Gifts and liberality

Use in the book

Endowments, distribution and appointment

The opening account of misery calls health, wealth, intelligence, learning and memory God’s good gifts. Their goodness does not guarantee their use: Burton’s argument is that resources intended to help can be turned against their possessors. Augustine’s reported confession supplies an example of gifts used without serving God’s glory. This is Burton’s theological and historical medical explanation, not a present-day attribution of illness to personal fault. Later, the gift of continence is expressly something not everyone possesses; Beza’s proposed prayer for it belongs to the discussion of people without the means to marry.

Theodoret’s differently distributed gifts of wealth and skill become an argument for interdependent occupations. Burton’s tapestry, musical and bodily comparisons defend social inequality, rather than merely celebrating everybody’s talents. Elsewhere, however, his projected commonwealth demands support for worn-out workers and condemns a system that lavishes gifts on idle beneficiaries. The marginal More quotation’s munera gives this criticism an exact lexical foothold. Neither passage should erase the other. Nor does a gift have to be prosperity: poverty is donum Dei when judged by the spiritually regenerate and contented person, although Burton immediately records the world’s contempt and poverty’s painful consequences. The Horatian distinction is between owning much and using the gods’ gifts wisely.

Official giving adds another set of relations. Dignities awarded “by gift” are grants in Burton’s proposed merit-rewarding polity. A position “in whose gift it was” lies within someone’s appointing power. In the Moronia tale the bishop chooses a deserving university scholar who has neither applied nor bought influence, only for Burton to withdraw the happy ending explicitly as pure fiction. It is an imagined reversal of the corrupt patron who calls the highest payer the man of greatest gifts. The attack itself has a boundary: Burton has just honoured many worthy patrons.

Generosity, obligation and calculation

Bounty and liberality can command “body and soul” because benefits attach the receiver to the giver. The extravagant account makes the beneficiary slave, vassal and creature of the patron; its continuation exposes the fragility of interested friendship. Once the meals and rewards cease, the friends disappear. Giovio’s reported memorial to Leo X offers a different reciprocity: a scholar without money can repay patronage by writing a life. His liberal wit gives what a cultivated mind can afford, while the Latin margin calls the biography a munus, a task undertaken.

Burton nevertheless preserves sincere generosity. After accusing benefactors of pursuing fame, spiritual merit or a convenient disposal of property, he expressly allows many people who give through compassion and virtue. The concession does not cancel his continuing suspicion of hypocrisy, but it prevents the suspicion from becoming a denial of all charity. His public institutions would be maintained according to need from the treasury, rather than depend on donaries restricted to a fixed number of recipients. That proposal also attacks the inadequate restitution of a donor who has first harmed far more people than he helps.

Giving has practical limits as well as motives. The attack on ruinous hospitality says that excess is not bounty: proper generosity remains commendable. The medical synopsis’s patient-bounty involves willingness to spend or recompense; the fuller discussion pairs resistance to miserly self-denial with a prohibition on physicians exploiting suffering for fees. These are features of Burton’s historical medical ethic. Another passage makes lavish reward depend on Leo X’s reported success at hunting, showing generosity varying with the giver’s mood. Praise of James VI and I as munificus and of his power to make others liberaliorem, more generous, belongs to royal encomium, not a measured assessment of expenditure.

Courtship gifts and hooked gifts

In courtship, gifts follow promises and oaths when words fail. Mythical gold and crowns become actual coins; Haedus’s largitiones extend the expenditure beyond the woman to attendants, servants and intermediaries. Yet payment never becomes a secure rule of success. In Lucretia’s reported tale, greater gifts bring worse treatment and no kiss; the supposedly competing count’s present is manufactured with her own money. Varthema’s reported encounter reverses the usual donor’s gender, making the Sultan’s wife offer gifts, and expressly ends with his refusal. The travel account and Burton’s alterations require attribution rather than adoption as independent testimony.

The favourable catalogue of love says that it can make the covetous liberal and magnificent, generous and lavish, after describing love’s many harms. The following uncertainty about whether love does more harm than good remains part of the assessment. Scipio’s return of a captive with muneribus, gifts, accompanies sexual restraint rather than purchase of her compliance. In the religious section, donis appears again in the image of God courting human beings by gifts and beauty. Its Christian theological purpose differs from the corrupt seduction catalogue, although both use the language of attraction.

Hamatis donis makes concealed expectation visible. The bachelor’s apparently enviable gifts come with hooks: the next paragraph specifies a man who is both childless and wealthy, and the subsequent account names people cultivating him to become heirs. Plautus’s old man receives relatives’ gifts in the same comic economy. The claim that gifts cease on marriage belongs to this anti-marriage case; Burton eventually recommends taking the chance of marriage. A related Senecan image denies that excessive gambling’s winnings are gifts of fortune, calling them snares and, in Burton’s separate English, bait. Here no human donor need be courting the winner: the danger lies in the attractive apparent benefit itself.

