Celibacy and vows

Use in the book

Status, choice and the uses of a house

Unmarried status does practical work outside the controversy about vows. In Burton’s imagined welfare scheme, single people unable to work are to receive institutional maintenance; the next paragraph gives different relief to married infirm people. In the Muses’ poverty story, Buchanan’s Calliope remains cælebs because she lacks a dowry. The female subject makes unmarried a better definition than bachelor. Burton’s separate English couplet calls her a maid. His later complaint that bachelors want marriage and married men want bachelorhood runs both ways, even when the existing wives are otherwise admirable. These are social conditions and reported preferences, not necessarily religious commitments.

Burton twice describes his own college life as monastic and calls himself a bachelor. His claim to stand apart from women’s sexual troubles is theatrically unstable: after promising silence he immediately speaks again, attacking parents, guardians and institutions that prevent supposed relief. The self-description must nevertheless remain distinct from the religious vows he attacks. Nor does his criticism entail rejection of every religious house. In the discussion of solitude he condemns enforced withdrawal, yet objects to indiscriminate destruction of abbeys. Some buildings and revenues, he argues, could have supported men and women who did not wish or were not suited to marry, allowing education, useful study, companionship and devotion. Such residents would be neither solitary nor idle in the harmful senses he has been criticizing. The favourable example of some truly devoted monks matters.

A related proposal appears inside the praise of single life: a benefactor might establish a monastic college for women who are poor, unhappy, disappointed in love or otherwise willing to remain unmarried. Burton’s harsh descriptions of age and appearance are part of his social vocabulary; they do not erase the stated willingness. Elsewhere he rejects the assumption that only beautiful women are suitable for marriage, after reporting daughters being placed in convents. His body’s account of changing their names and the traveller’s marginal account run in opposite directions and cannot be fused into one verified custom. The monastic image also changes with its argument. A monk compared to a fish out of water supports withdrawal for contemplation in consolation for imprisonment; the proverb that despair makes the monk pictures withdrawal after frustrated worldly hopes. Neither is a universal biography of religious people.

Praise, satire and limits

The extended defence of single life first makes the bachelor his own master, free from dependants and household restraints. This is an idealizing comparison, not a factual statement that all unmarried people have no responsibilities. Praise of virginity follows, with Jerome’s contrast between marriage filling the earth and virginity filling Paradise. Daphne’s evergreen laurel becomes a moral allegory of enduring virginity. The shortened Catullus flower comparison remains incomplete; the modern supplies its understood flower rather than inventing a complete quotation. Burton’s claim of religious merit is pointedly qualified by if you will believe a Papist. He also admits loneliness and the absence of a spouse’s care, before arguing that company and occupation can supply alternatives.

The praise then turns satirical. The rich bachelor’s apparently devoted friends bring gifts because they hope to inherit. The resulting welcome cannot simply be counted as disinterested esteem. Later, Horace’s claim that nothing is better than single life is only half the original comparison: the supplied source note explains that the unmarried person, in turn, praises marriage. Burton’s pro-marriage argument reverses the earlier valuation. A supposed condemnation of bachelorhood is introduced by belike, marking an inference; the severe assertion that one cannot live or die properly without a wife is attributed to Witzel. The numbered reasons favouring marriage include an unsupported claim that Mosaic law curses celibacy. Burton then experiments with an opposing counter-parody. He subsequently calls both marrying and living single hazardous, before recommending marriage only with the lovers’ desires, cleared obstacles and no other remedy. These shifts must remain visible rather than being flattened into a settled rule for all unmarried people. The Table’s praise of single life and virginity points specifically to page 570, where both the encomium and its satire can be read.

Enforced vows, bodily claims and the argument from liberty

The early attack grows from historical reproductive medicine. Burton and his authorities explain some illnesses through retained generative fluid, suppressed menstruation or omitted sexual intercourse; the Galenic statement is qualified as applying to some people. His later class contrast between idle noblewomen and working women and his claim that marriage relieves certain unmarried women belong to the same historical framework. They are not established present-day consequences of abstinence. His term inforced temperance means compelled sexual continence. The catalogue that joins illness to alleged rape, infanticide and other offences in religious communities crosses from medical speculation into anti-monastic accusation. Citations to physicians, Chemnitz and Bale do not independently prove either the causal theory or the offences. In the earlier Jesuit attack, Vow virginity similarly states the professed commitment before a polemical allegation of hypocrisy.

The later marriage debate distinguishes several kinds of constraint. College rules, service, customary tenure and financial dependence can obstruct marriage without a religious vow. Burton admits that some people technically have a choice, but presents loss of livelihood as making it desperate. He cites Beza’s advice to pray for continence when the means of marriage are unavailable. The Latin margin’s clear cælibatum denotes that unmarried condition; its ending is uncertain and must not be repaired into a complete argument. After rejecting astrological predictions as compulsory decrees, Burton still distinguishes spiritual welfare from worldly circumstances: marriage may be better for the soul, while present circumstances require remaining as one is. Freedom from astrological compulsion does not abolish those material restrictions.

He next makes his explicit Protestant case against obligatory religious celibacy. Order and Vow check, or restrain, the impulses attributed to nature, youth and desire. His Ovid quotation remains feminine: Daphne’s beauty conflicts with her wish for perpetual virginity. Burton changes the pronouns and transfers that line to male religious vows. The ensuing medical and criminal catalogue is again his polemical claim. The story of infants’ remains attributed through Ulricus and Chemnitz is not verified history; the body says six hundred, while the margin says more than six thousand. Those differing figures must not be harmonized.

The question whether the vow may be broken stages opposing authorities. Burton presents Bellarmine as preferring sexual transgression to passing from vowed celibacy into marriage; the precise original wording and argument remain uncollated. His similar representations of Coster and Gregory of Valencia also require that qualification. The story of a votary who allegedly chose death rather than sex or marriage is preserved with its printed date and name, not offered as a reliable medical choice. Burton replies with Paul’s better-to-marry saying and Jerome’s contrast between the Caesars’ laws and Christ’s. The supplied source note places Jerome’s words in a discussion of unequal sexual standards and Fabiola. Cyprian’s condemnation of violating divine order originally concerns schism and rival priesthoods, not celibacy; Burton reapplies it. His own conclusion calls the permission to marry a Christian liberty. That is an argued theological entitlement, not a neutral statement of universally applicable law.

