Vicissitude

Use in the book

Democritus makes worldly change an argument against behaving as though one were immortal. The person above today may be below tomorrow; failure to recognize that instability feeds useless desires and calamity. This rebuke answers Hippocrates’s account of practical obligations and unforeseen disappointment in Burton’s retelling. The wisdom proposed is awareness of unstable conditions, not the power to predict every reversal. The dramatic exchange derives from the transmitted Hippocratic portrait rather than an authenticated conversation. (compare)

Burton then draws a different boundary: cities, kingdoms, dress, laws and customs change, but the vices and diseases of folly remain. The river keeps its name and place while its water passes away; people and generations alter while familiar habits recur. That contrast makes the ancient examples relevant to the present. Petrarch’s attributed Latin and Burton’s fuller English restatement make separate contributions; the precise Petrarch collection and wording remain unresolved. It is not a denial of historical change, and English vices in this claim does not mean the Latin turns found elsewhere.

In the account of melancholy as a disposition, life resembles a sky that is fair and overcast by turns, or a rose mingling flowers and thorns. Invicem cedunt dolor & voluptas and Burton’s following English restatement describe a succession of pleasure and pain. The Lipsius margin gives vices rerum, the alternations of things. The later consolation calls joys and sorrows linked in a reciprocal course. Such language makes instability common to human life without supplying a regular period, an equal duration for each condition or a guarantee of when one person’s distress will lift.

The weather passage changes the relation from comparison to alleged bodily influence. Lemnius’s account of gloomy air and sunny liveliness introduces an altered Virgil extract: weather and the sky’s moisture have changed their course, Mutavere vices, and minds acquire new dispositions. Burton adds his own English verses after the Latin. His introduction calls this Virgil’s experiment, meaning observation or a lesson of experience, not a controlled experiment; the earlier Experimental record retains that sense. The editor identifies vices as a departure from the consulted Virgil’s vias and preserves the other alterations. The extract remains Burton’s quotation; its atmospheric and psychological claims belong to the historical argument, not a silently modernized account of weather and mood.

The sea-and-land exchange is posed during an imagined investigation of the earth. Fish bones, shells, ironwork and anchors said to be far underground prompt questions, including the story of a ship with forty-eight bodies. The original body gives fifty fathoms, while the margin gives a hundred braccia; the edition does not harmonize the measures. Earthquake, Noah’s Flood and an alternation of sea and land are offered as competing explanations. The editor further distinguishes Mela’s inland plains from Burton’s hilltops and treats Aristotle’s discussion as context rather than verification of the whole catalogue.

The continuation makes the inquiry playfully hypothetical. All-commanding powers might turn the world as people turn haycocks or apples before a fire, shifting polar regions to the equator and warming them in turn. If worlds are infinite, the powers might combine old worlds or make several new ones. Belike, should and if preserve the speculative movement. The passage does not announce a settled mechanism for the interchange of continents and oceans. Its striking comparisons help carry the inquisitive narrator beyond the limits of the reported observations.

Ebbing and flowing has more than one scale. Dependants rise and fall with their masters’ favour. Kingdoms, people and knowledge ebb and flow when old discoveries disappear and new inventions emerge. Recipes and medical formulations are compared with words whose use varies with the season. These are related descriptions of fluctuation, not one claim that every history repeats an identical cycle. The formulation example retains the stated condition that compounds may be needed when simpler remedies fail.

The consolation applies the tidal image to rank and property. After complaints that one person starves while another lives at ease, Burton urges comparison of present, past and future. Cities rise or decline, families lose their position, and a client’s descendants may buy out the lawyer who acquired the client’s estate. May, likely and peradventure leave individual reversals uncertain. The ancient Rome figure, two myriads or twenty thousand, also sits awkwardly beside the margin’s ninety thousand for contemporary Rome. Neither figures nor sweeping claims about extinct dynasties should be repaired into a reliable statistical history.

