Nourishment and digestion

Use in the book

The account of laborious digestion pictures the stomach as a hand that presses and wrings. It proposes that forceful processing can consume more vigor than the food restores. The later comparison with Vaucanson’s duck makes a related distinction in intellectual life: a mind may process what it learns yet produce only excretions. Neither passage allows the mere performance of digestion to prove assimilation or benefit.

The short pairing of expression with secretion and appropriate thought with nutrition separates giving something out from being sustained. The account of difficult books makes the distinction more precise: bad flavor need not imply a worthless nutritive product. Some books are good to digest although unpleasant to read. These comparisons differ in their immediate purpose, but together help explain why information, intellectual activity, pleasure, and nourishment are not interchangeable in the notebooks.

Places to read

1. I, p. 123, entry 4, ¶1Muscular processing can cost more vigor than the food restores.
2. II, p. 605, entry 9, ¶1The mechanical duck models learning that does not nourish.
3. I, p. 111, entry 10, ¶1Expression and appropriate thought receive different bodily analogies.
4. II, p. 617, entry 3, ¶1Useful books may have disagreeable flavor but valuable digestive yield.

Translation in this edition

The English translation retains food, nourishment, digestion, and the coarse excretions of the mechanical comparison. Its account of Vaucanson’s duck is not a new technical description of the automaton. The bodily account at I.123 likewise remains a historical observation and conjecture, not medical guidance.

Coction

French: coction.

Coction is the historical digestive term retained by the English translation. Joubert quotes Aristotle on sleep occurring while coction takes place and waking when it is complete, then derives an account of forces concentrated in the stomach and juices distributed toward the extremities. The quoted maxim and the subsequent inference remain distinct. This is a historical physiological explanation, not a current definition of digestion or sleep.

Places to read: I, p. 187, entry 9, ¶1.

Secretion and excretion

French: sécrétion; excrétion.

The contrast concerns what thought gives out and what sustains it. Expression produces a kind of pleasant secretion, whereas thinking what one should produces nourishment. The separate note on expenditure of coarse and subtle humors names excretions and secretions together while distinguishing what is lost and what must restore it. The English translation retains both technical nouns; it does not replace them with a uniform metaphor of release.

Places to read: I, p. 111, entry 10, ¶1; I, p. 191, entry 1, ¶1.

Use in the book

Pseudo-Galen asks how Hippocrates, Erasistratus, Empedocles, and Asclepiades explain food's digestion, then assigns putrefaction to Empedocles. The brevity is both useful and limiting. It gives a distinct causal label but no sequence of organs, fluids, temperature changes, or transformations. The meaning cannot be supplied simply from the everyday modern association of putrefaction with unsafe food or disease: in the historical classification it serves as an explanatory process. A77's neighbouring Aëtian report concerns nourishment and growth, which are not thereby identical with digestion. The text can therefore support a distinction between processing food, incorporating fitting material, and increasing bodily size, even though it does not spell out a unified physiology connecting all three.

Places to read

1. A 77 (testimony)Pseudo-Galen, Medical Definitions. Classifies Empedocles' explanation of digestion as putrefaction.
2. A 77 (testimony)Aëtius. Gives separate explanations for nourishment, growth, and decline.

Translation in this edition

The witness is Pseudo-Galen, not securely Galen himself. The present-tense handbook classification preserves an attribution without showing that its single technical term reproduces Empedocles' own wording.

Use in the book

Ficino asks what transforms nonliving food into living form, transfers heavy and light materials against their usual directions as life requires, and reconciles constituents “at war” with one another. He contrasts orderly, gentle digestion with violent destruction. Mere fiery heat, or one quality belonging to the conflicting constituents, cannot in his argument explain their coordinated transformation. He therefore identifies a higher, indivisible, life-giving power and asks the reader to consider the universe by analogy with the human case. This is an inference from his physiological model, not a modern account of metabolism. Later, nourishing, growing and generating the body exemplify the soul’s temporal operation: those processes take time even though he holds the soul’s essence stable.

The human soul does many things by choice but gives the body life without choice through its being. It also nourishes and digests many things at once without anxiety and labor. These are examples in a hierarchy of operations: deliberative action depends on essential activity, which in turn depends on the first cause’s pure being.

Ficino’s argument is not that every human action is involuntary, or that a person need not eat. Nor does the illustration supply a modern physiological explanation of digestion. Its philosophical role is to show that a source can sustain multiple operations without selecting each afresh, and that even choice itself must arise without an endless chain of preceding choices.

Book IV begins with an inference from the ordinary life of growing things to the life of earth and water. Nothing can be nourished or enlarged, Ficino says, without the generation of some of its parts. Consequently, what exhibits generation followed by nourishment and growth gives evidence of life and soul. The sequence matters: growth is not an additional invisible substance; it is an observed activity used to argue for a source. Plants and stones are treated as remaining dependent upon earth while rooted or attached, whereas animals continue living after bodily separation. That contrast supports his distinction between an element's common soul and a creature's proper soul.

Fostering also differentiates the roles of bodily and spiritual seeds. An abandoned bodily seed may receive an external fostering influence; the proposed living nature both produces where such seeds are absent and fosters seeds left by animals. The source therefore does not make every new organism an instance of generation without a bodily seed. Its claims about stones, unseeded plants, and spontaneous generation belong to this historical natural philosophy.

Places to read

1. I.3.23Digestion becomes an example of coordinated life exceeding a single bodily quality
2. I.5.1Nourishment, growth and generation distinguish temporal operation from stable essence
3. II.8.2, II.8.3Soul’s imparting life is distinguished from its chosen activities
4. II.8.5Simultaneous nutrition and digestion illustrate activity without anxious deliberation
5. IV.1.1–22generation of parts grounds nourishment and increase; earth is described as feeding its offspring
6. IV.1.14–1623external fostering and the nurture of abandoned bodily seeds are distinguished from production without them
7. IV.1.78attachment to earth distinguishes the growth of plants and stones from the life of separated animals
8. IV.2.20celestial alternation is said to illuminate and foster the elemental globe on all sides

Translation in this edition

“Cooks and digests” preserves the paired verbs at I.3.23. “Gently” renders suaviter in an argument about ordered assimilation, rather than offering dietary advice. The printed vincitque in unum is rendered “binds them into one”; the supplied apparatus explicitly adopts this constructive sense, and no conjectural replacement is silently introduced. The later shifts among “nourishes,” “digests,” “gives life,” “grows” and “fosters” preserve distinct operations. Repeating the inference to an animating natural source does not endorse its historical biology.

alere / nutrire / digerere

alere / nutrire / digerere. Printed forms: alit; digeritque; nutrit.

To nourish and digest. Soul’s simultaneous bodily maintenance is Ficino’s example of activity without anxious deliberation. References: II.8.2, II.8.5. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

alit / auget / generat

alit / auget / generat. Printed forms: alit; auget; generat.

Nourishes, enlarges and generates. These bodily life-operations occur over time and therefore show changing activity despite the soul’s stable essence. References: I.5.1. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

augere / augmentum

augere / augmentum. Printed forms: augere; augeri; augmenti; augmentum.

To increase or grow; increase as an operation. Ficino treats increase as dependent on the production of parts, not as a separate substantial agent. References: IV.1.1. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

concilio / vincit in unum

concilio / vincit in unum. Printed forms: conciliat; vincitque in unum.

To reconcile, and to bind conflicting things into one in the editor’s constructive reading. The passage gathers opposed bodily constituents under a life-giving power; the supplied apparatus explicitly explains the printed vincit this way. References: I.3.23. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

concoquo / digero

concoquo / digero. Printed forms: concoquit; digerit.

To cook or digest, and to distribute or digest orderly. Gentle, ordered assimilation contrasts with violent consumption; the physiological description supports a life-giving cause. References: I.3.23. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

evellere / extirpare

evellere / extirpare. Printed forms: evellantur; extirpentur.

To tear out and uproot. Removal from earth allegedly ends the growth of the outgrowths, distinguishing their dependence from animals' independent life. References: IV.1.2. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

fomentum / fovere

fomentum / fovere. Printed forms: fomento; foveant; fovet.

Fostering influence; to nurture or strengthen. External fostering helps seeds develop; spiritual seeds nurture abandoned seeds; agate is separately alleged to foster sight. References: IV.1.14, IV.1.16, IV.1.20. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

haerere / seiunctus

haerere / seiunctus. Printed forms: haerent; seiuncta.

To remain attached; separated. Plant and stone growth is assigned to earth's soul, while animals' separated bodies live through proper souls. References: IV.1.78. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

nutrimentum / alimentum

nutrimentum / alimentum. Printed forms: alimenta; nutrimentum.

Nourishment or food. The transformation of nonliving food into living form is offered as an operation requiring more than fiery heat. References: I.3.23. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

nutrire / nutritio

nutrire / nutritio. Printed forms: nutrire; nutriri; nutritio; nutritionis.

To nourish; nourishment as a continuing vital operation. Generation of parts is presented as the condition for nourishment and growth, supporting an inference to indwelling life. References: IV.1.1. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

suaviter / ordinate

suaviter / ordinate. Printed forms: ordinate; suaviter.

Gently or agreeably, and in an ordered way. These adverbs distinguish nourishment from destructive heat; they are descriptions within Ficino’s physiological analogy rather than medical advice. References: I.3.23. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

violentia / usus vitae

violentia / usus vitae. Printed forms: usus vitae; violentia.

Violence and the requirements or use of life. The organism moves heavy and light materials beyond their normal directions without manifest violence as life requires; the qualification manifesta should remain. References: I.3.23. See Nourishment, digestion and growth.