The next appeal to nature also needs limits. Burton reports pro-marriage policies and foreign surprise at European religious houses, then turns a Tertullian passage into a claim that few can remain continent willingly. The supplied note identifies substantive alterations: Burton adds the goddess address and changes nature’s preparation into a defect of nature. His concluding I think not is his own extrapolation. Those claims coexist with his earlier provision for voluntary unmarried communities and with his recognition that circumstances may prevent marriage. In the divorce discussion cælibes can describe men left unmarried after separation; the surrounding proposal remains conditional, difficult and not altogether suitable, as explained under Marriage.

Vows beyond celibacy

Vows can receive an entirely different valuation within marriage. Burton argues that a faithful wife’s vow, affection and religion guard fidelity better than locks and confinement. The preceding conditional matters: he is describing the woman who is faithful. His Dido illustration invokes her pledge to her dead husband before her subsequent relationship with Aeneas, rather than supplying uncomplicated proof of permanent constancy. In courtship, vows and promises can instead be forgotten after desire is satisfied. Mertila’s broken resolution not to love Pamphilus again is followed by a male example expressly just as unsteady. These are erotic commitments, not religious profession.

Bilia’s vowed reply is an assurance: she would have told her husband about his breath except that she thought it normal. It does not say that she actually had told him. Demosthenes can likewise vow in the sense of declare, and Clearchus vows what first attracted him to a woman. The Latin family extends further. Juvenal’s votum is a desire; Burton’s separate English version prints vows. The lovers’ votum attributed to Aristaenetus is a wish for reciprocal affection and conversation. Voti compotes describes attaining one’s wishes in the argument against astrological fatalism. Vota in the money-worship margin are prayers, while Ovid’s voverat recalls what Midas had prayed for and now hates. The Roman games called votivi belong to fulfilment of religious vows, without implying any promise of celibacy.

Finally, the discussion of religious melancholy lists the vow of celibacy and the monastic state separately. Monkery carries Burton’s disparagement, and his claims about practices across different religions remain broad polemical classifications. Even there his attack on excessive mortification is expressly limited: he says fasting is not blameworthy in itself and approves it when moderate and seasonable. The Ethiopian votarii in the traveller-based margin are people under vows, not a name for the whole population. Status, institutional restriction, bodily restraint and personal promise must therefore remain distinguishable throughout the family.

Related entries

Marriage: Marriage and its qualified divorce discussion; also the anatomical Hymen dispute.

Continence: External volume: sexual restraint and capacities, distinct from unmarried status and imposed vows.

Venery: External volume: the historical sexual-regimen context.

Matrix and mother: The disputed historical physiology applied to unmarried women and widows.

Satyriasis and priapism: The distinct medical terms in the anti-celibacy catalogues.

Seed: Generative seed and the historical retention theory.

Solitude: External volume: useful retirement and harmful or imposed solitude.

Religion and superstition: External volume: Burton’s religious classifications and polemical claims.

Religious melancholy: External volume: the larger religious-melancholy argument.

Liberty and servitude: The senses and limits of liberty, including freedom to marry.

Gifts and liberality: Votive gifts and other forms of giving.

