From the book
The Anatomy of Melancholy
Robert Burton · Diotimos Editions · 2026
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At a Glance
- The wordAdust means scorched or burnt through excessive heat; adustion is the process of scorching.
- In the Anatomy of MelancholyThe preliminary synopsis already distinguishes an innate humour from one made adust by disordered constitution, and later lists mixtures of four humours that may be adust or unscorched.
- In this editionThe synopsis’s “adust” is rendered “scorched” within the construction “An innate humour, or one scorched by a disordered constitution”.
- A place to read, unnumbered preliminary matter: Unnumbered synopsis: innate humour or material made adust by a disordered constitution; scan position is not a printed page number.
Meaning
Adust means scorched or burnt through excessive heat; adustion is the process of scorching. In the medical passages the object is usually a humour, but Burton can also call a bodily part adust. Latin forms in the margins include adustam, agreeing with bile, adustum, applied to a gouty patient, and the abbreviated adust. in a prescription referring to the burning of a humour. These are historical humoral descriptions, not modern diagnoses or instructions for treatment.
Use in the book
Natural material and its alteration
The preliminary synopsis already distinguishes an innate humour from one made adust by disordered constitution, and later lists mixtures of four humours that may be adust or unscorched. The adjective therefore describes a proposed alteration, rather than being simply another name for the ordinary cold, dry humour of black bile. The initial account of madness lists scorched choler alongside overheated blood and an inflamed brain; its continuation distinguishes an established incapacity from passing disturbances caused by substances such as wine.
In the extended account of melancholy’s material, Burton contrasts an excessive quantity of natural, cold and dry melancholy with corrupted or scorched humours, described as usually hot and dry. The “usually” matters. The material’s qualities vary with mixture, intensity and the original humour. Natural black bile can itself be scorched; so can blood and choler. Whether phlegm can generate the melancholy material is disputed: Galen and several supporters exclude it, while Saxonia, Cardan and others allow it, sometimes rarely. The fourfold list is consequently one reported classification rather than an uncontested inventory.
Fonseca’s reported transformation sequence takes watery material through phlegm to choler and then, when scorched, to a greenish melancholy humour. Burton compares this with wine turning sour and sharp as vinegar. The analogy explains a harmful change of quality, and the claimed consequences are sleeplessness and troubled thoughts and dreams. The article does not turn that analogy into verified chemistry.
Scorching also multiplies the proposed kinds of illness. After reporting that different scorched materials produce different species, Burton intervenes: what some writers call species should, he thinks, be read as symptoms. He retains three main kinds according to bodily seat. The repeated word adust therefore participates in a classification Burton is actively reorganizing; it does not itself certify a separate disease species on every occurrence.
What scorches, and what it is said to do
The demonic discussion distinguishes principal agency from bodily mediation. Some physicians say the Devil causes melancholy, but the continuation insists that this is not without a humour’s intervention. The Latin quotation from Avicenna names black bile as the proximate cause; Burton’s English then calls the immediate cause “choler adust.” The two formulations are printed together and are not identical lexical phrases. The account allows an alleged demonic agent to work through changed bodily constitution, rather than making scorched humour and demonic agency mutually exclusive explanations.
Ordinary regimen supplies other proposed routes. The marginal Salernitan verse warns that crust produces burnt bile; the body discusses bread, then records John Mair’s defence of oat bread against contempt for it. Excessive wakefulness is both a symptom and a cause, said to corrupt the brain’s balance and burn the humours. Thus adustion can be part of a bodily feedback account, not merely an original event preceding all symptoms.
The proposed causes also include age and diet. Burton describes old age as cold and dry, yet says that adust humours increase while spirits diminish: the juxtaposition should not be rewritten as an assertion that old age is simply hot. Crato’s dietary advice to a schoolmaster excludes aromatics and whatever sanguinem adurit, scorches the blood. The adjacent allowance of honey for some cold constitutions keeps that discussion conditional on the patient’s constitution.