Use in the book

Heat, preparation and successive nourishment

Nutrition belongs to the vegetative faculty and changes nourishment into the substance of the living body by natural heat. Attraction brings food in; retention holds it until it can be processed; digestion transforms it; expulsion removes surplus material. The torch that consumes oil or wax and the pot in which food boils make the invisible transformation intelligible. Burton identifies insufficient natural heat with indigestion and rawness. In his account, inactivity fails to stir that heat, while excess food can smother it as too much wood smothers a fire. These are explanations within his historical physiology.

Concoction is wider than a single act in the stomach. The lower organs serve successive preparation and nourishment; the stomach produces chyle, and the liver refines it into blood. Sweat and tears are assigned to a third concoction. Yet the early definition of acquired humours speaks of a first concoction in the liver, while the later fourfold account counts chewing as its first member. The supplied edition retains these divergent arrangements and flags the difficult earlier syntax. A reader should keep the local sequences distinct.

Failure, emotion and bodily circulation

Crudity appears both among symptoms and in causal explanations. A slight provocation may overwhelm one person while another withstands it; in the susceptible person, emotion alters bodily constitution, impairs digestion and brings wind and crudity. The subsequent account of passion explains the connection through disturbed spirits: organs deprived of their usual support fail to nourish and act properly. Sorrow, care and excessive wakefulness likewise hinder concoction in these accounts. Prolonged study supplies another instance: the spirits attend the head, leaving stomach and liver unsupported, so defective processing produces black blood and crudities. These are specified causal stories, not a claim that intellectual work or distress must produce the same illness in everyone.

The relation also runs from body to mind. When the stomach is disordered, other parts receive inadequate or bad nourishment. The account of hypochondriacal symptoms derives windy vapours from crudities and makes them rise toward the brain, clouding imagination like smoke or a dark cloud. Elsewhere rumbling proceeds from wind, and wind from poor concoction, weak natural heat or disordered heat and cold. The symptom lists distinguish a large appetite from an ability to digest: eating much may coexist with wasting.

Regimen, timing and the amount that nourishes

The exercise passages make the conditions essential. Properly timed and moderate exercise is praised; violent, excessive or ill-timed exercise is blamed. Fernel’s reported account says exhaustion stirs up humours that nature might otherwise have processed and expelled. Exercise immediately after meals is said to drive raw, undigested juice into the veins. Conversely, bodily idleness is accused of weakening heat and generating crudities. The remedy section praises moderate exercise for assisting preparation in stomach, liver and veins, leaving little or no crudity, and the margin qualifies the suitable empty state as one in which the stomach’s food has already been digested.

Food itself is judged by quantity, timing, preparation and the eater’s disposition. Elaborate dishes and sauces are accused of producing crudities; even otherwise wholesome food may harm when eaten excessively or at an unsuitable time. Thorough chewing matters because only what is properly concocted restores the body, not everything swallowed. Fuchs’s exception for food that pleases the eater qualifies general prohibitions: a liked food may be received and digested more readily. The Latin concoquit in that margin means “digests,” with the stomach as its subject.

Sleep, balm, several wind-dispersing herbs, wine under stated restrictions, and stomach-binding are among the things credited with helping concoction. The verb also applies to the processing of thick vapours and humours, not only food. Burton turns supposed diseases of luxury, including crudities, into arguments for contentment with less wealth. These prescriptions and associations document the work’s medical and moral reasoning; they are not present-day treatment advice.

Cooking, composition and the force of the Latin family

The associated Latin vocabulary moves between literal preparation and figurative experience. Coctus, printed as cocta and coctam, means cooked or prepared: its gender and number follow the thing described. Crudis, a form of crudus, means raw or uncooked when it describes meat eaten by the Tartars. The margin’s coctione means “by boiling” in a dispute over impure water; cocta describes cooked apples and boiled seeds used in an external fomentation. These uses make the external preparation of food or medicine distinct from the digestive processing that follows eating.

Cooking and digestion also shape Burton’s account of writing. In the preliminary address to his book, a foolish rhetorician demands words bene cocta, “thoroughly cooked,” alongside polished and refined language. The book is told to close against this reader, whose stomach will reject its rough “iron words.” In the preface, the anticipated charge of stale repetition becomes twice-cooked cabbage: cramben bis coctam apponere. Burton later acknowledges the same repetition when he reapplies general causes to hypochondriacal melancholy; another marginal use makes twice-cooked cabbage an image of tiresome sameness in life.

Burton gives literary digestion a positive role as well. What nature does with food—“incorporate, digest, assimilate”—he claims to do with material gathered from other writers. Conquoquere quod hausi, in the supplied printed spelling, means “digest what I have swallowed.” He acknowledges the sources, while claiming his own arrangement and method in the next passage. The image explains how material may remain recognizable yet become part of a new composition; it complements the weaving and bee images immediately before it.

The related verb coquo also describes preparation in a craft and the felt heat of distress. Coquentium, “of those preparing,” names perfume makers in a quotation about their workshops; the modern version redistributes that into perfumes being concocted. Coquit, “burns,” has the afflicted person as its object in a fragment about concealed grief. Coquitq;, “and burns,” has eternity as its subject and the heart as its object in quoted verse on eternal punishment. Burton’s following prose explains how that meditation frightens already distressed readers. These are respectively manufacture and figurative torment, with their own grammatical agents and objects.

The related elixam, “boiled,” appears in the marginal story of a soul consumed by love’s fire: the quotation says “twice boiled or burned,” whereas the body says “sod or rosted.” Burton transmits the dissection anecdote through Hoffmann and attributes it to Plato; neither the event nor that attribution has been verified here. The following pot-and-fire image carries this supposed consumption into the language of radical moisture.

Ripening and intellectual chewing

Outside bodily digestion, northern medicinal plants are said by “many” to be less well concocted than southern ones: less thoroughly matured or perfected. Burton then challenges excessive dependence on remote drugs, maintaining that suitable local plants can be equivalent when properly prepared and proportioned. The initial opinion is reported, not his unqualified conclusion.

Mastication also supplies a reading metaphor. In the discussion of Scripture, meditation stands to reading as chewing stands to food. The marginal Masticat means “chews”: meditation is its subject and divine food its object. The analogy calls for reflection upon what is read, alongside the surrounding images of Scripture as medicine and a mirror. It does not add meditation as another bodily digestive stage.

Related Masticatories are medicines held and chewed in the mouth, rather than swallowed. The term gives chewing a therapeutic use distinct from chewing food or reflecting on Scripture. Burton divides these preparations into gentle and strong examples and includes them among treatments that draw material away through the mouth.

A disputed maxim and a defective margin

The syrup controversy quotes cocta, things already concocted or matured, against cruda, crude or unprocessed things. The Latin maxim says to move and treat the former, not the latter; Burton’s following English gloss applies it to raw things used in medicine. The edition’s note identifies a shift from a Hippocratic rule about the condition of humours before purging to the objection against preparations. Burton reports that Mattioli rejects the objection in the following letter. The objection, the reply and the difference between Latin maxim and English application all need to remain visible. The underlying letters have not been collated here.

The wormwood-salt passage provides another reason to keep body and margin separate. The body lists clearing the stomach of crudities and helping appetite as benefits. In the Latin margin, however, cruditatem, “undigested matter” or “imperfect digestion,” and nausea stand alongside appetite as grammatical objects of a verb meaning “renews.” The resulting claim is anomalous. The supplied edition preserves it literally and flags the faulty or missing construction; the reader should not silently transfer the body’s clear wording into the Latin.

Related entries

Radical moisture; Chyle; Oppilation (future batch); Excrements; Distillation and rheum (future batch); Humour; Spirits; Imagination; Sorrow; Appetite; Diet and regimen (future batch)

Places to read

1. Preliminary address to the book, unnumbered preliminary mattercooked language, the rhetorician’s taste and the book’s rough words
2. Democritus Junior to the Readertwice-cooked repetition, credited borrowing, assimilation and literary digestion
3. Synopsis of the First Partition, unnumbered preliminary mattercrudity among symptoms and matters requiring explanation
4. First Partitionemotional onset, acquired humours, the heat model, three operations and four stages
5. Diet and its qualificationsboiling water, raw flesh, elaborate food and the exception for personal liking
6. Exercise, idleness and wakingtiming, raw material in veins, inactivity and loss of sleep
7. Passions, sorrow, cares and study, repeated, 105–106, 128disturbance of spirits and impaired nourishment
8. Weariness with lifetwice-cooked cabbage as monotony despite material provision
9. Causes and symptomsrepetition of causes, appetite versus digestion, mental effects of vapours and distinct marginal formulations
10. Second Partition Synopsis, Unnumbered Synopsis · paragraph 7allowing the previous meal to be digested
11. Second Partition synopsis, unnumbered synopsischewable medicines and treatments that draw the disorder away
12. Diet in treatmentcooked apples, digestibility, moderate intake, fixed meals and chewing
13. Exercisehelpful moderate movement after food has been processed
14. Intellectual exercise and sleepchewing as meditation, sleep’s claimed aid and sorrow’s hindrance
15. Consolation and sharing griefwhat burns or torments a person, followed by the relief ascribed to a friend’s counsel
16. Consolation concerning povertycrudities among the supposed bodily costs of wealth
17. Medicinal plantsmaturation of northern plants and reported digestive virtues of herbs
18. Compound purgativesthe disputed concocted/crude maxim, Mattioli’s reply and chewable medicines
19. Cordials and hypochondriacal treatmentmasticatories, boiled seeds for a fomentation, wine’s conditions, processing humours, the anomalous wormwood margin and stomach-binding
20. Perfumes and adornmentperfume-making workshops and the literal craft sense of preparing substances
21. Love’s burning and boilingthe alleged dissection, twice-boiled-or-burned marginal soul, and the body’s different boiled-or-roasted wording
22. Religious despairquoted eternity that wrings and burns the heart, and its effect on distressed readers

In this edition

“Concoction” becomes “digestive processing” and “digestion” in many bodily passages. “Crudity” becomes “indigestion”; “crudities” becomes “undigested matter”. “Cruditie” becomes “rawness or incomplete digestion,” preserving both the fruit-ripening comparison and the bodily application. “Concocted” becomes “matured” for the reported opinion about medicinal plants.