The property sequence also distinguishes lasting possession from temporary use. Its Horatian verses let one occupant displace another and let land pass now to one person, now to others. The cycle attributed to Machiavelli then moves from virtue and prosperity through repose, idleness and destruction, and back to good laws. The language of nature’s law here concerns worldly change, rather than the moral obligation examined under Nature. Burton’s conclusion is to look beyond transitory worldly standing towards heaven. The argument therefore offers a change of perspective, not a promise that every poor reader will become rich or a denial that present deprivation hurts.

Changeable objects do not require a changeable commitment. In the attributed division of love, love from the world can lead to admiration of the Creator through creation. Love with the world, however, would rise too high in prosperity or sink in adversity. Should is conditional, not an obligation to follow fortune. The scheme is transmitted under Augustine’s name; the editor identifies a parallel associated with Hugh of Saint Victor without replacing Burton’s attribution. The praise of God’s immutability later gives a theological contrast to mutable bodily beauty, whose transience and observer-dependent appearance belong to the erotic dissuasion. Immutable likewise means unchangeable in the decree invoked in the cure of despair; that exact phrase retains its Election and reprobation owner. The accompanying universal invitation forbids declaring oneself or another finally rejected.

Inconstancy can attach to the person rather than the world. The social satire calls it fickleness; the symptom catalogue places it beside irresolution and fear; the jealousy discussion uses a wife’s supposed inconstancy for unfaithful affection. These are materially different uses of unsteadiness. The sympathetic question about a suspicious husband and the cited literary wives do not establish actual misconduct, while inconstancy in a symptom list need not mean sexual disloyalty. The Table likewise separates lovers’ inconstancy from inconstancy as a sign of melancholy.

Latin turns need not describe passing time. In the poverty complaint, Non est qui doleat vicem means there is no one to grieve at his fate: singular vicem names a distressed person’s lot, not the action of alternating. The earlier Liberty article already explains love as vices exigens, demanding a return. Pares reddere vices similarly means repay like for like in the warning that a mistreated wife may retaliate. Taking someone’s vices can instead mean occupying a place: the ring in a fable imagines the lover taking its role, and the Tiberini are said to take their wives’ places at childbirth. Birds brooding per vices supply a different, alternating-turn comparison in the same margin. Numbered vice means an occasion, as in taking up a pen for the sixth time. The wording connects these uses without making exchange of roles, reciprocal affection and a numbered occasion identical.

At the close of the selected sequence, the adapted Juvenal has nature rolling through its changes, Naturâ volvente vices. The opening says that some people attribute everything to fortune and believe the world has no ruler. Their view governs the quotation; it is not Burton’s endorsement of a rulerless cosmos. The editor notes that his excerpt stops before Juvenal’s specification of day and year, which must not be silently put back into the original as though printed here.

Related entries

Happiness and fortune: variable circumstances and their interpretation.

Constancy: steadfast response rather than absence of change.

Air; Humour: weather, atmosphere and moisture.

Species in perception: the mental-disposition phrase in the altered Virgil.

Beauty: transience and the observer’s weakness.

Liberty and servitude: affection demanding a return, not a command.

Metempsychosis: the distinct reciprocal pouring of lovers’ spirits.

Nature: constitution, agency and physical order.

Election and reprobation: the immutable or unchangeable decree.

Providence, necessity and contingence: the wider controversy about chance and divine government.

Elements; Antipodes: neighbouring physical questions in the geographical digression.