Places to read

1. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 4–6Juvenal’s desire catalogue and Burton’s separate English vows; their two modern renderings.
2. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 3–5Burton’s college retirement, sufficient income and monastery-like life.
3. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 10–14Religious vows in the hostile Jesuit catalogue; unverified financial and sexual allegations.
4. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 25–27Money worship and Juvenal’s marginal prayers, not promises of celibacy.
5. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 39–42Unmarried recipients of institutional maintenance contrasted with relief for married infirm people.
6. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 3–7The imagined compulsory-marriage scheme and marginal cœlibes, with its exclusions and unverified authorities.
7. Subsection 4 Retention and Evacuation as Causes, and How They Act · paragraphs 11–15Retained-seed and omitted-sex explanations attributed to historical physicians, with the some-people qualification.
8. Subsection 6 Excessive Exercise as a Cause, and How It Acts. Solitude and Idleness · paragraphs 1–3Enforced solitude and the hostile account of monastic rules; read with the following defence of useful houses.
9. Subsection 6 Excessive Exercise as a Cause, and How It Acts. Solitude and Idleness · paragraphs 11–21Qualified value of contemplation, opposition to indiscriminate destruction, and proposed communal study for unmarried men and women.
10. Subsection 10. Discontents, Cares, Miseries and the Like as Causes · paragraphs 2–4Demosthenes vows by declaring a preference; Burton’s interpretation differs from the Plutarch comparison.
11. Subsection 15 Love of Learning or Excessive Study With a Digression on the Misery of Scholars and Why the Muses Are Melancholy · paragraphs 27–29Calliope remains unmarried for lack of a dowry; Latin and Burton’s English couplet separately rendered.
12. Subsection 5 How Loss of Liberty, Servitude and Imprisonment Cause Melancholy · paragraphs 4–7Reciprocal bachelor/married dissatisfaction and Midas’s once-desired gift, voverat.
13. Subsection 4 Symptoms of Melancholy in Unmarried Women, Nuns and Widows · paragraphs 6–16; Member 3 Immediate Cause of the Preceding Symptoms · paragraph 17Historical treatment of unmarried women, Burton’s bachelor self-interruption, forced vows, and attributed anti-monastic accusations.
14. Member 4 Exercise of Body and Mind Regulated · paragraphs 31–33Public spectacles and the marginal votive games, with uncollated classical-antiquarian references.
15. Member 4 Against Servitude, Loss of Liberty, Imprisonment and Banishment · paragraphs 36–38The monk-and-fish comparison in consolation for confinement; reported examples are not verified biographies.
16. Member 5 Against Sorrow Over the Death of Friends or Other Causes, Groundless Fear, and So On · paragraphs 41–43Scardeone’s reported funeral: body maidens and marginal Innuptæ, unmarried girls.
17. Subsection 2 How Love Tyrannizes Over Human Beings. Love, or Heroical Melancholy: Its Definition and the Part Affected · paragraphs 31–33Bale’s hostile allegations and the expressly conditional votarios argument.
18. Member 2. Subsection 2. Other Causes of Love Melancholy: Sight; Beauty of the Face, Eyes and Other Parts; and How It Pierces Us · paragraphs 34–36Vowed as assured in Clearchus’s attributed statement about attraction.
19. Persistence and Opportunity of Time and Place; Meetings, Conversation, Singing, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales and Sights, Kissing, Familiarity, Tokens, Gifts, Bribes, Promises, Declarations, Tears, and So On · paragraphs 12–14The batchelours spelling and the qualified age-concealment allegation.
20. Persistence and Opportunity of Time and Place; Meetings, Conversation, Singing, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales and Sights, Kissing, Familiarity, Tokens, Gifts, Bribes, Promises, Declarations, Tears, and So On · paragraphs 22–25Courtship vows abandoned after satisfaction; Catullus, Burton’s separate verse and the qualified Platonic reference.
21. Persistence and Opportunity of Time and Place; Meetings, Conversation, Singing, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales and Sights, Kissing, Familiarity, Tokens, Gifts, Bribes, Promises, Declarations, Tears, and So On · paragraphs 46–48The corresponding attack on women’s vows and tears, with distinct Latin and English poetic versions.
22. Member 4 Subsection 1 Symptoms or Signs of Love Melancholy in Body and Mind Good and Bad Signs and So Forth · paragraphs 28–30The marginal votum for reciprocal affection and conversation in Aristaenetus.
23. Resist the Beginnings, Avoid Occasions, Change One’s Location; Fair and Foul Means, Contrary Passions and Ingenious Devices; Introduce Another Love and Disparage the Former · paragraphs 12–14Mertila’s broken romantic vow and the expressly equally unsteady male counterpart.
24. By Counsel and Persuasion, the Foulness of the Deed, the Faults of Men and Women, the Miseries of Marriage, the Consequences of Lust, and So Forth · paragraphs 25–46Praise of bachelor freedom and virginity, voluntary women’s college, admitted inconveniences and inheritance-hunting satire.
25. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 49–53, 1–8Institutional and financial obstacles, Beza’s incomplete margin, astrological conjecture and the spiritual/worldly distinction.
26. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 9–19The vow-and-nature conflict, altered Daphne line, unverified accusations, rival authorities and Burton’s Christian-liberty conclusion.
27. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 24–29Augustus’s unmarried addressees, reported national policies and Burton’s altered Tertullian argument.
28. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 41–54Single life praised through an extracted half of Horace’s comparison, followed by the pro-marriage reply.
29. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 12–50Belike-qualified condemnation of bachelorhood, severe attributed claims, the unsupported Mosaic curse, counter-parody and eventual qualified recommendation.
30. Symptoms of Jealousy: Fear, Sorrow, Suspicion, Strange Actions, Gestures, Outrages, Confinement, Oaths, Trials, Laws, and So On · paragraphs 34–41Cross-reference context: the disputed historical signs of virginity and anatomical Hymen, including opposing authorities.
31. The Cure of Jealousy: Avoiding Occasions for It, Keeping Occupied; Good Counsel; Disregarding It, Not Watching Women or Locking Them Up; Concealing It, and So On · paragraphs 1–15A faithful wife’s vow versus confinement; Dido’s literary chronology, qualified exempla and Bilia’s conditional assurance.
32. Prevention Before or After Marriage: Plato’s Community of Wives; Marrying a Courtesan; Love Potions; Brothels; Marrying Someone Equal in Age and Fortune, From a Good Family, Well Educated and of Good Standing; Treating Wives Well; and So On · paragraphs 34–35Women’s convents in a rejected beauty-based marriage argument; body and marginal name-changing stories differ.
33. Prevention Before or After Marriage: Plato’s Community of Wives; Marrying a Courtesan; Love Potions; Brothels; Marrying Someone Equal in Age and Fortune, From a Good Family, Well Educated and of Good Standing; Treating Wives Well; and So On · paragraphs 9–12Cælibes after hypothetical divorce, within a conditional and expressly qualified last-resort proposal.
34. Its Object, God; What His Beauty Is; How It Attracts. The Parts and People Affected · paragraphs 2–4Marginal votarii identifies ascetics within Burton’s polemical geographical survey, not the entire population.
35. Causes of Religious Melancholy. From the Devil, Through Miracles, Apparitions and Oracles. His Instruments or Agents: Politicians, Priests, Impostors, Heretics and Blind Guides. In Them: Credulity, Fear, Blind Zeal, Ignorance, Solitude, Curiosity, Pride, Vanity, Presumption and So On. His Devices: Fasting, Solitude, Hope, Fear and the Rest · paragraphs 1–8The vow of celibacy and monastic state, monkery, contested merit, and explicit defence of moderate seasonable fasting.
36. The Different Meanings and Definitions of Despair and the People and Parts Affected · paragraphs 34–36Despair makes the monk: proverbial withdrawal after frustrated hopes in a secular despair discussion.
37. S · paragraph 174; V · paragraphs 243–244Unnumbered Table routes: single life and virginity praised at 570; signs of virginity at 612, where the authorities disagree.

In this edition

The modern text generally retains bachelor and single life, while distinguishing ordinary status from religious obligation. Batchelors must be married becomes “Bachelors must marry” inside a reciprocal statement of dissatisfaction, not a statutory command. Belike becomes “apparently,” preserving inference; the participial Holding is recast as a finite clause with a contextual subject. Cælebs is “unmarried” for the female Calliope, cælibes viros “unmarried men” in the divorce counterfactual, and cælibe vita “single life.” The clear Beza clause is aligned without claiming to resolve its incomplete ending. Innuptæ explicitly supplies unmarried in the funeral margin; the body’s virgins and its modern maidens remain separate.