In the discussion of organs, Arculanus says a part may cause melancholy because it is adust or because it fails to expel surplus nourishment. The grammatical subject of the adjective here is the part, not an explicitly named humour. The following examples locate scorched blood within or outside the head and scorched, inflamed matter in the stomach and mesenteric veins. Retained semen or menstrual blood may likewise be said to change through putrefaction or adustion. Burton then distinguishes the efficient, actively producing cause from the altered material, and limits the proposed hot-and-dry explanation where colder natural melancholy is concerned.
An inborn burning imbalance can itself produce acquired melancholy. In the later account the margin’s exurens, scorching, qualifies that active imbalance, while blood and yellow bile are the materials converted; another marginal verb, assatur, says that the matter is roasted by internal heat. A subsequent sequence says the blood is scorched and the veins obstructed, blocking chyle’s passage to the liver, after which the chyle corrupts into wind. The causal chain names different materials. Burton does not fully reconcile the neighbouring labels innate and acquired.
Degrees, symptoms and disagreement
The general symptom discussion makes heat or cold and dryness vary with the degree of scorching; bodily colour appears as a secondary effect of those first qualities. The detailed catalogue proceeds from natural melancholy excessive in quantity or thickness to unnatural mixtures of scorched humours. The sharp-lye image gives the process a caustic result: altered blood, choler or black bile is imagined as sharply different from its natural condition.
Blackness alone does not establish scorching in every account. The marginal explanation of blackening allows excessive heat or excessive cold. Saxonia’s later distinction also matters: melancholy arising from a humour through adustion is separated from a disorder of spirits without humoral matter. In the heated-head account that follows, blood is scorched, fumes arise and the mind is troubled. The Latin margin additionally calls the fumes adusti, scorched; the adjective agrees with the fumes, rather than naming the blood a second time.
The individual materials are then distinguished. Phlegm is associated with sluggishness and stupor, with Burton’s qualification that it is a rarer source. Scorched blood or a mixture containing blood is associated with a ruddy complexion, laughter and pleasant or ingenious conversation, especially before the condition is far advanced. Slight scorching with blood becomes Laurentius’s proposed explanation of intellectual distinction and inspired rapture. These qualifications resist a single equation between adust and violent frenzy.
Scorched choler receives a fiercer catalogue, including quarrelling and alleged unlearned languages. Burton reports competing demonic and humoral explanations, then explicitly says that the extreme people described by Cardan are mad or desperate rather than properly melancholic: the excessively hot, scorched humour commonly degenerates into madness. Scorched black bile, by contrast, is associated in the next account with persistent sadness, suspicion, solitude and distressing imaginings. The margin adds unwillingness to be looked at. These remain attributed historical claims, including disparaging judgments and reports of extraordinary abilities, not established character rules for people with illness.
The same vocabulary helps Burton test a causal theory. Fracastoro denies that internal darkness itself produces fear and claims that only cold people fear. Burton objects that people melancholic from choler adust are also afraid. The scorched-choler instance is therefore a counterexample to the proposed cold-only rule, not Burton’s assent to it.
The later discussion of gifted minds displays the disagreement sharply. Pratensis, Melanchthon and Ficino are associated with mixed natural melancholy, with little or no scorching; Aponensis argues for scorched melancholy and excludes the natural humour as too cold. Laurentius rejects the latter doctrine, yet his alternative still permits some scorching mixed with blood. The comparison with lime burning when wetted illustrates the feared excess. Fracastorius’s proposed decision depends on a temperate condition and expressly does not praise every melancholic person.
Consequences for treatment and prognosis
Guaineri’s rejection of hot baths in scorched melancholy includes a reported gout patient whose gout vanished but who became mad. Burton immediately makes the practical judgment relative to the humour: a bath may help one person and harm another. The marginal adjective adustum applies to the patient, rendered as having an overheated constitution, rather than naming another fluid.
