Passion

Use in the book

Chastity is praised as restraint of a commanding passion that strengthens the soul for other virtues. Yet the account of law insists that certain passions must be satisfied through property, paternal power and polite ceremony while remaining bounded. Regulation includes inward exercise, not external suppression alone. Tragic passions are then described as purified of reality: shadows, bodiless and almost spiritual. Their force belongs to representation. These three uses distinguish discipline, institutional accommodation and artistic transformation.

Places to read

1. I, p. 33, entry 2, ¶1A restrained passion becomes a source of moral strength.
2. I, p. 462, entry 4, ¶1Laws satisfy passions while moderation and inward power bound them.
3. II, p. 868, entry 8, ¶1Tragedy removes passions from bodily reality.

Translation in this edition

The English translation repeats passions through the tragic formulation and preserves “almost,” avoiding an absolute claim of spirituality. The Latin amor habendi in the law passage remains in the text; its note explains love of having or possessing.

Use in the book

The Passion becomes inwardly present through remembrance and prayer. In I.88 the torn veil and darkened sun are applied to the speaker’s resistant heart and pride: the historical suffering is asked to exert transformative force in the present soul.

Human passions require direction rather than mere extinction. II.100 criticizes moralists who recommend their government without showing the goods to which they should be guided. Right government removes impediments and fits the passions to proper objects. The distinction between true and false pleasures therefore precedes any adequate account of restraint. Affect is a power of enjoyment whose disorder needs healing, not evidence that enjoyment itself should disappear.

Places to read

1. I.86Christ’s Passion remains present in the memory and affection of believers.
2. I.88The Passion’s signs become a prayer for inward transformation.
3. II.100Government of the passions guides them toward fitting objects rather than leaving them empty.

In this edition

Capitalization alone may not reliably distinguish the senses. Christ’s passion is his suffering; our passions are affective movements needing right direction.

Use in the book

René remembers the freshness of adolescent passions as poetic (p. 144), and imagines himself above the world on Etna as a young man full of passions (p. 153). The childhood lyric and the volcanic self-portrait already differ: one locates feeling in shared verses and sensory harmony; the other places an isolated self beside an abyss. His urban life later seeks an object that can bind an as-yet-unworn soul (p. 157). These passages make the problem one of attachment and employment rather than simple depletion through worldly excess.

In country solitude, passion’s ‘sounds’ resemble winds and waters in a wilderness (p. 161). Their indeterminate movements are heard before they are conceptually mastered. Amélie’s passion, by contrast, has a specific forbidden object, and her prayer explicitly names its criminality while denying that her brother shared it (p. 180). The common vocabulary must not blur the difference between his diffuse longing and her concealed attachment.

After the revelation René’s passions seize a first prey: the real suffering of a beloved other becomes something his inward energies can consume (p. 182). This is a turning point, but the violent wording prevents calling it uncomplicated maturation. His satisfaction in inexhaustible grief resembles the earlier search for an inexhaustible pleasure.

Amélie’s religious letter describes a redirected flame, with vestiges of pleasure rather than an affective blank. Souël proposes a sterner language of quenching passions and serving one’s fellows (p. 190). Those emphases differ, but both resist the claim that intensity alone is its own justification. The superior’s report of charity supplies the most concrete example of energy given an outward task.

Places to read

1. Preface p. 11corrige les passions sans les éteindre — The authorial Defence describes religious discipline as correction rather than total extinction.
2. p. 144dans la fraîcheur de ses passions — Youthful affect is initially linked to poetry and freshness.
3. p. 161Les sons que rendent les passions — The sonic analogy conveys elusive movements without reducing them to a named object.
4. p. 182Mes passions, si long-temps indéterminées — René marks a retrospective shift from undefined feeling to furious attachment to actual grief.
5. p. 190au service de ses semblables — Souël’s positive requirement gives inward strength a destination beyond the self.

Translation in this edition

The 1802 theoretical ending in Appendix I no. 2 already makes one misfortune both intensify melancholy and punish René. The later apologetic framing sharpens culpability but does not invent the punitive possibility. The 1805 review’s ‘La passion de René’ (p. 356) is ambiguous reception language and cannot override the prayer’s explicit nonreciprocity.