Places to read

1. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 6–8reciprocal judgement and inque vicem.
2. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 15–19worldly reversal and persistent folly.
3. Subsection 5. Melancholy as a Passing State, Loosely So Called; the Different Meanings of the Word · paragraphs 5–8; note 1549succession, weather and the Latin turns of things.
4. Subsection 5 Bad Air as a Cause of Melancholy · paragraphs 8–11changed weather, altered verse and mental dispositions.
5. Subsection 6 Poverty and Want as Causes of Melancholy · paragraphs 22–24the poor man’s fate, dependence on favour and symptomatic inconstancy.
6. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 8–15remains inland, exchange of sea and land, and hypothetical remoulding.
7. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 17–19lost and newly found knowledge.
8. Section 3 Member 1. Subsection 1 A Digression on Consolation, Containing Remedies for Every Kind of Discontent · paragraph 42unstable happiness, alternating conditions, property and political cycles.
9. Subsection 5 Compound Alteratives Criticism of Compounds and Mixed Medicines · paragraphs 15–18changing recipes, usage and invention.
10. Section 1. Member 1. Subsection 1 The Preface · paragraphs 12–14a sixth occasion and love’s conditional movement with the world.
11. Section 2 Member 1, Subsection 1 Love Melancholy: Its Ancestry, Power and Reach · paragraphs 26–28; note 9497answering love and the earlier-owned by-turns construction.
12. By Counsel and Persuasion, the Foulness of the Deed, the Faults of Men and Women, the Miseries of Marriage, the Consequences of Lust, and So Forth · paragraphs 32–34, 64; note 11332mutable beauty, reciprocal affection, the marriage blessing, role substitution and repayment.
13. Its Object, God; What His Beauty Is; How It Attracts. The Parts and People Affected · paragraphs 30–33; note 12207divine immutability and vice meaning in a role.
14. Member 2 Subsection 1 Religious Melancholy From Deficiency: Those Affected—Epicures, Atheists, Hypocrites, the Worldly and Complacent, Carnalists, All Impious People, Impenitent Sinners, and Others · paragraphs 27–30nature’s changes in a reported no-ruler position.
15. Treatment of Despair Through Medicine, Good Counsel, Consolation, and So On · paragraphs 20, 51the immutable decree, universal invitation and prior Election owner.
16. I · paragraphs 276–277distinct retrieval headings for lovers’ inconstancy and a melancholy sign.

In this edition

The modern uses different grammar to preserve the same local relation. Vicissitude of Sea & land becomes sea and land change places; mutability of this world becomes how changeable the world is. The single modern sentence Pleasure and pain follow one another in turn represents both the Latin maxim and Burton’s adjacent English restatement, rather than two separately repeated modern sentences. Ebb and flow mainly survives with modernized spelling.

Latin morphology keeps the distinctions visible. Vices is nominative plural in vices rerum sunt, but an accusative object in Mutavere vices and in the ablative absolute Naturâ volvente vices. Invicem and vicissim are adverbs of turn or reciprocity. Vice is the ablative in sexta vice, for the sixth time, and can also function as in the capacity of, as in Vice cotus, like a whetstone. Printed cotus occupies the expected genitive role but is anomalous; the editor gives Horace’s cotis for comparison, not as a silent repair. Reciprocal one-another constructions retain their earlier Ligation and Sympathy owners. The return and substitution constructions must be read as phrases: a component does not inherit the translation of the entire clause.

The beauty comparison has two different degrees. Burton’s English is as mutable as a flowre, while the Latin margin’s Florum mutabilitate fugacior is more fleeting than the changefulness of flowers. The edition preserves equality in the first and the stronger comparative in the second. Likewise, the editor’s corrected Virgil comparison and account of the shortened Juvenal are explanatory notes, not replacements for Burton’s actual quotations.

vicissitude

An alternation or exchange in which sea and land take each other’s places, proposed as one explanation of reported marine remains inland.

Grammar: English singular noun; of Sea & land complement.

Original text: “is there a vicissitude of Sea & land”. In the modern column: “do sea and land change places”. The modern turns a noun of exchange into the verbal construction change places. A question offering earthquakes, Noah’s Flood and exchange as alternatives; the Anaximenes attribution is reported, not independently confirmed. Is there a vicissitude of is recast as do…change places; sea and land are retained as participants. The whole modern clause is not a one-word rendering of vicissitude.

mutability; mutable

Changeability or susceptibility to alteration, applied to worldly conditions and the transience of bodily beauty.

