Glass

Use in the book

The old Glass article’s central example remains the spring near Ceres’ temple. Burton reports a mirror lowered on a thread to learn the outcome of disease, then places it beside another oracle and concludes that ordinary people have been deceived about future events. His Pausanias margin independently names the mirror in Latin. The procedure is divination, not an examination whose efficacy the lexicon accepts. A later erotic catalogue describes the wish to see a future husband’s image in a mirror, expressly conditional on whether magic can achieve it.

Mirrors also expose or flatter appearance. In the Acco anecdote a truthful reflection occasions distress, while Burton conjectures that she normally used flattering mirrors: his “belike” must survive, along with the fact that this is a learned story rather than an independently verified case. Lais dedicates her mirror to Venus because she cannot bear her altered appearance. The exact intermediary behind Burton’s Latin remains unresolved. Neither story warrants his surrounding generalizations about women. A different broken-mirror anecdote makes reflection an image of retaliation: Praxiteles destroys one disliked face and immediately sees many in the fragments, just as one injury produces more enemies. Its source and identification remain unverified. Nearby, the compound “Glass-mans” identifies a husband’s trade: worker or dealer in glass. His wife’s distress is attributed to his saying he would remarry if she died, in an uncollated Platter case; the occupation does not establish any causal property of glass.

The material can furnish a historical symptom without being a reflective device. People are reported to believe themselves entirely glass and refuse others’ approach; Laurentius is later credited with knowing such a person in France. Burton’s catalogue varies the imagined materials and creatures, and supplies no modern diagnostic label. Red glass has another function: an observer sees everything through its colour. Burton uses that optical comparison for attributed humoral accounts of altered perception. The brain compared to a concave mirror belongs to this explanatory sequence, with images awkwardly located in both brain and eyes. Near the close of the work he repeats the brain–mirror analogy with “may” and “almost”, then retains bounded demonic agency and mixed remedies. The natural explanation does not erase that historical theological qualification.

The spelling “prospectives” already names perspective views in the scholarly defence: quoting his elder brother, Burton invokes Braun’s love of maps and views as an analogy for his own studies. The optical subsection begins much earlier with sight as the subject of “Perspectives”. Reception and emission theories are posed as questions; several attached citations stand beside mismatched names, which the edition does not silently reorder. In the later account of strange sights, Burton places ordinary tricks, poor sight, lost sleep and natural effects beside dark-room projection and shaped mirrors. The Agrippa margin insists that the apparent demons are lifeless images. Burton says Bacon is reported to have made his own image walk in the air, but immediately adds that this is not found in Bacon’s optical writings. He then allows both mainly internal deception and the devil’s intervention. A marginal citation to Pena’s preface to Euclid’s catoptrics enters a separate dispute about refraction and the supposed cosmic element of fire; citing optics is not the same as settling that dispute.

Telescopic sight has its own evidential complications. A Galileo-like instrument appears beside Lucian’s imaginary wings in a conditional voyage through the heavens. Later telescopes are invoked for stars, planetary companions and uneven lunar terrain. Burton’s margin makes the narrower first-person assertion that he himself saw some of Jupiter’s companions through an eight-foot glass. That witness should not be expanded into his observing every phenomenon in the body: the editor distinguishes Saturn’s apparent companions from moons, and Kepler’s speculation about Mars and Venus from Burton’s claim of an observation. Nor do luminous planets or their satellites establish inhabitants. The land-and-sea interpretation of the moon remains an early inference, with Burton’s express condition about believing Galileo. An earlier English margin turns the telescope in another direction: love and hate resemble its opposite ends, enlarging or diminishing the same person’s worth.

Optical things can delight as well as deceive. Perspective glasses join paintings, coins and antiquities in the recreational gallery, where no single instrument is securely specified. The following paragraph admits that such pleasures can fade. Scenes in perspective belong to paintings and to Burton’s retelling of Achilles’ shield; the editor notes that the Homeric scene also intensifies anger, whereas Burton stresses consolation. The later catalogue distinguishes burning glasses, multiplying glasses and other perspective instruments, but combines them with reported wonders and promises that are not all established achievements. In the erotic comparison, a burning glass gathers sunlight to a point as eyes supposedly direct rays of love; Philostratus’s mistress’s eyes become two such glasses. This is literary and historical explanation, not a physical claim adopted by the lexicon.