Use in the book

Emotions in argument and narration

Burton’s own mixed passion in the preface combines anger and amusement, followed by satire and lamentation at abuses he cannot amend. He then says that sharing these feelings with earlier observers is not itself why he adopts Democritus’s name. Passion is therefore part of the book’s speaking position as well as its medical subject. Democritus’s laughter is elsewhere an “ironical passion,” a mocking emotion which the citizens of Abdera mistake for madness within the literary Hippocratic story. In the imagined commonwealth, officials’ passionate susceptibility to love, hatred, fear and favour justifies accountability: feeling can make judgment partial.

The faculty account places mixed passions among the reactions to good or evil objects. Another division arranges them by the object’s presence or futurity and moves between four and six primary passions. Burton reports classifications rather than a single universally fixed list. The disruptive effects are sometimes assigned specifically to excess: immoderate passions consume spirits. The will discussion dramatizes another relation, with passion overpowering reason like horses carrying away their driver.

Bodily effects and the problem of restraint

The causes section claims very powerful effects for passions while making influence reciprocal: bodily humours disturb the mind, and mental disturbances alter the body. Burton reports the Stoic ideal “ἀπαθής,” free from passions, then rejects its attainability for ordinary human life. Discipline, education, philosophy and theology may restrain them in some people at some times, but the torrent image emphasizes how often they overpower reason and judgment. These limited quantifiers matter beside the sweeping rhetoric.

Imagination conveys the passions’ effects. The following physiological explanation moves an apprehended or misinterpreted object from sense or memory through imagination to the heart, with spirits and humours participating in the response. The concluding description calls imagination the conveying medium and makes the force of the effect depend upon imaginative intensity and bodily disposition. A medium is not identical with every passion, its object, or its bodily effect.

Burton does not consistently demand complete absence of feeling. In consolation for bereavement, weeping is a natural passion, and insensibility would exclude mercy and pity. He then urges a middle course against grief’s continuing domination. Treatment elsewhere even proposes displacing one passion with another when preceding remedies fail. Its examples range from contrary news to frightening or painful interventions, so the historical advice cannot be turned into an unqualified recommendation for present practice. The coexistence of natural feeling, harmful excess and hoped-for moderation is the important lexical setting.

The erotic sections extend the range in two striking ways. Male and female palms are said to exhibit a love-passion: the original expressly says “not a sympathy but a love-passion,” where the modern wording adds “merely” before sympathetic affinity. Burton gives the relation an emotional character and claims observational support, then follows with poetic imagery. This remains a historical interpretation of plants. At the other extreme of duration, burning lust is a “gunpowder passion,” a brief explosive flash; the warning says hatred often follows, rather than making that consequence inevitable.

Attacks, disorders and suffering

Katherine Gualter’s strange passions and convulsions are violent attacks of illness. Burton reports Cornelius Gemma’s narrative, including extraordinary expulsions and claimed eyewitness contact; the latter is Gemma’s reported testimony, not Burton’s own observation or an established clinical event. Passions of the stomach likewise means bodily disorders, which can coexist with head melancholy. The term does not require the stomach itself to feel anger or desire.

The original marginal “pathemata” likewise names slight stomach disorders, but its “sometimes” should remain distinct from the English body’s “oftentimes.” A later Latin phrase, “cardiaca passio,” is immediately explained as pain at the mouth of the stomach which makes the patient think the heart itself aches. Its historical label therefore needs Burton’s anatomical explanation, rather than a modern diagnosis inferred from cardiac.

The uncertainty whether hydrophobia is a passion of body or mind makes the general sense disorder explicit. Erotic melancholy is later called a passion of the brain because of impaired imagination, with competing accounts of its seat and a qualification concerning the later involvement of reason. These passages show how a word used for emotions can also classify a condition affecting an organ.

The Latin “passio” occurs with both main senses in original marginal quotations. The inquiry attributed to Plotinus asks whether love is a god, a spirit or a passion of the soul; Burton then summarizes a conclusion combining the alternatives. At the account of erotic melancholy, “passio cerebri” instead means a brain disorder. Keeping question, reported conclusion and bodily classification separate prevents one universal definition from replacing the local uses.

David’s temporary passion is affliction or suffering, expressed through the prayers of Psalm 38 and the following Psalm 22 quotations. Temporary is not ornamental: it describes distress without making it an irreversible condition. Christ’s passion has the familiar Christian sense of suffering associated with his death. Burton invokes it while attacking claims of merit through fasting; the preceding paragraph expressly allows moderate, seasonable fasting. Passion Week occurs in an earlier reported anecdote as the name of a period of observance. The edition retains that designation rather than replacing it with an assumed modern date.

