Bile

Use in the book

Porphyry’s interpretation of Homer invokes the claim that blood overheated by fever and bile produces derangement. The example supports his reading of the underworld’s need for blood as connected with understanding. The physiological explanation is part of the interpreter’s argument, not an explicit Homeric medical doctrine.

Places to read

1. I.49.53.10Bile is invoked in an account of overheated blood and impaired understanding.

Translation in this edition

“Bile” is direct; distinguish the bodily substance from metaphorical anger where the context changes.

Use in the book

The explanation of the frontispiece makes the search for black choler's bodily seat the object of Democritus's dissection. The address to the reader repeats the story with the Latin name atra bilis. The bodily substance, its location and the disorder named from it are connected, but are not interchangeable in every sentence. Burton's formal discussion says the disease is named from its material cause and declines to settle every dispute over whether melancholy should be called a cause, effect, disease or symptom.

The defining account of choler gives its origin in the hotter parts of chyle, its collection in the gallbladder and its offices of assisting natural heat and the senses and expelling waste. The subsequent anatomy distinguishes the gallbladder drawing choler from the spleen attracting black choler. The spleen supposedly feeds on the latter and sends the remainder towards the stomach to stir appetite or to the intestines as waste. This is a particular theory of the organs' operations. It should not be read as making all useful humour merely excrement.

Natural black bile also has a useful restraining office: it is called a bridle to the hot humours blood and choler, preserves them in the blood and nourishes the bones. Disease does not exhaust this substance’s functions. Elsewhere bilious parents and children appear in a hereditary maxim, and venison is said to supply nourishment productive of black bile. Excessive wakefulness moves causation in another direction: it is both a symptom and a cause, increasing choler in the body’s wording and inflaming bile in the associated Latin margin.

Qualities and transformations complicate the names. Choler can become adust, excessively heated or scorched, and contribute to melancholy; the margin explicitly distinguishes scorched yellow bile from scorched natural black bile and blood. Fonseca's sequence makes phlegm degenerate into choler and burnt choler into verdigris-coloured melancholy. Pontano's account says black bile is naturally cold but can become heated, just as water can boil or freeze. Its symptoms accordingly vary. A choleric constitution is also a practical qualifier: the hot baths recommended for some cold constitutions are reported harmful to hot, dry, bilious people. These conditions matter more than a blanket opposition between hot choler and cold melancholy.

The symptom account associates burnt choler with boldness, quarrelling, violent fits, little sleep and alleged speech in languages never learned. The next passages preserve disagreement over whether such phenomena come from a humour, demons or both. Burton then intervenes: he takes the fearless, torture-enduring cases described by Cardan to be madness or desperation rather than melancholy properly so called. The episode cannot support an unqualified equation of choleric melancholy with all the violent or extraordinary acts reported by his authorities. Elsewhere he rejects the diagnostic certainty of a reported bilious urine sign because urine varies with persons, constitutions and circumstances.

The subsequent argument prevents fearlessness from becoming a universal choleric property. Fracastorius explains fear by cold and makes heat produce mirth or fury, but Burton objects that this would leave no fear in melancholy proceeding from scorched choler. Another passage makes abundant choler cause irritability, frightening dreams and disturbances while awake, then gives Saxonia’s rival account through animal spirits, excluding material humours. The intellectual comparison similarly distinguishes constitutions: Fracastorius makes choleric people too swift and furious for sustained contemplation, while praising only suitably tempered melancholy. An elephant’s supposed wisdom is then explained by a dry brain and abundant black bile, as a reported Aelianic account approved by Cardan. The prognosis distinguishes worse cases from scorched bile and worst from putrefied black bile, without making every natural black-bile function pathological.

Treatment discussions also distinguish yellow and black bile. Hops are said to purge “all choler,” while the corresponding margin says both kinds of bile. A later rationale says yellow choler should be purged because it feeds black bile. That passage immediately records disagreement over whether a medicine selectively purges one humour or affects all or whatever it meets; its margin adds the more specific theory that the drug transforms the contacted humour into its own nature. The general and selective accounts remain distinct. In the love cure, a comic and deliberately repellent report of a patient purged after hellebore makes “black bile” the material projected onto a white wall; the patient is then used as an imagined comparison to dampen desire for a woman. This is an attributed medical anecdote recruited to rhetoric, not independent confirmation of the material's composition.

Literal gall also enters purported remedies and ritual. Swine’s gall is merely listed among sleep remedies, without instructions that would explain its particular application. A he-goat’s bile appears in a supposed fidelity charm Burton expressly rejects among impious and absurd devices. A different marital passage reports sacrificing an animal without gall and using prayer and impartial arbitration to settle disagreement. The supplied note relates the omitted gall to freedom from marital bitterness, while distinguishing Plutarch’s Hera passage from Burton’s white-stag detail. Here the English gall can name the gallbladder itself. The different reports must retain their differing degrees of approval and their unverified particulars.

Anger supplies another substantial use of the vocabulary. In the address Burton quotes Latin verse about the world's commotions stirring bile and laughter, then describes bile burning his liver: the bodily language expresses his shifting response to abuses he cannot remedy. A later account makes anger diminish blood and increase gall; another says anger stirs choler. Thus the book can move from humour to passion and from passion back to bodily disturbance. In the ordinary noun use, a blow in choler is a blow struck in anger. The adjective can describe both the angry agent and the provoking occasion: Aretino's Lucretia boasts of reducing her hot-tempered suitor to submission despite his blustering; chess is called choleric because it can provoke anger, especially when a player is checkmated. The latter passage qualifies a preceding recommendation of chess for certain sufferers, and warns that it can further exhaust someone whose melancholy comes from excessive study.

The same angry adjective reaches more settings than the suitor or the chessboard: it describes quarrelsome speech in the climatic theory of hot countries, gamblers after losing, and the woman in a borage-wine cure story. The climate account immediately admits temperate exceptions even beneath the equator; the broader attack on gaming is qualified by excess. Villanovanus, not Burton, is the first-person witness to the matron’s supposed cure. A separate verse infers choler from a woman’s high colour, within a hostile physiognomic stereotype followed by Burton’s acknowledgement that men and women are both subject to jealousy. These are different uses and attributed claims, not one tested character classification.