Wider uses of the family

Liberally may describe conceding a point or freely permitting a practice. In the latter use Burton reports arguments for polygamy and brothels, including other people’s claims about bodily necessity; the word does not certify those claims. Its quantitative sense appears in eating freely and an ample supper. The supper discussion records disagreement and then privileges custom and individual experience, so it cannot be reduced to an unqualified dietary rule. Generously or genteelly being brought up concerns circumstances of upbringing and Burton’s class hierarchy.

The liberal sciences cultivate the mind. An attack attributed to Canonhiero refuses medicine that standing because it is allegedly mercenary, but Burton later distinguishes abuse from use and honours medicine as a noble science. Calling procuring a liberal science transfers the title satirically; the Lucian attribution remains unlocated. Finally, devotional donaries are offerings at a shrine. Burton’s comparison of ancient healing shrines with Loreto, and his later catalogue of dedicated gold, belong to religious polemic. The term identifies the gifts; it does not substantiate the associated allegations of fraud or demonic agency.

Related entries

Charity: Merciful love and sincere charitable action.

Generous: Nobility of spirit distinguished from financial liberality.

Church patronage: Rights of presentation, patronage and the sale of church appointments.

Poverty and riches: The valuation and distribution of material resources.

Friendship: Interested attachment and reciprocal friendship.

Dowry and jointure: Dos as marriage portion beside dotes as personal endowments.

Patient: The historical patient’s duties and expenditure.

Marriage: The bachelor-privilege argument and its later qualification.

Commodity: Benefit and self-interest as motives of attachment.

