those ethical and ritual uses should not erase the physiological specificity of B98, B1002, and B105. A single substance participates in several explanatory domains; the lexicon must keep their contexts legible rather than assume that every occurrence makes the same claim.

Places to read

1. B 98Blood and the forms of other flesh arise from near-equal contributions.
2. B 100.1–8, 22–2523The inward and outward movement of soft blood governs the alternating movement of breath.
3. B 105Pericardial blood is identified with human thought.
4. B 150The liver is described as blood-rich.

Translation in this edition

The English “blood” represents αἷμα in these physiological passages but φόνον at B100.4; the Greek terms are distinct. The central physiological statements should be cited by their full local argument: the identification of blood with thought is precise for B105 but is not a summary of every use of blood in the poem.

Use in the book

A74 makes blood's approach to and retreat from the surface drive the entry and expulsion of air. A782 derives sweat and tears from blood melting, thinning, and dispersing; Plutarch offers the related comparison of a tear pressed out from disturbed blood like whey from milk. A85 locates the heat whose moderate cooling yields sleep, and complete cooling death, in the blood. A79's Soranus describes blood-like and breath-like material conveyed through umbilical vessels before attributing their implantation into the liver specifically to Empedocles. That introductory physiology must not all be transferred to him automatically. A76 also presents blood as one candidate for that with which we think, but the Platonic speech does not name Empedocles. Thought in blood receives a fuller independent dossier in A862345678910111213 and deserves its own entry. Together these uses make blood a central medium of life, movement, and bodily products. They do not describe modern circulation, specify blood chemistry, or demonstrate that all witnesses share one exact material recipe. The ratio doctrine concerns differentiated mixtures; it is not enough on its own to settle the identity of blood, mind, and soul. A4 adds Hippo's objection that seed is moist but is not blood, directed against unnamed thinkers who call soul blood. Diels identifies Empedocles as the target. The attribution is therefore mediated, and the argument should not turn thought in blood into a direct self-definition of soul.

Places to read

1. A 74 (testimony)Aëtius. Makes blood movement central to current respiration.
2. A 78 (testimony)2Aëtius; Plutarch, Natural Questions. Connect blood to the generation of sweat and tears.
3. A 85 (testimony)Aëtius, first notice. Locates the relevant heat of sleep and death in blood.
4. A 79 (testimony)Soranus, Gynaecology. Describes fetal nourishment before attributing liver insertion to Empedocles.
5. A 76 (reception)Plato, Phaedo. Lists blood among candidate media of thought without naming Empedocles.
6. A 4 (polemical)Aristotle, On the Soul. Reports Hippo's objection to unnamed thinkers who identify soul with blood; Diels identifies the target as Empedocles.

Translation in this edition

The A782 secretion clause is repaired from Galen in the edition. The A79 distinction between Soranus' setup and the specifically Empedoclean claim is equally important. These passages supply a physiological network, not a single untouched Empedoclean definition. At A4 the name Empedocles is supplied by identification of an unnamed target, not by Aristotle's sentence.

Use in the book

Burton's formal definition calls blood hot, sweet, temperate and red. It is prepared in the meseraic veins and made in the liver from the most temperate parts of chyle. Its offices are nourishment, strength and colour; veins distribute it, and the heart generates spirits from it. The list does not explicitly call it moist, so a conventional humoral chart should not silently replace his actual definition. The liver is subsequently the workshop of blood. In the fourfold order of concoction, its transformation of chyle is called sanguification. Fat is said to derive from the thickest, oiliest material of blood, while flesh is described as congealed blood. These are historical accounts of formation and nourishment, not modern anatomy.

Blood is also one of the proposed seats of the rational soul in a catalogue Burton calls disputed. He does not settle the question by locating the soul there. This use concerns the possible bodily seat of a faculty, not the definition of blood as one particular humour.

The heart's relation to blood also explains passions. Joy sends it outward, sorrow draws it inward; the heart is imagined to direct the humours as horses draw a chariot. Its chambers distribute blood to nourish the lungs and generate spirits, with a torch-and-oil analogy distinguishing the sustaining blood from the spirits produced in it. The later account of blushing proposes that heat draws fine blood to the face in response to fear and awareness of one's defects; another writer gives pleasure, surprise and encounters among its occasions. Blushing is therefore not in this argument a certain sign of a shameful deed.

The relation runs from mental activity to blood as well as from blood to mental state. Pomponazzi’s account makes strong imagination move blood, humours and spirits in apparent cures, without granting an intrinsic power to the charm. Sorrow is said to thicken blood; contemplation can leave stomach and liver unsupported and produce black blood through defective digestion; Vives gives cheerfulness the opposite, cleansing effect. In Plater’s description of sudden terror, even removing the entire blood supply would scarcely remove the impression. That counterfactual conveys persistence, not a proposed treatment; the following account distinguishes disturbance of spirits from a disorder of humours.

Blood can become excessive, thick, corrupt, heated or scorched, and its quality can help differentiate kinds of melancholy. Yet external skin colour does not by itself establish the state of blood: Burton reports that a person can be red, yellow or pale and still have corrupt blood throughout the body. In a separate reported explanation, menstrual blood is transformed into a morbid melancholy humour through putrefaction or adustion. The categories are explicitly physiological claims by the cited authorities, not a modern account of menstruation or mental illness.

The blood-derived or blood-mixed symptom group is commonly ruddy, laughter-prone and attracted to music, dancing and company. The condition “if they be not far gone” limits the pleasant description. The continuation includes imagined entertainments and laughter that becomes disabling: Brunsellius is reported to laugh for three days and be weakened by it. Thus cheerfulness is not proof of harmlessness in this scheme. The prognostic account calls the blood-derived form the gentlest, whereas its margin calls illness from boiling blood bad, then ranks the other forms worse and worst. Relative mildness and the margin's adverse description of boiling blood are kept distinct.

Sanguine cheerfulness also qualifies the general association of melancholy with fear and sorrow. The account includes people who imagine themselves kings or cardinals, then concludes that sufferers are usually, rather than always, sad and fearful. Gomesius offers a bodily explanation of laughter especially in sanguine melancholy: pleasant vapours break from the heart, tickle the diaphragm and set spirits moving. Elsewhere blood and choler contribute to internal vapours that make images seem to be outside the observer. These are distinct explanatory uses of the humoral material, not a single equation of sanguine with happiness.

A major discussion concerns intelligence. Laurentius interprets the Aristotelian association of melancholy with exceptional ability as a slightly scorched mixture containing blood. Burton connects it with cheerful delirium, divine rapture or inspired possession and the making of philosophers, poets and prophets, then gives Mercurialis's example of a highly learned young patient described as sanguine melancholy. The authorities' claims and the case report remain attributed. The later discussion calls the question much disputed. One proposal requires blood to make up half the mixture, excluding phlegm and allowing little or no scorching; the margin says twice as much blood as the other two humours. The next passage presents a partly scorched mixture against another position, and Fracastorius then describes sanguine people as agreeable and merry but not intellectually gifted. His praise of melancholic intelligence is itself limited by “but not all” and by the balance of qualities. These are competing formulations, not a single settled recipe for genius.

Blood's beneficial role constrains treatment. Burton asks who can bear bloodletting, how much should be taken and when, and concludes that the decision requires deliberation. In whole-body melancholy clear, good blood is said to moderate the harmful humour and is therefore to be preserved. In head melancholy one authority restricts bloodletting to cases primarily arising from blood or increased by it; the corresponding Latin instead warns lest the disease be aggravated by the procedure. The causal difference must remain visible. Montanus further objects to opening haemorrhoidal vessels because, in his account, it removes thin blood and leaves thick blood behind. The article records these historical debates rather than presenting a treatment instruction.