“Elixation,” “Assation” and “Semiustulation” become “Boiling,” “Roasting” and “incomplete roasting”. These are lexical equivalents within Burton’s heat analogy. “Sanguification” is retained and explained as conversion into blood; “Assimulation” becomes “assimilation”; “Chilification” is expanded into its full digestive meaning. The modern column keeps the threefold and fourfold divisions distinct.

The translation keeps the printed conquoquere in the original while rendering its phrase “digest what I have swallowed.” In bene cocta, “thoroughly” belongs to bene; in bis cocta/coctam, “twice” belongs to bis. The printed Assimulation becomes “assimilation”; the separate verb assimilate becomes “assimilating.” In the perfume passage the Latin’s workers become a passive modern clause about their products, and the grief and eternity passages use “burns” for coquit and coquitq;.

The marginal Latin forms in this article have their own routes: concoquit, concoctis, “digested,”, Masticat, and cruditatem. Concoctis agrees with the food in an ablative construction meaning “when the food … has been thoroughly digested.” The English attached to these marginal quotations is editorial translation. The fresh translation of the Latin maxim precedes Burton’s own English application; the two should not be collapsed. The unresolved Latin grammar remains a textual qualification.

assation

Printed “Assation” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Roasting: processing of internal moisture by heat.

Context: One of three operations; not one of the four sequential organs/stages.

Grammar: Definitional noun as subject of is.

Source: original body

Source wording: Elixation is the seething of meat in the stomack, by the said natural heat, as meat is boyled in a pot; to which corruption or putrefaction is opposite. Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat; his opposite is Semiustulation.

assimilate

Printed “assimilate” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

To incorporate nourishment into the body’s own substance; used analogically of making gathered writing part of a new composition.

Context: Burton appeals to a Senecan model of gathering and transforming material without denying where it came from.

Grammar: Verb in the sequence incorporate, digest, assimilate; nature is the bodily agent and Burton the corresponding literary agent.

Source: original body

Source wording: and what Varro Lib. 6. de re rust. speaks of Bees, minime maleficæ nullius opus vellicantes faciunt deterius, I can say of my self, whom have I injured? The matter is theirs most part, and yet mine, apparet unde sumptum sit (which Seneca approves) aliud tamen quàm unde sumptum sit apparet, which nature doth with the aliment of our bodies incorporate, digest, assimilate, I do conquoquere quod hausi, dispose of what I take.

assimilation

Printed “Assimulation” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Incorporation of nourishment into the substance of the bodily parts.

Context: The final distributed process differs from preparation in one organ.

Grammar: Last nominal member, located in every part.

Source: original body

Source wording: Besides these three several operations of Digestion, there is a fourfold order of concoction: Mastication, or chewing in the mouth; Chilification of this so chewed meat in the stomack; the third is in the Liver, to turne this Chylus into bloud, called Sanguification; the last is Assimulation, which is in every part. Expulsion is a power of Nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous excrements, and reliques of meat and drink, by the guts, bladder, pores; as by purging, vomiting, spitting, sweating, urine, haires, nailes, &c.

chilification

Printed “Chilification” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Formation of chyle from chewed food in the stomach.

Context: Stomach process precedes liver conversion into blood.

Grammar: Second nominal member of fourfold sequence.

Source: original body

Source wording: Besides these three several operations of Digestion, there is a fourfold order of concoction: Mastication, or chewing in the mouth; Chilification of this so chewed meat in the stomack; the third is in the Liver, to turne this Chylus into bloud, called Sanguification; the last is Assimulation, which is in every part. Expulsion is a power of Nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous excrements, and reliques of meat and drink, by the guts, bladder, pores; as by purging, vomiting, spitting, sweating, urine, haires, nailes, &c.

coctio

Printed “coctione” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Boiling as an external treatment of water.

Context: Burton reports and approves an argument against the wholesomeness of beer made from the specified impure water; this is a historical claim, not modern water-safety advice.

Grammar: Ablative singular expressing means with non emendari; these defects are said not to be corrected by boiling.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: Contendit hæc vitia coctione non emendari.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: He maintains that these defects are not corrected by boiling.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied modern editorial translation of Burton marginal quotation

coctus · cocta · local use 1

Printed “cocta” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Things already concocted or matured, the allowed objects of moving and treating in the quoted maxim.

Context: Objection to syrups attributed through a letter and Hippocrates; Mattioli’s rejection follows in the same unit.

Grammar: Latin neuter plural substantivized perfect passive participle, accusative object of infinitives movere and medicari.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: cocta movere, & medicari, non cruda

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Move and treat what is concocted, not what is crude

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: The edition notes that Burton’s English application to raw medicinal things shifts the humoral reference of the Hippocratic rule; letters remain uncollated.

coctus · cocta · local use 2

Printed “cocta” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Cooked or prepared things; here finished language demanded by the foolish rhetorician. Bene supplies the degree, well or thoroughly.

Context: Burton’s address to his book imagines an inept rhetorician demanding polished writing; the stomach joke sustains the food metaphor.

Grammar: Neuter plural participial adjective used substantivally, accusative object of petit; bene is its modifying adverb.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording, Original wording: Laudabit nonnulla. Venit si Rhetor ineptus, Limata & tersa, & qui bene cocta petit, Claude citus librum; nulla hic nisi ferrea verba, Offendent stomachum quæ minus apta suum.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: And will praise some things. If a foolish rhetorician comes, Looking for language polished, refined and thoroughly cooked, Quickly close the book: here are only iron words, Which, ill suited to his taste, will upset his stomach.

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Full verse unit; modern language supplies the implied referent of the substantivized adjectives, while thoroughly translates bene.

coctus · coctam · local use 1

Printed “coctam” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Cooked, in the proverbial twice-cooked cabbage that figures stale repetition.

Context: Anticipated reader objection that Burton’s compilation merely repeats earlier writers.

Grammar: Accusative feminine singular agreeing with cramben; bis means twice; apponere means serve up.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: cramben bis coctam apponere

Modern rendering, Modern wording: serving up twice-cooked cabbage

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

coctus · cocta · local use 3

Printed “cocta” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Cooked, in the twice-cooked-cabbage image of wearisome repetition.

Context: Burton’s margin transfers food satiety to monotony in surroundings and life.

Grammar: Nominative feminine singular agreeing with Crambe; bis supplies twice.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: Crambe bis cocta.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Cabbage cooked twice.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied modern editorial translation of Burton marginal quotation

coctus · coctam · local use 2

Printed “coctam” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Cooked, in the proverbial image of serving the same account again.

Context: Burton acknowledges that he must repeat general causes when applying them to the particular species.

Grammar: Accusative feminine singular participle; crambe is the printed noun form, retained without silent grammatical normalization.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: crambe bis coctam apponere

Modern rendering, Modern wording: serve up twice-cooked cabbage

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

coctus · cocta · local use 4

Printed “cocta” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Cooked, describing apples prepared by external heat.

Context: Montanus’s marginal dietary permission is conditional on preparation and timing, with stomach-strengthening and suppressed vapours as stated benefits.

Grammar: Neuter plural agreeing with mala; not the digestion of apples within the eater.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: cocta mala

Modern rendering, Modern wording: cooked apples

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied modern editorial translation of Burton marginal quotation

coctus · cocta · local use 5

Printed “cocta” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Boiled, describing seeds prepared for an external application to the belly.

Context: The marginal recipe corresponds to the body’s fomentation; the boiled materials are not being digested in the stomach.

Grammar: Neuter plural agreeing with Semina; the body supplies oil as the cooking medium.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: Semina Cumini, rutæ, dauci, anethi cocta.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Boiled seeds of cumin, rue, carrot and dill.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied modern editorial translation of Burton marginal quotation

concoctio · concoctionem

Printed “concoctionem” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion impeded by severe mental symptoms.

Context: Montanus case: this explicit digestive detail is marginal, not in the English body.

Grammar: Latin accusative singular object of impediunt; symptomata is subject.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: Habuit sæva animi symptomata quæ impediunt concoctionem, &c.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: He had severe symptoms of the mind which impede digestion, etc.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

concoctio · concoctionis

Printed “concoctionis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Of digestion; the phrase bonæ concoctionis describes foods as easy to digest.

Context: Margin differs from the body’s good juyce; no one-to-one lexical alignment asserted between those phrases.

Grammar: Latin genitive singular with bonæ, qualifying cibos.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: per cibos flatus exortes, & bonæ concoctionis

Modern rendering, Modern wording: with foods free from wind and easy to digest

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 1

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive transformation in the difficult account of acquired humours.

Context: Burton’s local numbering retained; source inconsistency flagged in the accompanying note.

Grammar: Noun governed by first and located in the liver.

