Parents and children

Use in the book

Burton makes family obligation reciprocal before he argues about its failures. In the pseudonymous Hippocratic letter narrative, Democritus mocks people who spend heavily on their children and then abandon them on reaching adulthood. Hippocrates replies that people act from necessity and hope without knowing future failure or loss; Democritus rejects that explanation as insufficient and calls for discretion. The narrator’s later picture of an old person becoming a child again belongs to this exchange, not to an independent medical finding. Elsewhere the household catalogue says that even a loving couple may have troublesome children, and the complaint about parents and children explicitly runs both ways. The satirical father who disinherits or disowns a child for sexual misconduct is set against a powerful offender who escapes censure. Burton exposes that inequality rather than endorsing the powerful person’s conduct.

Parental power is consequently an obligation to care, not a guarantee of good care. The hereditary-harm passage blames parents and anticipates injury to posterity, but its sour-grapes proverb suppresses Ezekiel’s surrounding rejection of inherited guilt; the edition records that difference. Conversely, Philolaches in the reshaped Plautus excerpt calls parents builders of their children’s foundations and admits that his own idleness ruined their work. The education discussion then criticizes both extremes: terrifying, violent carers and indulgent carers who permit everything. Its attack on foolishly fond mothers likens them to nurses of bodies but stepmothers of souls. The hostile stepmother is a received literary type: the Cato story omits the father’s affectionate answer, and the word itself does not mean wicked. Burton still defends correction in the Proverbs margin. His argument for moderation is neither an abolition of all discipline nor a present-day account of childhood mental illness. Even the preceding preference for maternal nursing is qualified: an able nurse may in some cases be better than the mother, and the queen’s extreme jealousy is rebuked. The chapter ends by valuing children above money and demanding careful selection of teachers.

Natural affection and divine duty reinforce each other in the account of filial love. Burton moves from animals protecting their young to human love of parents, a Terentian declaration addressed to a father, Cicero’s natural bond, and finally God’s stronger command. The following arch-of-stones image needs care: the body applies it to brothers, the margin begins with love of parents, and the Senecan comparison concerns human society. The compressed authorities do not all say the same thing. Another marginal maxim makes a pointed distinction: love a parent if just, otherwise bear with that parent. Protective concern is also distinguished from erotic jealousy. Micio’s fear for his adopted son illustrates anxiety about harm or disgrace; Vives’s wards, children and dear ones are people entrusted to care. Burton calls this an extended, improper use of jealousy.

The marriage controversy tests these duties against the young person’s affection. Obstacles include disagreement between the lovers themselves, as well as withheld parental or guardians’ consent. Burton attacks the father who refuses to finance a marriage, keeps a daughter for her service, or sells an eldest son’s affection to repair his own estate. The daughter becomes an empty boat, carrying what and whom her father chooses. The supposed Livian illustration has itself been changed: the scene is Ardea rather than Rome, and Livy’s guardians favour their own social class rather than explicitly the richer suitor. Burton permits poverty and low parentage to be compensated by virtue and upbringing, especially where no pressing reason or serious impediment exists. The literary enslaved maid whose mind remains free supports his claim that affection cannot be commanded; it does not make every daughter an actual slave.

These arguments do not end in an unrestricted declaration of marital independence. The direction not to compel or impose is followed by historical medical arguments for timely marriage and a legal report introduced only if Nevizzano is not misleading him. The reported daughter over twenty-five may marry an inferior and claim a suitable dowry; the body says against parental consent, whereas the margin says without the father’s knowledge. Immediately afterwards Burton warns against misunderstanding him and endorses the Ambrose-attributed expectation that a woman leave the choice to her parents and appear sought rather than seeking. He confines his defence to modest young women neglected by hard parents. After the literary exhortations to seize youth, he concedes that people are usually too eager already; if a maiden or young man misconducts themselves, parents and other carers may nevertheless share the blame for delaying marriage. None of this verifies the cited rule for a present jurisdiction or recommends marriage as a medical treatment.

The pro-marriage answer emphasizes an enlarged household and welcome offspring. Parents, siblings and descendants multiply through affinity; the wish for fine children and Burton’s separate English praise of happy issue are not grammatically identical. The list’s claim that barrenness is punished, and therefore celibacy worse, remains an attributed historical argument without a specified Mosaic proof. The later wedding blessing wishes the couple many Bernes, mutual affection and lasting happiness. That affirmative picture should remain beside the complaints about children, as should the distinction between a reputed son and a supposed biological father in the satire on pedigree. The latter is an insinuation aimed at inherited status, not evidence against an actual family. In the Moronia appointment story, parents means influential kindred; the apparent triumph of unsupported merit is eventually withdrawn as fiction.

Bereavement supplies another deliberate change of argumentative pressure. Burton first asks, with Ovid, who could forbid a mother to weep at her child’s funeral, and accepts natural sorrow while urging moderation. Later the imaginary father mourning a son meets severe replies: the child might have grown disobedient, a dead son in Lucian challenges the mourner’s assumptions, and Epictetus urges remembrance of mortality. The possible future faults are hypothetical, not discoveries about the child. Burton’s later strict Stoic formulation sits uneasily beside his earlier defence of tears; both belong in the reading. His own conclusion says neither to wish for nor fear one’s death. This is historical consolation, not a prescription for how a bereaved person should feel.

Finally, the family figures travel beyond households. The denied title of parents of the country condemns predatory lawyers, with worthy lawyers expressly exempted. Mother earth receives the dead; diet becomes a mother supplying disease’s material, and sorrow both mother and daughter of melancholy. Pliny’s harsh Nature and the indulgent mother who harms a soul exploit the mother/stepmother contrast without making it a neutral family taxonomy. Burton also imagines writings as children when admitting his lack of marital experience, while declaring that he will adopt a poet’s pose. The figure is distinct from patrizare and matrizare, taking after father and mother: those verbs occur in an attempt to cool infatuation through scrutiny of family faults, and the projected resemblance is qualified as likely. The older woman addressed as mother in Petronius is unrelated to the speaker. Religious fathers, divine adoption and children of death are further extensions: the confessors’ supposed manipulation is Burton’s polemic; the Christian contrast between adoption and Christ’s sonship by nature is his theology. The edition preserves even his conflation of the garden with Christ’s cry from the cross instead of silently authenticating it.

Related entries

Custom and education: External-volume treatment of habituation and education; this article follows the relationships and obligations of carers.

Maternal impressions: External-volume treatment of historical heredity and imagination; the parental claims here remain attributed.

Consent and essence: External-volume distinction of consent and essence; the marriage controversy here requires personal assent, not merely bodily sympathy.

Matrix and mother: Mother as womb or its disorder, distinct from female parenthood and figurative origin.

Glass: The tiny reflected babies in lovers’ eyes.

Marriage: The larger arguments for marriage and qualified separation or divorce.

Affinity and consanguinity: Kinship acquired through marriage, descendants and the historical mother-in-law/stepmother sense.

Dowry and jointure: The daughter’s reported dowry claim and the distinction between body and marginal legal formulations.

Liberty and servitude: Actual bondage, free affection and the limits of parental command.

Charity: External-volume account of charity, which Burton places above particular natural bonds.

Honour and nobility: Pedigree and the satire on inherited status.

Law and justice: Civil-law guardianship and unequal sanctions as historical legal arguments.