The part affected by love is itself disputed. Ficino assigns that role to blood; Freitag includes heart, liver, brain and blood; the majority favour the brain, which Burton himself introduces as the proper seat. In the later eye-beam discussion Burton also appeals to the alleged bleeding of a murdered corpse in its killer’s presence as evidence of a strange drawing-out of spirits. The cited de cruentis cadaveribus means “On Bleeding Corpses.” This historical evidentiary belief belongs to his argument and is not a verified test of murder.

Love adds both bodily and figurative applications. Sanguine people are said to be readily caught, and hot, vigorous blood expresses youthful desire, although Burton says sexual appetite crosses all constitutions. In Ficino's eye-beam illustration, spirits pass between gazers and one lover's blood is said to enter the other's heart. Elsewhere distracted spirits leave the liver unable to make nourishing blood; persistent passion is said to heat, thicken and blacken it. These reports extend the same bodily machinery. A “pure sanguine complexion,” by contrast, describes the rosy appearance in a catalogue of attractive features. The lover prepared to venture his “dearest bloud” is ready to risk his life; and negligent parents who suppress their “yong bloods” are frustrating their young people's desires.

Several non-humoral meanings are equally important. Warfare makes literal streams of blood and turns the world into an image drenched in mutual slaughter. Blood-suckers denotes the murderous men celebrated under heroic titles; extracting a brother's blood depicts ruthless pursuit of profit. Blood also gives concrete material to food and remedies: puddings are stuffed with it, and hare's blood is prescribed externally in a historical remedy for facial redness. In Burgravius's alleged lamp and disease-transfer devices, a donor's blood carries a continuing connection to that person; Burton calls the related claims vain and prodigious in the following paragraph. They must not be reported as his unqualified approval of sympathetic cures.

Other material uses have different explanatory settings. “Bloodless dinners” are meals of herbs and salads, while a Virgilian verse describes horses’ blood drunk with curdled milk. A witchcraft catalogue alleges the power to stop bleeding; a marginal ingredient list beside sleep-potion explanations includes infants’ blood. Later, chemically prepared human blood is called an excellent philter by Burgravius, among explanations offered as natural causes; a separate love-remedy list says that drinking a mistress’s blood removes love. Burton frames the latter sequence with objections to illicit and absurd remedies. Its Faustina illustration is compressed differently from the story identified in the supplied notes, so the claim must not be silently repaired or treated as demonstrated efficacy.

The violent and figurative family reaches beyond warfare. A bloud-sucker can be the oppressor whose deeds found a noble family; the physician who prolongs treatment for fees resembles a leech full of cruor, blood. A lover in Plautus says that the beloved drains his blood, while a hostile marginal attack on sex workers similarly imagines them sucking men’s blood. The blood-hound of beauty, applied to Socrates, instead means a relentless pursuer. Nor is every erotic blood-offering literal: Burton reports lovers drinking toasts in shed blood, but a rustic poem offers “My hearts dear blood” to Cis as a comic figure of affection. “Tears of blood” intensifies lament in the attack on adornment, qualified immediately afterwards by acceptance of becoming customary clothes.

Ancestry and relationship are another coherent group. “Patrician blood” addresses worthy gentlemen; low blood signifies humble birth in a Boethian quotation; and the marginal “door of blood” is kinship as a route to church preferment. The bereaved speaker's “my blood” addresses a child. “Flesh and bloud” in the criticism of parents refers to their own children, whereas “flesh and blood may not abide it” voices an objection from human weakness which Chrysostom answers. Blood used as supposed evidence of virginity is also immediately subjected to medical objection in the continuation. Finally, money called blood and breath makes it the imagined support of ordinary life, while the sweetness of Christ's blood belongs to a consolation that follows the bitterness of repentance. Neither use is a new humour.

Blood can join ancestry to a theory of inherited constitution. Burton imagines periodic migrations as providentially renewing nations’ blood, like a change of agricultural seed, and correcting hereditary infirmities. His six-hundred-year cycle and the proposed purification belong to that historical argument, not to an established biological distinction among peoples.

Biblical blood can signify both the wrong done and its demand for judgement. Abel’s blood cries for vengeance, and blood brought upon wrongdoers’ heads represents guilt for killing. Christ’s sweating blood illustrates the bodily power of grief, a different application from the consolation of his sacrificial blood. Blood also enters arguments over religion and the natural world: Ribera derives a measurement of hell from an apocalyptic blood passage; reported blood showers attract rival physical, celestial, divine and spirit-based explanations. In Burton’s polemic against pagan worship, sacrifice supplies blood to a Lucianic image of altar-feeding flies, and gods are mocked as though they delighted in blood and smoke. The later claim that Mexican idols were made with human blood remains explicitly unverified in the supplied apparatus.

Related entries

Humour; Humoral qualities; Choler; Phlegm; Chyle; Concoction; Meseraic; Heart and cordolium; Spirits; Adust; Complexion and temperament; Wit; Enthusiasm; Vapours; Affinity and consanguinity (future entry outside Batch 1); Bloodletting / Phlebotomy (future entry outside Batch 1); Witchcraft; Charms; Philters