Source: original body

Source wording: A humor is a liquid or fluent part of the body, comprehended in it, for the preservation of it; and is either innate or borne with us, or adventitious and acquisite. The radical or innate, is daily supplied by nourishment, which some call Cambium, and make those secundary humors of Ros and Gluten to maintaine it: or acquisite, to maintain these four first primary Humors, coming and proceeding from the first concoction in the Liver, by which meanes Chylus is excluded.

concoction / concoct · Concoction

Printed “Concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Final bodily processing associated with sweat and tears as waste humours.

Context: Burton’s historical stage account; not the fourfold sequence including chewing.

Grammar: Third qualifies the stage.

Source: original body

Source wording: To these humors you may adde Serum, which is the matter of Urine, and those excrementitious humors of the third Concoction, Sweat, and Teares.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 2

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive preparation among the functions of the lower bodily organs.

Context: Burton locates liver and natural organs in the lower region.

Grammar: Purpose complement serving for.

Source: original body

Source wording: The second Region is the Chest, or middle Belly, in which the Heart as King keeps his court, and by his Arteries communicates life to the whole body. The third Region is the lower Belly, in which the Liver resides as a Legat à latere, with the rest of those naturall Organs, serving for concoction, nourishment, expelling of excrements.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 3

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

First or second stage of digestion; the stomach performs the first and produces chyle.

Context: Burton uses an expressly comparative kitchen image.

Grammar: Ordinal-qualified noun with stomach as kitchen of first stage.

Source: original body

Source wording: The parts of this Region, which present themselves to your consideration and view, are such as serve to nutrition, or generation. Those of nutrition serve to the first or second concoction: as the æsophagus or gullet, which brings meat and drink into the Stomack. The Ventricle or Stomack, which is seated in the midst of that part of the belly beneath the Midriffe, the kitchin (as it were) of the first concoction, and which turns our meat into Chylus: It hath two mouthes, one above, another beneath. The upper is sometimes taken for the stomack it self; the lower and nether door (as Wecker calls it) is named Pylorus. This stomack is sustained by a large Kell or Kaull, called Omentum; which some will have the same with Peritoneum, or Rim of the belly.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 4

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

First digestive stage served by the described intestinal structures.

Context: Anatomical functional summary.

Grammar: Object of serve with first marking the stage.

Source: original body

Source wording: The thick guts are three, the Blinde gut, Colon, and Right gut. The blinde is a thick & short gut, having one mouth, in which the Ilion and Colon meet: it receives the excrements, and conveyes them to the Colon. This Colon hath many windings, that the excrements pass not away too fast: the Right gut is straight, and conveys the excrements to the fundament, whose lower part is bound up with certain Muscles, called Sphincteres, that the excrements may be the better contained, until such time a man be willing to go to the stool. In the midst of these guts is situated the Mesenterium or Midriffe, composed of many veins, Arteries, & much fat, serving chiefly to sustain the guts. All these parts serve the first concoction.

concoction / concoct · concocted · local use 1

Printed “concocted” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digested sufficiently to nourish rather than passing straight through.

Context: Retention provides time for preparation; passing through immediately is counterfactual.

Grammar: Past participle in passive be concocted; retained food is subject.

Source: original body

Source wording: Attraction is a ministring facultie, which as a Loadstone doth Iron, drawes meat into the stomack, or as a lamp doth oyle; and this attractive power is very necessary in Plants, which suck up moisture by the root, as another mouth, into the sap, as a like stomack. Retention keeps it, being attracted unto the stomack, untill such time it be concocted; for if it should pass away straight, the body could not be nourished.

concoction / concoct · concocted · local use 2

Printed “concocted” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Processed or matured, said of humours that nature would otherwise have dealt with and expelled; the margin adds subduing them.

Context: Fernel citing Galen; this is a foregone possibility upset by excessive exercise.

Grammar: Past participle after would have; nature is agent.

Source: original body

Source wording: Nothing so good, but it may be abused: Nothing better then Exercise (if opportunely used) for the preservation of the Body: Nothing so bad, if it be unseasonable, violent, or overmuch. Fernelius out of Galen, Path. lib. 1. c. 16. saith, That much exercise and weariness consumes the spirits and substance, refrigerates the body; and such humors which Nature would have otherwise concocted and expelled, it stirs up, and makes them rage: which being so inraged, diversly affect, and trouble the body and minde.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 5

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion endangered by the specified exercise immediately after meals.

Context: Crato’s strong claim is reported about such exercise, not every exercise.

Grammar: Complement of enemy to.

Source: original body

Source wording: Crato, consil. 21. l. 2. protests against all such exercise after meat, as being the greatest enemy to concoction that may be, and cause of corruption of humors, which produce this, and many other diseases. Not without good reason then, doth Salust. Salvianus, l. 2. c. 1. and Leonartus Jacchinus in 9. Rhasis. Mercurialis, Arculanus, and many other, set down immoderate exercise, as a most forcible cause of melancholy.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 6

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion impaired by excessive wakefulness.

Context: Reported Galenic and Avicennian account, following the explicit subject in 038-26.

Grammar: Object of hurts; wakefulness is antecedent of it.

Source: original body

Source wording: and as may be added out of Galen 3. de sanitate tuenda, Avicenna 3. 1. it overthrows the natural heat, it causeth crudities, hurts concoction, and what not? Not without good cause therefore Crato consil. 21. lib. 2. Hildesheim spicel. 2. de delir. & Mania, Iacchinus, Arculanus on Rhasis, Guianerius and Mercurialis, reckon up this over-much waking, as a principal cause.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 7

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive function hindered when passions disturb and divert the spirits.

Context: Navarra’s explanation reported through Montanus; organs lose support of spirits.

Grammar: Subject of passive is hindred.

Source: original body

Source wording: By means of which, so disturbed, concoction is hindred, and the principal parts are much debilitated; as Dr Navarra well declared, being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humors increased, crudities and thick spirits ingendred with melancholy blood. The other parts cannot perform their functions, having the spirits drawn from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense and motion; so we look upon a thing, and see it not; hear, and observe not; which otherwise would much affect us, had we been free.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 8

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion hindered by sorrow within a list of bodily effects.

Context: Sorrow remains antecedent; Fernel and other authorities are cited.

Grammar: Object of hinders.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Source wording: It hinders concoction, refrigerates the heart, takes away stomack, colour, and sleep, thickens the blood, (Fernelius l. 1. c. 18. de morb. causis) contaminates the spirits, Piso) Overthrowes the natural heat, perverts the good estate of body and minde, and makes them weary of their lives, cry out, howle and roar for very anguish of their soules.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 9

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive processing impeded by cares and mental vexations.

Context: Burton reports several physicians’ explanation of affliction as a cause.

Grammar: Object of hinder.

Source: original body

Source wording: The common Etymology will evince it, Cura quasi cor uro, Dementes curæ, insomnes curæ, damnosæ curæ, tristes, mordaces, carnifices, &c. biting, eating, gnawing, cruel, bitter, sick, sad, unquiet, pale, tetrick, miserable, intolerable cares, as the Poets call them, worldly cares, and are as many in number as the Sea sands. Galen, Fernelius, Felix Plater, Valescus de Taranta, &c. reckon afflictions, miseries, even all these contentions, and vexations of the minde, as principal causes, in that they take away sleep, hinder concoction, dry up the body, and consume the substance of it.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 10

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Processing of nourishment that fails when study draws spirits away from stomach and liver.

Context: Reported explanation of excessive study, not an inference from mere literary productivity.

Grammar: Noun dependent on defect of.

Source: original body

Source wording: Mercury, can help them to knowledg but not to money. The second is contemplation, which dries the brain and extinguisheth natural heat; for whilst the spirits are intent to meditation above in the head, the stomack and liver are left destitute, and thence come black blood and crudities by defect of concoction, and for want of exercise, the superfluous vapours cannot exhale, &c.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 11

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive capacity that may fall short of appetite.

Context: Rhazes is quoted for appetite exceeding digestive capacity; Aretaeus for wasting despite intake.

Grammar: Second term of greater then comparison.

Source: original body

Source wording: In naturall actions their appetite is greater then their concoction, multa appetunt, pauca digerunt, as Rhasis hath it, they covet to eat, but cannot digest. And although they do eat much, yet they are lean, ill liking, saith Areteus, withered and hard, much troubled with costivenesse, crudities, oppilations, spitting, belching, &c.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 12

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion considered as the ease or difficulty of processing a food.

Context: Food is hard to digest; the phrase qualifies a symptom-provoking meal.

Grammar: Complement of hard of.

Source: original body

Source wording: The rest are these, beside Fear and Sorrow, sharp belchings, fullsome crudities, heat in the bowels, wind and rumbling in the guts, vehement gripings, pain in the belly and stomack sometimes, after meat that is hard of concoction, much watering of the stomack, and moist spittle, cold sweat, importunus sudor, unseasonable sweat all over the body, as Octavius Horatianus lib. 2. cap. 5. cals it. cold joynts, indigestion,

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 13

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive action hindered in the conditional hypochondrial pattern.

Context: One of several if-from diagnostic patterns; appetite patterns differ by organ.

Grammar: Subject of passive is hindred.

Source: original body

Source wording: If from the heart, aking and trembling of it, much heaviness. If from the liver, there is usually a pain in the right Hypocondrie. If from the spleen, hardness and grief in the left Hypocondrie, a rumbling, much appetite and small digestion, Avicenna. If from the Meseraicke veins and liver on the other side, little or no appetite, Herc. de Saxoniâ. If from the Hypocondries, a rumbling inflation, concoction is hindred, often belching, &c.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 14

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive processing whose failure is said to produce wind and rumbling.