Deeds, rhetoric and a characteristic property

The lovers’ passage moves from passions to actions: inward feelings find expression in flattery, quarrelling, laughter and tears. Burton immediately calls their actions and passions intermingled, with sorrow especially prominent. The distinction concerns feeling and doing without pretending that their manifestations can always be neatly separated. A passionate speech, conversely, is emotionally expressive writing that moves the person reading it, part of the wider argument for pleasurable reading.

Feeling can itself become a means of communication. In Burton’s expanded scene attributed to Jerome, someone “signifies by passions” what he dares not say: expressive emotional gestures accompany nods and signs. The preceding paragraph distinguishes modest sociability from its abuse, so the quoted denunciation should be read within that qualification. Outside human behaviour altogether, tropical rivers have “passions at set times,” periodic changes such as seasonal flooding. The grammatical subjects and neighbouring questions about flood causes establish a non-emotional sense.

Proper passion is a different technical construction. Laughter is called a property peculiar to human beings before Burton contrasts ordinary smiling with composed, enticing smiles. Proper here concerns what belongs distinctively to the kind. It is not a claim that laughter is necessarily a violent fit or that every smiling person intends seduction; the continuation describes lovers misreading ordinary pleasantness.

Related entries

Affection; Perturbation; Appetite; Imagination; Reason; Will and nill; Action; Fear; Sorrow; Hypochondria; Religious melancholy; Anger (future article)

Places to read

1. · paragraph 10mixed authorial feelings; full context Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 10–12 for the qualification about his assumed name
2. · paragraph 8–10Democritus’s mocking emotion and the citizens’ interpretation of his laughter
3. · paragraph 35passionate officials and the need for accountability; continue through Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraph 36
4. · paragraph 31passion as a disorder of body or mind; read Subsection 4. Mental impairment, frenzy, madness, hydrophobia, lycanthropy, St… · paragraphs 30–32
5. · paragraph 29mixed emotional passions after the good/evil object classification in Subsection 8. The moving faculty · paragraph 28
6. · paragraph 43passion overpowers reason; read chariot and Medea at Subsection 11. The Will · paragraphs 43–47
7. · paragraph 24Katherine Gualter’s reported attacks, with source framing and continuation at SUBSECTION 2 A digression on the nature of spirits Evil angels or devils and… · paragraphs 23–25
8. · paragraph 29–38reciprocal bodily/mental causation, the reported Greek ἀπαθής ideal and qualified restraint
9. · paragraph 34imagination as conveying medium, explained physiologically at Member 3 Subsection 1 Passions and disturbances of the mind and how they cause… · paragraphs 2–4
10. · paragraph 3four or six primary emotions and harmful excess; read Subsection 3. Classification of the passions · paragraphs 2–5
11. · paragraph 5–7English passions and Latin pathemata as stomach disorders; often/sometimes remain distinct
12. · paragraph 14–16cardiaca passio, stomach pain perceived as heart pain in the historical symptom account
13. · paragraph 25–27passions as periodic river changes, within questions about flood causes
14. · paragraph 40emotionally moving rhetoric within the reading remedy; read Member 4 Exercise of body and mind regulated · paragraphs 39–41
15. · paragraph 30one feeling displaced by another, after failed remedies; read Subsection 2 Help from friends through counsel and comfort gentle and harsh… · paragraphs 29–31
16. · paragraph 36natural grief followed by a counsel of moderation at MEMBER 5 Against sorrow over the death of friends or other causes, groundless… · paragraphs 36–38
17. · paragraph 28–30Latin passio as one queried classification of love, followed by Burton’s reported conclusion
18. · paragraph 25–27love-passion attributed to palms and distinguished from sympathy, followed by poetry
19. sequence [446 printed 246]English passion and Latin passio as brain disorder, with competing seats and qualified impairment of reason
20. · paragraph 35proper passion as characteristic property, followed by the misreading of smiles at Artificial attractions of love and incitements to lust Gestures Clothes Dowry… · paragraph 36
21. · paragraph 37–39emotional gestures as communicative passions in the Jerome scene, with modest sociability distinguished from abuse
22. · paragraph 51lovers’ feelings and actions intermingled; read MEMBER 4 SUBSECTION 1 Symptoms or signs of love melancholy in body and mind… · paragraphs 50–52
23. · paragraph 11–13gunpowder passion as intense but fleeting lust in a warning about marriage
24. · paragraph 49Passion Week in a reported abstinence anecdote
25. · paragraph 6Christ’s suffering in a polemic qualified by moderate fasting at Causes of religious melancholy. From the Devil, through miracles, apparitions… · paragraphs 5–7
26. temporary suffering in the Psalm sequence Causes of despair: the devil, melancholy, meditation, distrust, weakness of… · paragraphs 3–5