The prognosis ranks scorched choler as worse than the blood-derived form and putrefied melancholy as worst. The margin calls boiling-blood illness bad where the body calls the blood form gentlest; that discrepancy is retained. The next passage again relates excess heat to madness and attributes a demonic description of excessive scorched natural melancholy to Montanus. Finally, the love-melancholy treatment margin makes the proposed purge conditional on the condition reaching the burning of the humour. The abbreviation adust. is left visibly abbreviated; it is not silently expanded into a fully attested Latin word.
Scorched matter also figures in arguments about the limits of advice. Burton contrasts an external danger with fear whose supposed internal cause remains: remove the adust humours, he says, or the other bodily or external cause, before expecting a command to stop fearing to succeed. This is a claim about counsel without removal of the cause, not a declaration that every kind of assistance is useless. In the later cure discussion the margin says anger scorches blood, whereas Burton’s English says that it heats the blood. An imagined sufferer then objects that abundant choler adust and other impediments make self-command impossible. Burton’s later reply allows correction only “in some sort.” The objection and the qualified answer must both remain visible.
The broader burning vocabulary crosses into other settings. Scorching air belongs to the discussion of excessively hot places, qualified by Burton’s refusal to condemn every equatorial region. Crato’s permission to eat roast meat after removing its scorched surface concerns external cooking, not a burnt humour. In the erotic poetry exurere divos means setting the gods ablaze; later love’s fire “scorcheth” beyond the reach of material fire and devours the soul. These climatic, culinary and poetic uses preserve the physical image without becoming additional diagnoses of adust melancholy.
Related entries
Melancholy; Humour; Choler; Blood; Phlegm; Cause; Matter; Adventitious; Complexion and temperament; Humoral qualities; Fear; Passion; Fire (future article); Love (future article)
Places to read
- · paragraph 31, unnumbered preliminary matter: Unnumbered synopsis: innate humour or material made adust by a disordered constitution; scan position is not a printed page number.
- · paragraph 50, unnumbered preliminary matter: Unnumbered synopsis: four humours, scorched or unscorched, in variable mixtures.
- · paragraph 21–23: Historical madness definition, scorched choler and enduring impairment contrasted with passing disturbances.
- · paragraph 31–39: Disputed material and immaterial accounts; natural excess, scorched mixtures, contested phlegm, and Fonseca’s sour-wine analogy.
- · paragraph 44–49: Competing species of melancholy and madness; different burnt materials, followed by Burton’s symptoms-versus-species correction and three bodily seats.
- · paragraph 14–17: Alleged demonic agency mediated through humours; Latin black bile and Burton’s English choler adust remain distinct expressions.
- · paragraph 26–28: Old age described as cold and dry while adust humours increase and spirits diminish.
- · paragraph 23–27: Spices said to scorch blood, patient-specific dietary qualifications, the burnt-bile crust warning and defence of oat bread.
- · paragraph 20–22: Bathing and bloodletting risks; the gout patient with an overheated constitution and the dependence of benefit on the humour.
- · paragraph 31–33: Equatorial-climate qualifications before excessively hot and scorching regions; the Apulia margin’s local referent.
- · paragraph 25–27: Sleep and wakefulness: excessive waking as both cause and symptom, burning humours and disturbing brain balance.
- · paragraph 2–6: An adust bodily part, scorched blood inside or outside the head, and competing hot or cold brain explanations.
- · paragraph 8–15: Stomach and mesenteric obstruction; putrefaction or scorching of retained reproductive material; efficient heat distinguished from altered matter.
- · paragraph 19–21: An inborn scorching imbalance producing acquired melancholy; internal roasting and the different grammatical roles of cause and material.
- · paragraph 30–32: Scorched blood and blocked veins impede chyle’s passage, followed by corruption into wind.
- · paragraph 7–8: Degrees of scorching and variable primary qualities; the margin permits blackening through excessive heat or cold.