Grammar: English abstract noun mutability and adjective mutable.

Original text: “the mutability of this world”. In the modern column: “how changeable the world is”. Worldly instability is urged as a check on ambition and presumption. Democritus’s speech in Burton’s retelling; the preceding Hippocrates excuse and the following rebuke frame it. The noun phrase becomes an indirect interrogative clause; mutability contributes changeability, not the entire sentence.

Original text: “the mutability of all temporalties”. In the modern column: “the changeability of all temporal things”. Temporal possessions and conditions fluctuate. Should is conditional would: the sentence describes improper love moving with fortune, not advice that it ought to do so. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “as mutable as a flowre”. In the modern column: “as changeable as a flower”. Bodily beauty is subject to transience. A comparison attributed to Boethius in the dissuasion from erotic attachment; the separate beholder claim is qualified by most part. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

immutability

Unchangeableness, listed as a divine attribute, in contrast with the mutability of temporal things.

Grammar: English abstract noun.

Original text: “immutability”. In the modern column: “immutability”. Unchangeableness is named among God’s attributes before the praise of divine beauty. Burton’s theological assertion; it does not deny the transience of bodily beauty discussed elsewhere. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

inconstancy: affairs and felicity

Instability or lack of lasting security in circumstances and worldly happiness.

Grammar: English abstract noun.

Original text: “the inconstancy of humane felicity”. In the modern column: “how unstable human happiness is”. The sight of shifting happiness is said to moderate the fortunate and comfort the distressed. A conditional consolatory claim: the distressed must attend to and consider the examples. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “that inconstancy of humane affairs”. In the modern column: “the instability of human affairs”. Burton answers complaints about unequal rank by turning to changes of condition. The following may, likely and peradventure qualify particular reversals; the historical examples contain rhetoric and inconsistent figures. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

inconstancy: unsettled mind or conduct

Lack of steadiness: moral fickleness, unstable or irresolute mental condition, or alleged unfaithfulness in sexual affection, according to the local object.

Grammar: English abstract noun; printed inconstancie and inconstancy.

Original text: “inconstancie”. In the modern column: “fickleness”. A moral fault in a catalogue of social failings. Burton’s satirical catalogue, not a clinical diagnosis. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “irresolution, inconstancy, vanity of minde”. In the modern column: “Indecision, inconstancy, emptiness of mind”. The symptoms include persistent lack of settled purpose or steadiness. The hunting-arrow comparison says the affliction remains despite change of company; it does not promise alternating relief. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “his wives inconstancy”. In the modern column: “his wife’s inconstancy”. The husband’s supposed evidence concerns changing or unfaithful sexual attachment. A rhetorical question illustrated by literary wives; apparent signs are Burton’s presentation, not verified conduct. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

succession; reciprocal course

Following one another in turn; the connection of pleasure and pain or joys and sorrows through a human life.

Grammar: English abstract noun and adjective phrase.

Original text: “Invicem cedunt dolor & voluptas, there is a succession of pleasure and paine”. In the modern column: “Pleasure and pain follow one another in turn”. The modern condenses the Latin maxim and Burton’s English restatement into one sentence. Weather and roses supply comparisons for mixed human experience; no fixed timetable or equal duration is stated. The modern sentence represents two successive original expressions, not a separately repeated translation for each. Succession contributes following in turn.

Original text: “with a reciprocall course, joyes and sorrows are annexed, and succeed one another”. In the modern column: “joys and sorrows are linked and succeed one another in turn”. Reciprocal course makes the succession mutual, with each condition following the other. A universalizing consolation concerning human life, not a prediction of an individual’s recovery date. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

ebb and flow

Rise and fall, fluctuate, or pass between different conditions; a tidal image applied to favour, knowledge, property and changing usage.