Places to read

1. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 25–27Posterity as the book’s future beneficiaries, the later Theophrastan proem and its printed libros problem (note 351), followed by Burton’s warning that self-application may harm a melancholy reader.
2. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 18–21; Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 1–3The reversal of exaggerated scholarly praise into comparative children and infants, and the extension from second childhood to universal folly. Aelian’s exact passages remain unlocated; the polemical comparisons are attributed.
3. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 9–22The pseudonymous Hippocratic narrative, including adult offspring abandoned by parents, Hippocrates’s defence of necessary hopeful action, Democritus’s reply, and the old-age child-again comparison. note 446 distinguishes the transmitted story from authenticated correspondence.
4. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 17–19Inheritance manipulated, a child disinherited or disowned, and the sarcastic contrast with a powerful offender’s impunity. The Plautine speakers and differing plays are identified in note 616–18; the sanctions are not one established legal procedure.
5. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 24–26Parents/parentes as a denied civic title, with the explicit exemption for worthy lawyers. note 855 preserves the unresolved Geraldus attribution and note 860 the limit of the attack.
6. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 6–11Public support for children and orphans, wards and widows’ property, public instruction and accountable administrators. note 1025 defines pupils as minors under guardianship.
7. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 8–12Orphans among the approved investors in the proposed common bank; the change from rejection to limited permission and restrictions on borrowers remain essential.
8. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 29–34Mutual household discord, the possibility of troublesome children even in a harmonious marriage, and the broader establishing sense of bestow. note 1142 distinguishes that sense from arranging only marriages.
9. Human Excellence, the Fall, Miseries and Infirmities; Their Causes · paragraphs 9–11The fall-and-misery setting of mother earth and departure from the mother’s womb. note 1367 identifies Sirach 40 behind the printed chapter 4.
10. Human Excellence, the Fall, Miseries and Infirmities; Their Causes · paragraphs 38–43Parental and self-inflicted harm, posterity and Horace’s progeniem. note 1433 retains Ezekiel’s omitted qualification about responsibility; note 1434 identifies Burton’s adapted daturi.
11. Subsection 1 Bad Diet as a Cause. Substance. The Quality of Foods · paragraphs 31–34Diet as mother and another cause as father within historical humoral causation; note 2335 preserves Fernel’s separate appetite/mater/genitor formulation.
12. Subsection 6 Excessive Exercise as a Cause, and How It Acts. Solitude and Idleness · paragraphs 34–37, 1Philolaches’s parents-as-builders comparison, liberorum, his admission that idleness ruins good upbringing, and Burton’s prose application. note 2690 distinguishes the play’s scene from the printed prologue citation.
13. Subsection 4. Sorrow as a Cause of Melancholy · paragraphs 6–8Sorrow as melancholy’s mother and daughter, with marginal soboles and the condition of prolonged fear and sadness. note 2823 distinguishes Burton’s reciprocal model from a literal Hippocratic quotation.
14. Subsection 9. Anger as a Cause · paragraphs 29–31Lucian’s Abdicato as a bibliographic disowning form; note 2964–65 names the translator and the father–physician-son setting, while retaining the uncollated historical medical claims.
15. Subsection 10. Discontents, Cares, Miseries and the Like as Causes · paragraphs 15–17Nature as harsh stepmother rather than nurturing mother, attributed to Pliny; note 3013 limits the apparent universal claim to its historical argument.
16. Subsection 13. Love of Gambling and the Like, and Excessive Pleasures, as Causes · paragraphs 41–42, 1Adult spendthrifts placed under guardians; note 3234–35 connects civil-law curatorship to the Digest while leaving the separate public-shaming account unverified.
17. Member 4 Subsection 1 Non-Necessary, Remote, External, Adventitious or Accidental Causes: First, the Nurse · paragraphs 32–37; Subsection 2 Education as a Cause of Melancholy · paragraphs 38–55The qualified preference for maternal nursing, then the whole argument against both harsh and indulgent upbringing. Preserve the queen’s rebuke, some nurses better than some mothers, Pratensis’s noverca, Syrus’s patris phrase, the figurative stepmothers of souls, the defence of correction, and the final priority of children over wealth; note 3665–note 3700 distinguish the authorities and qualifications.
18. Subsection 7. A Collection of Other Events That Cause Melancholy: The Death of Friends, Losses, and So On · paragraphs 43–45, 1–2Forced-marriage misery, reciprocal distress between spouses and generations, the hostile stepmother type, and the Cato example whose affectionate reply Burton omits (note 4141), before other household troubles resume.
19. Member 2 Bodily Deformity, Sickness, Low Birth, and Particular Discontents · paragraphs 27–30Reputed sonship, alleged biological paternity and remote ancestry in the satire on pedigree. note 6533 preserves the sarcasm rather than authenticating the insinuation.
20. Member 5 Against Sorrow Over the Death of Friends or Other Causes, Groundless Fear, and So On · paragraphs 32–40Permission for natural mourning, Ovid’s matrem/nati question, and the demand for moderation rather than an initial prohibition of tears. note 7041–49 explain the quoted contexts and altered references.
21. Member 5 Against Sorrow Over the Death of Friends or Other Causes, Groundless Fear, and So On · paragraphs 1–31Bereavement’s changing speakers and pressure: friend and wife, then the sonne/childe and hypothetical future misconduct, Lucian’s imagined dead son, neither wishing for nor fearing death, and later Stoic severity. The fuller sequence prevents the harsh replies from being mistaken for factual findings about a child.
22. Member 7 Against Rejection, Abuse, Injuries, Contempt, Disgrace, Insults, Slander, Mockery and the Like · paragraphs 8–10Pupilli as wards in the comparison of kings who are governed because they cannot govern; note 7178 retains the uncollated Polydore Vergil attribution.
23. Member 7 Against Rejection, Abuse, Injuries, Contempt, Disgrace, Insults, Slander, Mockery and the Like · paragraphs 17–24Parents as wider influential kindred in the Moronia appointment tale; the successful ending is expressly withdrawn as fiction.
24. Member 7 Against Rejection, Abuse, Injuries, Contempt, Disgrace, Insults, Slander, Mockery and the Like · paragraphs 13–15Honouring parents, with note 7359’s conditional parentem maxim: love a just parent, otherwise bear with the parent. The neighbouring counsels establish the prudential context.
25. Member 3 Charity Combining All Three Kinds of Love Pleasant Profitable and Honourable · paragraphs 18–23Natural family affection and filial duty beneath the larger claim for charity. note 8445–49 distinguish Terence, Cicero, parental love, brotherly love and Seneca’s social arch image.
26. Subsection 5 Procurers and Love Potions as Causes · paragraphs 61–63Mother/mater as Encolpius’s polite address to the unrelated vegetable seller; note 9701–02 preserve Burton’s recasting of Petronius and the marginal Latin. The surrounding generalizations about procuring remain his allegations.
27. Member 4 Subsection 1 Symptoms or Signs of Love Melancholy in Body and Mind Good and Bad Signs and So Forth · paragraphs 1–3Disinheritance among the hypothetical risks of a hopeful lover, followed by Plautus’s vow and Burton’s separate English version.
28. By Counsel and Persuasion, the Foulness of the Deed, the Faults of Men and Women, the Miseries of Marriage, the Consequences of Lust, and So Forth · paragraphs 52–56The attempt to cool infatuation by inspecting faults and family resemblance; patrizare/matrizare at 137-55 is qualified by likely, with note 10803 retaining the unverified extension from appearance to conduct and affliction.
29. By Counsel and Persuasion, the Foulness of the Deed, the Faults of Men and Women, the Miseries of Marriage, the Consequences of Lust, and So Forth · paragraphs 14–18The hostile marriage performance, Burton’s admission of inexperience, Greek and Latin books-as-children sayings, and his declared poetic pose. note 10836–38 retain the incomplete Lipsius reference and the distinction between literal experience and dissembling.
30. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 14–20Syres, the reflections called babies, the several obstacles to a match, and the fatherless marriageable maiden. note 11001 and note 11006–07 distinguish lexical meanings and literary speakers.
31. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 75–89The hard father, money-driven bestowing, the empty boat, the altered Livy example, and the qualified allowance for poverty and low parentage. note 11061, note 11064 and note 11069–75 retain the specific distinctions.
32. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 1–9The enslaved maid’s free affection, the direction against compulsion, medical arguments for timely marriage, Nevizzano’s conditional legal report and its differently worded Latin margin, then the immediate endorsement of parental choice and female reserve. note 11096–note 11100 prevent an unrestricted legal or social conclusion.
33. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 10–23The limited defence of neglected modest maidens, literary exhortations, the concession that youth is commonly too eager, and possible shared parental blame when either sex miscarries. note 11114 excludes the pregnancy-loss reading; the final exhortation concerns those already free to choose spouses.
34. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 20–28The Jacobus-attributed pro-marriage list, acquired parents, parentum, prole and issue. note 11279–82 preserve uncertain attribution, the unsupported barrenness argument, and the distinct Latin and English versions.
35. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 64–69The Theocritan wedding blessing, Latin Sobolem and separate English Bernes stanza, followed by wishes for enduring concord. note 11330–33 retain the Saturn/Zeus and crow/raven differences rather than harmonizing sources.
36. Jealousy: Its Different Meanings, Name, Definition, Extent and Various Kinds; Among Rulers, Parents and Friends; in Animals and Human Beings; Before Marriage, as Rivals, or Afterwards, as Discussed Here · paragraphs 10–14The definition of sexual jealousy followed by its explicitly extended application to protective carers, Micio’s adopted son and Vives’s pupillis/liberis list (note 11352).
37. Prevention Before or After Marriage: Plato’s Community of Wives; Marrying a Courtesan; Love Potions; Brothels; Marrying Someone Equal in Age and Fortune, From a Good Family, Well Educated and of Good Standing; Treating Wives Well; and So On · paragraphs 46–55Matrizare in the conditional but hostile mother–daughter prediction; sarcasm and the subsequent warnings about bad husbands and ill-treatment prevent its adoption as a neutral hereditary rule.
38. Its Object, God; What His Beauty Is; How It Attracts. The Parts and People Affected · paragraphs 35–37Divine love and regenerate Christians as adopted sons; note 12002 distinguishes Burton’s theological comparison from editorial judgement.
39. Causes of Despair: The Devil, Melancholy, Meditation, Distrust, Weakness of Faith, Harsh Ministers, Misunderstanding Scripture, Guilty Consciences, and So On · paragraphs 14–19; Subsection 4 · paragraph 20Ghostly fathers within the sustained anti-Catholic sarcasm; note 13007–12 distinguish the accusations and inferences from neutral doctrine or established illness frequency.
40. Treatment of Despair Through Medicine, Good Counsel, Consolation, and So On · paragraphs 41–43The divine-physician consolation and biblical children of death; note 13108 explains the expression as people condemned to die.
41. Treatment of Despair Through Medicine, Good Counsel, Consolation, and So On · paragraphs 34–36Affliction of God’s children, adoption and grace contrasted with Christ’s sonship by nature, and the continued appeal to trust. note 13245 preserves the garden/cross conflation.