Context: Burton gives several associated bodily conditions, including disordered heat and cold.

Grammar: Ill modifies concoction in a causal from-phrase.

Source: original body

Source wording: The cause of much waking in a dry brain, continuall meditation, discontent, fears & cares, that suffer not the mind to be at rest, incontinency is from wind, and an hot liver, Montanus cons. 26. Rumbling in the guts, is caused from wind, and wind from ill concoction, weakness of naturall heat, or a distempered heat and cold; Palpitation of the heart from vapours, heaviness and aking from the same cause. That the belly is hard, wind is a cause, and of that leaping in many parts. Rednes of the face, & itching, as if they were flea-bitten, or stung with pis-mires, from a sharp subtile wind. Cold sweat from vapours arising from the Hypocondries, which pitch upon the skin; leanness for want of good nourishment.

concoction / concoct · concocted · local use 3

Printed “concocted” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digested: said of the previous meal, which should have undergone digestion before another meal is taken.

Context: Treatment synopsis sets timing, not merely quantity.

Grammar: Past participle in passive; the first means the preceding meal.

Source: original body

Source wording: or 2. Quantity: At seasonable and usuall times of repast, in good order, not before the first be concocted, sparing, not overmuch of one dish. 2. Rectification of Retention and Evacuation, as costiveness, Venery, bleeding at nose, months stopped, baths, &c.

concoction / concoct · concocted · local use 4

Printed “concocted” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digested, said of nourishment that restores the body; well supplies properly, in contrast to what is merely swallowed.

Context: Trincavelius’s correction of more-eating-means-more-nourishment reasoning.

Grammar: Past participle in restrictive what is well concocted construction.

Source: original body

Source wording: Moreover, that which he doth eat, must be well chewed, and not hastily gobled, for that causeth crudity and winde; and by all means to eat no more than he can well digest. Some think (saith Trincavelius lib.11. cap.29. de curand. part. hum.) the more they eat the more they nourish themselves: eat and live, as the proverb is, not knowing that onely repaires man which is well concocted, not that which is devoured.

concoction / concoct · concocted · local use 5

Printed “concocted” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digested or processed, said of nourishment in the stomach, liver and veins; well and the moderate-exercise context qualify the claimed success.

Context: Guianerius, Montalto, Jason Pratensis and Crato are reported; moderation conditions the claim.

Grammar: Past participle in passive is well concocted; natural heat is the means.

Source: original body

Source wording: If it be of the body, Guianerius allowes that exercise which is gentle, and still after those ordinary frictions, which must be used every morning. Montaltus cap. 26. and Jason Pratensis use almost the same words, highly commending exercise if it be moderate; a wonderfull help so used, Crato calls it, and a great means to preserve our health, as adding strength to the whole body, increasing naturall heat, by means of which, the nutriment is well concocted in the stomack, liver and veines, few or no crudities left, is happily distributed over all the body.

concoction / concoct · concocts · local use 1

Printed “concocts” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Processes or digests food, an activity ascribed to sleep; the modern food is an explicit object supplied from context.

Context: Sleep’s supposed restorative functions; preceding unit supplies subject and treatment setting.

Grammar: Third-person singular present verb; sleep is antecedent of it.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: It moystens and fattens the body, concocts, and helps digestion (as we see in Dormice, and those Alpine Mice that sleep all Winter) which Gesner speaks of, when they are so found sleeping under the snow in the dead of Winter, as fat as butter. It expels cares, pacifies the minde, refresheth the weary limbs after long work;

Modern rendering, Modern wording: It moistens and fattens the body, processes food, and helps digestion—as we see in dormice and those Alpine mice Gesner describes, which sleep all winter and are found asleep under the snow in midwinter, as fat as butter. It drives out cares, calms the mind, and refreshes weary limbs after long work.

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Full source unit with an explicit contextual supplement: modern processes food supplies food as the object of original concocts.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 15

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion hindered by sorrow through loss of natural heat.

Context: Burton contrasts anger, sorrow and fear; respective effects remain distinct.

Grammar: Object of hinders.

Source: original body

Source wording: For anger stirs choler, heats the blood and vital spirits; Sorrow on the other side refrigerates the body, and extinguisheth natural heat, overthrows appetite, hinders concoction, dries up the temperature, and perverts the understanding: Fear dissolves the spirits, infects the heart, attenuates the soul: and for these causes all passions and perturbations must to the uttermost of our power, and most seriously be removed.

concoction / concoct · concocted · local use 6

Printed “concocted” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Matured or perfected, said of medicinal plants under different climates.

Context: Many hold northern plants inferior; Burton challenges their preference for remote remedies in 099-38.

Grammar: Past participle modified by not so well.

Source: original body

Source wording: I know that many are of opinion, our Northern simples are weak, unperfect, not so well concocted, of such force, as those in the Southerne parts, not so fit to be used in Physick, and will therefore fetch their drugs a far off: Sena, Cassia out of Ægypt, Rubarbe from Barbary, Aloes from Zocotora; Turbith, Agarick, Mirabolanes, Hermodactils from the East Indies, Tobacco from the west, and some as far as China, Hellebor from the Antycira, or that of Austria which bears the purple flower, which Mathiolus so much approves, and so of the rest.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 16

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion that balm is credited with assisting.

Context: Virtues attributed to named herbal and medical authorities, not independently verified efficacy.

Grammar: Object of help.

Source: original body

Source wording: Melissa Bawm, hath an admirable vertue to alter Melancholy, be it steeped in our ordinary drink, extracted, or otherwise taken. Cardan lib. 8. much admires this herb. It heats and dries, saith Heurnius, in the second degree, with a wonderfull vertue comforts the heart, and purgeth all melancholy vapors from the spirits, Matthiol. in lib. 3. c. 10. in Dioscoridem. Besides they ascribe other vertues to it, as to help concoction, to cleanse the braine, expell all carefull thoughts, and anxious imaginations. The same words in effect are in Avicenna, Pliny, Simon Sethi, Fuchsius, Leobel, Delacampius, and every Herbalist. Nothing better for him that is melancholy then to steep this and Borage in his ordinary drink.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 17

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion that the cited herbs are said to aid alongside dispersing wind.

Context: Rufus and Aretaeus are reported to credit repeated use of those herbs alone.

Grammar: Object of helping.

Source: original body

Source wording: Wormwood, Centaury, Penniroyall are likewise magnified and much prescribed (as I shall after shew) especially in Hypocondriake melancholy, daily to be used, sod in whey: and as Ruffus Ephesius, Areteus, relate, by breaking winde, helping concoction, many melancholy men have been cured with the frequent use of them alone.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 18

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion helped by wine in the surrounding conditional recommendation.

Context: Mattioli’s reported catalogue follows sober, timely, moderate use in 104-19.

Grammar: Object of helps.

Source: original body

Source wording: A famous Cordial Matthiolus in Dioscoridem calls it, an excellent nutriment to refresh the body, it makes a good colour, a flourishing age, helps concoction, fortifies the stomack, takes away obstructions, provokes urine, drives out excrements, procures sleep, cleers the blood, expels wind and cold poysons, attenuates, concocts, dissipates all thick vapours, and fuliginous humours. And that which is all in all to my purpose, it takes away feare and sorrow.

concoction / concoct · concocts · local use 2

Printed “concocts” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Processes or matures thick vapours and sooty humours.

Context: The object extends the verb beyond food; body and Latin margin are not identical.

Grammar: Transitive verb sharing object with attenuates and dissipates.

Source: original body

Source wording: A famous Cordial Matthiolus in Dioscoridem calls it, an excellent nutriment to refresh the body, it makes a good colour, a flourishing age, helps concoction, fortifies the stomack, takes away obstructions, provokes urine, drives out excrements, procures sleep, cleers the blood, expels wind and cold poysons, attenuates, concocts, dissipates all thick vapours, and fuliginous humours. And that which is all in all to my purpose, it takes away feare and sorrow.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 19

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestion as a proper purpose for using wine.

Context: Burton interprets scriptural counsel within restrictions against drunkenness.

Grammar: For-phrase expressing purpose.

Source: original body

Source wording: for as Chrysostome well comments on that place, ad lætitiam datum est vinum, non ad ebrietatem, ’tis for mirth wine, but not for madness: And will you know where, when, and how that is to be understood? Vis discere ubi bonum sit vinum? Audi quid dicat Scriptura, hear the Scriptures, Give wine to them that are in sorrow, or as Paul bid Timothy drink wine for his stomack sake, for concoction, health, or some such honest occasion.

concoction / concoct · concoction · local use 20

Printed “concoction” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive processing that the prescribed binding is supposed to assist.

Context: Piso’s historical claimed purpose.

Grammar: Object of help.

Source: original body

Source wording: Besides those fomentations, irrigations, inunctions, odoraments, prescribed for the head, there must be the like used for the Liver, Spleen, Stomack, Hypocondries, &c. In crudity (saith Piso) ’tis good to binde the stomack hard to hinder winde, and to help concoction.

concoquo · concoquit

Printed “concoquit” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digests or processes food; expeditiusque supplies and more readily, describing the stomach’s response to food taken with pleasure.

Context: Fuchs’s dietary qualification, quoted by Burton.

Grammar: Latin third-person singular present active; ventriculus is subject and cibi the referred-to foods.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: Qui cum voluptate assumuntur cibi, ventriculus avidius complectitur, expeditiusque concoquit, & quæ displicent aversatur.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: The stomach receives more eagerly and digests more readily foods taken with pleasure, and turns away from those that displease it.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

concoquo · concoctu

Printed “concoctu” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

To digest, in the phrase describing food as easy to digest.