Grammar: English paired verbs, printed ebbe and flow or Ebbe and flow.

Original text: “ebbe and flow with their masters favors”. In the modern column: “ebb and flow with their masters’ favour”. Dependants’ fortunes change with their patrons’ approval. The continuation concerns fear of disgrace and exposure. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “kingdomes, men, and knowledge ebbe and flow”. In the modern column: “kingdoms, people, and knowledge ebb and flow”. The paired verbs describe losses and discoveries as the aerial digression closes. Burton acknowledges lost inventions as well as daily novelties and quotes nothing new under the sun. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “things go round, ebbe and flow”. In the modern column: “things go round, ebb and flow”. The client’s descendants reverse the lawyer’s initial acquisition. A rhetorical example within consolation; adjacent may and perhaps claims do not guarantee this outcome to every client. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “Ebbe and flow with the season”. In the modern column: “ebb and flow with the season”. Recipes and formulations are compared with words whose currency changes. The preceding conditional admits compounds when simples cannot perform the task; variation is not an unrestricted efficacy claim. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

vices: alternations or course

Turns, alternations or changing course; not English vices, moral faults.

Grammar: Latin feminine noun, nominative or accusative plural according to construction.

Original margin: “ita vices rerum sunt”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “So things alternate”. Vices is plural subject; rerum means of things or affairs; the modern recasts the nominal clause as a verb. Only the quoted Lipsius margin is original source wording; the translation follows outside it. Ita gives so; vices supplies alternation; rerum supplies things. The phrase is not a moral-vices statement.

Original text: “Mutavere vices”. In the modern column: “Have changed their course”. Vices is accusative plural object of the third-person plural perfect Mutavere. An altered Virgil extract: Burton’s vices is retained against the consulted text’s vias, as the accompanying note states. The grammatical subject is weather and sky’s shifting moisture in the preceding line. Vices supplies course; Mutavere supplies have changed.

Original text: “Naturâ volvente vices”. In the modern column: “As nature rolls through its changes”. Vices is the object of volvente in an ablative-absolute construction with Naturâ. The preceding some…believe governs the no-ruler account; Burton quotes that position rather than endorsing it. An accompanying note notes the adapted order and omitted day/year specification. Naturâ supplies nature; volvente rolling; vices changes. As and its unfold the construction in English.

invicem; in vicem

In turn or reciprocally; in other settings, one another.

Grammar: Latin adverb invicem and prepositional idiom in vicem, printed inque vicem with enclitic -que.

Original text: “Cedimus inque vicem”. In the modern column: “We yield in turn”. In…vicem gives in turn; -que is a connective, absorbed in the quoted modern formulation. Mutual indulgence slides into retaliation in Burton’s response to critics. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “be visited invicem themselves”. In the modern column: “in turn be inspected themselves”. Inspectors are subject to reciprocal inspection. A rule for officers in the imagined commonwealth; the surrounding annual accountability is prescriptive. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original text: “Invicem cedunt dolor & voluptas”. In the modern column: “Pleasure and pain follow one another in turn”. Invicem gives in turn; dolor pain and voluptas pleasure are the alternating subjects. The modern absorbs Burton’s following English restatement into the same sentence. Invicem contributes in turn, cedunt follow or yield, dolor pain, and voluptas pleasure; the full sentence is not one adverb’s meaning.

vicissim

In turn or in return; the responsive movement of mutual affection.

Grammar: Latin adverb.

Original text: “vicissim”. In the modern column: “in return”. The adverb describes the answering love of the personified trees. Claudian’s poetic scene is quoted in Burton’s altered wording, not a literal botanical observation. The quoted source and modern spans are aligned at the stated lexical or construction scope, not by the full passage alone.