The related form “glased” means fitted with glass in the Venetian palaces, contrasted with windows explicitly without glass and with paper-covered windows. Burton’s regional examples concern ventilation; they do not establish a uniform design throughout the countries named. Containers and fragile objects should remain visible beside optics. Burgravius’s alleged life-indicating lamp is kept in a glass vessel; the next paragraph calls his treatises fanciful and monstrous. The familiar glass of water in the quarrelling-household anecdote contains no special medicine: Burton expressly attributes the effect to silence, while imposing that silence unequally on the wife. Cupping glasses are historical medical cups, with or without skin incisions, credited with redirecting humours. Their alleged efficacy is not current advice. Fragility supplies another moral image: beauty is a Venetian glass quickly broken. Cotys’s destruction of fragile gifts anticipates anger at their accidental loss; the located Plutarch account has decorated earthenware where Burton writes glasses, and that discrepancy must remain.

Figurative mirrors do not all distort. Rulers are a mirror because subjects learn from and imitate them: Burton’s political argument adapts Shakespeare’s Lucrece without naming him. An enticing story, true or invented, lets readers inspect past actions; Burton’s own jealousy discussion aims to show readers their errors. Gregory’s scriptural mirror enables self-examination. In the Plutarch marriage comparison, however, the wife mirrors the husband’s face and feelings: Burton’s language of mutual love does not equalize the duties. Love’s flattering mirror may weaken through absence, while his religious polemic calls superstition a distorting mirror of religion. Finally, scriptural figures offer some resemblance of divine beauty, and clear glass describes the heavenly city’s radiance. Burton explicitly denies that the divine reality is no fairer than these created comparisons; the images enable limited apprehension rather than a complete likeness.

Related entries

Species in perception: Theories of visible forms in the inquiry into sight.

Fascination: Historical claims about visual influence.

Divination: The mirror oracle and prospective-spouse divination.

Lodestone and adamant: Natural powers, attraction and the inherited related subject.

Art and artificial: Skilled visual contrivance and pictorial representation.

Antick: Grotesque figures produced by optical effects.