Places to read

1. Democritus Junior to the Readerbloodshed, bloodily rushing peoples, predatory blood-suckers, mutual slaughter and squeezing blood for profit
2. First Partition, divine causesAbel’s blood and the theological cry for vengeance
3. First Partition, anatomical divisionmass of blood, the particular humour, spirits, fat and flesh
4. First Partition, dissimilar parts and facultiesthe liver’s workshop, blood moved by passions, heart and spirits, sanguification
5. First Partition, rational soulblood as a disputed seat of the soul and the bloodless shades of Ovid’s underworld
6. First Partition, persons affectedthe cicada without blood or pain in the literary exemption of fools and Stoics
7. First Partition, witchcraft, old age and inheritancealleged stopping of bleeding, infants’ blood in a marginal ingredient list, disputed witch feats and the theory of national blood renewed by migration
8. First Partition, dietbloodless vegetable dinners, blood in prepared food and the separate Virgilian horse-blood verse
9. First Partition, imagination and sorrow, and repeated 96–97imagination moving blood in apparent cures, sorrow thickening blood and Christ sweating blood
10. First Partition, discontentslow birth in a Latin blood-expression, with the sensus/census discrepancy retained in the edition
11. First Partition, studycontemplation, impaired digestion and black blood in the historical physiological explanation
12. First Partition, patrons and church preferment, and sequence [printed 128]patrician blood and kinship as an institutional route
13. First Partition, terrorthe persistent impression that even draining blood would scarcely remove, followed by the spirits/humours distinction
14. First Partition, wealth, poverty and bereavementblood-guilt in satire, money as blood and breath, and a child addressed as one’s blood
15. First Partition, inward causes and general symptomssanguine cheerfulness, alleged alteration of menstrual blood, and qualified exceptions to fear and sorrow
16. First Partition, particular symptomsruddy appearance, mirth, disabling laughter, the slightly scorched mixture and Mercurialis’s learned young patient
17. First Partition, whole-body melancholyblood quality not securely inferred from external colour
18. First Partition, symptoms in women and their continuationflesh and blood as children in the criticism of obstructive parents
19. First Partition, causes of symptomsdisputed intellectual mixtures, comparative constitutions, blushing, laughter and internally generated images
20. First Partition, prognosticsgentlest in the body versus bad/worse/worst in the margin, and Nessus’s blood in an adapted lament
21. Second Partition, physiciansthe blood-filled leech as an image of the fee-seeking physician, with counsel against unnecessary medicine
22. Second Partition, digression on airapocalyptic blood in a calculation of hell and rival explanations of reported blood showers
23. Second Partition, diversionsthe human-blood lamp and disease-transfer claims, followed by Burton’s rejection
24. Second Partition, mirthVives’s account of cheerfulness cleansing blood
25. Second Partition, consolation concerning birththe blood-sucking oppressor at the origin of a noble lineage
26. Second Partition, consolation against injuryflesh and blood as the human weakness invoked in an objection
27. Second Partition, bloodlettingfitness for the procedure, restrictions, and the body/margin difference over aggravation
28. Second Partition, particular curesanimal blood applied externally, good blood preserved, an accidental-wound report, literal leeches and disagreement about removing thin blood
29. Third Partition, charityblood upon wrongdoers’ heads as liability for wrongdoing, contrasted with mercy
30. Third Partition, heroic lovekinship limits, youthful vigour, the disputed part affected and sanguine susceptibility
31. Third Partition, eye-beamsFicino’s illustrative transfer of spirits and blood between lovers, and the alleged bleeding corpse used as an analogy
32. Third Partition, adornmenttears of blood, the qualification permitting becoming dress, and natural redness contrasted with cosmetics
33. Third Partition, enticementsrisking one’s dearest blood, or life, under manipulated jealousy
34. Third Partition, philterschemically prepared human blood as an attributed love-and-hatred claim
35. Third Partition, love symptomsthe living lover’s pallor and disrupted making of blood
36. Third Partition, the lover’s perceptionthe unusual bloody-faln-fingers compound in a hostile grotesque catalogue
37. Third Partition, lovers’ excessesreported blood-drinking toasts and competitive self-injury
38. Third Partition, love poetry and prognosiscomic heart’s-blood offering, Socrates as bloodhound of beauty, and blood altered by persistent passion
39. Third Partition, cure of lovethe blood-draining beloved in a Plautine appeal whose setting Burton changes
40. Third Partition, moral invectivethe hostile figurative claim that women suck men’s blood
41. Third Partition, beautyrosy sanguine appearance
42. Third Partition, proposed love remediesthe mistress’s blood among objectionable remedies, the discrepant Faustina story and fabulous cure claims
43. Third Partition, marriage, unnumbered verso afteryoung people called young bloods
44. Third Partition, jealousybloodstained cloth as a supposed proof, immediately followed by objections to its sufficiency
45. Third Partition, polemic against pagan worshipsacrificial blood, gods imagined to delight in it, and the unverified human-blood ingredient in the Mexico report
46. Third Partition, comfort against despairthe sweetness of Christ’s blood after repentance
47. Unnumbered Table and closing notice“Sanguine mel. signs 191” points to the symptom discussion, not the table leaf

In this edition

“Mixture of bloud” becomes “admixture of blood,” while “sanguine melancholy” remains “sanguine melancholy”. The retained adjective receives its explanation from the humour and mixture, not from a modern personality label. “Sanguin are merry” becomes “Sanguine people are merry,” supplying people for a substantivized adjective. “A pure sanguine complexion” becomes “a clear, rosy complexion” when visible appearance is at issue. The different renderings distinguish constitution, mixture and colour without denying their connection in the source.

The original Latin proportions and prognostic descriptions are translated in their own layers, without overwriting Burton's English. Likewise the bloodletting margin's “ne morbus inde augeatur” means “lest the disease thereby be aggravated,” where the English body has “or that the malady be increased by it.” The former warns of harm from the proposed treatment; the latter refers to blood aggravating the condition. Neither sentence should be used as an exact translation of the other.

Latin sanguis may become blood, birth or kinship. “Degener sanguis” becomes “low birth”; “sanguinis” in the ecclesiastical-doors margin becomes “of kinship.” The bodily noun's social extension is essential in both. “Flesh and blood” is retained for human frailty, while the parental passage makes the children explicit. The unusual unnumbered verso and the misprinted page in the preferment discussion remain qualified in the reference routes.

The Latin bloodless forms are not interchangeable contexts: exangues describes bodiless underworld shades, while exangue describes the pallid, wasted body of a living lover. Nessus’s blood belongs to a mythic garment in a poem Burton expressly transfers from a jest about gout to an earnest account of melancholy’s torment. The poem’s incurability language should remain beside, rather than replace, the work’s treatment debates. In another Ovidian line, Sanguine is the Latin blood noun, not English sanguine: real blood gives natural colour, contrasted with cosmetic redness. The unusual bloody-faln-fingers is rendered “fingers swollen with blood”; its precise historical force has not been independently established, and that interpretation remains qualified in the register.

blood · local use 1

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid, here imagined in streams produced by slaughter.

Argument: Blood shed in war, amplified into a hyperbolic measure of slaughter.

Context: Burton’s satirical moral indictment.

Grammar: Mass noun specifying the imagined streams.

Source: original body

Source wording: such streams of blood able to turn Mils

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 2

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood as vital bodily substance, figuratively extracted from another person in pursuit of gain.

Argument: Extracting another person’s vital substance as a figurative image of ruthless gain.

Context: Burton attributes the image to Jerome, in an attack on destructive litigation.

Grammar: Object of squeeze; the following brother’s heart names the source.

Source: original body

Source wording: to squieze blood

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · Bloud · local use 1

Printed “Bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The nourishing blood humour, one of the four humours, here defined as hot, sweet, temperate and red.

Argument: The particular nourishing humour, here defined as hot, sweet, balanced and red.

Context: Burton’s formal physiology; moisture is not explicitly in this list.

Grammar: Subject in definition.

Source: original body

Source wording: Bloud, is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humor

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · Bloud · local use 2

Printed “Bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The nourishing blood humour, here made from chyle by the liver after preparation in the meseraic veins.

Argument: Blood as the product of liver processing of balanced chyle, after preparation in meseraic veins.

Context: Burton distinguishes site, source material and distribution.

Grammar: Passive participial production clause; liver site, chyle material source.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Bloud, is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humor, prepared in the Meseraicke veines, and made of the most temperate parts of the Chylus in the Liver

Modern rendering: Blood is a hot, sweet, temperate, red humour, prepared in the mesenteric veins and made in the liver from the most temperate parts of the chyle

Alignment convention

Qualification: The full definition/production construction now includes the indexed subject Bloud. Reordered production phrases align as a whole.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · Bloud · local use 3

Printed “Bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid from which the fine physiological vapour called spirit is said to be extracted.

Argument: Blood as the material source of the fine bodily vapour called spirit.

Context: Burton’s account of soul-body mediation.

Grammar: From marks material source; Spirit is the extracted substance.

Source: original body

Source wording: expressed from the Bloud

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · bloud · local use 1

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid said to solidify in the formation of flesh.

Argument: Blood becoming a solid substance in the historical explanation of flesh’s formation.

Context: Burton’s anatomy, alongside the claim that fat derives from blood’s thick oily matter.

Grammar: Genitive source in process noun construction, modern result participle.

Source: original body

Source wording: the congealing of bloud

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · bloud · local use 2

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid directed outward or inward by the heart under the passions.

Argument: Blood moved outward or inward by the heart under different passions.

Context: Burton’s heart-governed humoral model.

Grammar: Heart is controlling agent; joy/sorrow circumstances; blood affected object.