Choler can also belong to an objection against moral advice. An imagined sufferer says that inborn humours, abundant choler adust, weak organs and outward events make the passions impossible to resist. Burton concedes their force but answers that the sufferer or friends can use ordinary means to moderate them; willing cooperation may bring at least relief, even if not complete cure. The objection’s bodily explanation should not be mistaken for the final claim that no help is possible.

The Latin gall-and-bile images reach beyond formal medicine. Hunger and delay stir bile into the nostrils in a quotation used to explain the peevishness of poor scholars. The ant's bile in another maxim gives even a small creature a capacity for resentment. Gall opposed to honey makes married life bitter after apparently sweet courtship. In religious melancholy, black choler becomes the Devil's bath, a shoehorn easing entry and a bait attracting evil spirits. Burton describes the humour as an instrument of temptation, retaining “as it were” in the possession image. An earlier demonic discussion similarly distinguishes an alleged remote cause from the immediate humoral cause. The figurative bath and shoehorn do not change which bodily humour “black choler” names.

Gall’s bitterness is not limited to marriage. Early in the work, a gallon of gaul outweighs a pint of honey, exaggerating the excess of suffering over pleasure; the mixed honey-and-gall image later supports consolation through shared human misery. A tongue’s bitter gall is malicious speech, rendered venom; an unkind husband’s words are as bitter as gaul. In love, gall can mark a kiss’s bitter aftermath or the mixture of delight and torment. Alexis’s mel felleum, honey mixed with gall, belongs to a denunciation of raging lust that follows a concession of love’s benefits. Jealousy is gall spoiling life’s honey. In the critique of harsh preaching, gall names bitter severity: Burton’s English says that such preachers drive all hearers to despair, while the marginal Latin says many.

Related entries

Humour; Humoral qualities; Melancholy; Blood and sanguine; Phlegm; Chyle; Adust; Spleen; Passion; Religious melancholy; Obsession and possession; Anger (future entry outside Batch 1); Fear; Jealousy; Sleep and waking (future entry outside Batch 1); Philters; Charms; Witchcraft

Places to read

1. Explanation of the frontispiece, unnumbered preliminary matterDemocritus dissects animals to find black choler's seat
2. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraph 10–14bile as anger and the atra bilis sought in Democritus's anatomy
3. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraph 11Democritus’s embedded explanation of investigating gall and bile by dissection
4. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraph 5–7phlegm and bile in the political analogy of purging the state
5. Democritus Junior to the Readeratrabilarium morbum as an exception to the sage’s supposed invulnerability
6. First Partition, common miserygall exceeding honey, and the mixed honey-and-gall image in the original Apuleius margin
7. First Partition, anatomical divisionuseful humours, choler's definition and its distinction from natural melancholy
8. First Partition, dissimilar partsgallbladder, spleen, yellow and black bile, and the passions moving humours
9. First Partition, name of melancholymaterial cause and the naming of disease, with Burton declining a terminological dispute
10. First Partition, matter and kindsadustion and the distinction between yellow and black bile
11. First Partition, demonic causesimmediate bodily cause, reported purging of black bile and the Devil's bath
12. First Partition, stars as causesPontano on black bile's capacity to become hot or cold, within an astrological explanation
13. First Partition, inheritancebilious parents and children in the reported hereditary maxim
14. First Partition, dietnourishment alleged to produce black bile
15. First Partition, bad dietsweet things said to turn into bile, with an exception for honey in cold constitutions
16. First Partition, evacuations and climatebile as a boil, qualified wound-recovery testimony, and climatic choleric speech with temperate exceptions
17. First Partition, wakingwakefulness both cause and symptom; the body increases choler while the margin inflames bile
18. First Partition, sorrow, repeatedatribilarius in the reported Bothwell death-from-sorrow example
19. First Partition, angerhot choleric bodies, anger, blood and gall
20. First Partition, gamblingcholerick as angry after losing, with the ensuing excess qualification
21. First Partition, mockery and injurybitter gall as verbal malice, followed by the distinct verb gaul, wound
22. First Partition, povertyhunger and delay stirring bile, a bodily image of irritation
23. First Partition, discontentsunkind words as bitter as gall in a gendered account of distress
24. First Partition, inward causesyellow bile and blood allegedly transformed through scorching
25. First Partition, symptomsbilious urine as a reported sign whose reliability Burton rejects
26. First Partition, particular symptomsadust choler, violent and extraordinary reported effects, rival explanations and Burton's qualification
27. First Partition, hypochondriacal symptoms continuedbilious bowel discharge distinguished from yellow urine
28. First Partition, causes of symptoms and giftsobjection to fearless scorched-choler cases, competing spirit/humour mechanisms, qualified intellectual comparisons and the Latin patient label
29. First Partition, prognosisscorched bile versus putrefied black bile, and the body/margin difference over the blood-derived form
30. Second Partition, bathsprecautions for hot, dry and choleric constitutions
31. Second Partition, exercise and recreationchess as a choleric, anger-provoking game in some circumstances
32. Second Partition, passions rectified · paragraph 6anger stirs choler; the Latin margin separately describes blood scorched and spirits kindled
33. Second Partition, passions rectifiedthe sufferer’s objection from bodily causes, Burton’s reply and relief distinguished from complete cure
34. Second Partition, consolationhoney and gall as a consolatory image of shared misery
35. Second Partition, comfort in povertya blow in choler as an angry act that may reverse fortune
36. Second Partition, remedies against discontentsthe ant's bile in Latin and the bee's sting in Burton's English
37. Second Partition, medicinal simplesall choler versus both kinds of bile
38. Second Partition, gemstonesa sapphire’s alleged opposition to black bile
39. Second Partition, medicinesthe irritable matron in Villanovanus’s testimony, non-exclusive bilious humours and one-word atrabilis in the antimony claim
40. Second Partition, compound purgersyellow choler feeding black bile; competing theories of purgation
41. Second Partition, sleep remediesswine’s gall listed without a particular method of application
42. Third Partition, raging lusthoney mixed with gall among Alexis’s contraries, following a concession of love’s benefits
43. Third Partition, kissingmomentary sweetness and bitter gall-like aftermath
44. Third Partition, enticementsLucretia's hot-tempered suitor
45. Third Partition, love symptomshoney/gall pleasure and pain, and atrabilarii as a temporary, hyperbolic characterization of lovers
46. Third Partition, prognosis of lovepersistently altered blood described as atrabilarium, with distinct conditional claims
47. Third Partition, counsel against loveblack bile in the repellent hellebore anecdote
48. Third Partition, dissuasion from marriagesweet honey turned to bitter gall
49. Third Partition, jealousycholer in the hostile physiognomic verse and the ensuing acknowledgment that both sexes are subject to jealousy
50. Third Partition, jealous sufferinggall spoiling life’s honey and the Joanna black-bile story, without an established suicide claim
51. Third Partition, alleged fidelity charmshe-goat’s bile in devices Burton expressly rejects
52. Third Partition, marital reconciliationsacrificial gall/gallbladder, prayer and impartial arbitration, with distinct reported gemstone claims
53. Third Partition, causes of despairblack choler as bath, shoehorn and bait for the Devil
54. Third Partition, harsh preachinggall as indiscriminate severity, and all hearers versus the margin’s many
55. Unnumbered Table“Cholerick melancholy signs 192,” a pointer to the printed symptom page