Monastique, Monastick and monasticall are normalized as monastic. The surrounding college or communal-residence description controls the application. Monasteries becomes convents where the inhabitants are daughters; the modern passive recasts the body’s active put them into construction. Monachatus is “the monastic state,” while monkery becomes “monkish practices,” preserving the English disparagement. Votaries becomes “people bound by vows”; the Latin votarii identifies only the ascetics in its particular margin. In the conditional Bale passage the modern supplies occurred to the elliptical Latin, without converting if into fact.

Votum cœlibatus is “The vow of celibacy”: votum contributes vow and the genitive cœlibatus contributes of celibacy. In de voto cælibatus ad nuptias transire, de supplies from, ad nuptias into marriage and transire to pass. The abbreviated bibliographical cælibat. and sacerd. remain printed abbreviations even when the modern expands their sense. English inforced temperance is “enforced continence” in this sexual context. Order and Vow become “their order and their vow,” with the shared possessive repeated and checks modernized as restrain.

Other alignments cannot be reduced to a single automatic equivalent. Vowed is assured in Bilia’s complete conditional reply and in Clearchus’s assertion, but vow is declare in the Demosthenes report. Latin votum is rendered desires in Juvenal’s list, while Burton’s own vows is separately modernized as vows; the contextual possessive their belongs to the fuller modern sentence, not to votum alone. The Aristaenetus wish supplies my for the petitioner. Voti compotes is expanded from an adjectival construction into “attain their wishes.” Votoque combines the noun with and, and the Daphne line retains its feminine possessives despite Burton’s male application. In the games margin Votivi supplies Votive, while games is placed after the coordinated English list; the compact record aligns the adjectives alone and explains where the shared noun games is rendered.

The Caesars-and-Christ quotation, Burton’s ensuing English restatement and the authorities’ original contexts are kept distinct. The edition’s historical source notes report comparisons and uncollated witnesses; this article does not claim fresh collation of Bellarmine, Coster, the travellers or the medical cases. The original Table’s printed reference to 570 is retained. Anatomical attempts to identify virginity and their opposing authorities are treated under Marriage’s Hymen contrast, not converted here into a reliable test or present medical guidance.

bachelor

Printed “Batcheler” (English; lemma).

An unmarried man.

Here: Batcheler names Burton’s marital status; the following Monastick life describes his college life, not membership of a vowed religious order.

Context: Burton promises silence on women’s sexual ailments, then immediately resumes the subject to attack imposed restrictions.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: I am a Batcheler my self

Modern rendering: I am a bachelor myself

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Batchelors” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bachelor.

Here: Batchelors again means unmarried men; must expresses their impatient desire in this reciprocal complaint, not a newly enacted legal obligation.

Context: Burton’s generalization about discontent moves in both directions, and the wives may otherwise be beautiful, wise and virtuous.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Batchelors must be married, and married men would be Batchelors

Modern rendering: Bachelors must marry, and married men wish they were bachelors

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The first passive be married becomes marry; would be expands to wish they were. Both coordinated clauses retain the reversal.

Further local use

Printed “batchelours” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bachelor.

Here: The spelling batchelours denotes unmarried men, included alongside widows in the allegation about concealing age.

Context: Sometimes limits the male example; this is Burton’s generalization in a courtship catalogue, not verified frequency data.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: and batchelours too sometimes

Modern rendering: and sometimes bachelors too

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Batchelor” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bachelor.

Here: Batchelor means unmarried man; honestly here means honourably, and belike makes the attribution an inference.

Context: The preceding Trismegistus claim is followed by Witzel’s severe pro-marriage position, not an uncontested judgement about all unmarried people.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Holding belike that a Batchelor could not live honestly as he should

Modern rendering: He apparently held that a bachelor could not live honourably as he ought

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The participial Holding is recast as he held, with he supplied from the preceding attributed speaker; belike becomes apparently.

caelebs

Printed “cælebs” (Latin; lemma).

Unmarried.

Here: Cælebs applies to the female Calliope, so it does not inherently mean a male bachelor. The next line supplies lack of a dowry as the reason.

Context: Buchanan’s mythic comparison concerns scholarly poverty. Burton’s following English maid is a separate rendering, not evidence of a monastic vow.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Calliope longum cælebs cur vixit in ævum?

Modern rendering: Why did Calliope live unmarried for so long?

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “cælibes” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: caelebs.

Here: Ad means to; cælibes is the plural used for unmarried people, here the addressees of Augustus’s pro-marriage speech.

Context: The margin cites Cassius Dio 56; the adjacent Hadrian attribution and wider national generalizations are not thereby established.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: ad cælibes

Modern rendering: to the unmarried

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “cœlibes” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: caelebs.

Here: Cœlibes is the printed ligature variant; Romanos identifies the Romans and ad supplies to.

Context: The margin invokes Augustus in Burton’s imagined compulsory-marriage polity; the scheme also excludes people on grounds of disability or supposed hereditary disease.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: ad cœlibes Romanos

Modern rendering: to unmarried Romans

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “cælibe” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: caelebs.

Here: Cælibe qualifies vita as unmarried life; the ablative phrase supplies the comparison after melius, better.

Context: Horace’s complete comparison also has the unmarried person praising marriage. Burton extracts the married person’s praise of single life, as the supplied note explains.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Nil ait esse prius, melius nil cælibe vita

Modern rendering: He says nothing comes before it, nothing is better than single life

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Ait supplies he says, with the reported infinitive expanded into finite clauses; the comparative phrase becomes than single life.

Further local use

Printed “cælibes” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: caelebs.

Here: Cælibes qualifies viros, men, in a hypothetical account of people left unmarried through divorce; it does not mean men who have never married.