In this edition

The modern column makes some relationships explicit without changing their source. “Sonne” becomes “son”, “childe” becomes “child”, and “Bernes” becomes “children”. “Syres” is rendered “fathers”; the already printed did is reordered in “their Syres before them did” → “their fathers did before them”. “Parentage” becomes “birth” in “base parentage” → “low birth”; the adverse social judgement belongs to base. “Issue” becomes “children”, with fair and happy separately supplying beauty and good fortune. “Great parents, patrons, and allies” becomes “powerful relatives, patrons and connections”: this is the wider kinship sense, whereas the parents doubled by marriage include acquired parents-in-law.

“Tuition and oversight” → “care and supervision” and “Overseers of pupils, widows goods” → “guardians of wards and widows’ property” clarify responsibilities rather than educational fees or classroom pupils. Latin pupillis and pupilli likewise name wards; in the kings comparison they are a simile for people governed by others. “Bestow” becomes “establish” in the account of occupations, but “bestowing of their children” becomes “arranging their children’s marriages” in the later dispute. “Dis-inherit or abdicate” → “disinherit or disown” preserves two acts. “Miscarry” → “misconducts themselves” retains the conditional judgement about either sex.

The Latin forms retain their different grammatical jobs. Parentes means parents, including the builders in Plautus; parentum means of parents, and parentem a parent as the object of love. Patris means of a father, while pater directly addresses Father in the filial declaration. Liberorum means of children or children’s, liberi children, matrem a mother, and nati of a child or son. In the funeral question the modern possessive her comes from the surrounding mother, not from nati alone. Filia is a daughter in the legal margin; the whole age-and-permission clause is translated in its note, and its without-the-father’s-knowledge condition must not be exchanged for the body’s against-consent wording. Progeniem, prole, and Sobolem all name offspring in their respective constructions: the first is accusative, prole ablative, and Sobolem accusative. The wish expressed by sis or det is not supplied by the offspring nouns themselves.

Literal noverca, stepmother, is distinct from figurative novercæ in “Corporum nutrices animarum novercæ” → “nurses of their bodies, stepmothers of their souls”. Corporum and animarum specify bodies and souls; the contrast supplies the condemnation. In the causal imagery, mater is mother and genitor begetter or father. The Fernel margin’s appetite and the body’s diet are related formulations, not exact word substitutions. Likewise soboles means offspring when sorrow and fear are said to be both causes and effects of black humour; the prolonged-condition qualification remains in the margin. The paired patrizare and matrizare are Latin verbs embedded after English will, rendered “take after their father” and “take after their mother”, with the preceding likely limiting Burton’s claim. Matrizare recurs in the conditional, sarcastic prediction about an unchaste mother and daughter: the following discussion also recognizes husbands’ ill-treatment as a cause of misconduct. The disowning family also appears in Lucian’s title Abdicato, rendered The Disowned Son; disinherited recurs among the risks a hopeful lover is imagined willing to run.

The wordplay “libri mentis liberi” is “books are the mind’s children”: libri supplies books, mentis of the mind, liberi children, and are is an English supply. The related margin “libros ego liberos genui” means “I have begotten books as children”. The Greek “παῖδας ἐγὼ λόγους ἐγεννησάμην” has children, I, writings and have begotten; the modern “I have begotten writings as my children” supplies as and my to express the relation. These are books as offspring, distinct from the later generations meant by posterity. The Theophrastan margin prints libros where its sense and the proem support liberos; that editorial interpretation remains explicit rather than generating a false attestation of a printed liberos there.

“Mother” in Petronius and marginal mater are courtesy addresses. “Ghostly fathers” → “spiritual fathers” names confessors, while “children of death” → “those condemned to death” explains a biblical construction. “His adopted sons” remains theological language; the later comparison explicitly distinguishes adoption and grace from Christ’s sonship by nature. Other uses of mother for the womb or its disorder belong to Matrix and mother; mother-in-law used for stepmother is treated under Affinity and consanguinity. These routes keep bodily terminology, marital kinship and spiritual metaphor available without making them a single sense.

abdicate

Printed “abdicate” (English; lemma).