- · paragraph 9–28[second occurrence]–193: Natural excess and unnatural mixtures, caustic adustion, differing symptoms by material, qualified giftedness claims and Burton’s madness distinction.
- · paragraph 2–4: Saxonia distinguishes humoral melancholy through adustion from a disorder of spirits without humoral matter.
- · paragraph 6–8: A heated head scorches blood and produces troubling fumes; marginal adusti qualifies the fumes.
- · paragraph 19–21: Fracastoro’s cold-only fear explanation and Burton’s scorched-choler counterexample.
- · paragraph 25–26: Internal causes of fear and the limited force of counsel while adust humours or other causes remain.
- · paragraph 4–7: Disputed accounts of gifted minds: little or no scorching, Aponensis’s alternative, Laurentius’s qualification and Fracastorius’s temperate mixture.
- · paragraph 9–12: Prognosis and severity rankings, the blood-form body/margin discrepancy, and attributed consequences of excessive scorched natural melancholy.
- · paragraph 18–20: Historical meat-preparation advice: removing the fire-scorched surface, distinct from scorching a bodily humour.
- · paragraph 5–9: Passion and blood: the margin’s scorching versus the body’s heating; an imagined sufferer objects that adust bile hinders self-command.
- · paragraph 22–25: The later reply allows correction of distress only in some sort; it qualifies the earlier sufferer’s objection.
- · paragraph 53–55: Erotic poetry makes Love burn the gods through the woman’s eyes; exurere is an infinitive within that image.
- · paragraph 48–50: Love’s distant fire compared with material fire; scorching and devouring the soul are rhetorical erotic images.
- · paragraph 39–41: Historical love-melancholy purging: a conditional prescription with the printed adust. abbreviation retained.
- , unnumbered Table and closing notice: Unnumbered final Table points to symptoms of adust melancholy at page 192; the pointer is not the Table’s own page label.
In this edition
The synopsis’s “adust” is rendered “scorched” within the construction “An innate humour, or one scorched by a disordered constitution”. “Choler adust” becomes “burnt choler”, while other passages use “scorched choler.” The noun’s lexical contribution is bile or choler, and the adjective’s is burnt or scorched.
The original “divers adustion of the four humours” becomes “differing degrees to which the four humours are scorched.” This is a nominal phrase recast as a clause; adustion is not by itself an adjective translated mechanically as scorched. A later occurrence in the same unit becomes “scorching,” and the passage renders “adustion of humors” as “burning of humours.” These construction-level differences preserve the physical image and the process sense.
Translations following original Latin quotations inside Burton-labelled notes belong to the supplied editor. The quoted marginal forms are original attestations; the explanatory English after them is not presented as Burton’s own wording. No independent collation of all the cited medical works is claimed.
The Latin family records preserve grammatical agency. adurit burns or scorches something; aduritur says that something is burnt; aduratur occurs in a conditional distinction; adurentes actively qualifies the scorching agents. adustionem is the process noun, while adusto, adusta and adusti are forms of the adjective agreeing with different local nouns. The related assatur and assata retain the image of roasting, and exurens, Exuritur and exurere distinguish active, passive and infinitive constructions. The final Table’s entry for symptoms of adust humours points readers to page 192; that pointer is not the page number of the unnumbered Table itself.
a little adust
Printed “a little adust” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Slightly scorched.
Here: Slightly scorched rather than excessively heated, in a proposed account of intellectual distinction.
Context: Laurentius’s interpretation of an Aristotelian claim, not Burton’s universal assertion about patients.
Source: original body
Source wording: a little adust with some mixture of bloud
aduro · aduritur · local use 1
Printed “aduritur” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: aduritur
Is burnt or scorched; present passive of aduro.
Context: The Melanchthon-associated margin relates varied burning and mixing to different kinds of derangement; Burton later reinterprets some species as symptoms.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: is burnt
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
aduro · aduratur
Printed “aduratur” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: aduratur
Be burnt or scorched; subjunctive passive of aduro.
