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Empedocles of Acragas

Empedocles’ The Testimonia, Volume II

The Greek and Latin of Hermann Diels · New English translation and notes.

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Empedocles’ The Testimonia, Volume IIPrinciples, Cosmos and Cycle · A 38

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Facing Pages · Branch 57 of 126

Principles, Cosmos and Cycle · A 38

Ancient Greek and Latin

p. 104
A 38

Aristotle, Physics Θ 1, 252a7

ἔοικεν Ἐ. ἂν εἰπεῖν ὡς τὸ κρατεῖν καὶ κινεῖν ἐν μέρει τὴν Φιλίαν καὶ τὸ Νεῖκος ὑπάρχει τοῖς πράγμασιν ἐξ ἀνάγκης, ἠρεμεῖν δὲ τὸν μεταξὺ χρόνον.

A 39

Aristotle, Metaphysics A 4, 984b32

ἐπεὶ δὲ καὶ τἀναντία τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἐνόντα ἐφαίνετο ἐν τῆι φύσει, καὶ οὐ μόνον τάξις καὶ τὸ καλὸν ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀταξία καὶ τὸ αἰσχρόν, καὶ πλείω τὰ κακὰ τῶν ἀγαθῶν καὶ τὰ φαῦλα τῶν καλῶν, οὕτως ἄλλος τις Φιλίαν εἰσήνεγκε καὶ Νεῖκος, ἑκάτερον ἑκατέρων αἴτιον τούτων. εἰ γάρ τις ... ... ἀκολουθοίη καὶ λαμβάνοι πρὸς τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ μὴ πρὸς ἃ ψελλίζεται λέγων Ἐ., εὑρήσει τὴν μὲν Φιλίαν αἰτίαν οὖσαν τῶν ἀγαθῶν, τὸ δὲ Νεῖκος τῶν κακῶν· ὥστ' εἴ τις φαίη τρόπον τινὰ καὶ λέγειν καὶ πρῶτον λέγειν τὸ κακὸν καὶ τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἀρχὰς Ἐμπεδοκλέα, τάχ' ἂν λέγοι καλῶς, εἴπερ τὸ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἁπάντων αἴτιον αὐτὸ τἀγαθόν ἐστι [καὶ τῶν κακῶν τὸ κακόν].

104

Empedocles’ The Testimonia, Volume II: Principles, Cosmos and Cycle

p. 105
A 38

Love and Strife prevail by necessity and by turns, with rest between.

Aristotle, Physics Θ 1, 252a7

It seems that Empedocles too would say that it belongs to Love and Strife by necessity to prevail and to cause motion by turns, and that in the time between they are at rest.

Report, cautiously framed — Aristotle writes "it seems that he would say", not "he says".

The hedge matters and is kept. This is a principal piece of evidence for a period of rest between the phases of the cycle, and it is offered by Aristotle as an inference about what Empedocles would have to hold, not as a quotation.

A 39

Why a second principle was needed: the presence of evil and disorder in nature.

Aristotle, Metaphysics A 4, 984b32

But since the contraries of the goods were also seen to be present in nature — not order and beauty only but disorder and ugliness too, and more evils than goods and more mean things than fair — accordingly another thinker introduced Love and Strife, each of them the cause of one of these. For if ... ... if one follows the argument out and takes it by its sense rather than by the stammering way Empedocles puts it, one will find Love the cause of good things and Strife the cause of evil. So that if one were to say that Empedocles in a way both speaks of evil and good as principles, and was the first to do so, one would perhaps be speaking rightly — if indeed the cause of all goods is the good itself.

Criticism.

"the stammering way Empedocles puts it" (ψελλίζεται) is Aristotle's standing complaint about the Presocratics: they have hold of something but cannot articulate it. He uses the same figure of Anaxagoras. It is worth keeping visible, because the moral reading of Love and Strife that follows is Aristotle's construction on a poet he has just called inarticulate.

the closing bracketed clause is absent from one branch of the tradition; Alexander had it.

105

About This Reading Edition

Empedocles survives not only through his poems but through the ancient writers who described his life, doctrines, medicine, cosmology, and extraordinary reputation. Volume II gathers the testimonia: ninety-nine numbered reports drawn from fifty-two authors across nine centuries. The English introduction appears full width; each Greek or Latin testimony then faces its new English translation.

Discussion Questions

Historical Text and Translation

The Greek and Latin reading text follows Hermann Diels’s third edition of Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (1912), retaining the supplied edition’s Diels-Kranz numbering and editorial signs. These witnesses must be read as a chain of transmission: many preserve valuable evidence, while others summarize, dispute, reshape, or repeat earlier accounts.

About Diotimos Editions

Diotimos Editions prepared the new English translation, introduction, notes, and reception appendices for this volume. The translation keeps each witness distinct and preserves its technical vocabulary, argumentative posture, and relationship to the surviving poetry in Volume I.

Rights

The ancient source works and Hermann Diels’s 1912 Greek and Latin edition are in the public domain. The 2026 English translation, introduction, notes, and editorial matter are original to this edition and remain © 2026 Diotimos.