In this edition

“Strange passions and convulsions” becomes “strange attacks and convulsions”; “passions to actions” becomes “feelings to actions”; “actions and passions” becomes “actions and emotions”; and “temporary passion” becomes “temporary affliction.” Attacks, feelings, emotions and affliction preserve the distinct local senses. The first and last would be obscured by one uniformly emotional equivalent.

“Passion of the brain” becomes “disorder of the brain,” while “proper passion” becomes “attribute peculiar to human beings” within the full laughter clause. “Natural passion” in bereavement becomes “natural emotion.” Christ’s “death and passion” and “Passion Week” remain recognizable religious expressions. These choices make changes of subject and construction visible while retaining the historical arguments and reported claims.

For rivers, “passions” becomes “changes”; in the Jerome scene, “by passions” becomes “by emotional gestures.” “Cardiaca passio” is “cardiac affection,” immediately explained through the stomach/heart distinction. The marginal Latin “passio” and the Greek-derived Latin “pathemata” are aligned with the editorial translations of the original quotations, separately from the modern body. At the palms passage, the modern “merely” interprets an original contrast without a corresponding separate word.

actions and passions

Printed “actions and passions” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Deeds and emotions considered as intermingled in lovers.

Context: The phrase does not establish two mutually isolated processes; sorrow is then said to take the greatest share.

Source: original body

Source wording: their actions and passions are intermixt

Original wording: So their actions and passions are intermixt

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Their actions and emotions are thus mixed together

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The full clause includes original So corresponding to modern thus; the discourse connective does not belong to actions and passions alone.

cardiaca passio

Printed “cardiaca passio” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: cardiaca passio

Citation convention

A historical disorder characterized here by pain at the stomach’s upper opening, felt as though the heart aches.

Context: Burton explicitly places the pain at the mouth of the stomach and describes the patient’s belief that the heart hurts; the label does not establish a modern cardiac diagnosis.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: cardiac affection

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

contrary passion

Printed “contrary passion” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A competing or opposed feeling introduced to displace another.

Context: A fallback after preceding remedies fail; historical examples include joy replacing sorrow but also fear and pain.

Source: original body

Source wording: to drive out one passion with another, or by some contrary passion

gunpowder passion

Printed “gunpowder passion” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Intense but short-lived lust likened to a flash of gunpowder.

Context: A warning about marriages based on outward beauty or ulterior motives; hatred is said often, not inevitably, to follow.

Source: original body

Source wording: burning lust is but a flash, a gunpowder passion

ironical passion

Printed “ironical passion” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A mocking emotional response, expressed in Democritus’s laughter at human life.

Context: Burton retells the pseudonymous Hippocratic-letter story; the citizens’ belief that Democritus is mad is their interpretation.

Source: original body

Source wording: this ironical passion

love-passion

Printed “love-passion” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A passion of love attributed to male and female palms, expressly contrasted with natural sympathy.

Context: Burton says not a sympathy but a love-passion and claims observational confirmation. The modern adds merely to the first alternative; the ensuing poetic imagery does not independently verify the botanical claim.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: express not a sympathy but a love-passion

Modern rendering, Modern wording: display not merely a sympathetic affinity but a passion of love

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Supplied or implicit wording: Modern merely is an interpretive addition to original not a sympathy but; the source’s explicit contrast remains visible.

mixed passion

Printed “mixt passion” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A combination of emotions, here anger and amusement in observing the world.

Context: Burton describes his authorial response; the next paragraph adds lamentation and anger, and he then denies this alone explains his borrowed name.

Source: original body

Source wording: with a mixt passion

Original wording: not as they did to scoff or laugh at all, but with a mixt passion

Modern rendering, Modern wording: I did not, as they did, scoff or laugh at everything, but felt a mixture of emotions

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The whole elliptical contrast is aligned; the isolated with a mixt passion does not by itself express the supplied finite verb felt.