Context: Marginal advice specifies digestibility and boiling; Crato subsequently qualifies the ban on roast meat.

Grammar: Latin supine in -u with facilis.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: concoctu facilis

Modern rendering, Modern wording: easy to digest

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

concoquo · concoctis

Printed “concoctis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digested, agreeing with the food; probè supplies thoroughly, the condition before the advised exercise.

Context: The margin qualifies the body’s reference to an empty state.

Grammar: Latin perfect passive participle, ablative plural agreeing with alimentis in an ablative absolute.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: Alimentis in ventriculo probè concoctis.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: When the food in the stomach has been thoroughly digested.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

concoquo · conquoquere

Printed “conquoquere” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

To digest: figuratively to transform borrowed writing into the writer’s own arrangement.

Context: Burton defends credited borrowing by comparison with the body’s transformation of food; the next unit names composition and method as his contribution.

Grammar: Present active infinitive in the printed spelling conquoquere; quod hausi is its object clause, what I have swallowed.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: conquoquere quod hausi

Modern rendering, Modern wording: digest what I have swallowed

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: The supplied form conquoquere is retained exactly; no claim of a new historical-witness correction is made.

coquo · coquit

Printed “coquit” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Burns or torments, figuratively said of distress.

Context: Burton embeds a Latin fragment in his argument that fear and grief become oppressive when concealed, before recommending sharing the burden with a friend.

Grammar: Third-person singular present active; the relative quod is subject and te the person afflicted.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: quod nunc te coquit

Modern rendering, Modern wording: what now burns you

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

coquo · coquentium

Printed “coquentium” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Of people cooking or preparing substances; here the makers of perfume.

Context: Burton cites Seneca for perfume manufacture as an established craft within criticism of luxurious adornment.

Grammar: Genitive plural present active participle used substantivally, dependent on officinæ; odores is its accusative object.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: officinæ sunt odores coquentium

Modern rendering, Modern wording: there are workshops where perfumes are concocted

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: Equivalent whole clause with redistributed construction: Latin workshops of people who prepare perfumes becomes the modern passive where perfumes are concocted.

coquo · coquitq;

Printed “coquitq;” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

And burns or torments, used of the heart under the thought of eternity.

Context: Quoted verse figures dread of eternal punishment; the following prose describes the distress of susceptible readers rather than presenting a digestive mechanism.

Grammar: Third-person singular present active coquit with abbreviated enclitic -que; Æternitas is subject, pectus object, shared with versat.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Æternitas, æternitas Versat coquitq; pectus.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Eternity, eternity Wrings and burns the heart.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

cruditas · cruditatem · local use 1

Printed “cruditatem” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Indigestion offered as the reason for foul belching.

Context: Marginal symptom account; the nearby adjective culentumque remains unclear.

Grammar: Latin accusative singular after ob, marking cause.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: ob cruditatem

Modern rendering, Modern wording: owing to indigestion

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

Uncertainty: The adjacent adjective culentumque is unresolved in the supplied edition; no emendation is inferred.

cruditas · cruditates

Printed “cruditates” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested matter generated by eating more than the stomach can bear.

Context: Crato’s marginal condition preserves the quantity and capacity limit.

Grammar: Latin accusative plural object of generat.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: si plus ingeratur quam par est, & ventriculus tolerare posset, nocet, & cruditates generat, &c.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: If more is taken in than is proper and the stomach can bear, it does harm and produces undigested matter

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

cruditas · cruditatem · local use 2

Printed “cruditatem” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested matter or imperfect digestion, anomalously made an object of renews in the margin.

Context: Codronchus quotation as printed; body gives a clearer beneficial action.

Grammar: Latin accusative singular sharing renovat with nauseam and appetentiam.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: cruditatem, nauseam, appetentiam mirum in modum renovat, &c.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: wonderfully renews undigested matter, nausea and appetite

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

Uncertainty: Faulty or missing construction unresolved; no silent correction of renovat or omitted verb.

crudity · local use 1

Printed “crudity” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Imperfect digestion or its undigested products, in the synopsis of bodily symptoms.

Context: Burton’s synopsis; the modern column chooses the product sense, undigested matter.

Grammar: Noun in a symptom list.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording: B. Symptomes of melancholy are either Sect. 3. General, as of Memb. 1. Body, as ill digestion, crudity, winde, dry brains, hard belly, thick blood, much waking, heavinesse and palpitation of heart, leaping in many places, &c. Sub. 1.

crudity · crudities · local use 1

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested materials listed among hypochondriacal bodily symptoms.

Context: Synopsis of a historical type of melancholy.

Grammar: Plural noun in a symptom catalogue.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording: Hypocondriacal or windie melancholy. Sub. 2. In body Winde, rumbling in the guts, belly-ake, heat in the bowels, convulsions, crudities, short winde, sowr and sharp belchings, cold sweat, pain in the left side, suffocation, palpitation, heavinesse of the heart, singing in the ears, much spittle, and moist, &c.

crudity · local use 2

Printed “crudity” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested material whose cause the symptom explanation will discuss.

Context: Synopsis points forward to explanation, rather than supplying it.

Grammar: Object of the inquiry whence comes.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording: A reason of these symptome. Memb. 3. Why they are so fearful, sad, suspitious without a cause, why solitary, why melancholy men are witty, why they suppose they hear and see strange voices, visions, apparitions. Why they prophesie, and speak strange languages, whence comes their crudity, rumbling, convulsions, cold sweat, heavinesse of heart, palpitation, cardiaca, fearful dreams, much waking, prodigious phantasies.

crudity · local use 3

Printed “crudity” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Imperfect digestion overtaking a person whose emotional response alters bodily functions.

Context: Burton contrasts differently susceptible people and specifies solitude or idleness.

Grammar: Subject coordinated with winde in overtake.

Source: original body

Source wording: For that which is but a flea-biting to one, causeth insufferable torment to another; & which one by his singular moderation, and well composed carriage can happily overcome, a second is no whit able to sustaine; but upon every small occasion of misconceived abuse, injury, grief, disgrace, loss, cross, rumor, &c. (if solitary, or idle) yeelds so far to passion, that his complexion is altered, his digestion hindred, his sleepe gone, his spirits obscured, and his heart heavy, his Hypocondries misaffected; winde, crudity, on a sudden overtake him, and he himself overcome with Melancholy.

crudity · crudities · local use 2

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested matter said to accumulate from elaborate or excessive foods.

Context: Burton generalizes and cites a Montanus case; preceding food catalogue supplies these.

Grammar: Plural object of fill the stomack with.

Source: original body

Source wording: These do generally ingender gross humors, fill the stomack with crudities, and all those inward parts with obstructions. Montanus, consil. 22. gives instance in a melancholy Jew, that by eating such tart sawces, made dishes, and salt meats, with which he was overmuch delighted, became melancholy, and was evil affected. Such examples are familiar and common.

crudity · crudities · local use 3

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Raw, incompletely digested material in a body exercised at the wrong time.

Context: Burton reports Fuchs, Bayerus and Lemnius; after-meal timing is essential.

Grammar: Complement of full of.

Source: original body

Source wording: So doth it, if it be unseasonably used, upon a full stomack, or when the body is full of crudities, which Fuchsius so much enveighs against, Lib. 2. instit. sect. 2. c. 4. giving that for a cause, why school-boys in Germany are so often scabbed, because they use exercise presently after meats. Bayerus puts in a caveat against such exercise, because it corrupts the meat in the stomack, and carries the same juyce raw, and as yet undigested, into the veins (saith Lemnius) which there putrifies, and confounds the animal spirits.

crudity · crudities · local use 4

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Incompletely processed matter attributed to inactivity and weakened heat.

Context: Qualified attribution if we may believe Fernel.

Grammar: Plural object of causeth.

Source: original body

Source wording: This idleness is either of body or minde. That of body is nothing but a kinde of benumming laziness, intermitting exercise, which if we may beleeve Fernelius, causeth crudities, obstructions, excremental humors, quencheth the natural heat, dulls the spirits, and makes them unapt to do any thing whatsoever. Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris.

crudity · crudities · local use 5

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested matter in Burton’s account of privileged bodily inactivity.

Context: Burton’s social and medical criticism of idle nobility.

Grammar: Plural complement of full of.

Source: original body

Source wording: And this is the true cause that so many great men, Ladies, and Gentlewomen, labor of this disease in Countrey and City; for idleness is an appendix to nobility, they count it a disgrace to work, and spend all their days in sports, recreations, and pastimes, and will therefore take no pains; be of no vocation: they feed liberally, fare well, want exercise, action, employment, (for to work, I say, they may not abide) and company to their desires, and thence their bodies become full of gross humors, wind, crudities, their mindes disquieted, dull, heavy, &c. care, jealousie, fear of some diseases, sullen fits, weeping fits seize too familiarly on them.

crudity · crudities · local use 6

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Incompletely digested material generated amid disturbed nourishment.

Context: Same attributed causal sequence; material result distinct from digestion as process.

Grammar: Subject of passive ingendred, coordinated with thick spirits.