Disown or reject a child.

Here: Abdicate is transitive here: the father disowns the child. It does not mean voluntarily resigning his own public office.

Context: Burton attacks unequal treatment of sexual misconduct by rank; the next paragraph’s impunity of the powerful is sarcastic, not his moral approval.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: dis-inherit or abdicate his child

Modern rendering: disinherit or disown his child

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Abdicato” (Latin bibliographic title; lemma).

Citation key: abdico.

Here: Abdicato is the ablative of the Latin participial title Abdicatus, the disowned one or son, after in. The modern identifies the title’s person as a son.

Context: Lucian’s rhetorical speech concerns a physician and father; Burton names Gilbert Cousin as translator but the whole speech and wording remain uncollated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: in Abdicato

Modern rendering: in The Disowned Son

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

adopted son

Printed “adopted son” (English; phrase).

A male child taken into the relationship of sonship.

Here: Micio’s adopted son Aeschinus is the object of anxious protective care, not erotic jealousy.

Context: The prior quotation is Terence’s comic father worrying about a delayed return; Burton explicitly calls this only an improper or extended use of jealousy.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: his adopted son

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

adopted sons

Printed “adopted sons” (English; phrase).

People received into a figurative or theological relation of divine sonship.

Here: His refers to God; Burton applies this adopted relation to regenerate Christians, not a civil adoption procedure.

Context: The contrast with pagan worship belongs to Burton’s Christian argument and is not an editorial verdict.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: his adopted sons

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “adoption” (English; lemma).

Citation key: adoption.

Here: Adoption names the believer’s received divine relation, explicitly contrasted with Christ’s sonship by nature; the modern supplies He was to unfold the predicate and resolves his as God’s.

Context: Burton uses this distinction to console the afflicted, while conflating the garden with Christ’s cry from the cross; the printed location is not silently authenticated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: his son by nature, as thou art by adoption and grace

Modern rendering: He was God’s Son by nature, as you are by adoption and grace.

Alignment scope: Predicate and comparison recast as a finite sentence with supplied subject and copula and resolved possessive

Word and construction: He was is supplied from Christ in the preceding sentence; God’s resolves the original possessive his rather than adding a new possessive.

bernes / bairn

Printed “Bernes” (English; family).

Children.

Here: Bernes is the source’s word related to bairns; many, fair and lovely supply number and praise. Betide gives the wish that they come to the couple.

Context: Burton’s English wedding stanza is distinct from the preceding Latin adaptation of Theocritus. Both give Saturn where the Greek source invokes Zeus; the unidentified Latin intermediary is not authenticated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Many fair lovely Bernes to you betide!

Modern rendering: May many beautiful, lovely children come to you!

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Sobolem” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: soboles.

Here: Sobolem is accusative singular of soboles, offspring; felicem supplies fortunate, det the wish may give, vobis to you and Latona the giver.

Context: This is the preceding Latin blessing, independently translated rather than treated as identical to Burton’s English Bernes line.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: det vobis Latona Felicem Sobolem

Modern rendering: May Latona give you Fortunate children

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

bestow

Printed “bestow” (English; lemma).

Establish or place a person in a suitable position.

Here: Bestow concerns providing for children’s station or calling; marriage is one possible application, not the only sense here.

Context: Financial charges and refusal to reduce inherited social display prevent parents from supporting children adequately.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: bring up or bestow their children to their callings, to their birth and quality

Modern rendering: educate and establish their children in occupations suited to their birth and rank

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Bring up becomes educate; bestow becomes establish; callings is rendered occupations, while birth and quality supplies the standard of social rank. The modern joins educate and establish with and where the original has or; that editorial coordination must not be attributed to the printed original.

bestow · bestowing

Printed “bestowing” (English; lemma).

Arranging a child’s marriage.

Here: The surrounding argument makes the marital sense definite; of their children names whose marriages are arranged.

Context: Burton condemns parents who use an eldest son’s affection to recover a squandered estate; his contemptuous description of the bride is part of that attack.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: bestowing of their children

Modern rendering: arranging their children’s marriages

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “daughters to bestow” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bestow.

Here: Bestow again means arrange marriage, now for daughters; the modern wording does not transfer the action to the daughters themselves.

Context: The clause follows the prohibition on compelling or imposing a match and precedes qualified medical/legal arguments and the explicit restriction at 141-09.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: such above the rest as have daughters to bestow

Modern rendering: Above all, those with daughters to marry

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The complete noun phrase is recast with above all fronted; have becomes with, and to bestow becomes to marry in the parental arranging sense.

child · children

Printed “children” (English; lemma).

Offspring in relation to their parents, without a necessary restriction to childhood.

Here: Disobedient and unruly describe the children; children itself names the relationship.

Context: Burton says even a mutually loving couple may have troublesome offspring; this is not a claim that every family has them.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: disobedient & unruly children

Modern rendering: disobedient and unruly children

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “children” (English; lemma).

Citation key: child.

Here: Children remain offspring after reaching adulthood; the modern finite clauses recast the original participle-and-infinitive sequence.

Context: Democritus speaks within Burton’s retelling of the pseudonymous Hippocratic correspondence; Hippocrates replies at 008-16 and Democritus rejects the reply at 008-17.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: begetting children, with much care and cost for their education, yet when they grow to mans estate, to despise, neglect, and leave them naked to the worlds mercy

Modern rendering: They have children, spend much care and money on their education, yet when they reach adulthood despise and neglect them, leaving them exposed to the world’s mercy.

Alignment scope: Complete dependent description recast as finite clauses with supplied subject

Word and construction: The complete description is recast from participial and infinitive syntax into finite clauses. They is supplied from the speaking character’s account of people; naked is figuratively exposed, not a report of literal undress.

child · childe

Printed “childe” (English; lemma).

A young person.

Here: Here the son being mourned is pictured as a young child; pretty supplies the praise of his appearance.

Context: An imagined bereaved father introduces a consolatory exchange, not a clinical description or advice for present-day grief.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a pretty childe

Modern rendering: a lovely child

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

child / infant

Printed “children” (English; family).

People represented as immature or inexperienced.

Here: Children and infants are comparative insults applied to celebrated adult thinkers, not statements of their ages.

Context: Burton extends a report attributed to Aelian; the precise passages remain unlocated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: they were children in respect, infants

Modern rendering: By comparison they were children, infants

Alignment scope: Complete comparison clause, with fronted modern comparison marker

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “pueri” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: puer.

Here: Pueri means boys, nominative plural of puer; the comparison measures the thinkers’ distance from wisdom by boys’ distance from adult men.

Context: Aelian is invoked by Burton, not independently authenticated here.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: tantum à sapientibus abfuerunt, quantum à viris pueri

Modern rendering: They were as far from wise men as boys are from grown men.

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “semper pueri” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: puer.

Here: Pueri again means children or boys; semper adds always. Burton expands second childhood into lifelong folly.

Context: The point includes young and old; it is satirical moral rhetoric, not a diagnosis of every adult.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: semper pueri

Modern rendering: always children

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

child again

Printed “a childe again” (English; phrase).

A figurative return to the dependence or diminished powers associated with childhood.