Places to read

1. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 18–20prospective views in Braun’s scholarly interests, quoted from William Burton to defend the author’s studies.
2. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 1–3the English telescope margin compares love’s magnification and hatred’s diminution, amid hypocrisy and unequal judgments.
3. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 20–22rulers as mirrors or examples for subjects, with the unattributed Shakespeare adaptation and the political application of parental-example verse.
4. Subsection 6. The Sensitive Soul · paragraphs 8–10sight, optical inquiry and the reception/emission question; note the mismatched citation attachments.
5. Subsection 7. A Collection of Other Events That Cause Melancholy: The Death of Friends, Losses, and So On · paragraphs 7–9anxiety about the future, the mirror oracle and Latin Pausanias margin, followed by another attributed polemic about divination.
6. Subsection 7. A Collection of Other Events That Cause Melancholy: The Death of Friends, Losses, and So On · paragraphs 5–7unkind words and the glassworker’s wife; the reported remarriage is conditional and the Platter case remains uncollated.
7. Subsection 7. A Collection of Other Events That Cause Melancholy: The Death of Friends, Losses, and So On · paragraphs 20–23appearance, Acco’s truthful and conjectured flattering mirrors, Lais’s dedication and the adapted poetic continuation.
8. Subsection 2. Symptoms or Signs in the Mind · paragraphs 29–31; Subsection 3 Particular Symptoms From the Influence of Stars, Parts of the Body and Humours · paragraphs 32–34imagined glass bodies among varied reported fears and transformations; Laurentius’s personal voucher remains a report.
9. Member 3 Immediate Cause of the Preceding Symptoms · paragraphs 18–20; Member 3 Immediate Cause of the Preceding Symptoms · paragraphs 25–30brain and tinted-glass comparisons, sleep loss, optical devices, catoptrics, lifeless images, the Bacon qualification and continuing natural/demonic explanations.
10. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 23–25refraction and the cosmic fire dispute, with the abbreviated Catoptrics citation in the margin.
11. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 35–36, 1–4hypothetical aerial travel, Galileo’s telescope and competing astronomical questions.
12. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 16–19planetary companions and speculative inhabitants, including Burton’s narrower eight-foot-telescope witness and the editorial distinction between observation and inference.
13. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 30–35qualified lunar observations, the reported ecclesiastical condemnation and rival systems; the broader astronomical controversy is not resolved by the word glass.
14. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 15–17window glass expressly absent or fitted, Venice’s glazed palaces and the limits of the regional ventilation account.
15. Member 4 Exercise of Body and Mind Regulated · paragraphs 32–43optical objects in the gallery, temporary pleasure, scenes in perspective, the adapted Achilles consolation and narrative as a mirror.
16. Member 4 Exercise of Body and Mind Regulated · paragraphs 36–38Scripture’s medical and mirror analogies, the Latin Gregory margin and the turn to intellectual occupations.
17. Member 4 Exercise of Body and Mind Regulated · paragraphs 1–10optical instruments and promises, burning and multiplying glasses, the glass vessel of the alleged blood lamp, and Burton’s subsequent scepticism.
18. Member 7 Against Rejection, Abuse, Injuries, Contempt, Disgrace, Insults, Slander, Mockery and the Like · paragraphs 17–19multiplying injuries and the broken-mirror anecdote; patience is urged conditionally.
19. Member 7 Against Rejection, Abuse, Injuries, Contempt, Disgrace, Insults, Slander, Mockery and the Like · paragraphs 5–7preventive restraint, Cotys’s fragile gifts and the allowance for moderate resistance; note glasses versus the source’s earthenware.
20. Member 3 Surgical Remedies · paragraphs 6–8cupping glasses among historical forms of bloodletting, with and without scarification.
21. Subsection 2 How Love Tyrannizes Over Human Beings. Love, or Heroical Melancholy: Its Definition and the Part Affected · paragraphs 19–21marital agreement and the unequal mirror prescription attributed to Plutarch.
22. Member 2. Subsection 2. Other Causes of Love Melancholy: Sight; Beauty of the Face, Eyes and Other Parts; and How It Pierces Us · paragraphs 14–16; Member 2. Subsection 2. Other Causes of Love Melancholy: Sight; Beauty of the Face, Eyes and Other Parts; and How It Pierces Us · paragraphs 61–63concentrated sunlight as an erotic comparison and the mistress’s eyes as burning glasses; note the distinct body and marginal wording.
23. Member 4 Subsection 1 Symptoms or Signs of Love Melancholy in Body and Mind Good and Bad Signs and So Forth · paragraphs 27–29love’s blindness and the English marginal false-glass comparison.
24. Member 4 Subsection 1 Symptoms or Signs of Love Melancholy in Body and Mind Good and Bad Signs and So Forth · paragraphs 48–50the conditional desire for a future husband’s mirror image within an erotic catalogue.
25. Resist the Beginnings, Avoid Occasions, Change One’s Location; Fair and Foul Means, Contrary Passions and Ingenious Devices; Introduce Another Love and Disparage the Former · paragraphs 8–10removal and absence proposed to weaken love’s flattering mirror, with the recast Lucian example.
26. By Counsel and Persuasion, the Foulness of the Deed, the Faults of Men and Women, the Miseries of Marriage, the Consequences of Lust, and So Forth · paragraphs 25–28Venetian glass as fragile beauty in the disenchanting argument.
27. Jealousy: Its Different Meanings, Name, Definition, Extent and Various Kinds; Among Rulers, Parents and Friends; in Animals and Human Beings; Before Marriage, as Rivals, or Afterwards, as Discussed Here · paragraphs 7–9Burton’s jealousy discussion as a corrective mirror.
28. Prevention Before or After Marriage: Plato’s Community of Wives; Marrying a Courtesan; Love Potions; Brothels; Marrying Someone Equal in Age and Fortune, From a Good Family, Well Educated and of Good Standing; Treating Wives Well; and So On · paragraphs 60–62glass of water, silence rather than medicinal ingredients, and the unequal household injunction.
29. Its Object, God; What His Beauty Is; How It Attracts. The Parts and People Affected · paragraphs 38–41scriptural mirror and clear glass, qualified by the inadequacy of created comparisons; the erroneous Revelation locator remains recorded.
30. Its Object, God; What His Beauty Is; How It Attracts. The Parts and People Affected · paragraphs 30–32superstition called religion’s distorting mirror within Burton’s sweeping polemic.
31. Treatment of Despair Through Medicine, Good Counsel, Consolation, and So On · paragraphs 1–4the repeated brain–mirror analogy, possible natural causes, bounded demonic power and mixed remedies.

In this edition

The inherited oracle pair remains “A glass let down by a thred” → “a mirror was lowered on a thread”. Mirror identifies the reflective object; the modern supplies a finite passive for the original compressed participial phrase. The three inherited optical pairs also remain: “Perspectives” → “optics”, “Catoptricks” → “catoptrics”, and “perspective glasses” → “optical glasses”. The discipline, the reflected-image art and the unspecified objects remain distinct. The former article Catoptrics and perspectives is preserved within this article rather than silently discarded.