Source: original body

Source wording: By means of which, so disturbed, concoction is hindred, and the principal parts are much debilitated; as Dr Navarra well declared, being consulted by Montanus about a melancholy Jew. The spirits so confounded, the nourishment must needs be abated, bad humors increased, crudities and thick spirits ingendred with melancholy blood. The other parts cannot perform their functions, having the spirits drawn from them by vehement passion, but fail in sense and motion; so we look upon a thing, and see it not; hear, and observe not; which otherwise would much affect us, had we been free.

crudity · Crudities

Printed “Crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested products in the reported ailments of excessive study and sitting.

Context: Attributed to Gomesius, Nymannus and Vossius; historical category.

Grammar: Plural noun in a disease/symptom catalogue.

Source: original body

Source wording: The same reasons are repeated by Gomesius, lib. 4. cap. 1. de sale Nymannus orat. de Imag. Io. Voschius lib. 2. cap. 5. de peste: and something more they add, that hard Students are commonly troubled with Gouts, Catarrhes, Rhumes, Cacexia, Bradiopepsia, bad Eyes, Stone, and Collick, Crudities, Oppilations, Vertigo, Windes, Consumptions, and all such diseases as come by overmuch sitting; they are most part lean, dry, ill coloured, spend their fortunes, lose their wits, and many times their lives, and all through immoderate pains, and extraordinary studies.

crudity · crudities · local use 7

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested material consequent on poor stomach function and nourishment.

Context: Mercurialis’s stomach-as-king explanation is reported.

Grammar: Plural subject of come.

Source: original body

Source wording: Mercurialis subscribes to them cons. 89. the stomack being misaffected, which he cals the king of the belly, because if he be distempered, all the rest suffer with him, as being deprived of their nutriment or fed with bad nourishment, by means of which, come crudities, obstructions, winde, rumbling, griping, &c.

crudity · crudities · local use 8

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested substances accompanying constipation and poor bodily condition.

Context: Reported symptoms; large food intake does not establish good nourishment.

Grammar: Plural item in catalogue.

Source: original body

Source wording: In naturall actions their appetite is greater then their concoction, multa appetunt, pauca digerunt, as Rhasis hath it, they covet to eat, but cannot digest. And although they do eat much, yet they are lean, ill liking, saith Areteus, withered and hard, much troubled with costivenesse, crudities, oppilations, spitting, belching, &c.

crudity · crudities · local use 9

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested substances; fullsome describes them as foul or offensive among hypochondriacal signs.

Context: Burton’s symptom list, conditional pain after difficult food.

Grammar: Plural noun modified by fullsome.

Source: original body

Source wording: The rest are these, beside Fear and Sorrow, sharp belchings, fullsome crudities, heat in the bowels, wind and rumbling in the guts, vehement gripings, pain in the belly and stomack sometimes, after meat that is hard of concoction, much watering of the stomack, and moist spittle, cold sweat, importunus sudor, unseasonable sweat all over the body, as Octavius Horatianus lib. 2. cap. 5. cals it. cold joynts, indigestion,

crudity · crudities · local use 10

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested material from which windy vapours are said to ascend toward the brain.

Context: Burton’s physiological explanation, illustrated through Lemnius’s smoke/cloud comparisons.

Grammar: From-complement indicating the proposed source of vapours.

Source: original body

Source wording: And from these crudities, windy vapors ascend up to the brain which trouble the imagination, and cause fear, sorrow, dulness, heaviness, many terrible conceipts and Chimæra’s, as Lemnius well observes, l. 1. c. 16. as a black and thick cloud covers the Sun, and intercepts his beams, and light, so doth this melancholy vapour obnubilate the minde, inforce it to many absurd thoughts and imaginations, and compell good, wise, honest, discreet men (arising to the Brain from the lower parts, as smoke out of a chimney) to dote, speak, and doe that which becomes them not, their persons, callings, wisdoms.

crudity · local use 4

Printed “crudity” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Imperfect digestion as a bodily effect following movements of the mind.

Context: Burton distinguishes mental motions and consequent bodily actions.

Grammar: Listed bodily motion/effect, not an affection of the mind itself.

Source: original body

Source wording: Weeping, sighing, laughing, itching, trembling, sweating, blushing, hearing & seeing strange noyses, visions, wind, crudity, are motions of the body, depending upon these precedent motions of the mind: Neither are tears, affections, but actions (as Scaliger holds) the voice of such as are afraid, trembles, because the heart is shaken (Conimb. prob. 6. sec. 3. de som.) why they stut or faulter in their speech, Mercurialis and Montaltus cap. 17. give like reasons out of Hippocrates, drines, which makes the nerves of the tongue torpid. Fast speaking, (which is a symptome of some few) Ætius will have caused from abundance of wind, and swiftness of imagination: baldness comes from excess of drines, hirsuteness from a dry temperature.

crudity · local use 5

Printed “crudity” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Indigestion attributed to cold inner parts or belly with a hot liver.

Context: Aetius is named; the local hot/cold combination must be retained.

Grammar: Object of causeth.

Source: original body

Source wording: Why their appetite is so great, Ætius answers: Os ventris frigescit, cold in those inner parts, cold belly, & hot liver, causeth crudity, and intention proceeds from perturbations, our soul for want of spirits cannot attend exactly to so many intentive operations, being exhaust, & oversway’d by passion, she cannot consider the reasons which may disswade her from such affections.

crudity · cruditie

Printed “cruditie” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Imperfect digestion caused by excessive or ill-timed intake even of otherwise good food.

Context: Cardan and Burton’s general dietary argument; no claim that a food is harmful in every quantity.

Grammar: Object of ingender.

Source: original body

Source wording: Man alone, saith Cardan, eates and drinks without appetite, and useth all his pleasure without necessity, animæ vitio, and thence come many inconveniences unto him. For there is no meat whatsoever, though otherwise wholesome and good, but if unseasonably taken, or immoderately used, more then the stomack can well beare, it will ingender cruditie, and do much harme.

crudity · local use 6

Printed “crudity” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Imperfect digestion associated with hastily swallowing poorly chewed food.

Context: Burton’s historical eating advice.

Grammar: Object of causeth; haste in eating is antecedent.

Source: original body

Source wording: Moreover, that which he doth eat, must be well chewed, and not hastily gobled, for that causeth crudity and winde; and by all means to eat no more than he can well digest. Some think (saith Trincavelius lib.11. cap.29. de curand. part. hum.) the more they eat the more they nourish themselves: eat and live, as the proverb is, not knowing that onely repaires man which is well concocted, not that which is devoured.

crudity · crudities · local use 11

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive failures associated with a heavy diet.

Context: Burton recommends sparing intake; the modern column renders indigestion rather than material.

Grammar: Plural noun in the things to avoid.

Source: original body

Source wording: To preserve thine honour, health, and to avoid therefore all those inflations, torments, obstructions, crudities, and diseases that come by a full diet, the best way is to feed sparingly of one or two dishes at most, to have ventrem bene moratum, as Seneca calls it, to chose one of many, and to feed on that alone, as Crato adviseth his Patient.

crudity · crudities · local use 12

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Residual undigested matter said to be little or absent when processing succeeds.

Context: The passage does not assert that every exercise eliminates all residue.

Grammar: Plural after few or no; a qualified quantity.

Source: original body

Source wording: If it be of the body, Guianerius allowes that exercise which is gentle, and still after those ordinary frictions, which must be used every morning. Montaltus cap. 26. and Jason Pratensis use almost the same words, highly commending exercise if it be moderate; a wonderfull help so used, Crato calls it, and a great means to preserve our health, as adding strength to the whole body, increasing naturall heat, by means of which, the nutriment is well concocted in the stomack, liver and veines, few or no crudities left, is happily distributed over all the body.

crudity · crudities · local use 13

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Indigestion among the supposed illnesses accompanying luxury and riches.

Context: Consolatory argument against envying the wealthy, not a neutral prevalence estimate.

Grammar: Plural catalogue noun.

Source: original body

Source wording: He is rich, wealthy, fat, what gets he by it? pride, insolency, lust, ambition, cares, feares, suspicion, trouble, anger, emulation, and many filthy diseases of body and minde. He hath indeed variety of dishes, better fare, sweet wine, pleasant sawce, dainty musick, gay clothes, Lords it bravely out, &c. and all that which Micillus admired in Lucian, but with them he hath the gout, dropsies, apoplexies, palsies, stone, pox, rheumes, chatarres, crudities, oppilations, Melancholy, &c. lust enters in, anger, ambition, according to Chrysostome, the sequel of riches is pride, riot, intemperance, arrogancy, fury, and all irrational courses.

crudity · crudities · local use 14

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Digestive disorder treated as a bodily cost of excess and idleness.

Context: Burton’s moralized consolation about wealth.

Grammar: Plural object of hath.

Source: original body

Source wording: He hath honours indeed, abundance of all things: but (as I said) withal pride, lust, anger, faction, emulation, fears, cares, suspicion enter with his wealth; for his intemperance he hath aches, crudities, gowts, and as fruits of his idleness, and fulness, lust, surfeiting and drunkenness, all manner of diseases: pecuniis augetur improbitas, the wealthier, the more dishonest.

crudity · crudities · local use 15

Printed “crudities” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Undigested matter said in the body text to be cleared from the stomach.

Context: Codronchus’s claimed virtues; anomalous marginal grammar is separately recorded.

Grammar: Object coordinated with gross humours after cleanseth of.

Source: original body

Source wording: Codronchus in his book de sale absyn. magnifies the oyl and salt of Wormwood above all other remedies, which works better and speedier then any simple whatsoever, and much to be preferred before all those fulsome decoctions, and infusions, which must offend by reason of their quantity; this alone in a small measure taken, expels winde, and that most forcibly, moves urine, cleanseth the stomack of all gross humours, crudities, helps appetite, &c.

crudity · local use 7

Printed “crudity” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Imperfect digestion for which stomach-binding is prescribed.