Here: Again marks the return; the nearby infant is directed by others. This is a distinct age-cycle comparison from intellectual beginners.

Context: Democritus speaks in the pseudonymous letter narrative; Burton’s earlier expansion at 008-02 says all ages are foolish.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: when old, a childe again

Modern rendering: when old, a child again

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

children of death

Printed “children of death” (English; phrase).

People appointed or condemned to die.

Here: The biblical construction describes their condition or destiny; it does not require that they be young or offspring of a personified Death.

Context: Burton quotes Psalm 102:19–20 within consolation promising divine release and cleansing.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: the children of death

Modern rendering: those condemned to death

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

daughter

Printed “daughter” (English; lemma).

A female offspring in relation to a parent.

Here: Daughter is a marriageable woman here; the same predicament refers back to the son whose affection is sold for money.

Context: The ensuing boat metaphor attacks the father’s control, while later 141-09 still approves parental choice and female reserve.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: His daughter is in the same predicament forsooth

Modern rendering: His daughter, indeed, is in the same predicament

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Filia” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: filia.

Here: Filia means daughter; excedens annum 25 gives the age condition, potest permission, nubere marry, and inscio patre specifies without the father’s knowledge.

Context: The original margin differs from the body’s against parental consent. Burton introduces the legal report only if Nevizzano is not misleading him; the Curtius source is uncollated and 141-09 restricts his defence.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Filia excedens annum 25. potest inscio patre nubere

Modern rendering: A daughter over twenty-five may marry without her father’s knowledge

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

disinherit

Printed “dis-inherit” (English; lemma).

Deprive a person of an inheritance.

Here: Dis-inherit concerns inheritance, while the coordinated abdicate disowns the child; the acts are related but not identical.

Context: The rhetorical catalogue combines family, financial and religious sanctions without establishing one uniform legal procedure.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: dis-inherit or abdicate his child

Modern rendering: disinherit or disown his child

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “disinherited” (English; lemma).

Citation key: disinherit.

Here: Disinherited means deprived of inheritance; threatened and cast off are separately coordinated actions. The original be is recast as is in the modern description.

Context: Burton imagines what a lover may risk if he hopes to succeed; the following Latin and separate English vow are from Plautus, not a documented event.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: be threatned, be cast off, and disinherited

Modern rendering: is threatened, cast off and disinherited

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

empty boat

Printed “empty boat” (English; phrase).

A figurative passive carrier wholly directed by another.

Here: The daughter is imagined as a boat loaded and directed at her father’s will; the modern redistributes the original what/where/when/whom series.

Context: Burton is condemning coercive parental disposal, not granting a father an unrestricted right of ownership.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: as an empty boat she must carry what, where, when, and whom her Father will

Modern rendering: like an empty boat, she must carry what and whom her father wishes, wherever and whenever he pleases

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

father

Printed “father” (English; lemma).

A male parent.

Here: True distinguishes alleged biological paternity from reputed sonship and inheritance; the modern boy’s recasts of him.

Context: Burton insinuates possible non-paternity in an attack on pedigree, then sarcastically says all married women are chaste. This is no proof about any actual lineage.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: the true father of him

Modern rendering: the boy’s real father

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: True becomes real; of him is recast as the boy’s, making the referent explicit rather than adding a second person.

fatherless child

Printed “fatherless child” (English; phrase).

An offspring deprived of a father.

Here: The speaker is a marriageable maiden: child denotes the family relation, and fatherless her loss of paternal support, not infancy.

Context: Burton’s imagined modest maiden and his adapted Celestina complaint must not be treated as one documented person’s speech; Barth’s Latin remains uncollated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: I am a fatherless child, and want means

Modern rendering: I am a fatherless child and lack means

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

filial love

Printed “filial love” (English; phrase).

Affection owed or directed by a child to a parent.

Here: Filial specifies the child-to-parent direction, not simply parental love towards children; the modern suppresses the redundant in this kind.

Context: Burton first argues from nature and Cicero, then calls divine command a stronger obligation.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a filial love, and an obedience in this kind

Modern rendering: a child’s love and obedience

Alignment scope: Coordinated phrase with a redundant relational qualifier absorbed in the modern possessive

Word and construction: Filial is rendered a child’s; in this kind qualifies the obedience as belonging to the same parental relation and is absorbed by the coordinated modern phrase.

ghostly fathers

Printed “ghostly fathers” (English; phrase).

Spiritual advisers or confessors.

Here: Ghostly means spiritual, and fathers is a religious title rather than biological paternity.

Context: Burton sarcastically accuses Catholic confessors of manipulating consciences and infers fewer cases of despair; neither the charge nor the comparative illness claim is established evidence.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Their ghostly fathers

Modern rendering: Their spiritual fathers

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

guardian

Printed “guardians” (English; lemma).

People entrusted with supervising or protecting another person or their affairs.

Here: These guardians restrain adult spendthrifts’ expenditure; guardianship is not restricted to minors.

Context: Burton invokes ancient civil-law curatorship. The Digest parallel supports that claim, not the adjacent uncollated humiliating-debt ritual.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: set guardians over such brain-sick prodigals

Modern rendering: appointed guardians over such deranged spendthrifts

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Gardians” (English; lemma).

Citation key: guardian.

Here: Gardians is the printed spelling of guardians, here among people withholding consent to marriage.

Context: The preceding sentence also says the parties themselves may not agree; consent cannot be reduced to a conflict between two willing lovers and their parents in every case.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Parents, Tutors, Masters, Gardians, will not give consent

Modern rendering: Parents, tutors, masters and guardians will not consent

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

issue

Printed “issue” (English; lemma).

Offspring or children, collectively.

Here: Fair and happy supply the favourable qualities; issue itself names the offspring.

Context: The praise belongs to the pro-marriage list; its subsequent attack on barrenness and celibacy is attributed historical argument, not a present-day judgement.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a faire and happy issue

Modern rendering: beautiful, fortunate children

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “prole” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: proles.

Here: Prole is ablative singular of proles, offspring; pulchra agrees with it, parens means parent, and sis is the wish may you be/become.

Context: The Latin wish differs in grammatical mood from Burton’s separate English declaration Thou art made a father.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Pulchra sis prole parens

Modern rendering: May you become a parent of fine children

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

liberi

Printed “liberorum” (Latin; lemma).

Children or offspring.

Here: Liberorum is genitive plural of liberi, giving children’s or of children; the modern possessive their lies outside the selected word and comes from the parental relationship.

Context: The grammatical offspring are the people whose foundations parents build; the following speaker credits their work before blaming himself.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: liberorum

Modern rendering: children’s

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberi” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: liberi.

Here: Liberi is nominative plural, children; perpetuo adds for ever, while your is supplied from the addressed person’s family and friends.

Context: The original note quotes Epictetus on the folly of wishing loved ones immortal; Burton’s surrounding consolation must be read with the earlier permission to grieve.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: uxor, amici, liberi perpetuo vivant

Modern rendering: your wife, friends and children live for ever

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The whole coordinated clause is translated in the note; your is a supplied possessive.

Modern container: note

libri mentis liberi

Printed “libri mentis liberi” (Latin; phrase).

Books conceived as intellectual offspring.

Here: Libri means books, mentis of the mind, and liberi children; the supplied copula are completes the verbless Latin. The similar sounds of libri and liberi make the pun.