Original margin: “vicissim ad osculum exporrectis”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “reaching out in turn for a kiss”. The branches are imagined as extending on both sides for a kiss. Original margin reports the palm story; printed feminine body pronouns and masculine dejectus in the note are not reconciled. Vicissim gives in turn; ad osculum for a kiss; exporrectis reaching out. Only the adverb is counted as the lexical member.

Original margin: “Ille vicissim nihil nisi, anime mi”. Supplied note translation or expansion: ‘and he in turn only “my soul.”’. The husband receives an answering endearment in a marriage blessing. The Latin margin attributed to Erasmus continues the prose blessing, with source collation still open. Vicissim supplies in turn; the endearment and pronoun belong to the full contextual quote, not the adverb.

vices: substituted place or role

The place, role or duties of another, taken on by a substitute.

Grammar: Latin accusative plural noun within meas vices obires and earum vices subeunt.

Original margin: “si meas vices obires”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “if you took my place”. The speaking ring imagines the lover occupying its position. A fictional apologue, with a conditional warning about what the lover would discover. Meas supplies my; vices place; obires took on; si if.

Original margin: “earum vices subeunt”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “take their places”. The reported Tiberini take the places of their wives at childbirth. Calcagnini is cited; the printed ab uxorem is grammatically defective and the supplied translation gives the evident sense. Earum means their, referring to the wives; vices places or roles; subeunt take on.

vice; per vices: time and turn

An occasion, numbered time or alternating turn, rather than a moral fault.

Grammar: Latin ablative singular vice and prepositional phrase per with accusative plural vices.

Original margin: “Una vice blandiantur, una vice iisdem terrorem incutiant”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “At one time let them coax them; at another let them strike fear into the same people”. Repeated una vice assigns different occasions to contrasting treatment. Historical coercive treatment advice attributed in context to Rhazes, conditional upon failure of mild methods. It is not present care guidance. Una vice is at one time; the second becomes at another to make the contrast explicit.

Original text: “sexta vice”. In the modern column: “for the sixth time”. The numbered occasion describes taking up the pen again in the quotation used to defend expansion. Burton confesses enlargement with a good author; the wording is not independent bibliographical proof of all editions. Sexta gives sixth; vice time; for is supplied by the English idiom.

Original margin: “per vices incubant”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “take turns brooding”. Per vices gives in turns; incubant supplies brooding. The bird comparison is attached to a reported childbirth substitution, not identical with it. Per vices is the alternation phrase; brooding belongs to the verb incubant.

vices: a return in kind

A return or repayment, here retaliation like for like.

Earlier lexical or construction explanation: Liberty and servitude. This record retains that earlier ownership. It adds no new unique lemma.

Grammar: Latin accusative plural noun within pares reddere vices; an additional attestation of an earlier-owned return sense.

Original text: “pares reddere vices”. In the modern column: “to repay like for like”. The reported wife seeks a corresponding return for mistreatment. Nevisanus is cited; she will repay if she can. Burton refuses to excuse her while telling the husband to reform himself first. Pares gives matching or like; reddere to render or repay; vices return. The idiom as a whole yields repay like for like.

vice: in the capacity of

In the role of, or like; the whetstone comparison makes someone prepare others for an activity not performed personally.

Grammar: Latin ablative singular used prepositionally; printed anomalous cotus occupies the expected genitive complement role.

Access scope (cotis): the accompanying note gives Horace’s comparison form; not an original Burton attestation.

Original margin: “Vice cotus”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “Like a whetstone”. Vice means in the capacity of or like; the printed cotus is understood as of a whetstone in the expected genitive role. An accompanying note identifies Horace’s regular cotis, without repairing Burton’s original. The original margin accompanies Burton’s polemic about irreligious manipulators making others superstitious; its comparison does not verify those accusations. Vice contributes like or in the role of; cotus supplies a whetstone. The following inability to cut belongs to the simile’s relative clause.

mutabilitas

Changefulness or mutability, with which the fleeting character of bodily beauty is compared.