Context: The margin conditionally differentiates kinds according to whether black bile, blood or yellow bile is burnt; the surrounding taxonomy remains disputed.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: is burnt
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
aduro · aduritur · local use 2
Printed “aduritur” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: aduritur
Is burnt or scorched; present passive of aduro.
Context: The Melanchthon-associated margin names melancholy itself as the burned and mixed material; Burton’s body immediately construes the resulting varieties as symptoms.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: is burnt
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
aduro · adurit · local use 1
Printed “adurit” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adurit
Scorches or burns; present of aduro.
Context: Crato’s consultation for a schoolmaster excludes aromatics and whatever burns the blood; nearby qualifications allow honey for some cold constitutions.
Source: original body
Modern rendering: scorches
aduro · adurit · local use 2
Printed “adurit” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adurit
Burns or scorches; present of aduro.
Context: Lemnius’s margin makes excessive wakefulness burn humours and damage the brain’s balance, while Burton labels wakefulness both symptom and cause.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: burns
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
aduro · aduritur · local use 3
Printed “aduritur” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: aduritur
Is scorched; present passive of aduro.
Context: The Arculanus-associated margin predicates burning of a bodily part, contrasting it with failure to expel excess waste.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: is scorched
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
aduro · adurentes
Printed “adurentes” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adurentes
Scorching or burning; plural active participle of aduro.
Context: The margin’s action accompanies the stomach and mesenteric-vein causal account; its object is blood, with by themselves separately expressed by Per se.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: Scorching
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
aduro · adurit · local use 3
Printed “adurit” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adurit
Scorches; present of aduro.
Context: An over-hot head is the subject and blood the object in the marginal causal sequence.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorches
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
aduro · adurit · local use 4
Printed “adurit” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adurit
Scorches or burns; present of aduro.
Context: The margin says anger scorches blood while the English body says heats it; the two formulations are related but not identical.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorches
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
adust · local use 1
Printed “adust” (English; word).
Meaning: Scorched or burnt.
Here: Scorched by disordered internal heat, qualifying the humour.
Context: Burton’s preliminary synopsis of proposed causes of head melancholy.
Source: original body
Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.
Source wording, Original wording: Inward Innate humor, or from distemperature adust
Modern rendering: Internal: An innate humour, or one scorched by a disordered constitution
Supplied words: one
adust · local use 2
Printed “adust” (English; word).
Meaning: Burnt or scorched.
Here: Burnt in different degrees or ways, supplying an explanation for variability.
Context: Melanchthon’s reported position; Burton reinterprets these species as symptoms.
Source: original body
Source wording: as the humor is diversly adust and mixt, so are the species divers
adust · local use 3
Printed “adust” (English; word).
Meaning: Scorched or burnt.
Here: Scorched: a resulting state attributed to excessive wakefulness.
Context: Burton follows Lemnius in calling wakefulness both symptom and cause.
Source: original body
Source wording, Original wording: the humors adust
Modern rendering: burns the humours
Alignment scope: The original elliptical passive state is recast as an active predicate governed by the preceding wakefulness; the complete the humors adust / burns the humours construction is aligned.
adust · local use 4
Printed “adust” (English; word).
Meaning: Scorched or burnt.
Here: Scorched, here predicated of a bodily part as a proposed source of melancholy.
Context: Arculanus’s generalizing assertion reported by Burton; the grammatical referent is the part.
Source: original body
Source wording: either because it is adust, or doth not expel the superfluity of the nutriment
adust · local use 5
Printed “adust” (English; word).
Meaning: Scorched or burnt.
Here: Scorched to a greater or lesser degree, qualifying a proposed material explanation of bodily signs.
Context: Burton’s historical symptom classification; physical colour is a secondary effect.
Source: original body
Source wording: as the humor is more or lesse adust
adust bloud
Printed “adust bloud” (English; phrase).
Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: adust bloud
Scorched blood.