In this edition

“Cholerick” becomes “hot-tempered” for Lucretia's suitor, while the chess passage uses “anger-provoking.” The former describes a person's disposition, the latter the effect a game may have. “A blow in choler” becomes “a blow struck in anger.” In anatomy “Choler” becomes “yellow bile” where its contrast with the spleen's black bile requires the distinction; elsewhere the technical word choler may remain. “Black choler” becomes “Black bile” in the despair passage. The adjective black is semantically necessary.

The edition translates the Latin of the ant's bile and preserves Burton's following bee-and-sting paraphrase separately. Latin formicæ sua bilis is the ant's own bile or resentment, not a Latin name for a bee's sting. Similarly “all choler” and the margin's “Bilem utrāq;” remain all bile and both kinds of bile in their own layers. The margin's scope must not replace the body's wording unnoticed. In “cholera etiam purganda, quod atræ sit pabulum,” the noun bile is implicit after atræ; English supplies “black bile” from the argument. The adjective identifies the other humour that yellow choler is said to feed.

The Avicenna-associated Latin names cholera nigra, black bile, whereas Burton’s ensuing English says choler adust, rendered burnt choler. The modernization preserves both rather than forcing one into the other. The Latin copula sit is explicitly present in the wider clause. The etymology also compresses two layers: the printed Greek Μελαιναχόλη and Burton’s following English black Choler become one black bile explanation in the modern sentence. Other forms depend on what they qualify: biliosum describes bowel matter, with yellow urine named separately; atrabilarium describes a disease and blood full of black bile. In the Joanna story the Latin margin says that black bile tormented her for the rest of her life; Burton’s English is stronger about the deaths and does not establish suicide.

atra bilis

Printed “atra bilis” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: atra bilis

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Black bile, both material sought in anatomy and the substance associated with melancholy.

Context: Burton’s retelling of Democritus and Hippocrates.

Grammar: Nominative adjective-noun expression embedded after this.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: black bile

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

atra bilis · atram bilem

Printed “atram bilem” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Black bile as the material evacuated after a reported hellebore purge.

Context: Brasavola anecdote used in Burton’s anti-erotic counsel; event and text remain independently uncollated.

Grammar: Accusative object with destination in plus accusative.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: atram bilem in album parietem injiciebat

Modern rendering: he squirted black bile onto a white wall

Alignment scope: whole stated original phrase or construction, not a component-only translation; he is supplied as subject from the reported patient context

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

atra bilis · atra bili

Printed “atra bili” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Black bile, named among the bodily humours with which evil spirits are said to mingle.

Context: Lemnius’s proposed account, separately quoted after Tertullian’s account of bodily and mental affliction; neither quotation establishes actual demonic action.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: pravis humoribus, atque atra bili

Modern rendering: corrupted humours and black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

atra bilis · atræ bilis

Printed “atræ bilis” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Of black bile, genitive within the alleged abundance explaining an elephant’s intelligence.

Context: Aelian-associated explanation approved by Cardan, in a discussion of moderate heat and dryness; the precise Aelian passage remains unlocated.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: ob atræ bilis copiam

Modern rendering: because of its abundance of black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole causal phrase; abundance is copiam and its is supplied from the elephant context

atra bilis · Atræ bili

Printed “Atræ bili” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Black bile, the humour a sapphire is alleged to oppose; dative after adversatur.

Context: An original marginal gemstone claim reported with the body’s others admire attribution; the lexical gloss does not establish therapeutic power.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: Atræ bili adversatur

Modern rendering: It opposes black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole predicate; It is a supplied subject referring to the sapphire

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

atra bilis · atrabilis

Printed “atrabilis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Black bile, written as one word, named as a cause of disease.

Context: Mattioli’s reported claim for antimony, attributed rather than a demonstrated recommendation; the original margin separately includes epileptic and hypochondriacal sufferers.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: quos atrabilis excitavit

Modern rendering: caused by black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: relative causal clause condensed to a participial construction; diseases is the antecedent in the wider sentence

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

atra bilis · atrabile

Printed “atrabile” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Black bile, with adjective and noun printed together.

Context: Jason Pratensis-associated marginal claim that the described disturbances arise from black bile and love.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: ex atrabile & amore

Modern rendering: from black bile and love

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

atra bilis · atra bile

Printed “atra bile” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Black bile, invoked as the source of the queen’s mental distress.

Context: Gomesius’s causal story about Joanna, partly relayed through the physician Martian. The Latin says she spent her remaining time in anguish; Burton’s English is stronger about both deaths and does not establish suicide.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: atra bile inde exagitata

Modern rendering: tormented thereafter by black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

atra bilis putrefacta

Printed “atra bile putrefacta” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Putrefied black bile, distinguished from scorched bile.