Elsewhere context permits a more specific rendering: “a Galilies glass” → “a telescope like Galileo’s”; “Concave and Cylinder glasses” → “concave and cylindrical mirrors”; “kept in a glasse” → “kept in a glass vessel”. “Perspective pieces” becomes “scenes in perspective”. The brain comparison uses the short spelling “glas”, while “they are all glasse” becomes “They believe they are made entirely of glass”: believe and made of are contextual supplies, not words concealed inside glass. The ordinary mirror, the material and the reported belief therefore have separate routes.

Modifiers retain their own work. True and flattering qualify mirrors; false becomes distorting in the religious metaphor; Venice becomes Venetian in the fragile-object image. The already-English margins on the telescope’s two ends, Burton’s eight-foot instrument and love’s false glass have no separate paired modern body translation. Their compact entries quote the original margin and expressly supply an explanatory English gloss. Latin mirror and abbreviated Catoptrics routes point instead to the original notes and their labelled editorial translations.

burning glass

Printed “burning-glass” (English; phrase).

A lens or optical glass that concentrates sunlight.

Here: Burton expressly says sunlight is gathered to a centre, then compares this with rays of erotic influence from the beloved’s eyes.

Context: A literary and historical optical analogy, not proof that eyes emit physically burning rays.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a burning-glass

Modern rendering: a burning glass

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “burning glasses” (English; phrase).

Citation key: burning glass.

Here: Glasses that concentrate light, listed among optical inventions without an erotic application.

Context: Burton’s recreational catalogue of optical marvels and promises.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: burning glasses

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “burning glasses” (English; phrase).

Citation key: burning glass.

Here: The mistress’s two eyes are metaphorically called concentrating glasses because they inflame the lover; two identifies the eyes, not two literal instruments.

Context: Burton attributes the complaint to Philostratus; the margin prints flame where the body speaks of water, and the intermediary remains uncollated.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: those two burning glasses

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

catoptrics

Printed “Catoptricks” (English; lemma).

Catoptrics: the study or art of reflected images.

Here: Burton introduces a dark-room projection and then concave and cylindrical mirror effects; the noun does not mean every optical device is a telescope.

Context: Burton describes contrived images, with Agrippa’s note expressly calling them lifeless. His next paragraph qualifies Bacon’s alleged feat.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: by Catoptricks

Modern rendering: through catoptrics

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Catoptricks supplies catoptrics; by becomes through.

Further local use

Printed “Catop.” (Latin bibliographic abbreviation; family).

Citation key: catoptrics.

Here: The abbreviated title Catop. names Catoptrics; Præfat. supplies Preface, ad to, and Euclid. the author’s name in the bibliographic construction.

Context: Burton cites Jean Pena’s preface during a dispute about refraction and the supposed element of fire; this citation does not independently settle that dispute.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Præfat. ad Euclid. Catop.

Modern rendering: Preface to Euclid’s Catoptrics

Alignment scope: Abbreviated original Latin citation to supplied English expansion in the same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

cupping glass

Printed “Cupping-glasses” (English; phrase).

Cups used in the historical practice of cupping.

Here: These are medical vessels, not optical glasses. Scarification means small skin incisions; with or without preserves the two forms mentioned.

Context: Burton attributes speedy relief and diversion of humours to Fernel. This is historical treatment vocabulary, not advice or verified efficacy.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Cupping-glasses with or without scarification

Modern rendering: Cupping glasses, with or without scarification

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · local use 1

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A mirror: an object giving a reflected image.

Here: The mirror is lowered at the spring oracle near Ceres’ temple; its reported purpose is divination about illness, not medical examination.

Context: Burton reports Pausanias and groups this oracle with another, concluding that ordinary people have been deceived about future events.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: A glass let down by a thred

Modern rendering: a mirror was lowered on a thread

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Glass supplies mirror; the original participial description let down becomes the finite passive was lowered.

Alignment qualification: The modern construction supplies was to express the original elliptical participial description.

Further local use

Printed “Speculum” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: speculum.

Here: Speculum is mirror, the accusative object; tenui funiculo is on a thin cord, suspensum suspended, and demittunt they lower. The Latin note supplies the same divinatory object independently of Burton’s abbreviated English.