Source: original body

Source wording: in joy, to send the bloud outwardly; in sorrow, to call it in

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · bloud · local use 3

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid sustaining the heart and supplying the production of spirits.

Argument: Blood as sustaining material drawn into the heart and used to generate spirits.

Context: Burton’s torch analogy within historical chamber and vessel physiology.

Grammar: Heart/chamber agent; blood object; oil simile.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: as a torch doth oyl, draws bloud unto it

Modern rendering: It draws blood to itself as a torch draws oil

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record. The modern It resumes the immediate left-chamber/seat-of-life subject in the preceding sentence; the aligned original extract carries no repeated subject.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 3

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Animal blood, the bodily fluid used here as a food ingredient.

Argument: Animal blood used as an ingredient of prepared food.

Context: Burton’s catalogue of dishes considered harmful within his dietary scheme.

Grammar: Material complement of stuffed.

Source: original body

Source wording: Puddings stuffed with blood

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 4

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid assessed for corruption, thickness and blackness in the proposed differential diagnosis.

Argument: Blood quality proposed as a discriminating sign in whole-body melancholy, with additional symptom conditions.

Context: Burton reports diagnostic bleeding; external complexion need not match blood’s alleged corruption.

Grammar: Conditional if; three predicate adjectives; following conditions are essential.

Source: original body

Source wording: if the blood be corrupt, thick and black

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 5

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The blood humour as a constituent of a proposed mixture; half is the separate asserted proportion.

Argument: Blood as half of the proposed mixture fostering intellectual ability, with phlegm excluded and little or no scorching.

Context: Reported interpretation associated with Pratensis, Melanchthon and Ficino; subject of controversy.

Grammar: Predicative fraction; modern supplies mixture from context.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: blood be half

Modern rendering: blood should make up half the mixture

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record. The modern mixture is supplied from the preceding source context.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 6

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The blood humour as a constituent of a mixture; the surrounding wording separately qualifies scorching.

Argument: Blood as part of an alternative, partly scorched mixture associated with intellectual excellence.

Context: Laurentius’s qualification follows rejection of Aponensis’s account.

Grammar: Two coordinated qualifications; somewhat limits adustion.

Source: original body

Source wording: mixt with blood, & somewhat adust

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · bloud · local use 4

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid; subtilest specifies the finest portion drawn towards the face.

Argument: Fine blood drawn to the face in the proposed explanation of blushing.

Context: Fracastorius as reported; blushing is not restricted to guilt over a bad deed.

Grammar: Heat agent, blood object; superlative subtile means finest.

Source: original body

Source wording: heat draws the subtilest bloud

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · bloud · local use 5

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The blood humour as the asserted source of one kind of melancholy; gentlest is its separate comparative ranking.

Argument: Blood as source of the comparatively mildest reported form of melancholy.

Context: Burton’s prognostic account; the margin instead calls the blood-derived form bad.

Grammar: Comparative ranking with source from.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: the gentlest is from bloud

Modern rendering: The mildest comes from blood

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: Relative gentlest must not erase the separate bad/worse/worst marginal scale.

Alignment convention

blood · local use 7

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid proposed as a material carrier of transferred disease.

Argument: Blood as alleged carrier of a disease-transfer connection between person and animal.

Context: Burgravius’s Mumia claim, explicitly rejected by Burton as fanciful and monstrous.

Grammar: One donor and another recipient; drawn/applied material, not independent curative agent.

Source: original body

Source wording: drawing blood from one, and applying it to the other

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 8

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid or humour whose good quality is said to moderate melancholy’s harmfulness.

Argument: Beneficial blood quality that allegedly moderates the harmful melancholy humour and should be preserved.

Context: Burton’s whole-body treatment discussion requires stopping loss when blood is clear and good.

Grammar: Genitive denotes the blood’s beneficial quality; relative to harmful humour.

Source: original body

Source wording: the goodness of the blood

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 9

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid, here distinguished by relative thinness and thickness.

Argument: Thin versus thick blood, a distinction used to object to a proposed evacuation.

Context: Montanus’s dissent from preceding approval of haemorrhoidal bleeding.

Grammar: It is opening the vessels; comparative superlatives describe selected and retained material.

Source: original body

Source wording: it draws away the thinnest blood, and leaves the thickest behind

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · bloud · local use 6

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Blood relationship as a boundary that uncontrolled desire is said to ignore.

Context: Burton’s catalogue of reported incestuous desires; allegations not independently certified.

Grammar: Of bloud specifies kind of limit.

Source: original body

Source wording: no terms of bloud, years, sex

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · bloud · local use 7

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood as the bodily seat or expression of youthful vigour and appetite; hot and lusty supply its qualities.

Argument: Youthful bodily vigour and sexual appetite expressed through hot blood.

Context: Burton’s contrast between young desire and old-age infatuation.

Grammar: Possessive phrase characterizes a phase or condition of life.

Source: original body

Source wording: such as are still in their hot and lusty bloud

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 10

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid of one lover alleged to be present in another’s heart.

Argument: One lover’s blood alleged to be present in the other’s heart through an eye-beam exchange of spirits.

Context: Ficino’s illustrative physiology as reported by Burton.

Grammar: Phaedrus source/possessor, Lysias recipient; neither reversed.

Source: original body

Source wording: Phædrus blood is in Lycias heart

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 11

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Nourishing blood, the bodily fluid the liver is said to produce from food.

Argument: Nourishing blood whose production fails when the liver lacks the support of distracted spirits.

Context: Pratensis’s explanation of wasting in erotic melancholy.

Grammar: Negated conversion; liver is agent, food material, blood result.

Source: original body

Source wording: nor turns the aliment into blood as it ought

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 12

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the bodily fluid said to be altered by persistent passion; hot, thick and black are the resulting qualities.

Argument: Blood altered by continuing erotic passion, within a conditional prognosis of further illness.

Context: Montaltus’s reported account; continuing passion is condition and cause.

Grammar: It refers to persistent passion; blood affected object with result adjectives.

Source: original body

Source wording: it makes the blood hot, thick, and black

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · local use 13

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood as Christ’s sacrificial suffering and death, the source of consolation in the Passover comparison.

Argument: Christ’s sacrificial blood as the source of consolation after repentance, figured through the Passover lamb.

Context: Burton’s religious comfort; bitterness/sweetness organizes the sequence.

Grammar: His refers to Christ through the Paschal figure; sweetness figurative.

Source: original body

Source wording: sweetness of his blood

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood · blood of Abel

Printed “blood of Abel” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording: blood of Abel

Abel’s shed blood, figured as a cry for vengeance for his murder.

Context: Burton compares contemporary sins to the biblical blood crying to heaven; the comparison supports his theological account of punishment.

Source: original body

blood · bloud · local use 8

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

The bodily fluid, named here as one proposed seat of the rational soul.

Context: One option in Burton’s disputed catalogue; he does not resolve the catalogue by affirming that the soul is seated in blood.

Source: original body

Source wording: seated in the brain, heart or bloud

blood · local use 14

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Inherited bodily constitution and stock, imagined as capable of being renewed by migration.

Context: Burton’s providential six-hundred-year national-migration theory, qualified by I think; neither its hierarchy of peoples nor its biological premise is established fact.

Source: original body

Source wording: amend and purifie their blood

blood · local use 15

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

The bodily fluid set in motion in the proposed account of imagination and apparent cures.

Context: Pomponazzi’s reported physiological explanation, rather than intrinsic power in charms. The adjacent Weyer body incredulity and marginal credulitate remain different readings.