Context: The worst category in the reported comparison; this historical prognosis is neither a modern medical judgement nor a reason to collapse all black bile into disease.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: pessima ab atra bile putrefacta

Modern rendering: worst from putrefied black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole comparative phrase; worst belongs to pessima

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

atrabilarius · atrabilarii

Printed “atrabilarii” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: atrabilarii

People affected by black bile, or melancholic sufferers.

Context: Burton’s hyperbolic catalogue describes lovers for the time being as slaves, fools and sufferers; it is not a clinical diagnosis of every loving person.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: sufferers from black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

atrabilarius · atrabilarium

Printed “atrabilarium” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Full of black bile, qualifying blood in the reported progression of persistent love melancholy.

Context: Montalto’s conditional account: if the passion persists, the altered blood and its transport to the brain bring further disorder. This is distinct from Gordonius’s preceding unless helped prognosis.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: sanguinem torridum & atrabilarium reddit

Modern rendering: makes the blood overheated and full of black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole predicate; blood belongs to sanguinem, overheated to torridum, full of black bile to atrabilarium

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

atrabilarius morbus

Printed “atrabilarium morbum” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: atrabilarium morbum

Literally a disease of black bile; here melancholy as an infirmity that can impair a supposedly wise person.

Context: Chrysippus is said to concede that virtue can be lost through drunkenness or melancholy. Burton uses the concession against an unqualified ideal of the invulnerable sage.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: melancholy

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: two-word Latin disease expression rendered by the single contextual term melancholy

atrabiliarius

Printed “atrabiliariis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

People affected by black bile; melancholic people.

Context: A citation-topic phrase in the original margin beside discussion of appetite, tension and weakened attention. It names the patients, not a new independently verified treatment.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: de atrabiliariis

Modern rendering: on melancholics

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

atribilarius

Printed “atribilarius” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Melancholy or affected by black bile, describing Bothwell’s state.

Context: Marginal death-from-sorrow example ascribed to Bizzarri; the exact historical passage remains unlocated in the supplied apparatus.

Source: Burton note original

Locator qualification: Do not remove bracketed or repeated-page qualifier.; This source group includes repeated printed 96–97 and supplied 98–99; see SUPPLIED_OPENING and SOURCE_DJR_040.

Source wording, Original wording: Bothwellius atribilarius obiit

Modern rendering: Bothwell died melancholy

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole sentence; died belongs to obiit and Bothwell to Bothwellius

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

atribiliarius

Printed “atribiliarium” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Productive of black bile, qualifying the nourishment allegedly supplied by venison.

Context: Frietagius’s reported dietary judgement in the original margin; very coarse is separately supplied by crassissimum.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: crassissimum & atribiliarium suppeditat alimentum

Modern rendering: it supplies very coarse nourishment productive of black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole predicate; nourishment belongs to alimentum, very coarse to crassissimum, it is a supplied English subject

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

biliosus · biliosa

Printed “biliosa” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bilious: associated with or marked by bile, qualifying urine.

Argument: Bilious urine, a purported symptom containing or marked by bile.

Context: Aretaeus’s description; Burton rejects urine as a dependable chronic-disease sign.

Grammar: Feminine adjective agrees with urina.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: urina pauca, acris, biliosa

Modern rendering: urine scanty, acrid and bilious

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

biliosus · Biliosum

Printed “Biliosum” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bilious or hot-tempered, qualifying the lover and linking anger with humoral vocabulary.

Argument: A bilious or choleric lover, characterizing his temper.

Context: Latin marginal counterpart to Lucretia’s reported speech.

Grammar: Accusative adjective agrees with amatorem, object of habui.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Source wording, Original wording: Biliosum habui amatorem

Modern rendering: I had a bilious lover

Alignment scope: whole stated original phrase or construction, not a component-only translation; lover belongs to amatorem, while bilious corresponds to Biliosum

Qualification: Editorial English translating the original marginal quotation, not Burton’s English prose.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

biliosus · biliosis

Printed “biliosis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bilious people, here parents in the claimed transmission of humoral constitution.

Context: Original marginal hereditary maxim. Parents and children are supplied by the translation from the surrounding generational argument.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: ex biliosis biliosi

Modern rendering: from bilious parents, bilious children

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole paired generational expression; biliosis denotes the source persons, parents is supplied

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

biliosus · biliosi

Printed “biliosi” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bilious people, here children said to share their parents’ constitution.

Context: The second, result-side term in the hereditary maxim; no modern genetic conclusion follows from this historical report.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: ex biliosis biliosi

Modern rendering: from bilious parents, bilious children

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole paired generational expression; the standalone biliosi denotes the resulting persons, children is supplied

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

biliosus · biliosum

Printed “biliosum” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bilious, describing the small amount of bowel matter discharged.

Context: In this compressed symptom list, biliosum belongs to bowel discharge; the following lotium flavum separately describes yellow urine.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: aliis exiguum, acre, biliosum

Modern rendering: in others, a little acrid, bilious matter

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole elliptical bowel-discharge clause; English matter supplies the implied object

biliosus · biliosos

Printed “biliosos” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bilious, associated with or containing bile, qualifying humours.

Context: The original margin specifies thick and bilious humours expelled by vomiting, without saying only black bile; the body records competing claims about selective purgation.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: Crassos & biliosos humores

Modern rendering: thick and bilious humours

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

bilis · Bilem

Printed “Bilem” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Bile as anger, paired with laughter as the speaker’s mixed response to worldly disturbances.

Context: Burton’s adapted Horace verse, applied to his own observations.

Grammar: Bilem and jocum objects; vestri tumultus subject; movere contracted perfect.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Bilem sæpe, jocum vestri movere tumultus.

Modern rendering: Your commotions have often stirred my anger and my laughter.

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: My is supplied from Burton’s speaker-context; the verse is an adapted quotation, not normalized to Horace.

Alignment convention

bilis

Printed “bilis” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bile, here the bodily substance in an image of anger burning the liver.

Argument: Bile burning the liver as bodily expression of anger or agitation.

Context: Burton’s Horatian phrase about abuses he cannot remedy.

Grammar: Bilis subject; jecur object; historical infinitive urere.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: urere bilis jecur

Modern rendering: bile burned my liver

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: The possessive my is supplied by speaker-context; Latin has no explicit possessive.