Context: Burton’s Pausanias margin, followed by a supplied editorial English translation within the note.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Speculum tenui suspensum funiculo demittunt

Modern rendering: They lower a mirror suspended on a thin cord

Alignment scope: Original Latin marginal sentence to its supplied English translation in the same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Mirror as the imagined medium for seeing a future husband’s image.

Context: Burton reports the desire conditionally: if it may be done by art. The magical practices are described, not verified.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: in a glass

Modern rendering: in a mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · glas

Printed “glas” (English; lemma).

A mirror, here used as a comparison for the brain’s production of apparent images.

Here: Glas is the printed spelling of glass. Concave supplies the inward-curved shape; the comparison supports an attributed internal explanation, while Burton shifts between eyes and brain.

Context: Burton reports humoral and optical explanations from medical authorities; as they suppose distinguishes perceived external objects from his stated internal cause.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: the brain as a concave glas reflects solid bodies

Modern rendering: the brain reflects solid bodies like a concave mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “concave glass” (English; phrase).

Citation key: concave glass.

Here: Concave glass means inward-curved mirror; its reflection is compared with a troubled brain presenting shapes. May and almost limit the causal assertion.

Context: Burton allows natural explanations, then explicitly allows bounded demonic agency and mixed remedies; this is his historical framework.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: as a concave glass reflects solid bodies

Modern rendering: Just as a concave mirror reflects solid bodies

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · local use 2

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

The transparent material glass.

Here: Red qualifies the colour that affects what the observer sees. The modern phrase omits a piece of while retaining the material and colour; the analogy is used for historical humoral explanations.

Context: Burton compares tinted vision with an attributed account of vapours and humours, rather than reporting a modern physiological mechanism.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: through a piece of red glass

Modern rendering: through red glass

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Glass names the material; red gives its colour. Modern wording omits the count-unit a piece of.

Alignment qualification: Material phrase retained with the original count-unit a piece of omitted.

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Glass is material placed over the opening, as an alternative to paper, not the shaped mirrors named later in the paragraph.

Context: Burton’s dark-room arrangement is retained as described without a silently corrected apparatus.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a paper or glass

Modern rendering: paper or glass

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: The material’s transparency and lustre form part of the comparison for the heavenly city; cleer supplies clear.

Context: Burton paraphrases Revelation 21 with a faulty printed 27:11 citation; the next paragraph expressly denies that divine beauty is limited to the created objects used to express it.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: cleer glass

Modern rendering: clear glass

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Glass names window material, expressly negated by without. Unglazed packages without glass; great supplies large and opposite opposite one another.

Context: Burton’s regional account of ventilation; commonly qualifies Spain, while Venice is excepted in the following comparison. The editor does not generalize to all buildings.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: great opposite windows without glass

Modern rendering: large, unglazed windows opposite one another

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Without glass is recast as unglazed, retaining negation; the whole window construction is reordered.

glass · glasse · local use 1

Printed “glasse” (English; lemma).

Glass as an imagined bodily substance, with implied brittleness.

Here: All means entirely; the people will not let others approach. The modern supplies believe and made of to make the reported belief and composition explicit.

Context: Burton’s symptom catalogue reports imagined transformations, not a claim that people literally become glass or a modern diagnostic category.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: they are all glasse

Modern rendering: They believe they are made entirely of glass

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Glasse supplies glass as material; all supplies entirely. Believe and made of explicate the governed belief and imagined composition.

Alignment qualification: The modern clause supplies They believe and made of from the surrounding catalogue, rather than translating the bare original clause word for word.

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Glass is imagined bodily material; a pitcher specifies the fragile vessel imagined. This clause remains governed by another thinks.

Context: Burton credits Laurentius with vouching for a French case, within a varied catalogue; the report is not independently established.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: he is all glass, a pitcher

Modern rendering: he is entirely glass, a pitcher

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · local use 3

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A mirror; true specifies a faithful or unflattering reflection.

Here: The noun supplies mirror, not truthfulness by itself. Acco’s distress is attributed to unexpectedly seeing her actual appearance.

Context: A learned anecdote from Caelius Rhodiginus; Burton’s suggestion that she normally used flattering mirrors is explicitly belike, not an established fact.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a true glass

Modern rendering: a truthful mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glasses” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Glasses are mirrors; false and flattering describe the alleged distortion.

Context: Burton conjectures apparently/belike and adds a gendered generalization about gentlewomen; neither is adopted as fact.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: false flattering glasses

Modern rendering: false, flattering mirrors

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: The mirror displays the appearance Lais can no longer bear to see; it remains an ordinary reflective object in the epigrammatic story.