Grammar: Latin feminine noun, ablative singular mutabilitate in a comparison.

Original margin: “Florum mutabilitate fugacior”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “More fleeting than the changefulness of flowers”. Mutabilitate is ablative after the comparative fugacior; florum means of flowers. The margin attributed to Boethius is more emphatic than Burton’s body as mutable as a flower. Both are retained without making them identical word-for-word. Florum supplies of flowers, mutabilitate changefulness, fugacior more fleeting than. The whole comparison is not the meaning of mutabilitate alone.

vicem: fate or lot

A person’s fate, lot or condition; here the distress of the poor person whom others abandon.

Grammar: Latin accusative singular noun, object of doleat.

Original margin: “Non est qui doleat vicem”. Supplied note translation or expansion: “There is no one to grieve at his fate”. Vicem names the lot or condition deplored; doleat supplies grieve at, and the person’s identity is inferred from the preceding poor-man context. The negative no one belongs to Burton’s sweeping complaint about abandonment in poverty, not to a statement that an individual has literally no possible helper. Non est qui gives there is no one to; doleat gives grieve at; vicem fate. His is supplied from context, not a separate Latin possessive.

Earlier explanation: experiment

Earlier explanation: Experiment · experiment

For experiment, see Experimental.

Reference scope: Experiment here is observation or a lesson of experience, not a controlled trial; exact earlier ownership retained.

Earlier explanation: se invicem

Earlier explanation: colligo

For se invicem, see Ligation and ligature.

Reference scope: The reciprocal component in the prior binding construction is already explicitly explained; no new attestation is counted here.

Earlier explanation: sese invicem afficiunt

Earlier explanation: compatior · compatitur

For sese invicem afficiunt, see Sympathy and antipathy.

Reference scope: The heart/brain reciprocity component is previously explained in the marginal construction; zero-count route.

Earlier explanation: vices exigens

Earlier explanation: free · local use 2

For vices exigens, see Liberty and servitude.

Reference scope: The exact 141-04 construction is already component-explained under Liberty; it adds zero here.

Earlier explanation: alternatim

Earlier explanation: infundo

For alternatim, see Metempsychosis.

Reference scope: Earlier Infundo explicitly gives alternatim as by turns. The exact marginal construction is not recounted.

Earlier explanation: cœli mobilis humor

Earlier explanation: cœli mobilis humor

For cœli mobilis humor, see Humour.

Reference scope: Weather moisture has an earlier record at the shared Virgil passage.

Earlier explanation: species animorum

Earlier explanation: species animorum (phrase)

For species animorum, see Species in perception.

Reference scope: The changing mental-disposition phrase is not a new image/species record.

Earlier explanation: aeri

Earlier explanation: aer · aeri

For aeri, see Air.

Reference scope: The weather component in Lipsius’s comparison remains with Air.

Earlier explanation: most part the infirmity of the beholder

Earlier explanation: The beholder’s infirmity

For most part the infirmity of the beholder, see Beauty.

Reference scope: The observer limitation remains owned by Beauty; mutable and mutabilitate concern the adjacent transience comparison.

Earlier explanation: Fortuna nunquam perpetuò est bona

Earlier explanation: fortuna · Fortuna

For Fortuna nunquam perpetuò est bona, see Happiness and fortune.

Reference scope: The uninterrupted-favour maxim is an earlier Fortune record, not another new change record.

Earlier explanation: Faber quisque fortunæ suæ

Earlier explanation: fortuna · fortunæ

For Faber quisque fortunæ suæ, see Happiness and fortune.

Reference scope: The judgement-and-fortune maxim retains its earlier owner and in-some-sort limitation.

For immutable, the passage, see Election and reprobation.

Reference scope: Current-batch owner of the 168-51 phrase explicitly aligns immutable with unchangeable, with 168-20 in context. This route adds zero records and zero attestations.