Alignment convention

bilis · bilem · local use 1

Printed “bilem” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Bile as the alleged product of sweet foods in a dietary warning.

Context: Burton reports medical prohibition while admitting an exception for honey and cold constitutions.

Grammar: In with accusative bilem marks result of change.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Dulcia se in bilem vertunt

Modern rendering: sweet things turn into bile

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

bilis · bilem · local use 2

Printed “bilem” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Bile as irritation or anger, physically imagined rising into the nostrils.

Context: Plautus quotation used of poor scholars’ peevishness.

Grammar: Fames and mora subjects; bilem object; in nares destination.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Fames & mora bilem in nares conciunt

Modern rendering: Hunger and delay stir bile into the nostrils

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

bilis · formicæ sua bilis

Printed “formicæ sua bilis” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: The ant’s bile or resentment: even a small creature can respond to injury.

Context: Burton’s Latin proverb; his following English changes ant/bile into bee/sting.

Grammar: Formicæ dative possessor with inest; bilis subject.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: formicæ sua bilis inest

Modern rendering: an ant has its own bile

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

bilis · Bilem utrāq;

Printed “Bilem utrāq;” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Both kinds of bile, yellow and black, in the marginal claim for hops.

Context: Original Latin margin alongside the body’s all choler.

Grammar: Bilem accusative with abbreviated qualifying form as printed.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Source wording, Original wording: Bilem utrāq; detrahit

Modern rendering: It removes both kinds of bile

Alignment scope: whole stated original phrase or construction, not a component-only translation; It is supplied as subject, and the abbreviated utrāq; remains unexpanded in the original

Qualification, Uncertainty: Printed abbreviation utrāq; is preserved; editorial English explains the two kinds rather than a claim about every humour.

Alignment convention

bilis · bilisque

Printed “bilisque” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

And of bile: bilis is the genitive noun, with the connective -que.

Context: The second substance term in Democritus’s dissection explanation; no fresh collation of the letter’s historical edition is claimed.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: fellis bilisque

Modern rendering: gall and bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: coordinated genitives; bile and the connective belong to bilisque

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

bilis · bilem · local use 3

Printed “bilem” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bile, used with phlegm as bodily matter to be expelled in the political analogy.

Context: Burton’s marginal presentation of Plato’s exclusion of beggars extends the medical metaphor to the state; it is not established as a verbatim Platonic comparison.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: pituitam & bilem a corpore

Modern rendering: phlegm and bile from the body

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

bilis · bilem · local use 4

Printed “bilem” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Bile, the bodily humour alleged to be inflamed by excessive wakefulness.

Context: Lemnius-associated marginal description; preserve its inflames beside the body’s increases rather than replacing one with the other.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: bilem accendit

Modern rendering: inflames bile

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

bilis assata

Printed “bile assata” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Scorched bile, literally bile roasted or burnt, in a comparative prognosis.

Context: The margin makes this worse than boiling-blood cases but less bad than putrefied black bile; the body calls the blood form gentlest where the margin calls it bad.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: deterior à bile assata

Modern rendering: worse from scorched bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole comparative phrase; worse belongs to deterior

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

black choler · local use 1

Printed “black choler” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Black bile as the bodily substance whose location Democritus seeks by dissection.

Context: Frontispiece verse presents the Democritus story.

Grammar: Object within a purpose infinitive.

Source: original body

Locator qualification: Source record identifies these leaves as unnumbered; plain numerical passage labels are scan numbers.

Source wording: The seat of black choler to see

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

black choler · black Choler · local use 1

Printed “black Choler” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Black bile attracted and used by the spleen, with the remainder directed to stomach or intestines.

Context: Burton’s reported organ physiology.

Grammar: Object of drawes; spleen is grammatical subject.

Source: original body

Source wording: this black Choler

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

black choler · black Choler · local use 2

Printed “black Choler” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: black Choler

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Black bile as the material cause invoked in the disease’s name.

Context: Burton follows Bruel’s etymological explanation but declines the cause/effect/disease/symptom dispute.

Grammar: From introduces the etymological source.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: black bile

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: The modern clause recasts the etymology as means, in effect; this is a lexical alignment of the colour-plus-substance expression, not a claim that from translates the quotation marks.

Alignment convention

black choler · local use 2

Printed “black choler” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Black bile whose variable heat or cold allegedly produces different diseases and behaviours.

Context: Pontano’s doctrine within an astrological context, reported by Burton.

Grammar: According-to condition qualifies effects; natural coldness is retained in following clause.

Source: original body

Source wording: black choler, as it shall be hot or cold

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

black choler · Black choler

Printed “Black choler” (English; phrase).

Printed form, Source wording: Black choler

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Black bile as the melancholy humour figuratively called an instrument, bait and means of entry for the Devil.

Context: Burton’s religious-humoral explanation preserves as it were in describing spirits’ possession.

Grammar: Subject of is, with metaphorical predicate shoehorn and bait.

Source: original body

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

boil

Printed “bile” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

A boil: a skin swelling or sore capable of discharging matter, in this older English spelling.

Context: The drainage context and supplied apparatus distinguish this English word from Latin bilis or the humour called bile. Stopping the discharge is the alleged cause; lucid intervals in Latin is more qualified than the following was well.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: be it bile, ulcer, issue

Modern rendering: whether from a boil, ulcer, drainage sore

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole English list, with the modernization making the source-of-discharge relation explicit

choler · Choler · local use 1

Printed “Choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Yellow bile as the hot, dry, bitter humour, produced from hotter chyle and serving bodily functions.

Context: Burton’s defining historical physiology.

Grammar: Subject in a definition.

Source: original body

Source wording: Choler, is hot and dry, bitter

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choler · Choler · local use 2

Printed “Choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Yellow bile as the substance drawn into the gallbladder, distinguished from the spleen’s black bile.

Context: Burton’s anatomical account.

Grammar: Direct object of extracts; Gall is subject.

Source: original body

Source wording: extracts Choler to it

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choler · local use 1

Printed “choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Bile as the bodily humour stirred by anger.