Source: original body

Source wording: humors, spirits, and blood

blood · local use 16

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

The bodily fluid or humour, here said to thicken under sorrow.

Context: Burton transmits a physical explanation of sorrow with Fernel and other cited authorities; repeated printed page 96 is distinct from the preceding first page 96.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Source wording: thickens the blood

blood · black blood

Printed “black blood” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Blood described as black, understood here as the product of impaired digestion in the humoral account.

Context: Contemplation is said to divert bodily resources from stomach and liver; inactivity also prevents surplus vapours escaping. The causal description is historical.

Source: original body

Source wording: black blood and crudities

blood · bloud · local use 9

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood as one of the bodily humours supplying internal vapours.

Context: Mercatus’s argument explains images seeming external by internal bodily causes; Burton shifts between eyes and brain rather than specifying one consistent modern mechanism.

Source: original body

Source wording: humours from bloud, choler

blood · bloud · local use 10

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood, specifically the mythic poisonous material on Nessus’s garment.

Context: Burton’s original English paraphrase of the preceding Latin lament; it is a separate source layer from the edition’s modern rendering.

Source: original body

Source wording: Or put on shirt that’s dipt in Nessus bloud?

blood · local use 17

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood listed as a substance reportedly falling in showers.

Context: Questions and competing explanations include uplift by sunlight, celestial generation, direct divine action and spirit illusion. Burton supplies no single verified mechanism or confirmation of the reported shower.

Source: original body

Source wording: wooll, blood

blood · local use 18

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

The bodily fluid or humour, here said to be cleansed by cheerfulness.

Context: Vives’s reported beneficial effect, complementing accounts in which grief thickens or corrupts blood.

Source: original body

Source wording: purgeth the blood

blood · bloud · local use 11

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Shed blood as the guilt and liability for killing, figuratively brought upon the wrongdoers’ heads.

Context: Composite biblical warning against uncharitable conduct. The supplied apparatus notes that Solomon speaks about Joab to Benaiah, rather than to Joab as Burton says.

Source: original body

Source wording: bring this bloud upon their heads

blood · local use 19

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

The bodily fluid, proposed here as the part affected by erotic melancholy.

Context: Ficino’s position differs from the brain favoured by the majority and from Freitag’s all-four account; the article must preserve the dispute.

Source: original body

Source wording: the blood to be the part affected

blood · local use 20

Printed “blood” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Actual shed bodily blood, said here to be drunk in toasts as an extravagant proof of love.

Context: Burton reports and satirizes lovers’ competitive self-injury; the Thero anecdote’s printed biting differs from the supplied Plutarch comparison.

Source: original body

Source wording: carouse in blood

blood · bloud · local use 12

Printed “bloud” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood spilled in sacrifice, represented in the polemic as something licked from altars.

Context: Burton invokes Lucian’s fly-like blood-sucking image while ridiculing pagan worship; this attributed satire is distinct from a neutral description of ritual practice.

Source: original body

Source wording: lick bloud like flies

blood adust

Printed “bloud adust” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Scorched or overheated blood; this phrase names the first condition, not the separate alternative of a blood admixture.

Argument: Scorched blood or blood admixed with melancholy as alternative conditions of a symptom group.

Context: Authorities reported by Burton; pleasant behaviour limited if not far gone.

Grammar: Two alternative conditional clauses; first origin, second mixture.

Source: original body

Source wording: If it proceed from bloud adust, or that there be a mixture of bloud in it

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood mixture

Printed “mixture of bloud” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording: mixture of bloud

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Blood mixed with slightly scorched melancholy in Laurentius’s explanation of exceptional ability.

Context: Laurentius interprets an Aristotelian claim; not a general diagnosis.

Grammar: Some qualifies the surrounding mixture; blood is the added material.

Source: original body

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood-sucker · blood-suckers

Printed “blood-suckers” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Source wording: blood-suckers

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Cruel, murderous predators upon others, falsely honoured as heroic soldiers.

Context: Burton reports Heuterus’s complaint and reverses honorific language.

Grammar: Plural agent noun used figuratively of violent people.

Source: original body

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

blood-sucker · bloud-sucker

Printed “bloud-sucker” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Source wording: bloud-sucker

A ruthless exploiter or violent destroyer of other people, figured as feeding on their blood.

Context: Burton attacks noble lineages built upon violence and oppression; this extension is not limited to the soldiers in the earlier plural blood-suckers passage.

Source: original body

bloodhound

Printed “blood-hound” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Literally a tracking hound; figuratively a relentless pursuer, here of beauty.

Context: A title attributed to others for Socrates, after Maximus of Tyre’s portrait of expertise in love; it does not describe bloodthirsty violence here.

Source: original body

Source wording: blood-hound of beauty

bloodletting · letting of blood

Printed “letting of blood” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Deliberate removal of blood as a historical intervention governed by recipient, quantity and timing.

Context: Burton expressly restricts use to those able to endure it and thought to need it.

Grammar: Gerund process noun; blood is removed material.

Source: original body

Source wording: In letting of blood

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

bloodletting · blood-letting

Printed “blood-letting” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Removal of blood considered capable of cooling and drying a patient and thus requiring restrictions.

Context: Reported restrictive view; body and margin differ about which cause aggravates the disease.

Grammar: Procedure subject of causal predicates.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: blood-letting refrigerates and dries up

Modern rendering: bloodletting cools and dries

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: Margin warns lest treatment aggravate disease; body permits treatment if blood aggravates it. No cross-layer alignment asserted.

Alignment convention

bloody

Printed “bloudy” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bloody: involving bloodshed; an adjective modifying battles.

Argument: Battles involving slaughter and bodily bloodshed.

Context: Burton’s criticism of rulers’ wars and soldiers’ suffering.

Grammar: Adjective modifying battles.

Source: original body

Source wording: bloudy battels

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

bloody-faln-fingers

Printed “bloody-faln-fingers” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: bloody-faln-fingers

Fingers described by the supplied modernization as swollen with blood; the precise historical force of this unusual compound remains unverified.

Context: One feature in Burton’s grotesque catalogue of defects disregarded by a lover, not a diagnosis or a neutral standard of appearance.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: fingers swollen with blood

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: exact supplied phrase checked; interpretation provisional, not independently established

Qualification: The whole compound’s historical meaning remains unresolved; the modern wording is the supplied edition’s interpretation.

Uncertainty: The supplied translation establishes this edition’s interpretation only. No independent historical dictionary or witness collation has been performed; retain a visible provisional qualifier.

cruentus

Printed “cruentus” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation key, Printed form, Original wording: cruentus

Bloodstained or blood-guilty, implying murderous violence in this character indictment.

Context: Horatian fragment in Burton’s satire of wealth receiving honour despite crimes; the promise of heaven is satirical, not an assurance of salvation.

Source: original body

Source wording: Et quamvis perjuris erit, sine gente, cruentus

Modern rendering: bloodstained

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

cruentus · cruentis

Printed “cruentis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bloody or bleeding, here qualifying corpses; ablative plural adjective after de.

Context: A Latin work-title in Burton’s appeal to the alleged bleeding of a murdered corpse in the killer’s presence as evidence of spirits being drawn out; a historical evidentiary belief, not a verified test.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: de cruentis cadaveribus

Modern rendering: On Bleeding Corpses

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

cruor · cruoris

Printed “cruoris” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Of blood, the fluid with which the leech fills itself; genitive after plena.