Context: Filesac’s claim is counterfactual and the imperial laws are not precisely cited. Burton calls divorce difficult and not altogether suitable, and returns to earlier remedies.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: cælibes viros

Modern rendering: unmarried men

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

caelibatus

Printed “cælibatum” (Latin; lemma).

The unmarried state.

Here: Cælibatum is accusative of caelibatus after ad, to; eum vocari is the reported clause he is called. The surrounding gift of continence is a distinct capacity.

Context: The Beza margin concerns lack of the means to marry. Its final cui demis is unclear and incomplete; this record aligns only the preceding clear clause.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: eum vocari ad cælibatum

Modern rendering: he is called to celibacy

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “Cælibatum” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: caelibatus.

Here: Cælibatum names celibacy as the object of the preceding curse claim; quanto amplius gives how much more.

Context: The pro-marriage list contrasts supposed punishment of involuntary childlessness with voluntary celibacy. Burton supplies no specific biblical authority for the alleged Mosaic curse; the counter-parody follows.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: quanto amplius Cælibatum?

Modern rendering: how much more, then, celibacy?

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Quanto amplius supplies how much more and Cælibatum celibacy; the modern connective then is supplied to make the inference explicit.

Further local use

Printed “cælibatu” (Latin bibliographical phrase; lemma).

Citation key: caelibatus.

Here: De supplies on, cælibatu celibacy, and the printed abbreviation sacerd. is resolved as of priests in the supplied translation.

Context: Chemnitz is a polemical bibliographical authority in the anti-monastic catalogue, not proof of the medical or criminal allegations.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: de cælibatu sacerd.

Modern rendering: on the celibacy of priests

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “cælibat.” (Latin bibliographical phrase; lemma).

Citation key: caelibatus.

Here: The abbreviated cælibat. remains visibly abbreviated; de supplies On and sacerdotum of Priests.

Context: Burton presents Coster’s comparison between priestly marriage and concubinage; the cited original and its surrounding argument remain uncollated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: de cælibat. sacerdotum

Modern rendering: On the Celibacy of Priests

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Caesar’s laws and Christ’s

Printed “Aliæ sunt leges Cæsarum, aliæ Christi” (Latin; family).

Human imperial laws and Christ’s commands are different.

Here: Aliæ... aliæ contrasts different laws; Cæsarum means of the Caesars and Christi of Christ. Papinianus is the jurist Papinian, Paulus Paul, and præcipit commands.

Context: Burton cites Jerome to oppose restrictive marriage rules. The supplied source note locates the comparison in Jerome’s discussion of unequal sexual standards and Fabiola, rather than treating it as a direct celibacy ruling.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Aliæ sunt leges Cæsarum, aliæ Christi, aliud Papinianus, aliud Paulus noster præcipit

Modern rendering: The laws of the Caesars are one thing, Christ’s another; Papinian commands one thing, our Paul another

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The second laws is understood in both versions. In the original, the Papinianus clause has an understood verb and præcipit is printed after Paulus; the modern redistributes commands to the Papinian clause and leaves the Paul clause elliptical. Burton’s following English generalization is separately rendered.

chaste / chastity

Printed “chastity” (English; family).

Sexual purity or fidelity.

Here: Chastity here is the sexual abstinence promised in the religious commitment; vows of supplies the promise, rather than belonging to the noun’s definition.

Context: Burton lists this among evangelical counsels in a polemical account of merit, but immediately distinguishes moderate fasting and bodily restraint from destructive excess.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: vows of chastity

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “chast” (English; family).

Citation key: chaste / chastity.

Here: Chast here means sexually faithful to a spouse; though preserves the contrast with an unfaithful husband. It does not require unmarried status.

Context: The statement describes the faithful wife under the preceding condition. Dido’s quoted pledge belongs before her relationship with Aeneas, as the supplied source note explains.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: She is resolv’d with Dido to be chast; though her husband be false, she will be true

Modern rendering: She is resolved, with Dido, to be chaste: though her husband is unfaithful, she will be true

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Christian liberty

Printed “Christian liberty” (English; phrase).

The freedom to marry claimed as a Christian entitlement.

Here: This points to permitting priests to marry; Christian marks Burton’s religious justification, not unrestricted liberty from every law.

Context: Wherefore I conclude makes this Burton’s explicit conclusion after his Witzel report. The numerical claim about priests’ desire is rhetorical and unverified; per ætatem has a preserved ambiguity.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: to bar men of this Christian liberty

Modern rendering: to deprive people of this Christian liberty

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

enforced continence

Printed “inforced temperance” (English; family).

Compelled sexual abstinence.

Here: Temperance here means sexual continence, and inforced supplies compulsion. It does not mean moderation in food or drink.

Context: Burton attributes diseases and crimes to this condition. Those causal claims and accusations remain historical polemic, not accepted medical explanation or verified offences.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: this inforced temperance

Modern rendering: this enforced continence

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

innuptus

Printed “Innuptæ” (Latin; lemma).

Unmarried.

Here: Innuptæ qualifies puellæ, girls; amictæ means dressed, and viridibus pannis in green garments.

Context: The funeral anecdote attributed to Scardeone remains uncollated. Burton’s body virgins is rendered maidens; the margin specifies unmarried girls rather than a test of sexual history.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: 12. Innuptæ puellæ amictæ viridibus pannis

Modern rendering: Twelve unmarried girls dressed in green garments

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

monachatus

Printed “monachatus” (Latin; lemma).

The monastic state or way of life.

Here: Monachatus is a noun distinct from the preceding Votum cœlibatus, the vow of celibacy. The margin lists related practices rather than two synonyms.

Context: The body’s attack concerns claims of religious merit and bodily mortification; its sweeping extension across religions is Burton’s polemical generalization.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: monachatus

Modern rendering: the monastic state

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

monastery

Printed “Monasteries” (English; lemma).

Religious houses or communities for communal religious life.

Here: Monasteries names the houses; might have been spared argues against their indiscriminate destruction. Collegiate Cels are collegiate houses, not prison cells.