Context: Burton’s argument for managing passions in treatment.

Grammar: Anger is subject; choler object.

Source: original body

Source wording: anger stirs choler

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choler · local use 2

Printed “choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Anger in which an impulsive blow is struck.

Context: Burton’s consolation by the instability of worldly fortune.

Grammar: In choler is adverbial circumstance of the blow; struck supplied in English.

Source: original body

Source wording: a blow in choler

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choler · all choler

Printed “all choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: All bile as the substance hops are said to purge.

Context: Medical praise attributed to Fuchs; original margin has both kinds.

Grammar: All modifies object of purgeth.

Source: original body

Source wording: it purgeth all choler

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choler · Choler · local use 3

Printed “Choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Yellow bile, here one of the hot humours restrained by natural black bile.

Context: Burton’s physiological definition assigns natural melancholy a useful restraining and nourishing office, rather than treating every occurrence as harmful disease.

Source: original body

Source wording: Bloud and Choler

choler · local use 3

Printed “choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Yellow bile, said to increase through excessive wakefulness.

Context: Wakefulness is presented as both symptom and cause, damaging bodily balance; the margin uses the distinct verb inflames rather than increases.

Source: original body

Source wording: choler increased

choler · local use 4

Printed “choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Yellow bile, whose abundance is offered as a cause of irritability and frightening disturbances.

Context: The humoral explanation of frightening dreams and waking disturbance is followed by Saxonia’s rival account in terms of animal spirits, excluding material humours.

Source: original body

Source wording: abundance of choler

choler · local use 5

Printed “choler” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

An angry temperament, allegedly revealed by high facial colour.

Context: R.T.-marked verse expresses a hostile physiognomic stereotype about women; Burton then says men and women are both subject to jealousy. Neither the verse nor the generalization is a verified character test.

Source: original body

Source wording: High colour in a woman choler shews

choler adust · local use 1

Printed “choler adust” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Choler altered by excessive heat and transformed into a harmful melancholy substance.

Context: Fonseca’s sequence reported by Burton.

Grammar: Subject choler with postpositive adust; resulting complement names the transformed humour.

Source: original body

Source wording: choler adust becomes æruginosa melancholia

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choler adust · local use 2

Printed “choler adust” (English; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Scorched yellow bile as the conditional source of an aggressive or restless symptom group.

Context: Burton reports authorities; later disputes causes and classifies extreme cases as madness/desperation.

Grammar: Conditional; it is melancholy; from marks source.

Source: original body

Source wording: If it arise from choler adust

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choler adust · local use 3

Printed “choler adust” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Choler thought to be burnt or excessively heated; the immediate bodily cause in Burton’s English continuation.

Context: The preceding Avicenna-associated Latin twice names black bile. The following English names burnt choler, supported by Pomponazzi; retain the difference rather than equating the expressions silently.

Source: original body

Source wording: the immediate cause is choler adust

choler adust · local use 4

Printed “choler adust” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Scorched choler, invoked as a counterexample to making bodily heat exclude fear.

Context: Burton rejects Fracastorius’s explanation: if cold alone caused fear, no patient whose melancholy arose from scorched choler would fear. The counterfactual is an objection, not Burton asserting fearlessness.

Source: original body

Source wording: no melancholy, proceeding from choler adust, should fear

choler adust · local use 5

Printed “choler adust” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Bile thought to be scorched, whose excess is invoked as an obstacle to regulating the passions.

Context: The sufferer’s anticipated objection, not Burton’s final denial of help. Burton answers that efforts by patient or friends and ordinary aids can moderate passions, promising at least relief rather than certain cure.

Source: original body

Source wording: abundance of choler adust

cholera

Printed “cholera” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Yellow choler as a substance to purge because it allegedly nourishes black bile.

Context: Montaltus and Montanus as reported, preceding a disagreement over selective purgation.

Grammar: Gerundive necessity purganda; atræ implies bilis, black bile; pabulum means food.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: cholera etiam purganda, quod atræ sit pabulum

Modern rendering: choler too must be purged, because it feeds black bile

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: Bile is supplied after the substantivized adjective atræ; the English verb feeds renders the predicative food construction.

Alignment convention

cholera nigra

Printed “cholera nigra” (Latin; phrase).

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Black bile as the immediate bodily cause, even under a reported demonic account.

Context: Avicenna quoted by Burton; remote demonic cause and proximate humour distinguished.

Grammar: Cholera nigra is the nominative complement of explicitly printed sit in the wider Latin clause; the earlier shorter excerpt omitted sit, but the source does not.

Source: original body

Source wording: causa ejus propinqua cholera nigra

Original wording: & sit causa ejus propinqua cholera nigra

Modern rendering: and that its immediate cause is black bile

Alignment scope: whole coordinated clause; the explicitly printed sit supplies is, while that reflects its subordination in the wider sentence

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

cholera nigra · choleram nigram

Printed “choleram nigram” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Black bile; the accusative colour-and-substance phrase after ad.

Context: In the Avicenna-associated conditional account, the demon changes bodily constitution towards black bile; the sentence does not discard immediate humoral causation.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: ad choleram nigram

Modern rendering: towards black bile

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

choleric · cholerick · local use 1

Printed “cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bilious or of a yellow-bile constitution; an adjective qualifying bodies.

Argument: Bodies of hot, bilious constitution, represented as vulnerable to anger’s effects.

Context: Burton’s historical medical claim, citing Pelesius and Valesius.

Grammar: Adjective modifying bodies.

Source: original body

Source wording: hot cholerick bodies

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choleric · cholerick · local use 2

Printed “cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Bilious or of a choleric constitution; hot and dry are separate adjoining qualities.

Argument: Hot, dry, bilious constitutions or disorders for which the reported baths are unsuitable.

Context: Gabelius’s judgment as reported; recommendation is conditional.

Grammar: Elliptical substantivized list; English supplies conditions.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: cholerick, hot and dry

Modern rendering: bilious, hot and dry conditions

Alignment scope: whole stated original phrase or construction, not a component-only translation; conditions is supplied in English, and hot and dry correspond to the separate printed qualifiers

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choleric · cholerick · local use 3

Printed “cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Anger-provoking, said of chess as a potentially vexing form of recreation.