Supplied or implicit wording: Modern I did and felt make explicit the first-person subject and verbal relation implicit in the original continuation.

natural passion

Printed “natural passion” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A natural emotional response, here weeping for bereaved friends.

Context: Burton allows grief and rejects insensibility, then urges moderation rather than prolonged tyranny of grief.

Source: original body

Source wording: ’tis a natural passion to weep for our friends

passio · local use 1

Printed “passio” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

An emotion or passion of the soul, one possible classification of love.

Context: The original marginal Plotinus quotation poses alternatives in a question, including god and daemon; Burton then reports a composite conclusion. The question is not itself an asserted definition, and Burton’s summary is not independently collated Plotinus.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: an passio quædam animæ

Modern rendering, Modern wording: a certain passion of the soul

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The alternative-question marker an has no separate English word in the comma-separated series governed by the earlier whether; the noun phrase is aligned without inventing an additional English or.

Edition note: independently checked against supplied marginal quotation and its editorial translation, not the modern body

passio · local use 2

Printed “passio” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

A disorder, here located in the brain.

Context: Original Latin marginal statement supporting Burton’s brain-based account of erotic melancholy; impaired imagination supplies the reason. The continuation qualifies when reason too is affected.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: Propriè passio cerebri est ob corruptam imaginationem

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Properly it is a disorder of the brain arising from an impaired imagination

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: independently checked against supplied marginal quotation and its editorial translation, not the modern body

Supplied or implicit wording: Modern it makes the contextual subject erotic melancholy explicit; the Latin subject is implicit in the clause.

Source page qualification: Original the accompanying note explicitly gives sequence 446 misprinted 246.

passion · local use 1

Printed “passion” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

A disorder or suffering whose bodily or mental seat is disputed.

Context: Caelius Aurelianus is represented as raising the question; Burton then gives a brain-and-poison explanation.

Source: original body

Source wording: whether this Hydrophobia be a passion of the body or the minde

passion · passions · local use 1

Printed “passions” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Emotions such as anger and hatred, classified as mixed responses.

Context: The preceding classification distinguishes present and absent good, and present and future evil; it is one of several schemes Burton reports. The mixed passions are then listed separately.

Source: original body

Source wording: those mixt affections and passions of Anger

passion · Passion

Printed “Passion” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Emotion or desire that overpowers rational direction.

Context: Reason is the power overborne; the following chariot image and Medea quotation dramatize opposed counsel.

Source: original body

Source wording: Reason is overborne by Passion

passion · passions · local use 2

Printed “passions” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Violent attacks or episodes of illness, paired with convulsions.

Context: Burton reports Cornelius Gemma’s account of Katherine Gualter; the ensuing marvels and claimed eyewitness testimony are attributed, not verified observations.

Source: original body

Source wording: strange passions and convulsions

passion · passions · local use 3

Printed “passions” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Emotional forces claimed usually to overpower reason and disturb bodily balance.

Context: Burton concedes limited moderation after rejecting universal freedom from feeling; some few and some times limit the concession.

Source: original body

Source wording: may mitigate and restrain these passions in some few men at some times

Original wording: (I cannot deny) may mitigate and restrain these passions in some few men at some times

Modern rendering, Modern wording: may, I cannot deny, soften and restrain these passions in a few people at certain times

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The original parenthesis and modal are both included; modern wording reorders them. Few and certain times preserve the limited concession.

passion · passions · local use 4

Printed “passions” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Emotional movements conveyed through imagination and conditioned by humours.

Context: Imagination is the medium through which passions act, not the passion’s bodily target; varying intensity and humours condition the effect.

Source: original body

Source wording: this imagination is the medium deferens of passions

passion · passions · local use 5

Printed “passions” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Primary emotions grouped by the good or evil and the presence or futurity of their objects.

Context: Burton moves between classifications; excessive rather than merely existent passions are said here to consume spirits.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Source wording: All other passions are subordinate unto these four, or six, as some will

passion · passions · local use 6

Printed “passions” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Disorders or sufferings of the stomach that can accompany head melancholy.

Context: The discussion explicitly allows overlap of bodily sites and symptom profiles.

Source: original body

Source wording: the passions of the stomack concur with it

Original wording: oftentimes the passions of the stomack concur with it

Modern rendering, Modern wording: disorders of the stomach often occur along with it

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The full construction includes original oftentimes corresponding to modern often; the frequency is not assigned to passions alone.

passion · local use 2

Printed “passion” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

A disorder of the brain, here erotic melancholy.