Context: Burton proposes adapting buildings and revenues for study, education, companionship and devotion by men and women not wishing or suited to marry.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: some Monasteries and Collegiate Cels might have been well spared

Modern rendering: Some monasteries and collegiate houses might well have been spared

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Monasteries” (English; lemma).

Citation key: monastery.

Here: Monasteries here are convents for the daughters in the reported custom. The complete construction keeps the names and placement, while the modern shifts from unnamed agents acting on the daughters to passive clauses about the names and daughters.

Context: Burton rejects the view that only beautiful women are fit to marry. The marginal traveller’s name-changing story runs in the opposite direction from his body account and must remain distinct.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: if deformed, they change their lovely names of Lucia, Cynthia, Camæna, call them Dorothie, Ursula, Briget, and so put them into Monasteries

Modern rendering: If unattractive, their pretty names—Lucia, Cynthia, Camena—are changed: they are called Dorothy, Ursula or Bridget and put into convents

Alignment scope: Complete conditional name-changing and placement construction recast from active to passive

Word and construction: Monasteries supplies convents. The original unnamed agents change the daughters’ names, call them by new ones and put them into houses; the modern instead makes their names and then the daughters the subjects of passive verbs, preserving each action and the conditional.

monastic

Printed “monastique” (English; family).

Belonging to or resembling the way of life of monks or nuns.

Here: Monastique describes secluded, scholarly college life here. Burton does not claim to be a monk under a monastic vow.

Context: His account combines sufficient income, limited advancement and retirement from worldly turmoil with the theatre image of observing others.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a monastique life

Modern rendering: a monastic life

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Monastick” (English; family).

Citation key: monastic.

Here: Monastick again applies to Burton’s college life alongside his unmarried status.

Context: The self-description precedes a promise to stop discussing women’s ailments, immediately broken in their supposed defence.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a Monastick life in a Colledg

Modern rendering: a monastic life in a college

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “monasticall” (English; family).

Citation key: monastic.

Here: Monasticall describes the proposed communal residence; the named residents include women who willingly choose single life.

Context: The proposal is a counterweight to Burton’s attacks on coercive religious vows, not evidence that he rejects every communal religious house.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a monasticall College

Modern rendering: a monastic college

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

monk

Printed “Monks” (English; lemma).

Male members of a monastic religious community.

Here: Monks names the religious role; some and truly devoted qualify the particular favourable example.

Context: The example supports preserving useful religious houses. It prevents the hostile catalogues elsewhere from being mistaken for Burton’s only judgement.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: some truly devoted Monks of old

Modern rendering: some truly devoted monks of old

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Monachus” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: monachus.

Here: Monachus means monk; in urbe means in a city, piscis fish, and in arido on dry land. The modern supplies is to make the comparison explicit.

Context: Burton uses a monastic-retreat image in consolation for imprisonment. The supplied note locates a comparison in Athanasius, not Burton’s exact Latin intermediary.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Monachus in urbe, piscis in arido

Modern rendering: A monk in a city is a fish on dry land

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The Latin is verbless; English supplies indefinite articles and is. The two balanced phrases form one comparison.

Further local use

Printed “Monachum” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: monachus.

Here: Monachum is accusative of monachus, monk; desperatio is despair and facit makes.

Context: This proverb describes withdrawal into monastic life after frustrated hopes. Its surrounding secular despair examples do not establish a cause shared by all monks.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Desperatio facit Monachum

Modern rendering: Despair makes the monk

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

monkery

Printed “monkery” (English; lemma).

Monastic life or practices, named disparagingly.

Here: The modern monkish practices retains the contempt in monkery; the neutral noun monachatus in the margin does not itself carry that English sneer.

Context: Burton couples the item with vows of chastity and solitude. His next paragraphs explicitly defend moderate, seasonable fasting.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: monkery

Modern rendering: monkish practices

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

nun

Printed “Nunnes” (English; lemma).

Women belonging to a religious community under religious vows.

Here: Nunnes is one category in a list; it is not interchangeable with every maid, virgin or widow mentioned beside it.

Context: Burton’s claimed embarrassment about treating these groups introduces his anti-coercion polemic. The medical and institutional claims require their historical qualifications.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Nunnes, Maids, Virgins, Widows

Modern rendering: nuns, unmarried women, virgins and widows

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

order

Printed “Order” (English; lemma).

A religious order or its governing rule of life.

Here: Order names the institutional discipline, coordinated with the vow; checks means restrains. The second their is supplied from the shared original possessive.

Context: Burton sets these restraints against nature, youth and desire in an openly Protestant attack on obligatory celibacy.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: their Order and Vow checks them

Modern rendering: their order and their vow restrain them

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The shared possessive their is repeated before vow; checks is modernized as plural restrain with the coordinated subject.

single life

Printed “single life” (English; phrase).

The unmarried state or way of life.

Here: Single means unmarried. Willing howsoever gives the women’s wish, whatever its reason; it does not impose a vow on every resident.

Context: Burton proposes a communal residence for women facing age, poverty, unhappiness or disappointed hopes, as well as those who choose unmarried life.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: are willing howsoever to lead a single life

Modern rendering: for whatever reason, wish to lead a single life

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “single life” (English; phrase).

Citation key: single life.

Here: Single life is unmarried life under material constraint; the wish to marry and the capacity for continence are separate questions.

Context: Burton reports Beza’s counsel to pray for continence, after admitting some people may marry only by forfeiting their livelihoods.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: God hath so called him to a single life, in taking away the means of marriage

Modern rendering: God, by taking away the means of marriage, has thus called him to a single life

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The means phrase moves into the middle of the modern clause; no religious vow is supplied.

Further local use

Printed “Single life” (English; phrase).

Citation key: single life.

Here: Single life is coordinated with virginity rather than made identical to it; prerogatives are the praised advantages.

Context: The unnumbered Table points to printed page 570, where praise turns into satire about the rich bachelor’s inheritance-hunting friends.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Single life and virginity commended 570 their prerogatives ibid.

Modern rendering: The single life and virginity commended, 570; their advantages, same page.

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “single” (English; family).