Context: Burton says he lacks marital experience and calls his writings his children, then says he will dissemble with a poet. The surrounding anti-marriage performance is not his only argument about marriage.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: libri mentis liberi

Modern rendering: books are the mind’s children

Alignment scope: Verbless Latin proposition with a supplied English copula

Word and construction: The original is a verbless nominal construction; are is supplied, while mentis becomes the possessive mind’s.

Further local use

Printed “libros ego liberos genui” (Latin; family).

Citation key: books as children.

Here: Libros means books, liberos children, ego I, and genui I begot/have begotten. As makes the predicative relation of books to children explicit.

Context: The margin names Synesius and Lipsius but supplies no book number for the latter; exact typographical Greek collation remains open.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: libros ego liberos genui

Modern rendering: I have begotten books as children

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

mater

Printed “matrem” (Latin; lemma).

A mother; matrem is accusative singular of mater.

Here: The question rejects forbidding maternal tears. Her is supplied from the familial connection; nati, of the child, specifies whose funeral.

Context: Burton cites Ovid and immediately defends natural grief; later severe consolations do not erase this earlier qualification.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Quis matrem nisi mentis inops in funere nati Flere vetat?

Modern rendering: Who but someone out of his mind forbids a mother To weep at her child’s funeral?

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “mothers” (English; lemma).

Citation key: mother.

Here: Mothers are female parents; the repeated some prevents the comparison from becoming a preference for every nurse over every mother.

Context: Burton qualifies his earlier defence of maternal nursing and criticizes the queen’s extreme jealousy. These are historical nursing claims, not present-day advice.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Some nurses are much to be preferred to some mothers.

Modern rendering: some nurses are greatly to be preferred to some mothers.

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

miscarry

Printed “miscarry” (English; lemma).

Go astray or behave wrongly.

Here: Both a maiden and a young man can miscarry here; the verb concerns conduct, not pregnancy loss.

Context: Burton connects this conditional misconduct with possible parental fault; the Diogenes example is unlocated and Chrysostom supports his early-marriage argument.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: if a maid or yong man miscarry

Modern rendering: if a maiden or young man misconducts themselves

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

mother

Printed “mother” (English; lemma).

A respectful or familiar address to an older woman.

Here: The vegetable seller is unrelated to Encolpius; mother is his polite address. The modern makes the narrated speaker’s first-person address explicit.

Context: Burton adapts Petronius’s lost traveller into an evening walker; the woman’s leading him to a brothel belongs to that literary tale.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: mother (quoth he) can you tell where I dwell?

Modern rendering: ‘Mother,’ I asked, ‘can you tell me where I live?’

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The complete reported question preserves mother as address; quoth he is rendered I asked within the first-person narrated episode.

Further local use

Printed “mater” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: mater.

Here: Mater is the vocative mother, a polite address here, and nunquid scis ubi ego habitem asks whether she knows where he lives. Inquam supplies I said, moved after mother in the editorial translation.

Context: The original marginal Latin is Burton’s compressed and altered Petronius, not a separate case history.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: inquam, mater, nunquid scis ubi ego habitem?

Modern rendering: mother,’ I said, ‘do you know where I live?

Alignment scope: Complete marginal question and reporting clause, with reporting clause reordered in the supplied note translation

Word and construction: Inquam means I said and is reordered after mother; mater supplies mother as address.

Modern container: note

mother and daughter

Printed “mother and daughter” (English; phrase).

A reciprocal relation of cause and effect.

Here: Sorrow both causes and results from melancholy; mother names its productive role and daughter its derivative role.

Context: Burton’s explanation elaborates a reference to prolonged fear and sadness in Hippocrates; the whole reciprocal model is not a literal Hippocratic quotation.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: The mother and daughter of melancholy

Modern rendering: melancholy’s mother and daughter

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “soboles” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: soboles.

Here: Soboles means offspring, here the effects produced by black humour; causæ are causes and atri humoris means of black humour.

Context: The surrounding marginal condition is that fear and sadness persist long; the next clause makes the causal relation circular.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: causæ & soboles atri humoris sunt

Modern rendering: are causes and offspring of black humour

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

mother of all things

Printed “mother of all things” (English; phrase).

The earth, represented as the common mother to which people return in death.

Here: The phrase follows departure from an actual mother’s womb and shifts to the earth as a shared origin and burial-place.

Context: Burton quotes Sirach 40:1–5 and 8 with the margin misprinting chapter 4; the surrounding account is theological human misery.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: the mother of all things

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

mother of diseases

Printed “mother of diseases” (English; phrase).

A figurative generating or sustaining source of disease.

Here: Mother represents diet as supplying disease’s matter and nourishment; father represents another possible productive cause. The modern omits the demonstrative this without changing the reference.

Context: Burton’s Fernel-derived humoral account requires concurrence of bodily constitution and humours; it is not a present-day dietary diagnosis.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: this Diet is the mother of diseases, let the father be what he will

Modern rendering: diet is the mother of diseases, whoever their father may be

Alignment scope: Complete causal metaphor with a disclosed omitted demonstrative

Word and construction: Mother and father are paired causal metaphors. The modern diet lacks the original demonstrative this; let... be what he will becomes whoever... may be.

Further local use

Printed “mater” (Latin; family).

Citation key: mater / genitor.

Here: Mater is mother; genitor is begetter/father. Una gula supplies appetite alone, omnium morborum of all diseases, and etiamsi makes the second clause concessive. Cause is supplied in the note to explain alius, another.

Context: This is Fernel’s marginal formulation; appetite in the note and diet in Burton’s body are not silently collapsed into an exact word-for-word translation.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: una gula est omnium morborum mater, etiamsi alius sit genitor

Modern rendering: appetite alone is the mother of every disease, even if another cause is the father

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The full original clause is translated in the editor’s note; cause is an explicit explanatory supply for alius.

Modern container: note

natus

Printed “nati” (Latin; lemma).

A child or son, literally one born.

Here: Nati is genitive singular of natus used substantivally; in funere is at the funeral, and her is supplied from the mother in the sentence.

Context: The mother’s grief is legitimate in this quoted question; the child is not identified as a particular historical person.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: in funere nati

Modern rendering: at her child’s funeral

Alignment scope: Prepositional phrase with a supplied possessive

Word and construction: The genitive nati becomes child’s; her is a contextual possessive supplied by the modern translation.

orphan

Printed “orphans” (English; lemma).

Children deprived of parental support through a parent’s or parents’ death.

Here: Orphans are one group needing institutional care; the text does not specify that both parents must have died in every case.

Context: Burton’s public-care proposal rejects fixed-number charity in favour of provision for everyone in need.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: for children, orphans, old folks

Modern rendering: for children, orphans, old people

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “orphans” (English; lemma).

Citation key: orphan.

Here: Orphans are among the dependent people allowed regulated investment through a common bank, not unrestricted private moneylending.

Context: The permission follows an initial rejection of extortion and is limited by approved lenders, borrowers and rates; it is a historical proposal.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: to orphans only, maids, widows

Modern rendering: only to orphans, unmarried women, widows

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

overseer

Printed “overseers” (English; lemma).

People entrusted with a person’s supervision or interests.

Here: The overseers are the girl’s guardians in the disputed marriage, not inspectors of a workplace.

Context: Burton relocates Livy’s Ardea dispute to Rome and makes the guardians favour wealth where Livy says their own social class.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: the overseers

Modern rendering: the guardians

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Governours” (English; lemma).

Citation key: governor.

Here: Those responsible for the young person’s upbringing or protection; governors is a household role here. Often qualifies the ensuing blame, rather than every caregiver.