Context: Burton selects the brain because of impaired imagination, after rival accounts of the seat; the continuation qualifies impairment of reason.

Source: original body

Source wording: a passion of the brain

Source page qualification: Paired label says 446; original marginal note identifies the printed numeral 246.

passion · local use 3

Printed “passion” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Christ’s suffering in the redemptive narrative.

Context: Burton criticizes alleged overvaluation of fasting merits; the preceding passage approves moderate and seasonable fasting.

Source: original body

Source wording: Christs death and passion

passion · passions · local use 7

Printed “passions” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Periodic changes or conditions undergone, here seasonal flooding of rivers.

Context: The rivers are the things undergoing change. The passage asks competing questions about the Nile’s flood and compares other tropical rivers; it does not assign human emotion to water.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: which have all commonly the same passions at set times

Modern rendering, Modern wording: which generally undergo the same changes at fixed seasons

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Whole relative clause; original have is recast as undergo, and all commonly is represented by generally rather than an unqualified every-river claim.

passion · passions · local use 8

Printed “passions” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Expressive emotional gestures, used to communicate what is not spoken.

Context: In Burton’s expanded Jerome scene a participant conveys what he dares not say through signs and emotional display. The preceding paragraph permits modest sociability and distinguishes its abuse; this quoted denunciation is not a simple ban on every gathering.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: that which he dares not say, signifies by passions

Modern rendering, Modern wording: expressing by emotional gestures what he dares not say

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: The original finite clause is recast as a participial phrase, retaining the content not dared to be spoken and its expressive means.

Passion Week

Printed “passion week” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

The period of religious observance commemorating Christ’s suffering, named as in Burton’s anecdote.

Context: A reported story of sexual abstinence and infidelity; the edition does not resolve the historical designation into a different modern calendar label.

Source: original body

Source wording: in the passion week

passionate

Printed “passionate” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Readily swayed by emotions such as love, hatred, fear and favour.

Context: Burton uses human susceptibility to justify regular accountability of officials.

Source: original body

Source wording: men are partial and passionate

passionate speech

Printed “passionate speech” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Emotionally expressive or moving rhetoric.

Context: Speech is a literary object capable of moving a reader; the following Libanius example emphasizes absorption.

Source: original body

Source wording: a passionate speech, well penned

passions to actions

Printed “passions to actions” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A transition from feelings to outward conduct.

Context: Burton describes lovers alternately flattering, resisting, quarrelling, laughing and weeping.

Source: original body

Source wording: from passions to actions

pathema

Printed “pathemata” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Disorders or sufferings, here of the stomach.

Context: Plural noun in the original Latin marginal quotation. Slight stomach disorders sometimes accompany head melancholy and the organs transmit affection reciprocally. The English body separately says oftentimes, so the two frequencies must not be silently equated.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording, Original wording: exigua nonnunquam ventriculi pathemata coeunt

Modern rendering, Modern wording: slight disorders of the stomach sometimes accompany it

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: independently checked against supplied marginal quotation and its editorial translation, not the modern body

Supplied or implicit wording: Modern it supplies the accompanying head melancholy from the preceding in hac melancholia capitis.

proper passion

Printed “proper passion” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A characteristic property belonging peculiarly to a kind, here human laughter.

Context: Logical/classificatory usage frames a contrast between ordinary smiling and contrived allurements; it does not mean violent emotion.

Source: original body

Source wording: To laugh is the proper passion of a man

temporary passion

Printed “temporary passion” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

A passing affliction or suffering, here David’s distress.

Context: Burton introduces Psalm 38; temporary limits the description and prevents an irreversible-condemnation reading.

Source: original body

Source wording: This temporary passion

ἀπαθής

Printed “ἀπαθής” (Greek; related negative adjective). Attestation: word form.

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: ἀπαθής

Citation: Exact Greek citation adjective, separately explained as the negative ideal related to the article’s passions; not an English spelling-family member.

Free from passions or disturbances, in the reported Stoic ideal.

Context: Greek adjective describing what the sage should be, as reported through Lipsius and Piccolomini. Burton immediately denies that any ordinary mortal is free from disturbances; modern indifference is not the definition here.

Source: original body

Modern rendering, Modern wording: unaffected

Alignment convention

Alignment convention