Context: The Mercurialis-associated account allows this blood within or outside the head; hot and cold brain explanations remain alongside each other.
Source: original body
adust humors
Printed “adust humors” (English; phrase).
Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: adust humors
Humours altered by scorching.
Context: Burton’s historical ageing account combines coldness and dryness with an increase of burnt humours and diminution of spirits; this must not be converted into a modern rule about older people.
Source: original body
adust humours
Printed “adust humours” (English; phrase).
Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: adust humours
Humours altered by scorching.
Context: Burton argues that advice cannot simply remove fear while its proposed internal causes remain; he includes bodily and external causes rather than asserting that adust humour alone causes every fear.
Source: original body
adust.
Printed “adust.” (Latin; printed_abbreviation).
Meaning: Printed abbreviation referring to the burning of a humour; expansion not asserted.
Here: Printed Latin abbreviation referring to burning of the humour; retained without conjectural expansion.
Context: Attributed prescription in the margin; the purge clause is explicitly conditional.
Source: Burton-labelled marginal original quotation
Source wording, Original wording: Purgetur si ejus dispositio venerit ad adust. humoris, & phlebotomizetur.
Modern rendering: Let him be purged if his condition has reached the burning of the humour, and let him be bled.
Supplied words: him
Alignment scope: Whole conditional prescription. Him makes explicit the understood patient in both passive subjunctives. The adust. abbreviation itself is not silently expanded.
Edition note: Checked against editorial translation within the attached note, not the paired modern body
adustio
Printed “adustionem” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adustionem
Scorching; accusative of adustio.
Context: The margin coordinates putrefaction and scorching with vel, or, in the change into melancholic material.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorching
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
adustion · local use 1
Printed “adustion” (English; word).
Meaning: Scorching or burning as a process.
Here: The burning transformation of bodily humours, said usually to produce a hot, dry condition.
Context: Montalto’s qualified claim reported by Burton; distinguished from excessive natural cold/dry humour.
Source: original body
Source wording, Original wording: if it come by adustion of humors, most part hot and dry
Modern rendering: if it comes from the burning of humours, it is usually hot and dry
Supplied words: it is
Alignment scope: Whole conditional construction. The modern main-clause it is supplies the original ellipsis; most part supplies usually.
adustion · local use 2
Printed “adustion” (English; word).
Meaning: Scorching or burning as a process.
Here: Differing scorching of the four humours; a process noun rendered as a degree-bearing clause.
Context: Reported alternative explanation of varied symptoms, attributed to Bright, Arculanus and others.
Source: original body
Source wording: the divers adustion of the four humours
adustion · local use 3
Printed “adustion” (English; word).
Meaning: Scorching or burning as a process.
Here: The process of scorching bile, invoked to explain extreme endurance and frenzy.
Context: Cardan’s explanation is followed by Burton’s objection that these are mad or desperate rather than properly melancholic.
Source: original body
Source wording: this adustion of choler and melancholy
adustion · local use 4
Printed “adustion” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: adustion
Scorching as a process of alteration.
Context: Arculanus’s reported explanation concerns retained menstrual blood and semen, with putrefaction as an alternative; it does not say both processes must always occur.
Source: original body
adustion · local use 5
Printed “adustion” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: adustion
Scorching or burning as a process.
Context: Saxonia treats humour-based melancholy by scorching separately from his account of disturbed spirits without humoral matter.
Source: original body
adustus · adustam
Printed “adustam” (Latin; lemma).
Meaning: Burnt or scorched; feminine accusative of adustus.
Here: Latin feminine accusative adjective: burnt, agreeing with bile in a dietary warning.
Context: Salernitan verse quoted in Burton’s margin; not the paired editor’s own medical advice.
Source: Burton-labelled marginal original quotation
Source wording, Original wording: Ne comedas crustam, choleram quia gignit adustam.
Modern rendering: Do not eat the crust, because it produces burnt bile.