Context: Burton’s reported dedication; the Greek epigram is identified, but his Latin intermediary and printed E Cret. remain unresolved.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: gave up her glass to Venus

Modern rendering: gave her mirror to Venus

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · local use 4

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A telescope, identified by its association with Galileo.

Here: The whole possessive expression names the instrument; like makes the kind of instrument explicit rather than claiming Burton possessed Galileo’s own object.

Context: Burton’s conditional aerial journey couples an actual class of optical instrument with Lucian’s satirical wings; it is not a report of flight.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a Galilies glass

Modern rendering: a telescope like Galileo’s

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Glass supplies telescope in this context; Galilies is represented by like Galileo’s in the modern construction.

Further local use

Printed “glasses” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Galileo’s instruments disclose more stars; Burton presents the claim within a series of competing astronomical questions.

Context: Burton reports early astronomical claims and their disputed or speculative extension; the editor distinguishes observation from inference.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: his glasses

Modern rendering: his telescopes

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glasses” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: The instruments are invoked for planetary companions. The surrounding argument for inhabitants goes beyond observation.

Context: Burton reports early astronomical claims and their disputed or speculative extension; the editor distinguishes observation from inference.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: his glasses

Modern rendering: his telescopes

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glasses” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: The instruments support the reported lunar terrain; the identification of dark regions as seas and the broader inferences remain qualified by if we may believe Galileo.

Context: Burton reports early astronomical claims and their disputed or speculative extension; the editor distinguishes observation from inference.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: their glasses

Modern rendering: their telescopes

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: A telescope eight feet long. Eight foot long describes the instrument’s length, not its magnification. This gloss supplies the modern explanation; no paired modern body phrase translates the margin.

Context: Burton himself states that he saw some Jovian satellites; the claim must be distinguished from the body’s uncorroborated statement about Kepler seeing companions of Mars and Venus.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: a glass 8 foot long

Alignment scope: No paired body equivalent is asserted

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Alignment qualification: The original English marginal assertion has no paired modern-body equivalent. The local gloss supplies telescope eight feet long; Editor the accompanying note discusses that witness separately.

glass · glasse · local use 2

Printed “glasse” (English; lemma).

A vessel made of glass.

Here: The container allegedly holds Burgravius’s blood lamp. Glass does not mean a mirror here; vessel makes the container explicit.

Context: Burton reports the purported life-indicating lamp, then calls this and the next treatise vain and prodigious. The claim is not a medical recommendation.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: kept in a glasse

Modern rendering: kept in a glass vessel

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glasse” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: A drinking vessel or its contained quantity of water; the story says silence, not medicinal properties of water, changed the exchange.

Context: An unidentified anecdote, qualified by by report, used in Burton’s unequal demand that wives keep silent during husbands’ anger.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a glasse of water

Modern rendering: a glass of water

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · local use 5

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A mirror, whose broken pieces multiply the reflected face.

Here: Praxiteles allegedly destroys a disliked reflection and thereby creates many such reflections; the object models injuries producing further enemies.

Context: Burton’s anecdote and its personal identification remain unverified. The continuation conditionally recommends patient restraint.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: his glass

Modern rendering: his mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · local use 6

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A figurative mirror: a representation in which actions can be seen.

Here: Stories, true or invented, display former public and private actions for pleasurable inspection. The comparison is not limited to factual historiography.

Context: Burton recommends absorbing reading as recreation; the Plutarch locator remains unresolved.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: in a glass

Modern rendering: in a mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Burton’s treatment of jealousy becomes a mirror in which an affected reader may recognize error, and an unaffected reader learn avoidance.

Context: Burton explains his literary and corrective purpose; the may construction expresses intended use, not a guaranteed cure.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: as in a glass

Modern rendering: as in a mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Glass means mirror; rulers supply a visible example that subjects imitate. The shared representational metaphor now models conduct, rather than merely displaying recorded past actions.

Context: Burton’s political argument adapts an unattributed Shakespeare couplet spoken by Lucrece to Tarquin. The continuation extends the effect of rulers’ vices to most, not all, common people.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Princes are the glass

Modern rendering: rulers are the mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · local use 7

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A figurative mirror for self-examination.

Here: Scripture makes the reader’s infirmities visible; Gregory’s marginal speculum says a mirror in which we may look at ourselves.

Context: Burton attributes the image to Gregory; the patristic locator remains for fuller collation, and the surrounding medicinal claims are theological analogies.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a glass wherein we may see all our infirmities

Modern rendering: a mirror in which we may see all our infirmities

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “speculum” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: speculum.