Context: Burton says such carers may share the young person’s fault for not arranging marriage sooner, after conceding that people are commonly too eager already.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Guardians, Overseers, Governours

Modern rendering: guardians, overseers and governors

Alignment scope: Equal-scope coordinated noun list

Word and construction: The three coordinated caregiver titles are aligned as a noun list; the modern supplies and for the source’s punctuation.

parens · parentes

Printed “parentes” (Latin; lemma).

Parents: mothers and fathers.

Here: Parentes is nominative plural of parens; fabri likens them to builders, and the modern supplies are... who to unfold the Latin apposition.

Context: Philolaches speaks in Burton’s reshaped Plautus excerpt; he admits that his own subsequent idleness ruined his parents’ good work.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Fabri parentes fundamentum substruunt liberorum

Modern rendering: Parents are the builders who lay their children’s foundations

Alignment scope: Complete Latin clause with apposition recast as copular and relative clauses

Word and construction: The apposition fabri parentes is recast as Parents are the builders who; fundamentum substruunt liberorum supplies the laying of children’s foundations. Their is supplied from the parental relation.

Further local use

Printed “Parents” (English; lemma).

Citation key: parent.

Here: Parents are mothers and fathers; the clause makes distress reciprocal rather than assigning all blame to children.

Context: Burton first makes the husband/wife complaint reciprocal, then does the same for generations.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Parents many times disquiet their children, and they their parents.

Modern rendering: Parents often distress their children, and children their parents.

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

parens · parentum

Printed “parentum” (Latin; lemma).

Of parents: genitive plural of parens.

Here: Parentum names parents in the Latin margin; the body instead makes brothers the arch of stones, and Seneca’s original comparison concerns human society.

Context: The margin combines a Ciceronian parental-love claim with a Senecan arch image; its final attribution must not make all wording a single exact Seneca quotation.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Charitas parentum dilui nisi detestabili scelere non potest

Modern rendering: Love of parents cannot be dissolved without a detestable crime

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

parens · parentem

Printed “parentem” (Latin; lemma).

A parent; parentem is the accusative singular of parens.

Here: The conditional distinguishes loving a just parent from bearing with an unjust one; the printed Latin leaves the second description implicit in otherwise.

Context: The marginal counsel qualifies the body’s command to honour parents. No author is named for this particular maxim.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Ames parentem, si æquum, aliter feras

Modern rendering: Love a parent if he is just; otherwise bear with him

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

parent · parents · local use 1

Printed “parents” (English; lemma).

Figurative fathers or protectors of a political community.

Here: The comparison explicitly denies lawyers this paternal role; the modern supplies They are to turn the fragment into a finite clause.

Context: Burton cites Mat. Geraldus, not securely identified, and immediately exempts worthy lawyers at 013-26.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: not the parents, but the plagues of the Country

Modern rendering: They are not the fathers of their country but its plagues

Alignment scope: Negative contrasting predicate recast as a finite clause with supplied subject and copula

Word and construction: Parents is rendered fathers; the source contrast not... but is retained, while They are and their/its make the fragment’s subject and reference explicit.

Further local use

Printed “parentes” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: parens.

Here: Parentes is plural of parens, here figurative fathers/protectors; patriæ is of the country, and non... sed negates the paternal claim in favour of plagues.

Context: The original margin carries the attributed attack; it does not cancel Burton’s next-paragraph exemption for worthy lawyers.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: non patriæ parentes, sed pestes

Modern rendering: not fathers of their country but its plagues

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

parent · parents · local use 2

Printed “parents” (English; lemma).

Parents including those acquired through marriage.

Here: The pro-marriage list counts the enlarged family, including parents-in-law; it does not describe doubling biological parentage.

Context: Burton attributes the list to Jacobus de Voragine, with exact source unidentified; the adjacent claim that childlessness is punished remains an unsupported historical theological assertion.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: the number of parents is doubled

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “parentum” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: parens.

Here: Parentum is of parents, genitive plural; the coordination adds brothers, sisters and descendants. These are the enlarged relations marriage brings.

Context: This Latin list is translated separately from Burton’s corresponding English. Nepotes allows descendants as well as nephews.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: duplicatur numerus parentum, fratrum, sororum, nepotum

Modern rendering: the number of parents, brothers, sisters and descendants is doubled

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

parent · parents · local use 3

Printed “parents” (English; lemma).

Relatives or kindred more broadly than one’s mother and father.

Here: Great supplies the relatives’ social power; parents contributes the wider kinship sense.

Context: The candidate’s family influence belongs to Burton’s imaginary Moronia tale, expressly withdrawn as fiction at 096-24.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: his great parents, patrons, and allies

Modern rendering: his powerful relatives, patrons and connections

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

parentage

Printed “parentage” (English; lemma).

Family descent or origin.

Here: Base gives low social rank; parentage itself means descent, not bad parenting or deficient moral character.

Context: Burton says other qualities can compensate and restricts his objection to severity where no pressing reason or serious impediment exists.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Poverty and base parentage

Modern rendering: Poverty and low birth

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

pater

Printed “patris” (Latin; lemma).

A father; patris is the genitive singular, meaning of a father.

Here: Patris modifies both indulgent qualities; inepta and prava supply foolish and perverse, and the modern give way unfolds facilitas.

Context: The Latin is Syrus’s speech in Terence; Micio is Burton’s model of indulgence, not the speaker of this quoted line.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: inepta patris lenitas & facilitas prava

Modern rendering: a father’s foolish mildness and perverse willingness to give way

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “pater” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: pater.

Here: Pater is the vocative, Father, addressing the parent; ni preserves the condition if not, and magis... quam the comparison more than.

Context: Burton cites the declaration from Terence as a filial expression within a larger account of nature and divine command.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: dii me pater omnes oderint, ni te magis quam oculos amem meos

Modern rendering: Father, may all the gods hate me if I do not love you more than my own eyes!

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

patrizare / matrizare

Printed “patrizare or matrizare” (Latin verbs in an English construction; family).

Resemble or take after one’s father (patrizare) or mother (matrizare).

Here: The Latin infinitives are inserted after English will; the modern gives English infinitive phrases. The preceding likely qualifies the projected resemblance in affliction and behaviour.

Context: This forms part of Burton’s effort to cool infatuation by examining the beloved’s faults and family; it is his historical assumption, not a reliable prediction of inherited character or illness.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: they will patrizare or matrizare

Modern rendering: they will “take after their father” or “take after their mother.”

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “matrizare” (Latin infinitive in English prose; family).

Citation key: matrizare.

Here: Matrizare again means resemble or take after the mother. If and in all likelihood qualify the body’s prediction; all good qualities is sarcastic, and dishonest here means unchaste.

Context: Burton’s hostile prediction is not evidence of inherited sexual conduct. The following caution also addresses women choosing husbands, and 150-53–54 attributes misconduct to husbands’ deprivation and ill-treatment.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: matrizare

Modern rendering: take after her mother

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

posterity · local use 1

Printed “posterity” (English; lemma).

Later generations.

Here: The hoped-for beneficiaries are future readers who may correct themselves through the book, not just the writer’s biological descendants.

Context: Burton adopts the proem attached to Theophrastus’s Characters, now regarded as a later addition; the following warning says some readers may be harmed by self-application.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: our posterity

Modern rendering: our descendants

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

posterity · local use 2

Printed “posterity” (English; lemma).

One’s descendants or succeeding offspring.