Context: Burton qualifies the previous approval of chess for some forms of melancholy.

Grammar: Adjective of the game’s effect, not a literal humour in the game.

Source: original body

Source wording: a testy cholerick game

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choleric · cholerick · local use 4

Printed “cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Hot-tempered or easily angered; fellow supplies the person being described.

Argument: An easily angered suitor whose bluster is overcome by infatuation.

Context: Aretino’s fictional Lucretia speaks; Burton reports her boast.

Grammar: Adjective qualifying fellow; not a new diagnosis.

Source: original body

Source wording: a very cholerick fellow

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

choleric · Cholerick · local use 1

Printed “Cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Associated with choler or yellow bile; an adjective qualifying the indexed form of melancholy.

Argument: Choleric melancholy as the subject indexed to printed page 192.

Context: Source Table retrieval entry.

Grammar: Adjective in nominal table entry.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Cholerick melancholy signs 192

Modern rendering: Signs of choleric melancholy. 192

Alignment convention

Qualification, Uncertainty: 192 is the destination page; the Table itself is unnumbered.

Alignment convention

choleric · Cholerick · local use 2

Printed “Cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Bilious: consisting of or associated with bile, qualifying bodily waste.

Context: The liver’s waste is divided into bilious and watery kinds; the adjective does not mean angry in this anatomical division.

Source: original body

Source wording: Cholerick or Watery

choleric · cholerick · local use 5

Printed “cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Irritable or prone to angry speech, within a humoral-climatic account of temperament.

Context: The reported generalization about hot countries is followed by Burton’s explicit exception for temperate places even beneath the equator; it is not established demographic evidence.

Source: original body

Source wording: so cholerick in their speeches

choleric · cholerick · local use 6

Printed “cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Angry or irascible, describing gamblers after a loss.

Context: Galateo-associated contrast between winning and losing; the continuation explicitly qualifies its broader indictment of gaming with when excessive.

Source: original body

Source wording: so cholerick and testy

choleric · Cholerick · local use 3

Printed “Cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

People of a choleric or yellow-bile temperament; a substantivized adjective.

Context: Fracastorius’s reported classification makes these people too swift, furious and unable to sustain contemplation; the praise of melancholy is limited to a suitable tempering of that humour.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Cholerick are too swift in motion

Modern rendering: Choleric people are too quick in their movements

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole clause; people is supplied to make the substantivized English adjective explicit

choleric · cholerick · local use 7

Printed “cholerick” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Irritable or hot-tempered, describing the woman in a reported cure story.

Context: Villanovanus is the quoted first-person witness, not Burton. The English says she was about to be bound; the preceding Latin says she had to be bound and does not include the English beating of her maids.

Source: original body

Source wording: so cholerick

cholericus · cholerici

Printed “cholerici” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Choleric people, people of a yellow-bile temperament.

Context: Marginal Fracastorius quotation explicitly connects rapid movement to inability to endure contemplation; the English body also adds furious and deceptive minds.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: cholerici celeres motu

Modern rendering: choleric people quick in movement

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole nominal clause; people supplies the substantivized adjective’s human referent

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

cholericus · cholericis

Printed “cholericis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: cholericis

Choleric people, those of a bilious constitution.

Context: The original marginal warning concerns people as well as illnesses; the body’s corresponding list is rendered as conditions. Preserve the distinction alongside the precautions against overheating.

Source: Burton note original

Modern rendering: the choleric

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: substantivized adjective referring to people; English article is supplied

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

fel

Printed “fel” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Gall or bile as a humour said to increase under anger.

Context: Pelesius’s observation as reported; anger supplies the understood subject.

Grammar: Fel accusative object of auget, paired with sanguinem object of imminuit.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Sanguinem imminuit, fel auget

Modern rendering: It diminishes the blood and increases the bile

Alignment scope: whole stated original phrase or construction, not a component-only translation; It is supplied as the English subject from the preceding anger context

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

fel · Fel

Printed “Fel” (Latin; lemma). Attestation: word form.

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Bitter gall as an image of marriage’s supposed bitterness after sweet courtship.

Context: Unattributed verse within dissuasive rhetoric; preceding cage image supplies confinement.

Grammar: Fel predicative noun contrasted with mel in relative clause.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Fel intus est quod mel fuit

Modern rendering: What was honey becomes gall within

Alignment convention

Qualification: Both units are exact substrings of the original and modern paired record.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

fel · fellis · local use 1

Printed “fellis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Of gall or bile; genitive identifying the substance whose nature is investigated.

Context: Democritus speaks in the literary Hippocratic letter, explaining his dissection of animals; this is not Burton reporting his own experiment.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: fellis bilisque

Modern rendering: gall and bile

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: coordinated genitives rendered by an English noun pair; fellis corresponds to gall

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

fel · fellis · local use 2

Printed “fellis” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Of gall; the bitter counterpart to honey in an image of mixed happiness.

Context: Apuleius quotation in Burton’s margin; the body applies the mixture to people, families and cities. The supplied Florida identification remains apparatus evidence.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: mellis, & fellis

Modern rendering: honey and gall

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: coordinated genitives; gall corresponds to fellis

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

fel · felle · local use 1

Printed “felle” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Gall, the bitter counterpart to honey in the description of love’s mixed experience.

Context: Plautine quotation within Burton’s account of lovers’ diverse mental symptoms, qualified by though cheerful sometimes and for the most part rather than universal misery.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Amor melle & felle est fæcundissimus

Modern rendering: Love abounds in honey and gall

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

fel · felle · local use 2

Printed “felle” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Than gall, the standard of comparison for the bitter things said to torment the lover.

Context: Verse attributed through Stobaeus; the author and intermediary remain unverified. The rhetoric of killing is paired with delight in the first line.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Et me felle necant amariora

Modern rendering: More bitter than gall, they kill me

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole verse clause; the modern they supplies the things described by the comparative amariora

fel · fel hirci

Printed “fel hirci” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

A he-goat’s bile; fel is gall or bile and hirci specifies the animal.