Citation key: single / single life.

Here: Single is the adjective unmarried; it qualifies the recipients eligible for institutional maintenance, alongside the preceding incapacity conditions.

Context: Burton’s imagined welfare scheme contrasts these recipients with married infirm people receiving other forms of relief in the next paragraph. It is not a provision for all unmarried people indiscriminately.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: and single

Modern rendering: and unmarried

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

virginity

Printed “Virginity” (English; lemma).

The state of remaining sexually untouched, sometimes a consecrated condition.

Here: Virginity is figuratively praised as a jewel; pretious supplies its value. The paragraph moves between unmarried status and religiously esteemed virginity.

Context: This is part of the praise of single life. The next paragraphs qualify religious merit with if you will believe a Papist, acknowledge inconveniences, and turn the rich bachelor’s advantages into satire.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Virginity is a pretious jewell

Modern rendering: Virginity is a precious jewel

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “virginitie” (English; lemma).

Citation key: virginity.

Here: Virginitie is the object of the vow, a promise of sexual abstinence; the surrounding single life names the accompanying marital condition.

Context: Burton condemns forcing this promise on men and women. The constitutional and institutional-motive claims are his historical argument.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: to vow virginitie

Modern rendering: to vow virginity

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “virginitas” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: virginitas.

Here: Virginitas supplies virginity, contrasted with nuptiæ, marriage; replent supplies fills for the first clause and is understood in the second.

Context: The Jerome margin praises consecrated virginity; it does not make every unmarried person a virgin or establish the allegorical claim about heaven.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Nuptiæ replent terram, virginitas Paradisum

Modern rendering: Marriage fills the earth, virginity Paradise

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

virgo

Printed “virgines” (Latin; lemma).

Unmarried women or maidens.

Here: Virgines is plural of virgo; grandiores supplies older. The translation makes unmarried status explicit; barren women and widows are separately named later in the quotation.

Context: Mercado’s reported classification and Burton’s contrast between idle noblewomen and working women belong to historical reproductive medicine and social generalization.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: grandiores virgines

Modern rendering: Older unmarried women

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

votary

Printed “Votaries” (English; lemma).

People bound by religious vows.

Here: Votaries names the religious status; many is Burton’s quantitative generalization, not part of the word’s definition.

Context: The story of James Rossa presents an alleged medical choice between sex, marriage and death. Its printed date 1419, name and circumstances remain uncollated; it is not present medical advice.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: many Votaries

Modern rendering: many people bound by vows

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “votarii” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: votarius.

Here: Votarii means people under religious vows; herbis solum vescuntur supplies eat only herbs.

Context: This marginal traveller-based claim concerns ascetics, not the whole Ethiopian population. Burton’s accompanying religious generalizations and invocation claim require separate collation.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Herbis solum vescuntur votarii

Modern rendering: Those under religious vows eat only herbs

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “votarios” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: votarius.

Here: Votarios means vowed religious; apud gives among, and monachos and sanctos supply monks and saints. The modern supplies occurred to unfold the elliptical conditional.

Context: Burton argues from Bale’s hostile allegations; if is retained, and neither the catalogue nor the further suspicions it invites are verified.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Hæc si apud votarios, monachos, sanctos

Modern rendering: If such things occurred among vowed religious, monks and saints

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Hæc si is an elliptical if these things; the modern supplies occurred. The conditional is not converted into an independent assertion.

votivus

Printed “votivi” (Latin; lemma).

Promised or performed in fulfilment of a religious vow.

Here: Votivi qualifies ludi, games. The supplied note translates the coordinated list with games at the end, so Votive alone is the adjective’s counterpart, not an equal-scope rendering of Ludi votivi.

Context: The marginal catalogue concerns public Roman spectacles, a civic religious vow-context distinct from celibacy. Its Rosinus and other detailed references remain uncollated.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording: Ludi votivi

Original wording: votivi

Modern rendering: Votive

Alignment scope: Equal-scope word-level alignment between the original margin and its supplied note translation

Word and construction: Votivi supplies Votive alone. The larger short quotation Ludi votivi includes games, whose modern counterpart is placed after the coordinated list; it is not included in this word-level alignment.

Modern container: note

votum

Printed “votum” (Latin; lemma).

A wish or desire.

Here: Votum is a singular noun in Juvenal’s catalogue, rendered collectively as plural desires; their in the surrounding modern phrase is supplied from people.

Context: The modern separately translates Juvenal’s Latin and Burton’s own English, where he prints vows. Those two versions are not collapsed into one dictionary equation.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: votum

Modern rendering: desires

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Votum supplies desires alone. The surrounding their is not contained in the selected modern unit; it is a contextual possessive in the full translation.

Further local use

Printed “votum” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: votum.

Here: Votum means wish; sit hoc gives let this be, and à diis from the gods. The infinitives describe reciprocal love and conversation. My is supplied for the petitioner.

Context: Burton attributes the petition to Abrocomus in Aristaenetus, letter 21; the precise intermediary remains uncollated. Loving and being loved are both expressed.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Sit hoc votum à diis amare Delphidem, ab ea amari, adloqui pulchram & loquentem audire

Modern rendering: let this be my wish from the gods—to love Delphis, be loved by her, speak to the beautiful woman and hear her speak

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “voti” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: votum.

Here: Voti is genitive of votum, wish; compotes means possessing or attaining it. The modern supplies are and turns the adjectival predicate into attain.

Context: The phrase supports resistance to astrological fatalism, after predictions are called conjectures rather than decrees. It does not promise universal success.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Qui cauti, prudentes, voti compotes

Modern rendering: those who are cautious and prudent attain their wishes

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The compressed adjectival construction is expanded into a finite English sentence: cautious and prudent people attain their wishes.

Further local use

Printed “Votoque” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: votum.

Here: Voto is dative of votum, the wish or vow opposed; -que supplies and, suo her own for that vow, sua her own for forma, beauty, and repugnat conflicts with.