Edition note: Checked against editorial translation within the attached note, not the paired modern body
adustus · adustum
Printed “adustum” (Latin; lemma).
Meaning: Scorched or overheated; accusative of adustus.
Here: Latin adjective applied to a gouty patient: scorched or overheated in constitution.
Context: Guaineri’s first-person case as quoted by Burton; printed quandam is retained, not grammatically repaired.
Source: Burton-labelled marginal original quotation
Source wording, Original wording: quandam guttosum vidi adustum
Modern rendering: I saw a gouty person with an overheated constitution
Supplied words: person; with an; constitution
Edition note: Checked against editorial translation within the attached note, not the paired modern body
adustus · adusto
Printed “adusto” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adusto
Scorched or burnt; ablative of adustus.
Context: The adjective agrees with sanguine, blood, in the margin and does not denote the head itself.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorched
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
adustus · adusti
Printed “adusti” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adusti
Scorched; masculine plural of adustus.
Context: The adjective qualifies the melancholic fumes, not the preceding blood; the English body does not repeat this additional adjective for the fumes.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorched
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
adustus · adusta
Printed “adusta” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: adusta
Scorched or burnt; ablative of adustus.
Context: The marginal symptom condition is from scorched melancholy and adds unwillingness to be looked at, distinct from the body’s refusal of company.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorched
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
assatus
Printed “assata” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: assata
Roasted or scorched; ablative of assatus.
Context: The adjective qualifies bile in a severity ranking; the margin calls boiling-blood illness bad where the English calls the blood-derived kind gentlest.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorched
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
asso
Printed “assatur” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: assatur
Is roasted; present passive of asso.
Context: The margin attributes the roasting to internal heat; the body distinguishes an innate burning imbalance from the acquired melancholy produced.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: is roasted
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
bloud adust
Printed “bloud adust” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Blood altered by scorching.
Here: Blood altered by scorching, one proposed source of ruddy colour and milder, cheerful symptoms.
Context: Conditional account attributed to named physicians, qualified by disease advancement.
Source: original body
Source wording: If it proceed from bloud adust, or that there be a mixture of bloud in it
choler adust · Choler adust
Printed “Choler adust” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Scorched yellow bile.
Here: Scorched yellow bile among the proposed causes of madness.
Context: Burton’s definition sequence; Fracastorius’s duration qualification follows.
Source: original body
Source wording: as Choler adust, & bloud incensed, Brains inflamed
choler adust · local use 1
Printed “choler adust” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Scorched yellow bile.
Here: Scorched choler as the proximate bodily cause within an account also allowing demonic agency.
Context: Burton’s English formulation after Avicenna’s Latin black-bile statement; principal agency and bodily mediation distinguished.
Source: original body
Source wording: the immediate cause is choler adust
choler adust · local use 2
Printed “choler adust” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Scorched yellow bile.
Here: Scorched bile assigned an intermediate severity in a historical prognosis.
Context: Ranked medical claim; the adjacent body and margin differ over the description of the blood-derived form.
Source: original body
Source wording, Original wording: Worse from choler adust, but the worst of all from melancholy putrefied
Modern rendering: worse is that from scorched choler, but worst of all is that from putrefied melancholy
Supplied words: is that
Alignment scope: Whole comparative construction, twice supplying the elliptical is that to identify the disease kind; worse and worst remain distinct.
choler adust · local use 3
Printed “choler adust” (English; phrase).
Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: choler adust
Scorched yellow bile.
Context: Burton uses fear in scorched-choler cases as a counterexample to Fracastoro’s claim that only cold people fear; this is his objection, not agreement with the proposed rule.
Source: original body
choler adust · local use 4
Printed “choler adust” (English; phrase).
Citation key, Printed form, Source wording: choler adust
Burnt or scorched yellow bile.
Context: The imagined sufferer cites abundant scorched bile among obstacles to controlling passion; Burton later allows correction only in some sort, rather than endorsing complete helplessness or unlimited choice.