Context: Horatian leech image transferred to the fee-seeking physician who prolongs treatment; the literal animal blood supplies a metaphor of financial predation.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Non missura cutem, nisi plena cruoris hirudo.

Modern rendering: A leech that will not let go of the skin until it is full of blood.

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole verse sentence; of blood corresponds to cruoris in the fullness construction

cruor · cruorem

Printed “cruorem” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood, here the blood lost through a wound; accusative after ob.

Context: Schenck’s reported accidental-wound cure; the English specifies thigh and the Latin margin leg. Neither is a recommendation to inflict a wound.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording: curatus ex vulnere in crure ob cruorem amissum

Original wording: ob cruorem amissum

Modern rendering: because of the blood lost

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

cœna sine sanguine

Printed “cœnas sine sanguine” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: cœnas sine sanguine

Literally bloodless dinners; here meals of herbs and salads, without animal flesh.

Context: Burton attributes the phrase to Horace; the supplied apparatus leaves that precise attribution unlocated.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: bloodless dinners

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

dearest blood

Printed “dearest bloud” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: One’s life, represented by blood, risked for the desired person.

Context: Reported boast by a woman manipulating a suitor through jealousy.

Grammar: Blood object of venture in a life-risking idiom.

Source: original body

Source wording: venture his dearest bloud

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

exsanguis · exangues

Printed “exangues” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Original wording: exangues

Bloodless: without the bodily blood that living people have; here qualifying shades of the dead.

Context: Ovidian underworld verse illustrates the preceding soul discussion; it does not verify the doctrine ascribed to Zeno.

Source: original body

Source wording: Errant exangues sine corpore & ossibus umbræ.

Modern rendering: Bloodless

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

exsanguis · exangue

Printed “exangue” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bloodless or blood-drained in appearance, here describing the wasted, pale body of a living lover.

Context: Reported medical symptom portrait. Unlike the underworld shades, the lover is not literally said to have no body or no blood whatsoever.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: corpus exangue pallet

Modern rendering: The bloodless body is pale

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

flesh and blood · flesh and bloud

Printed “flesh and bloud” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: One’s own offspring or close kin, especially children whose desires parents ignore.

Context: Burton’s criticism of parents refusing marriage; related bowels phrase is also kinship.

Grammar: Appositional relational expressions in reordered modern phrase.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: their own bowels oftentimes, flesh and bloud

Modern rendering: their own flesh and blood, their very children

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: Their very children explicates the kinship sense of bowels; the alignment retains both source expressions, not blood alone.

Alignment convention

flesh and blood

Printed “flesh and blood” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Ordinary human weakness invoked as an objection to enduring injuries.

Context: An objector speaks; Chrysostom’s reply denies that obedience is impossibly hard.

Grammar: Collective subject of inability; not the children sense.

Source: original body

Source wording: flesh and blood may not abide it

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

hare’s blood

Printed “Hares blood” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording: Hares blood

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Blood taken from a hare and applied externally in a reported remedy for facial redness.

Context: Burton’s historical prescription; the animal supplies the material.

Grammar: Animal possessive specifies origin; patient’s face is recipient.

Source: original body

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

heart’s blood

Printed “hearts dear blood” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

The speaker’s most intimate life or affection, figured as his heart’s precious blood and offered as a draught.

Context: Comic rustic love verse addressed to Cis; a figurative toast, not a report that the lover literally drinks blood.

Source: original body

Source wording: My hearts dear blood

hilare delirium

Printed “hilare delirium” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: hilare delirium

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Merry or cheerful mental derangement, here associated with Democritus in the sanguine symptom discussion.

Context: Burton’s reported characterization, alongside Sophocles; distinct from proof of intellectual superiority.

Grammar: Neuter adjective agrees with delirium.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: cheerful delirium

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

human blood · mans blood · local use 1

Printed “mans blood” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Human blood, the bodily substance proposed as the material for a lamp.

Argument: A person’s blood as material for an alleged device sympathetically tracking the donor’s state.

Context: Burgravius’s claim reported; next paragraph calls the claims vain and prodigious.

Grammar: Material source of the supposed lamp.

Source: original body

Source wording: a lamp to be made of mans blood

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

human blood · mans blood · local use 2

Printed “mans blood” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Human blood, treated as material for a supposed chemical love potion.

Context: Burgravius’s claim within the others who assign natural causes; producing love and hatred is attributed, not verified, and the earlier lamp critique remains a distinct local judgement.

Source: original body

Source wording: mans blood Chimically prepared

human blood · mens blood

Printed “mens blood” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Human blood, alleged as an ingredient in idol material.

Context: Burton’s report about Mexico mixes colonial sources and numerical claims. The supplied apparatus says the cited Acosta paste-idol passage has grain and honey, leaving the blood claim separately unverified.

Source: original body

Source wording: Idols made of flower and mens blood

mass of blood · mass of Blood

Printed “mass of Blood” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: The aggregate bodily fluid within which all four humours are said to be contained and distinguished.

Context: Crato following Hippocrates as reported; all four are necessary juices.

Grammar: Of-phrase defining the collective fluid, distinct from the blood humour alone.

Source: original body

Source wording: the mass of Blood

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

mass of blood · mass of bloud

Printed “mass of bloud” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

The whole bodily supply of blood.

Context: Plater’s image of a lasting terror-impression: even draining all blood would scarcely remove it. This is a counterfactual illustration, not an instruction; the following Saxonia account distinguishes disturbed spirits from humoral imbalance.

Source: original body

Source wording: if all the mass of bloud were let out of the body

menstrual blood

Printed “menstruous bloud” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Menstrual blood, the fluid discharged in menstruation; its alleged alteration is the surrounding causal claim.

Argument: Menstrual blood allegedly transformed by putrefaction or scorching into diseased melancholy material.

Context: Arculanus’s reported causal explanation; not a modern claim.

Grammar: Material altered by passive participle turned; resulting melancholy means humour.

Source: original body

Source wording: menstruous bloud turned into melancholy

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguification

Printed “Sanguification” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Conversion of chyle into blood in the liver, third in this fourfold order of concoction.

Context: Burton’s digestive classification; stage counts vary elsewhere.

Grammar: Name given to the preceding conversion.

Source: original body

Source wording: called Sanguification

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguine · Sanguin

Printed “Sanguin” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: People of blood-dominant temperament, said to be merry through their humoral abundance.

Context: Burton’s historical claim for bodily influence on passion.

Grammar: Substantivized adjective; modern supplies people.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Sanguin are merry

Modern rendering: Sanguine people are merry

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record. The modern noun people supplies the persons meant by the substantivized source adjective.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguine · Sanguine · local use 1

Printed “Sanguine” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Blood-dominant persons praised for agreeable cheerfulness but denied intellectual excellence in this particular comparison.

Context: Fracastorius’s reported judgment, differing from the mixed-melancholy interpretation.

Grammar: Substantivized adjective; explicit but not negates giftedness.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Sanguine lively, pleasant, acceptable and merry, but not witty

Modern rendering: sanguine people lively, pleasant, agreeable and merry, but not intellectually gifted

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record. The modern noun people supplies the persons meant by the substantivized source adjective.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguine · Sanguine · local use 2

Printed “Sanguine” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Blood-dominant persons said to fall readily in love.

Context: Burton summarizes constitutional explanations but ends by extending appetite to all complexions.