Context: Ovid’s Daphne wishes for perpetual virginity. Burton changes second-person pronouns to third-person feminine and applies the line to male religious vows; her remains feminine in the modern.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Votoque suo sua forma repugnat

Modern rendering: And her own beauty conflicts with her vow

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The English retains the feminine possessives and gives vow for Daphne’s wish for virginity; the male monastic application is Burton’s transfer, not the quoted subject.

votum · vota

Printed “vota” (Latin; lemma).

Prayers or petitions.

Here: Vota means prayers; prima first, fere almost, and cunctis for everyone. The printed fragment and its etcetera do not supply a complete prayer in this unit.

Context: The Juvenal margin supports Burton’s satire of money worship. The supplied note identifies prayer for growing wealth rather than a promise of lifelong celibacy.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording: Prima fere vota & cunctis &c.

Original wording: vota

Modern rendering: prayers

Alignment scope: Equal-scope word-level alignment between the original margin and its supplied note translation

Word and construction: Vota supplies prayers. The short original quotation preserves the larger fragment, including &c.; the supplied note renders that continuation separately as and so on.

Modern container: note

votum caelibatus

Printed “Votum cœlibatus” (Latin; phrase).

A solemn promise to remain unmarried.

Here: Votum is vow and cœlibatus is genitive, of celibacy; the following monachatus separately names the monastic state.

Context: The phrase appears in the original margin to Burton’s account of evangelical counsels and contested merit, not as an approved rule for all readers.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Votum cœlibatus

Modern rendering: The vow of celibacy

Alignment scope: Original marginal quotation aligned to its separately supplied editorial note translation

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “voto cælibatus” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key: votum caelibatus.

Here: Voto means vow, cælibatus of celibacy, de from, ad nuptias into marriage, and transire to pass.

Context: This infinitive is within Burton’s representation of Bellarmine’s comparison between sexual transgression and breaking a vow; the exact wording and original context remain uncollated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: de voto cælibatus ad nuptias transire

Modern rendering: to pass from a vow of celibacy into marriage

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

voveo

Printed “voverat” (Latin; lemma).

Had wished or prayed for.

Here: Voverat is pluperfect of voveo; odit gives hates, quod what, modò lately and & and. The modern uses lately prayed for in the retrospective relative clause.

Context: The adapted Ovid line refers to Midas’s once-desired golden touch, applied here to dissatisfaction with one’s present condition; it does not name a broken monastic vow.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: & quod modò voverat, odit

Modern rendering: and he hates what he lately prayed for

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

vow · vows

Printed “vows” (English; lemma).

Solemn promises or commitments.

Here: Vows names the obligations; rash supplies Burton’s adverse judgement about making or enforcing them.

Context: The catalogue includes parents, guardians and institutions responsible for constraining distressed people, not only the individuals who make promises.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: rash vows

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “vow” (English; lemma).

Citation key: vow.

Here: Vow here is marital commitment; good man means husband.

Context: Burton praises fidelity sustained by love, virtue and religion rather than confinement, under the preceding condition that the wife is faithful. Dido’s subsequent vow precedes her love for Aeneas.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: The vow she made unto her good man

Modern rendering: The vow she made to her husband

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “vow” (English; lemma).

Citation key: vow.

Here: Vow names Mertila’s promise not to love Pamphilus again, an ordinary erotic pledge rather than a monastic commitment.

Context: The attributed story describes restraint during absence followed by its failure on reunion; the next man, Hermotinus, is expressly every bit as unsteady.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: she broke her vow

Modern rendering: She broke her vow

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “vows” (English; lemma).

Citation key: vow.

Here: Vows are solemn assurances made in courtship, alongside oaths and promises.

Context: This is Burton’s separate English verse after Catullus’s Ariadne complaint. Its abandonment follows satisfaction of desire; the nearby catalogue also accuses women of deceptive promises.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Oathes, vows, promises, are quite neglected

Modern rendering: Oaths, vows and promises are quite forgotten

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

vow

Printed “vow” (English; lemma).

Make a solemn promise or commitment.

Here: The verb vow takes virginitie as its promised object; the surrounding bind and inforce locate the objection in coercion.

Context: Burton applies his criticism to men and women, using historical constitutional claims and alleging institutional greed.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: to vow virginitie

Modern rendering: to vow virginity

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “Vow” (English; lemma).

Citation key: vow.

Here: Vow means promise; the modern participle fits the surrounding description, and chastity expresses the religious sexual restriction here.

Context: The Jesuit catalogue alleges hypocrisy and misconduct. Neither the accusation nor the financial and sexual margins are independently verified reports about Jesuits generally.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Vow virginity

Modern rendering: Vowing chastity

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The bare verbal catalogue Vow virginity is recast as the participial Vowing chastity, preserving the object’s local vowed-abstinence sense.

vow · vowed

Printed “vowed” (English; lemma).

Solemnly asserted or assured someone.

Here: Vowed means assured, not promised future religious abstinence. She had told him, but that is conditional: she would have told him had she not thought the smell normal.

Context: Bilia’s reported reply illustrates marital reserve. The margin’s Dinutum differs from Duilius in the Jerome comparison; the printed name is not silently repaired.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: she vowed unto him she had told him, but that she thought every mans breath had been as strong as his

Modern rendering: She assured him that she would have told him, except that she thought every man’s breath was as strong as his

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The complete reported assurance retains the contrary-to-fact conditional; modern would have makes its force explicit.

Further local use

Printed “vow” (English; lemma).

Citation key: vow.

Here: Vow means declare emphatically.

Context: Burton’s ensuing choice between becoming a judge and being condemned differs from Plutarch’s political-platform-versus-death account, as the supplied note records.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: made Demosthenes vow

Modern rendering: made Demosthenes declare

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “vowed” (English; lemma).

Citation key: vow.

Here: Vowed introduces an assertion about what first attracted him, not a promise to do something.

Context: The statement is attributed to Aristaenetus; the printed letter reference and exact passage remain uncollated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Clearchus vowed to his friend Amyander

Modern rendering: Clearchus assured his friend Amyander

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.