Context: Ingredient in a supposed fidelity charm Burton expressly calls mostly pagan, impious, absurd and ridiculous. Its incomplete instructions and alleged result are not a recommendation or proof.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Accipe fel hirci, & adipem

Modern rendering: take a he-goat’s bile and fat

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole imperative list; fat belongs to adipem, take to Accipe

fel · sine felle

Printed “sine felle” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: sine felle

Without gall; a privative expression used of a sacrificial animal.

Context: Reported Roman marital-reconciliation ritual. The supplied apparatus explains gall’s absence as symbolic removal of bitterness and distinguishes Plutarch’s Hera passage from Burton’s white-stag detail.

Source: original body

Modern rendering: without gall

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

felleus

Printed “felleum” (Latin; family). Attestation: word form.

Containing or mixed with gall; bitter with gall, qualifying honey.

Context: Alexis-associated list of love’s contraries, applied by Burton to raging lust after explicitly conceding love’s social and reproductive benefits.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: mel felleum

Modern rendering: honey mixed with gall

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole noun-adjective phrase; honey belongs to mel, the gall qualification to felleum

flava bilis

Printed “flava bilis” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key, Printed form, Source wording, Original wording: flava bilis

Citation convention

Literal meaning, Meaning and use, Argument: Yellow bile as a humour distinct from natural black bile and blood before each may be scorched.

Context: Original marginal parallel to Burton’s account of divergent kinds.

Grammar: Nominative adjective and noun in an elliptical conditional.

Source: original marginal quotation with editorial translation

Modern rendering: yellow bile

Alignment convention

Qualification: Editorial English translating the original marginal quotation, not Burton’s English prose.

Alignment convention

Uncertainty: No unresolved local alignment issue; historical claim is not a modern medical endorsement.

flava bilis · flavam bilem

Printed “flavam bilem” (Latin; family). Attestation: phrase.

Yellow bile, a humour said to be transformed into melancholy by internal scorching.

Context: Altomarus/Piso-associated account. Acquired describes the melancholy and inborn describes the imbalance; the labels are not fully reconciled in the text.

Source: Burton note original

Source wording, Original wording: flavam bilem ac sanguinem in melancholiam convertens

Modern rendering: turning yellow bile and blood into melancholic humour

Alignment convention

Alignment convention

Edition note: checked in supplied editorial translation of original marginal quotation

Translation layer: Supplied editorial translation within Burton-labelled marginal container; separate from original quotation.

gall · gaul · local use 1

Printed “gaul” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Gall, the bitter bodily substance used as an image of pain or misery.

Context: The disproportionate gallon of gall against a pint of honey exaggerates suffering’s share in ordinary life; this is not a medicinal quantity.

Source: original body

Source wording: a gallon of gaul

gall · Gall

Printed “Gall” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

The gallbladder, the bodily receptacle into which yellow bile is said to be collected.

Context: An organ sense, distinct from gall as the bitter fluid or emotional bitterness; the subsequent anatomical passage calls it the liver’s purse.

Source: original body

Source wording: gathered to the Gall

gall · local use 1

Printed “gall” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Bitter or venomous malice in speech, figured as a bodily fluid.

Context: Pibrac-attributed English verse forbids attacking the dead with the tongue; the unprinted French source has not been reconstructed.

Source: original body

Source wording: thy tongues bitter gall

gall · gaul · local use 2

Printed “gaul” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Gall, the bitter substance used to compare the emotional effect of unkind words.

Context: Burton’s gendered susceptibility claim and Platter-associated glassworker’s-wife story exemplify distress caused by a husband’s speech; not a universal statement about women.

Source: original body

Source wording: as bitter as gaul

gall · local use 2

Printed “gall” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Bitter suffering mixed with life’s pleasures, figured by gall mixed with honey.

Context: The earlier common-misery image is now used consolatorily: Cardan’s ironic question challenges a demand for exemption from ordinary mortality and suffering.

Source: original body

Source wording: hony and gall mixt together

gall · swines gall

Printed “swines gall” (English; family). Attestation: phrase.

Printed form, Source wording: swines gall

Gall or bile obtained from a pig, listed as a purported sleep-remedy material.

Context: One disconnected item in a transmitted catalogue. Burton gives no specific method of using this ingredient here; no application or efficacy should be invented.

Source: original body

gall · local use 3

Printed “gall” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

The bitter substance used to describe an unpleasant aftertaste.

Context: The kissing sequence sets momentary sweetness against bitter aftermath; the following Catullan verse supplies a separate pleasure-and-pain image.

Source: original body

Source wording: aloes or gall

gall · local use 4

Printed “gall” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Bitterness or misery spoiling an otherwise sweet life.

Context: A metaphor for jealousy among the passage’s escalating names for its torment; the Chrysostom-associated continuation contrasts wealth with lost domestic peace.

Source: original body

Source wording: a gall corrupting the honey of our life

gall · local use 5

Printed “gall” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

The gallbladder, removed or absent from the sacrificial animal in the reported rite.

Context: Burton’s English gloss follows the Latin sine felle; the modernization explicitly uses the organ term gallbladder, while its immediately preceding Latin translation remains gall.

Source: original body

Source wording: without the gall

gall · local use 6

Printed “gall” (English; family). Attestation: word form.

Bitter severity in speech, figured as a bitter potion.

Context: Erasmus-associated criticism of indiscriminate preaching that drives hearers to despair; Burton’s all intensifies the margin’s many. The preceding passage defends innocent recreation and morally indifferent acts.

Source: original body

Source wording: nothing but gall and horror

Μελαιναχόλη

Printed “Μελαιναχόλη” (Greek; family). Attestation: word form.

Black bile, the colour-and-substance expression used to explain the name melancholy.

Context: Bruel’s reported etymology links the disease name to its material cause, followed by Burton declining to settle the cause/effect/disease/symptom dispute.

Source: original body

Source wording, Original wording: Μελαγχολία, quasi Μελαιναχόλη, from black Choler

Modern rendering: the Greek word melancholia means, in effect, “black bile.”

Alignment convention

Alignment scope: whole mixed Greek/English etymological construction; the modern phrase compresses the Greek explanation and Burton’s English repetition into one black bile expression