Grammar: Substantivized adjective; modern explicates people of a temperament.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Sanguine then are soon caught

Modern rendering: People of a sanguine temperament, then, are soon caught

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record. People of a temperament unpacks the substantivized adjective; it is not extra original wording.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguine · local use 1

Printed “sanguine” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Rosy or ruddy, describing visible complexion; an adjective, not the complexion itself.

Argument: A healthy-looking rosy facial colour in an idealized description of beauty.

Context: Burton’s catalogue of attractive features, later subjected to dissuasive critique.

Grammar: Adjective of complexion with colour/appearance prominent.

Source: original body

Source wording: a pure sanguine complexion

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguine · Sanguine · local use 3

Printed “Sanguine” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood-associated or blood-derived, qualifying the kind of melancholy indexed here.

Argument: Sanguine melancholy as the topic indexed to the symptom discussion on printed page191.

Context: Original Table entry.

Grammar: Adjective and abbreviation in nominal retrieval entry.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Sanguine mel. signs 191

Modern rendering: Signs of sanguine melancholy. 191

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: 191 is the reference target; Table and closing notice are unnumbered.

Alignment convention

sanguine · local use 2

Printed “sanguine” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Of a blood-dominant bodily temperament; used here of people thought cheerful despite disordered beliefs.

Context: In the reported exceptions to fear and sorrow, people imagine themselves kings or cardinals. Burton concludes not always sad and fearful, usually so; other formulations in the continuation remain less qualified.

Source: original body

Source wording: sanguine they are

sanguine melancholy · local use 1

Printed “sanguine melancholy” (English; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: sanguine melancholy

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Melancholy with a blood-related humoral constitution or mixture, applied to a learned young patient.

Context: Mercurialis consultation110 as reported by Burton; case independently uncollated.

Grammar: Adjective qualifies melancholy, not simply the person’s optimism.

Source: original body

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguine melancholy · local use 2

Printed “sanguine melancholy” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: sanguine melancholy

The blood-associated form of melancholy, singled out in a proposed bodily mechanism of laughter.

Context: Gomesius attributes its laughter to pleasant vapours from the heart tickling the diaphragm, followed by the movement of spirits; this does not define the phrase as simple happiness.

Source: original body

sanguineus · sanguinei

Printed “sanguinei” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

People of a blood-dominant constitution; a substantivized Latin adjective.

Argument: Sanguine persons as lovable and cheerful but not gifted in the marginal Fracastorius formulation.

Context: Original Latin marginal quotation; not a modern personality taxonomy.

Grammar: Substantivized nominative plural with predicates and explicit at non.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Source wording, Original wording: sanguinei amabiles, grati, hilares, at non ingeniosi

Modern rendering: sanguine people lovable, agreeable and cheerful, but not intellectually gifted

Alignment convention

Qualification: Editorial English translating the original marginal quotation, not Burton’s English prose. The modern noun people supplies the persons meant by the substantivized source adjective.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguineus · sanguineam

Printed “sanguineam” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bloody or bloodstained; an adjective modifying mappam, cloth.

Argument: A bloodstained cloth displayed as supposed evidence of virginity.

Context: Leo Africanus report within historical custom; next passage contests sufficiency of such tests.

Grammar: Accusative adjective modifying mappam.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: sanguineam mappam

Modern rendering: a bloody cloth

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguineus · sanguineum

Printed “sanguineum” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Full of blood or abounding in blood, describing the body; sanguineum is an adjective, not the blood noun.

Context: The marginal bloodletting exception requires a very full, ruddy body. Its ne-clause warns of treatment aggravating disease, distinct from the English body’s causal wording.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording: nisi corpus sit valde sanguineum, rubicundum

Original wording: corpus sit valde sanguineum, rubicundum

Modern rendering: the body is very full of blood and ruddy

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

sanguineus · sanguineis lachrymis

Printed “sanguineis lachrymis” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: sanguineis lachrymis

With tears of blood; literally blood-bearing tears, used as an emphatic image of grievous lament.

Context: Matenesius-associated invective against seductive adornment; the next passage permits becoming customary dress, so the judgement is not a blanket condemnation of clothing.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: with tears of blood

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

sanguinolente

Printed “sanguinolente” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bloodily, with violent bloodshed.

Context: Unattributed original marginal catalogue compares warring peoples to beasts rushing to mutual destruction.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording: belluarum instar sanguinolente ruentium

Original wording: sanguinolente ruentium

Modern rendering: rushing bloodily

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

sanguis · sanguine · local use 1

Printed “sanguine” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood or shed blood; mutuality is supplied by mutuo, not by sanguine alone.

Argument: Mutual bloodshed as a picture of the world soaked by war.

Context: Cyprian-derived Latin interwoven with Burton’s English and other quotations.

Grammar: Orbis subject; sanguine ablative with adjective mutuo.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Madet orbis mutuo sanguine

Modern rendering: the world is drenched in the blood men shed of one another

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: Men shed of one another expands reciprocal mutuo contextually; it is not a separate lexical meaning of sanguis.

Alignment convention

sanguis · local use 1

Printed “sanguis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood as descent or birth; the adjective degener supplies the low or inferior valuation.

Argument: Humble or socially inferior ancestry, figured as low-born blood.

Context: Boethian quotation in the list of discontents; inherited social valuation is the source’s.

Grammar: Nominative noun with adjective degener.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: degener sanguis

Modern rendering: low birth

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: The nearby sensus/wealth discrepancy is separate: the modern translates printed understanding and then preserves Burton’s English rich.

Alignment convention

sanguis · local use 2

Printed “sanguis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood as lineage or descent, addressing people of that lineage; Patritius supplies the patrician qualification.

Argument: Noble or patrician descent, addressing senators and gentlemen whose merits Burton expressly acknowledges.

Context: Burton’s respectful qualification within criticism of corrupt patrons; Persius phrase.

Grammar: Vocative address with collective blood expression.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Vos ô Patritius sanguis

Modern rendering: You of patrician blood

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguis · sanguinis · local use 1

Printed “sanguinis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: sanguinis

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Kinship or blood relationship as one route into church office.

Context: Holcot-labelled marginal verse amid Burton’s criticism of preferment.

Grammar: Genitive dependent on the implicitly repeated door.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.

Modern rendering: of kinship

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: The source page is sequence142, printed128; kinship is the social sense, not literal fluid.

Alignment convention

sanguis · local use 3

Printed “sanguis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, figuratively a life-sustaining necessity; the coordinated spiritus separately supplies breath.

Argument: Blood and breath as a metaphor for money’s life-sustaining social importance.

Context: Original marginal maxim adjoining Burton’s account of poverty.

Grammar: Pecunia subject; sanguis and spiritus predicate nouns; mortalibus dative.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Source wording, Original wording: Est sanguis atque spiritus pecunia mortalibus

Modern rendering: Money is blood and breath to mortals

Alignment convention

Qualification: Editorial English translating the original marginal quotation, not Burton’s English prose.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguis · local use 4

Printed “sanguis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood as one’s offspring; the possessive meus supplies my.

Argument: One’s child or offspring addressed as one’s blood in bereavement.

Context: Fragmentary lament quoted in the account of loss.

Grammar: Vocative expression with possessive meus.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: ô sanguis meus

Modern rendering: O my own blood

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguis · sanguinis · local use 2

Printed “sanguinis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Of blood, the humour; the genitive occurs with duplum, which supplies the doubled proportion.

Argument: Blood in a double proportion relative to the other two humours, as the margin states.

Context: Original marginal formulation kept distinct from the body’s half-blood statement.