Here: Speculum means mirror; quo supplies in which, nos ourselves, and intueri possimus we may look.

Context: Burton’s Gregory margin, supplied English translation within the same note.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: speculum quo nos intueri possimus

Modern rendering: a mirror in which we may look at ourselves

Alignment scope: Original Latin margin to supplied English translation in the same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

glass · local use 8

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A figurative mirror or mental representation.

Here: Flattering modifies the mirror; removal and absence are proposed to weaken its effect. The next fair object will likely alter it, not certainly.

Context: Burton’s counsel changes place and objects of attention; the following Lucian example is a recast account, not a verified cure.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: this flattering glass of love

Modern rendering: this flattering mirror of love

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glasse” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: A distorting mirror that makes everything appear fairer than it is, in Burton’s own marginal comparison for love. The modern explanation is supplied here.

Context: Burton’s already-English note accompanies his assertion that love and Cupid’s followers are blind.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: a false glasse

Alignment scope: No paired body equivalent is asserted

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Alignment qualification: No paired modern-body equivalent for this original English margin; the local gloss supplies distorting mirror, retaining false as the modifier.

glass · local use 9

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A figurative medium of indirect spiritual representation.

Here: The scriptural figures permit some resemblance of divine beauty and love to be understood; mirror does not establish an exact visible likeness.

Context: Burton’s Christian interpretation of royal and bridal imagery; the subsequent negation says divine beauty exceeds the created comparisons.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: that glass

Modern rendering: this mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass · local use 10

Printed “glass” (English; lemma).

A mirror in a metaphor of distorted representation.

Here: Glass supplies mirror, false supplies distorting. Superstition is represented as a deceptive imitation of religion, beside ape, bastard and shadow.

Context: Burton’s sweeping religious polemic, not an endorsed accusation about the peoples he lists.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: false glass

Modern rendering: distorting mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glass-man

Printed “Glass-mans” (English; lemma).

Glass-man: a worker or dealer in glass; the printed form is possessive.

Here: Glass-mans qualifies wife through her husband’s occupation. The modern selects glassworker, while the historical compound can also cover a dealer.

Context: Burton cites an uncollated Platter case in which the husband said he would marry again if she died. The conditional remarriage statement and Burton’s gendered susceptibility claim remain his report.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: A Glass-mans wife

Modern rendering: A glassworker’s wife

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

glaze

Printed “glased” (English; lemma).

Glazed: fitted with glass, particularly in windows.

Here: Glased supplies glazed; stately and Palaces remain stately and palaces. This derived participial form concerns a building fitted with glass, not a single reflective object.

Context: Burton gives Venice as an exception to his regional paper-window account. The description must not be extended to all buildings in the countries named.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: stately glased Palaces

Modern rendering: stately glazed palaces

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

looking-glass

Printed “looking-glass” (English; lemma).

A mirror, metaphorically a person reflecting another’s feelings.

Here: The wife is asked to adapt her expression and feeling to her husband’s. The literal optical object supplies an analogy for unequal emotional duties.

Context: Burton attributes the prescription to Plutarch and frames it as mutual love; this does not remove the asymmetry of who must mirror whom.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: as a looking-glass

Modern rendering: like a mirror

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

multiplying glass

Printed “multiplying glasses” (English; phrase).

Optical devices producing repeated images.

Here: Multiplying describes image repetition, as in the accompanying idea that one person appears an army; it does not mean that people are physically reproduced.

Context: Burton reports optical marvels, improvements and promises. His catalogue does not itself verify every claimed achievement.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: multiplying glasses

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

perspective · Perspectives

Printed “Perspectives” (English; lemma).

The discipline of optics, concerned with sight.

Here: The optical writers discuss vision; the preceding question contrasts reception and emission of visible forms, not different opinions in the modern figurative sense of perspectives.

Context: Burton names a field of inquiry and authors; mismatched marginal citation attachments are retained and explained by the editor.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: the Perspectives

Modern rendering: optics

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The plural English name of the discipline becomes the modern field name optics; the original article is not retained.

Further local use

Printed “perspectives” (English; lemma).

Citation key: perspective.

Here: Perspectives here denotes Bacon’s writings on the optical discipline; writings on makes that bibliographic metonymy explicit.

Context: Burton says the reported airborne image is not found in those writings, then combines a mainly internal explanation with allowance for the devil.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: his perspectives

Modern rendering: his writings on optics

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The field name stands for works on that field; modern writings on makes this construction explicit.

perspective · perspective pieces

Printed “perspective pieces” (English; lemma).