Source: original body
exuro · exurens
Printed “exurens” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: exurens
Burning or scorching; active participle of exuro.
Context: The participle qualifies the inborn imbalance that turns yellow bile and blood into melancholy; it is an active cause, not the acquired matter itself.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorching
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
exuro · Exuritur
Printed “Exuritur” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: Exuritur
Is scorched; present passive of exuro.
Context: The margin first says the blood is scorched and the veins blocked, then traces the obstruction of chyle’s passage and its corruption; blood and chyle are not the same named material.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: is scorched
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
exuro · exurere
Printed “exurere” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Set ablaze or burn; infinitive of exuro.
Context: Fierce Love sets gods ablaze through the woman’s eyes in the quoted poem; this is erotic imagery rather than a humoral diagnosis.
Source: original body
Source wording, Original wording: exurere divos
Modern rendering: set the gods ablaze
Alignment scope: Whole infinitive-plus-object construction aligned; gods renders divos, not exurere.
exustus
Printed “exusta” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: exusta
Scorched up or burnt; feminine participle of exuro.
Context: The marginal claim concerns Apulia nearly scorched before the end of May; its printed marker precedes the Holy Land, so the local referent must not be displaced.
Source: Burton note original
Modern rendering: scorched up
Edition note: checked in supplied translation of original marginal wording
Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation inside Burton-labelled note; not original Burton English.
little or no adustion
Printed “little or no adustion” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Little scorching or none.
Here: A small degree or absence of scorching, required in one explanation of giftedness.
Context: Pratensis, Melanchthon and Ficino’s reported account; competing proposals follow.
Source: original body
Source wording: with little or no adustion
melancholy adust
Printed “melancholy adust” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Scorched melancholy or melancholic material.
Here: Melancholy conceived as scorched, making added heat dangerous in the reported treatment account.
Context: Guaineri’s prohibition is followed by Burton’s explicit qualification that baths affect different patients differently.
Source: original body
Source wording: all hot baths in melancholy adust
melancholy it self adust
Printed “melancholy it self adust” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Black bile itself altered by scorching.
Here: Scorched black bile itself, distinguished from scorched blood or yellow bile.
Context: Avicenna’s symptom account reported by Burton; perceived possession in the continuation must not be silently converted into established fact.
Source: original body
Source wording: If it come from melancholy it self adust
not adust
Printed “not adust” (English; phrase_or_family).
Meaning: Unscorched; not burnt.
Here: Unscorched: the explicit negative alternative to heat-altered humours.
Context: Synopsis of variable humoral mixtures; the negation must be retained.
Source: original body
Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.
Source wording: these four humors adust, or not adust
scorch · scorching · local use 1
Printed “scorching” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording: scorching
Burningly hot.
Context: The word describes air in reported excessively hot regions, after Burton has denied that every equatorial place is unhealthy. It is climatic heat, not itself a named adust humour.
Source: original body
scorch · scorching · local use 2
Printed “scorching” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording: scorching
Burning or overheating.
Context: Montaltus’s brain-heat account is one explanation in a paragraph that also reports excessive cold; the lexical image is not a consensus thermal diagnosis.
Source: original body
scorch · scorcheth · local use 1
Printed “scorcheth” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording: scorcheth
Scorches or burns.
Context: The Avicenna-associated body account moves from a heated head to scorched blood, then melancholic fumes troubling the mind; the margin additionally calls the fumes scorched.
Source: original body
scorch · scorched
Printed “scorched” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording: scorched
Burnt by external fire.
Context: Crato permits roast meat after the burned surface is removed; the word concerns the food’s surface, not a humour within the body.
Source: original body
scorch · scorcheth · local use 2
Printed “scorcheth” (English; lemma). Attestation: word form.
Printed form, Source wording: scorcheth
Burns or sears.
Context: The comparison makes love’s distant fire exceed material fire and devour the soul; it is rhetorical imagery in the quoted and adapted erotic account.
Source: original body