Grammar: Partitive genitive with duplum; comparison ad reliqua duo.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Source wording, Original wording: ut sit duplum sanguinis ad reliqua duo

Modern rendering: so that there is twice as much blood as the other two

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: Does not silently harmonize the margin’s ratio with body half.

Alignment convention

sanguis · sanguine · local use 2

Printed “sanguine” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the humour; fervente supplies boiling and mala supplies the adverse ranking.

Argument: Boiling blood as source of a form called bad, before worse and worst in the marginal prognosis.

Context: Original Latin margin, differing from the body’s gentlest wording.

Grammar: Ablative after à with participle fervente; cause-clause supplied in English.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Source wording, Original wording: Mala à sanguine fervente

Modern rendering: Bad when it comes from boiling blood

Alignment convention

Qualification: Editorial English translating the original marginal quotation, not Burton’s English prose.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguis · sanguine · local use 3

Printed “sanguine” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

The blood humour, named as a possible origin of the illness in a restrictive condition.

Argument: Blood as a restricted origin of disease in a warning against harmful bloodletting.

Context: Original margin; the implied prohibition comes from context.

Grammar: Nisi condition followed by negative-purpose ne; not the English body’s or-that condition.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Source wording, Original wording: Nisi ortum ducat à sanguine, ne morbus inde augeatur

Modern rendering: Unless it takes its origin from blood, lest the disease thereby be aggravated

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: Ne is lest, warning of aggravation by the procedure; body wording differs and remains separately retained.

Alignment convention

sanguis · local use 5

Printed “sanguis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Blood, the fluid flowing from supposedly ruptured vessels in a disputed test.

Argument: Blood flowing after rupture of veins, invoked in a test Burton reports medical authorities rejecting as inadequate.

Context: Reported medical objection follows descriptions of wedding-night proof customs.

Grammar: Purpose/result ut clause; blood grammatical subject.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: ut sanguis fluat

Modern rendering: so that blood flows

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

sanguis · sine sanguine

Printed “sine sanguine” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Without blood; the preposition marks absence.

Context: The purportedly bloodless and painless cicada furnishes a literary comparison for the exceptional immunity assigned to fools and Stoics. Pain belongs to the following dolore, not to sanguine.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: sine sanguine & dolore

Modern rendering: without blood or pain

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole coordinated privative expression; without blood corresponds to sine sanguine

sanguis · sanguis infantum

Printed “sanguis infantum” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: sanguis infantum

Infants’ blood: sanguis means blood, infantum supplies the source or possessors.

Context: Original marginal ingredient allegation beside sleep-potion explanations of supposed witch feats. The account disputes the bodily performance of the feats while retaining a deceptive role for the Devil.

Source: Burton note original

Modern rendering: infants’ blood

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

sanguis · sanguine · local use 4

Printed “sanguine” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood, here an animal fluid taken as food; equino supplies the horse qualification.

Context: A separately quoted Virgilian verse follows the prose report about Tartars and ancient nomads; it is not independent confirmation of the preceding ethnography.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Et lac concretum cum sanguine potat equino.

Modern rendering: And he drinks curdled milk with horses’ blood.

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole verse sentence; he is supplied as English subject, horses’ qualifies blood through equino

sanguis · sanguinis · local use 3

Printed “sanguinis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Of blood; genitive dependent within the description of Nessus’s tainted blood and garment.

Context: Burton expressly transfers Lucian’s joking account of gout to melancholy in earnest. The first-person verse compares its torment with mythical poisoning; its categorical pain-past-cure language must remain in this rhetorical setting rather than erase the work’s extensive treatment discussion.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Aut tunica sanie tincta Nessi sanguinis?

Modern rendering: Or a tunic steeped in Nessus’ tainted blood?

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole interrogative construction; tainted derives from the surrounding sanie construction, not sanguinis alone

sanguis · local use 6

Printed “sanguis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood in an apocalyptic image, here used as the basis of a geographical calculation.

Context: Ribera’s reported deduction of hell’s size from Revelation, not Burton’s established measurement. The original says from the earth; the supplied apparatus notes the biblical winepress wording.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Exivit sanguis de terrâ

Modern rendering: Blood came out of the earth

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

sanguis · Sanguine

Printed “Sanguine” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood, the bodily source of natural redness contrasted with cosmetic colour; Latin ablative, not the English adjective sanguine.

Context: Ovidian verse gives the contrast. Its modernization paraphrases real blood as natural blush; the supplied apparatus corrects the misplaced printed Ovid reference without replacing it.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Sanguine quæ vero non rubet, arte rubet

Modern rendering: She who has no natural blush is rosy through art

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole verse proposition; natural blush contextually renders redness from real blood, not Sanguine alone

sanguis · sanguinem

Printed “sanguinem” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood, figuratively the lover’s vitality being drained by desire.

Context: Plautine lover addresses the door-bolts and asks for the woman to come out; Burton places the appeal after advice to remove the beloved, reversing the original setting’s direction.

Source: original body

Source wording: Quæ misero mihi amanti ebibit sanguinem.

Original wording: ebibit sanguinem

Modern rendering: drains the blood

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

sanguis · Sanguinem

Printed “Sanguinem” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Blood, figuratively men’s life or resources consumed by the women attacked in the passage.

Context: Original marginal blood-sucking image intensifies hostile moral invective about sex workers; it is not a neutral generalization about them.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: Sanguinem hominum sorbent.

Modern rendering: They suck men’s blood.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

sanguis · Sanguis amasiæ

Printed “Sanguis amasiæ” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

A mistress’s or female beloved’s blood; amasiæ supplies the female possessor.

Context: Drinking it is alleged to extinguish love among remedies Burton has called impermissible and absurd. His Faustina illustration is textually different from the historical story described by the supplied apparatus.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Sanguis amasiæ ebibitus

Modern rendering: Drinking a mistress’s blood

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole participial noun phrase reorganized as gerund; drinking corresponds to ebibitus, not Sanguis alone

sanguisuga

Printed “sanguisugis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Leeches, blood-sucking animals used in the historical procedure; ablative plural with admotis.

Context: Original marginal remedy claim, with patient and procedure context; these are literal animals, unlike the figurative predatory persons elsewhere.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: sanguisugis admotis

Modern rendering: applying leeches

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: ablative construction reorganized as an English gerund; applying renders admotis contextually

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

shop of blood

Printed “shop of bloud” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: The liver as the organ where nourishing blood is manufactured from chyle.

Context: Burton’s craft metaphor for physiological production.

Grammar: Predicative/appositional metaphor naming liver.

Source: original body

Source wording: the shop of bloud

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

stanch blood

Printed “stanch blood” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: stanch blood

Stop the flow of blood; stop bleeding.

Context: One power in Burton’s transmitted witchcraft catalogue; neither the list nor its citation establishes actual magical efficacy.

Source: original body

sweat blood

Printed “sweat blood” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Exude blood in sweating, as represented in the biblical sorrow example.

Context: Burton invokes Christ’s suffering to illustrate the bodily force of grief, distinct from the later sacrificial-consolation sense. His Mark 14 reference is retained; the supplied apparatus distinguishes the Luke sweating passage.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Source wording: did sweat blood

young blood

Printed “yong bloods” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Young people, especially children whose youthful desires parents suppress.

Context: Burton’s criticism of expecting the young to become old prematurely.

Grammar: Plural count noun for persons, not quantities of fluid.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: their yong bloods

Modern rendering: their young people

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: Source is an unnumbered verso after576; no invented page577 assigned.

Alignment convention