Representations arranged to convey spatial depth.

Here: Pieces means depicted scenes, not pieces of glass. Burton applies the visual vocabulary to Achilles’ shield in his retelling.

Context: The editor distinguishes his consolatory retelling from the Iliad’s simultaneous intensification of Achilles’ anger.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: perspective pieces

Modern rendering: scenes in perspective

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “peeces of perspective” (English; lemma).

Citation key: perspective.

Here: Depicted scenes using perspective among the collectors’ objects; peeces means works or scenes.

Context: Burton’s praise of cabinets and engravings does not securely identify particular objects.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: peeces of perspective

Modern rendering: scenes in perspective

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “prospectives” (English; family).

Citation key: perspective representations.

Here: Prospectives is the printed spelling for perspective views, among pictures, maps and regional descriptions; it does not mean future prospects.

Context: Burton quotes his elder brother’s preface about Braun’s scholarly interests to defend his own extra-professional study. The next analogy distinguishes spiritual and bodily medicine.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: prospectives

Modern rendering: perspective views

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

perspective glass

Printed “perspective glass” (English; phrase).

A telescope, here an image of magnifying or diminishing judgments.

Here: Looking from opposite ends makes the same object seem larger or smaller. Burton compares this with love’s excessive praise and hatred’s depreciation; the modern explanation is supplied here, not a paired-body quotation.

Context: Burton’s English marginal comparison accompanies a satire of flattering an unworthy friend and vilifying even a good enemy.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: the two ends of a perspective glass

Alignment scope: No paired body equivalent is asserted

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Alignment qualification: Already-English original margin; no paired modern-body counterpart. The note’s editor explains telescope, and the local gloss supplies its sense.

perspective glass · perspective glasses

Printed “perspective glasses” (English; phrase).

Optical instruments or devices, with no particular type securely specified here.

Here: They appear among pictures, coins, antiquities and crafted objects enjoyed in a gallery. The phrase alone does not choose a telescope or mirror.

Context: Burton praises recreational viewing; the next paragraph limits artificial curiosities’ pleasure to a time.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: perspective glasses

Modern rendering: optical glasses

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “perspective glasses” (English; phrase).

Citation key: perspective glass.

Here: Optical devices among the claimed natural means of creating strange appearances; this phrase does not securely identify one instrument.

Context: Burton’s mixture of optical effects, smoke and reported recipes is historical; the Albertus recipe’s source and efficacy are unestablished.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: perspective glasses

Modern rendering: optical glasses

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “perspectives” (English; lemma).

Citation key: perspective.

Here: Optical devices, here alongside burning and multiplying glasses, distant vision and images made by curved reflecting surfaces.

Context: Burton’s catalogue mixes demonstrated kinds of instruments with reported marvels and promises; it does not establish all claimed achievements.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: perspectives

Modern rendering: perspective instruments

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

shaped mirrors

Printed “Concave and Cylinder glasses” (English; family).

Mirrors with inward-curving or cylindrical surfaces.

Here: Concave supplies inward-curved, Cylinder cylindrical, glasses mirrors. Burton uses shaped reflections to explain apparently suspended people, devils or grotesques.

Context: The passage describes an image placed in another room, not a living apparition; the surrounding claims about optical arrangements remain Burton’s account.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Concave and Cylinder glasses

Modern rendering: concave and cylindrical mirrors

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Venice glass

Printed “Venice glass” (English; phrase).

An object of Venetian glass, used for its brittleness.

Here: Venice supplies the origin or kind; glass supplies the fragile object. Burton compares rapidly vanishing beauty to something quickly broken, without specifying a vessel shape.

Context: Part of a rhetorical attempt to disenchant a lover; the aesthetic judgment and exaggerated transience belong to the argument.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a Venice glass

Modern rendering: a Venetian glass

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “glasses” (English; lemma).

Citation key: glass.

Here: Glasses are fragile crafted objects, with fine praising their quality. Burton’s noun is retained; the located Plutarch source has decorated earthenware, so their material must not be silently corrected in the original.

Context: Cotys allegedly breaks the gifts to forestall later anger; the next paragraph permits discreet moderate resistance rather than universal passive submission.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a company of fine glasses

Modern rendering: a collection of fine glasses

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Sense relation: Shares the fragile-object use with the parent example, but does not establish Venetian origin: Venice is present only in the parent phrase.