Here: Here the context is inherited harm passing from parents to the next generation.

Context: Burton alleges harm from parental misconduct and historical hereditary disease; the Ezekiel proverb’s surrounding rejection of inherited guilt is recorded in the accompanying note, not reproduced by Burton.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: our posterity

Modern rendering: our descendants

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

progenies

Printed “progeniem” (Latin; lemma).

Offspring or a generation of descendants.

Here: Progeniem is accusative singular of progenies; mox means soon, daturi about to produce, and vitiosiorem supplies the comparison still more vicious.

Context: Burton adapts Horace’s daturos to daturi to fit his own syntax. Moral decline is his cited argument, not biological fact.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: mox daturi progeniem vitiosiorem

Modern rendering: soon to produce a still more vicious generation

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

pupil

Printed “pupils” (English; lemma).

Minors under guardianship.

Here: Pupils names wards, not classroom learners; overseers protect both wards and widows’ property.

Context: This is Burton’s imagined commonwealth, followed by annual accounting and a socially restricted choice of officials.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Overseers of pupils, widows goods

Modern rendering: guardians of wards and widows’ property

Alignment scope: Coordinated objects of oversight, with modern possessive punctuation clarifying the second object

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “pupillis” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: pupillus.

Here: Pupillis is ablative plural of pupillus after de; liberis means children, charis dear ones, and the remaining words specify entrustment to our care.

Context: Vives is cited for protective anxiety about harm or disgrace rather than beauty.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: de pupillis, liberis charisq; curæ nostræ concreditis

Modern rendering: concerning wards, children and dear ones entrusted to our care

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “pupilli” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: pupillus.

Here: Pupilli is nominative plural of pupillus: wards. Ut makes the comparison; ob inscitiam supplies the reason, and non regunt sed reguntur contrasts governing with being governed.

Context: Burton attributes this to Polydore Vergil, whose precise passage remains uncollated. The kings are compared to wards, not asserted to be legal minors.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: multi reges ut pupilli ob inscitiam non regunt sed reguntur

Modern rendering: many kings, like wards, do not govern but are governed because of their ignorance

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

sire

Printed “Syres” (English; lemma).

Fathers or forefathers.

Here: Syres supplies fathers; did is already printed in the original and is reordered before before them in the modern.

Context: The lovers’ tiny reflected images are not literal babies; the ancestral comparison belongs to Burton’s anticipation of fulfilled desire.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: their Syres before them did

Modern rendering: their fathers did before them

Alignment scope: Equal-scope comparative clause with reordered auxiliary

Word and construction: Syres means fathers; the original auxiliary did is moved before before them in the modern rather than supplied.

son

Printed “sonne” (English; lemma).

A male offspring in relation to a parent.

Here: Sonne is the printed spelling of son; aged describes the father, not the son. The continuation calls the son a young child.

Context: An imagined bereaved parent begins a consolatory exchange; later possibilities that the son might have become bad are hypothetical.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: an aged father sighing for a sonne

Modern rendering: an aged father sighing for a son

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “son” (English; lemma).

Citation key: son.

Here: Son remains male offspring; disobedient supplies the hypothetical moral judgement.

Context: Burton asks who could know the child’s eventual conduct and lists things he might have become; these are not accusations about the dead child.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: a disobedient son

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

stepmother · step-mother · local use 1

Printed “step-mother” (English; lemma).

A woman married to one’s father who is not one’s own mother.

Here: The relation is literal, but the claim that she troubles the whole family is Burton’s conventional hostile characterization.

Context: The Cato anecdote omits the father’s affectionate reply; Plutarch names Salonius where Burton prints Solinius.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: A step-mother

Modern rendering: A stepmother

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “noverca” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: noverca.

Here: Noverca means stepmother; injusta supplies unjust. The traditional epithet is not part of the kinship word’s definition.

Context: The Latin invokes a hostile literary type amid reciprocal complaints between spouses and between generations.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Injusta noverca

Modern rendering: The unjust stepmother

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “noverca” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: noverca.

Here: Noverca means stepmother, while injusta supplies unjust.

Context: The original margin attaches the conventional hostile relation to the Pratensis discussion of upbringing; both severe and indulgent carers are criticized.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Injusta noverca

Modern rendering: An unjust stepmother

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its explicitly supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

stepmother · step-mother · local use 2

Printed “step-mother” (English; lemma).

A figurative parent represented as harsh rather than nurturing.

Here: The contrast supplies the adverse sense: Nature is likened to a hostile stepmother rather than a kindly mother.

Context: Burton paraphrases Pliny’s complaint; the claim that only humans suffer these passions belongs to this argument, not present-day zoology.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Nature may be rather accounted a step-mother, then a mother unto us

Modern rendering: Nature might better be called our stepmother than our mother

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “novercæ” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: noverca.

Here: Novercæ means stepmothers, nominative plural; animarum specifies of souls, contrasting corporum nutrices, nurses of bodies. Biological mothers can be called stepmothers figuratively when indulgence is said to damage their children’s souls.

Context: The ape emblem and Proverbs margin support Burton’s argument for correction as well as his attack on terror; he does not reject every form of discipline.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Corporum nutrices animarum novercæ

Modern rendering: nurses of their bodies, stepmothers of their souls

Alignment scope: Complete paired noun phrases with contextually supplied possessives

Word and construction: Corporum and animarum mean of bodies and of souls; nutrices and novercæ mean nurses and stepmothers. Both modern possessives their are supplied from the children in the surrounding context.

tuition

Printed “tuition” (English; lemma).

Care, protection or charge of another person.

Here: Tuition means care here, alongside oversight as supervision; it does not name a fee charged for lessons.

Context: Burton calls for moderation after describing threats and physical punishment as potentially lifelong harms.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: the tuition and oversight of children

Modern rendering: the care and supervision of children

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

tutor

Printed “Tutors” (English; lemma).

People charged with a young person’s instruction or upbringing.

Here: The overlapping titles describe those who can shape a child’s education; the printed list does not give an exclusive legal definition of each office.

Context: Pratensis and Burton blame both excessive severity and excessive indulgence, within the historical account of melancholy.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Tutors, Masters, Teachers

Modern rendering: tutors, masters and teachers

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

unnatural

Printed “unnatural” (English; lemma).

Lacking the affection or duty expected of a parent.

Here: Unnatural condemns the father’s refusal to support marriage for financial or service-related reasons; it is not a physical description.

Context: Burton invokes Chrysostom’s attack on delayed marriage for money; the supplied source note reports the modern English comparison as checked, the Latin intermediary uncollated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: an hard-hearted, unnatural, a covetous father

Modern rendering: a hard-hearted, unnatural, covetous father

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

writings as children

Printed “παῖδας ἐγὼ λόγους ἐγεννησάμην” (Greek; family).

I have begotten writings as children.

Here: Παῖδας means children, λόγους writings or discourses, ἐγὼ I, and ἐγεννησάμην I begot/have begotten. As clarifies the relation between the two accusatives; my is supplied from the first-person begetting.

Context: Compare Synesius’s Letter 1 to Nicander; the source package normalizes Greek ligatures and accents and leaves fine typographical collation open.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: παῖδας ἐγὼ λόγους ἐγεννησάμην

Modern rendering: I have begotten writings as my children

Alignment scope: Complete Greek sentence with explicit relational and possessive supplies

Word and construction: The complete Greek sentence is translated with as and my supplied to express the predicative offspring relation and first-person possession.