Context: Piso’s historical recommendation, not present-day clinical advice.

Grammar: In-phrase naming the condition.

Source: original body

Source wording: Besides those fomentations, irrigations, inunctions, odoraments, prescribed for the head, there must be the like used for the Liver, Spleen, Stomack, Hypocondries, &c. In crudity (saith Piso) ’tis good to binde the stomack hard to hinder winde, and to help concoction.

crudity · Cruditie

Printed “Cruditie” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Rawness or incomplete digestion, opposed to maturation.

Context: Burton passes from ripening fruit to the bodily result of inactivity or excess.

Grammar: Subject of is opposed; then applied to people.

Source: original body

Source wording: Maturation, is especially observed in the fruits of trees: which are then said to be ripe, when the seeds are fit to be sowne again. Cruditie is opposed to it, which Gluttons, Epicures, and idle persons are most subject unto, that use no exercise to stir up natural heat, or else choke it, as too much wood puts out a fire.

crudus · cruda

Printed “cruda” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Crude or unprocessed things, opposed to cocta and excluded by non in the quoted maxim.

Context: Objection to syrups attributed through a letter and Hippocrates; Mattioli’s rejection follows in the same unit.

Grammar: Latin neuter plural substantivized adjective; object under the negative non.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: cocta movere, & medicari, non cruda

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Move and treat what is concocted, not what is crude

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: The edition notes that Burton’s English application to raw medicinal things shifts the humoral reference of the Hippocratic rule; letters remain uncollated.

crudus · crudis

Printed “crudis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Raw or uncooked, describing flesh eaten without cooking.

Context: Marginal report of Tartar dietary custom, distinct from undigested matter already inside a body.

Grammar: Ablative plural agreeing with carnibus, governed by vescuntur.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: Tartari mulis, equis vescuntur & crudis carnibus

Modern rendering, Modern wording: The Tartars eat mules, horses and raw flesh

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against supplied modern editorial translation of Burton marginal quotation

elixation

Printed “Elixation” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Seething food in the stomach by natural heat, explained through boiling in a pot.

Context: Historical heat model; corruption or putrefaction is its stated opposite.

Grammar: Definitional noun as subject of is.

Source: original body

Source wording: Elixation is the seething of meat in the stomack, by the said natural heat, as meat is boyled in a pot; to which corruption or putrefaction is opposite. Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat; his opposite is Semiustulation.

elixus

Printed “elixam” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Boiled, figuratively describing the soul as subjected to love’s heat; bis supplies twice, and aut combustam gives the alternative or burned.

Context: Marginal first-person claim in a dissection anecdote transmitted through Hoffmann and attributed to Plato; the cited event and Platonic provenance are not verified. The body says either boiled or roasted and does not include twice.

Grammar: Accusative feminine singular participial adjective agreeing with animam in the infinitival construction dependent on credam, with esse understood.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: ut credam miseram illam animam bis elixam aut combustam

Modern rendering, Modern wording: so that I believe that wretched soul twice boiled or burned

Word and construction: Elixam supplies boiled; bis supplies twice, and the alternative aut combustam supplies or burned.

Alignment scope: Equal-scope marginal construction; not an alignment to the body’s distinct sod or rosted wording.

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the original Burton marginal quotation

Uncertainty: Anecdote and attribution remain unverified; body/margin differences are preserved, not silently reconciled.

mastication · Mastication

Printed “Mastication” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Chewing in the mouth, counted first in a fourfold sequence.

Context: Different classification from ripening/boiling/roasting.

Grammar: First nominal member, glossed or chewing.

Source: original body

Source wording: Besides these three several operations of Digestion, there is a fourfold order of concoction: Mastication, or chewing in the mouth; Chilification of this so chewed meat in the stomack; the third is in the Liver, to turne this Chylus into bloud, called Sanguification; the last is Assimulation, which is in every part. Expulsion is a power of Nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous excrements, and reliques of meat and drink, by the guts, bladder, pores; as by purging, vomiting, spitting, sweating, urine, haires, nailes, &c.

mastication

Printed “mastication” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Chewing as an analogy for reflection on something read.

Context: Burton reports Jerome’s instruction to Rusticus, then recommends intellectual tasks.

Grammar: First member in the proportional as…so comparison.

Source: original body

Source wording: Gregory cals it a glass wherein we may see all our infirmities, ignitum colloquium, Psalm. 119. 140. Origen a Charme. And therefore Hierome prescribes Rusticus the Monke, continually to read the scripture, and to meditate on that which he hath read; for as mastication is to meat, so is meditation on that which we read.

masticatory

Printed “Masticatories” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Medicinal preparations held and chewed in the mouth to draw off phlegm, rather than swallowed.

Context: Burton distinguishes chewed/held medicines from swallowed purgatives. His historical recommendation is not current treatment advice.

Grammar: Plural noun naming a class of oral preparations; gentle and strong examples follow.

Source: original body

Source wording: Such as are not swallowed, but only kept in the mouth, are Gargarisms used commonly after a purge, when the body is soluble and loose. Or Apophlegmatisms, Masticatories, to be held and chewed in the mouth, which are gentle, as Hyssope, Origan, Pennyriall, Thyme, Mustard; strong, as Pellitory, Pepper, Ginger, &c.

mastico

Printed “Masticat” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Chews, figuratively describing meditation on Scripture.

Context: Marginal continuation of the Jerome citation; modern English is editorial translation.

Grammar: Latin third-person singular present active; meditatio is subject, divinum pabulum object.

Source: original marginal note

Source wording, Original wording: Masticat divinum pabulum meditatio.

Modern rendering, Modern wording: Meditation chews the divine food.

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked against modern editorial translation of the quoted Burton marginal Latin

maturation · Maturation · local use 1

Printed “Maturation” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Ripening, one of three modes of digestive preparation.

Context: Burton announces three kinds, not ordered bodily stages.

Grammar: Noun in three-member division.

Source: original body

Source wording: Digestion is performed by natural heat; for as the flame of a torch consumes oyle, wax, tallow: so doth it alter and digest the nutritive matter. Indigestion is opposite unto it, for want of natural heat. Of this Digestion there be three differences, Maturation, Elixation, Assation.

maturation · Maturation · local use 2

Printed “Maturation” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Ripening of fruit, measured by readiness of its seed to be sown.

Context: Botanical example explains heat-preparation; seed readiness is the stated criterion.

Grammar: Subject defined by the following account.

Source: original body

Source wording: Maturation, is especially observed in the fruits of trees: which are then said to be ripe, when the seeds are fit to be sowne again. Cruditie is opposed to it, which Gluttons, Epicures, and idle persons are most subject unto, that use no exercise to stir up natural heat, or else choke it, as too much wood puts out a fire.

roast

Printed “rosted” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Original wording: rosted

Citation convention

Roasted, offered as an alternative image to boiling in the same account of love’s heat.

Context: Burton’s body reports through Hoffmann, with an attribution to Plato, that Empedocles believed the soul either boiled or roasted; neither the event nor its Platonic provenance is verified. The distinct margin has a first-person claim and twice boiled or burned.

Grammar: Past participle in the reported alternative either sod or rosted; neither option is asserted as a verified event.

Source: original body

Source wording: his soul was either sod or rosted

Modern rendering: roasted

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Qualification: The surrounding statement is a belief ascribed within a report through Hoffmann and attributed to Plato; source says either, not both. The separate margin has twice boiled or burned.

Uncertainty: Anecdote and attribution remain unverified; body/margin differences are preserved, not silently reconciled.

sanguification

Printed “Sanguification” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Conversion of chyle into blood in the liver.

Context: Material, product and location are explicit.

Grammar: Name introduced by called for third stage.

Source: original body

Source wording: Besides these three several operations of Digestion, there is a fourfold order of concoction: Mastication, or chewing in the mouth; Chilification of this so chewed meat in the stomack; the third is in the Liver, to turne this Chylus into bloud, called Sanguification; the last is Assimulation, which is in every part. Expulsion is a power of Nutrition, by which it expels all superfluous excrements, and reliques of meat and drink, by the guts, bladder, pores; as by purging, vomiting, spitting, sweating, urine, haires, nailes, &c.

seethe

Printed “sod” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Original wording: sod

Citation convention

Boiled, imagined of a soul consumed by the heat of love.

Context: Burton’s body reports through Hoffmann, with an attribution to Plato, that Empedocles believed the soul either boiled or roasted; neither the event nor its Platonic provenance is verified. The distinct margin has a first-person claim and twice boiled or burned.

Grammar: Past participle in the reported alternative either sod or rosted; neither option is asserted as a verified event.

Source: original body

Source wording: his soul was either sod or rosted

Modern rendering: boiled

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Qualification: The surrounding statement is a belief ascribed within a report through Hoffmann and attributed to Plato; source says either, not both. The separate margin has twice boiled or burned.

Uncertainty: Anecdote and attribution remain unverified; body/margin differences are preserved, not silently reconciled.

semiustulation

Printed “Semiustulation” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Incomplete roasting, the opposed or failed counterpart of assation.

Context: Burton’s local opposition, with partial-burning nuance in the editorial note.

Grammar: Predicate complement after his opposite is.

Source: original body

Source wording: Elixation is the seething of meat in the stomack, by the said natural heat, as meat is boyled in a pot; to which corruption or putrefaction is opposite. Assation is a concoction of the inward moisture by heat; his opposite is Semiustulation.