Places to read

1. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 7–9Democritus’s reported learning and marginal liberal studies; extraordinary biographical traditions remain reports.
2. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 9–11The ruler’s muneris is duty, within the attributed diagnosis of political misgovernment.
3. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 6–8Donaries as charitable gifts; public provision according to need replaces limited private collections.
4. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 19–21Dignities awarded by grant in Burton’s proposed commonwealth, with merit and inherited rank distinguished.
5. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 41–43Support for workers and the More margin’s criticism of gifts lavished on idle beneficiaries.
6. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 20–24Commendable bounty and hospitality distinguished from extravagant consumption and financial ruin.
7. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 19–21Liberal sciences as cultivated learning, amid a satirical attack on the wealthy.
8. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 2–4Liberally as freely conceding: Chrysippus’s qualified sage against the claim of invulnerability.
9. Human Excellence, the Fall, Miseries and Infirmities; Their Causes · paragraphs 39–43God-given abilities and resources, their use and misuse, and the attributed Augustine example.
10. Subsection 5. Melancholy as a Passing State, Loosely So Called; the Different Meanings of the Word · paragraphs 4–6Marginal dotes as gifts of mind; Burton adds sorrow to the source’s favourable Metellus portrait.
11. Subsection 2 The Quantity of Food as a Cause · paragraphs 35–36; Subsection 3 Habit in Diet, Pleasure, Appetite and Necessity How They Cause or Prevent Melancholy · paragraph 37Eating liberally and the qualified Hippocratic comparison with an over-restricted regimen.
12. Subsection 6 Excessive Exercise as a Cause, and How It Acts. Solitude and Idleness · paragraphs 19–21Further marginal munere means a duty or occupation, within historical claims about idleness.
13. Subsection 13. Love of Gambling and the Like, and Excessive Pleasures, as Causes · paragraphs 32–38Conditional hunting generosity; gambling’s apparent gifts of fortune become snares, with effects on dependants.
14. Subsection 15 Love of Learning or Excessive Study With a Digression on the Misery of Scholars and Why the Muses Are Melancholy · paragraphs 8–10Royal munificus and comparative liberaliorem in praise of James; the following paragraph acknowledges his death.
15. Subsection 15 Love of Learning or Excessive Study With a Digression on the Misery of Scholars and Why the Muses Are Melancholy · paragraphs 19–23Worthy patrons expressly exempted before the greatest-gifts/highest-payment satire.
16. Subsection 6 Poverty and Want as Causes of Melancholy · paragraphs 17–23Poverty as God’s gift under a specified religious valuation; the world honours the wealthy and liberall regardless of character.
17. Subsection 6 Poverty and Want as Causes of Melancholy · paragraphs 15–17Liberally brought up as comfortable or genteel upbringing, with the adjacent class prejudice visible.
18. Synopsis of the Second Partition · paragraphs 3–5Unnumbered synopsis: patient-bounty among historical treatment duties.
19. Member 3. Whether It Is Lawful to Seek the Saints' Help in This Disease · paragraphs 37–41Votive donaries at healing shrines and Burton’s ensuing polemical comparison with Catholic devotion.
20. Member 4. Subsection 1. Physician, Patient, Medicine · paragraphs 8–10Physicians’ honesty and the condemnation of exploiting patients for payment.
21. Member 4. Subsection 1. Physician, Patient, Medicine · paragraph 17; Subsection 2. Concerning the Patient · paragraphs 18–23The patient’s cooperation, expenditure and disclosure; literary Abderite and biblical payment examples.
22. Subsection 2. Diet Corrected in Quantity · paragraphs 19–22Liberall supper as ample supper, with competing authorities and the appeal to custom and individual experience.
23. Member 4 Exercise of Body and Mind Regulated · paragraphs 35–37The god’s dona, Achilles’s armour, in Burton’s consolatory retelling, which differs from the wider Iliadic scene.
24. Member 4 Exercise of Body and Mind Regulated · paragraphs 12–14Dotes as a maiden’s gifts in a verse-rearrangement exercise, not a marriage settlement.
25. Member 3 Against Poverty and Want and Other Such Adversities · paragraphs 5–8Wise use of the gods’ gifts in Horace and Burton’s separate English with singular God.
26. Member 3 Against Poverty and Want and Other Such Adversities · paragraphs 7–11Differently distributed divine gifts and the argument for unequal, interdependent occupations.
27. Member 7 Against Rejection, Abuse, Injuries, Contempt, Disgrace, Insults, Slander, Mockery and the Like · paragraphs 17–25The right of appointment, the imagined free gift to the scholar, and the explicit withdrawal of the happy tale as fiction.
28. Member 1 Subsection 1 Medical Treatment by Medicines · paragraphs 5–7Reported denial of medicine’s status as a liberal science; read with the subsequent defence.
29. Member 1 Subsection 1 Medical Treatment by Medicines · paragraphs 22–25Burton distinguishes use from abuse and honours medicine after the preceding attacks.
30. Member 2 Subsection 1 Human Love, Which Varies With Its Objects: The Useful, The Pleasant and the Honourable · paragraphs 31–43Bounty and liberality as power over beneficiaries; Latin gift couplet, separate English, and the loss of interested friendship.
31. Subsection 3 Honourable Objects of Love · paragraphs 7–9Giovio’s literary repayment: liberal wit, liberalis ingenii, and munus as a task rather than a present.
32. Member 3 Charity Combining All Three Kinds of Love Pleasant Profitable and Honourable · paragraphs 18–23Suspicion of charitable motives qualified by explicit recognition of many sincere benefactors; literary fame and giving.
33. Persistence and Opportunity of Time and Place; Meetings, Conversation, Singing, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales and Sights, Kissing, Familiarity, Tokens, Gifts, Bribes, Promises, Declarations, Tears, and So On · paragraphs 10–13Lucretia’s narrated manipulation: greater gifts earn less access and a rival’s present is staged.
34. Persistence and Opportunity of Time and Place; Meetings, Conversation, Singing, Dancing, Music, Amorous Tales and Sights, Kissing, Familiarity, Tokens, Gifts, Bribes, Promises, Declarations, Tears, and So On · paragraphs 25–28Promises failing, gifts and bribes, mythical and monetary gold, and Haedus’s frequent largitiones.
35. Subsection 5 Procurers and Love Potions as Causes · paragraphs 56–58Procuring ironically called a liberal science; the Lucian attribution remains unlocated.
36. Member 4 Subsection 1 Symptoms or Signs of Love Melancholy in Body and Mind Good and Bad Signs and So Forth · paragraphs 29–32A woman offers gifts in the altered travel story; the borrowed Virgilian munus is a requested favour, and the traveller refuses.
37. Member 4 Subsection 1 Symptoms or Signs of Love Melancholy in Body and Mind Good and Bad Signs and So Forth · paragraphs 48–52Love’s qualified beneficial alterations: the covetous become liberal, while net harm or good remains uncertain.
38. Resist the Beginnings, Avoid Occasions, Change One’s Location; Fair and Foul Means, Contrary Passions and Ingenious Devices; Introduce Another Love and Disparage the Former · paragraphs 16–18Scipio’s gifts to a returned captive within a catalogue of restraint; broader biographical details are not proved by the episode.
39. By Counsel and Persuasion, the Foulness of the Deed, the Faults of Men and Women, the Miseries of Marriage, the Consequences of Lust, and So Forth · paragraphs 31–45The wealthy childless bachelor, hooked gifts, legacy hunters and Plautine relatives; the ensuing anti-marriage complaint.
40. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 51–53Not everyone has the gift of continence; Beza’s reported counsel amid impediments to marriage.
41. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 29–31Liberally admitted as freely permitted, in attributed arguments about polygamy and brothels.
42. Subsection 5 The Last and Best Cure for Love Melancholy Is to Let Lovers Have Their Desire · paragraphs 34–36The later turn toward attempting marriage qualifies the earlier bachelor-privilege argument.
43. Prevention Before or After Marriage: Plato’s Community of Wives; Marrying a Courtesan; Love Potions; Brothels; Marrying Someone Equal in Age and Fortune, From a Good Family, Well Educated and of Good Standing; Treating Wives Well; and So On · paragraphs 54–56Too liberal and a lavish allowance in Burton’s gendered warning, following criticism of husbands’ deprivation.
44. Its Object, God; What His Beauty Is; How It Attracts. The Parts and People Affected · paragraphs 34–37Divine bounty and the donis image of God courting human beings, followed by Scripture as a love letter.
45. General Symptoms: Love of Their Own Sect; Hatred of All Other Religions; Obstinacy and Ill Temper; Readiness to Undergo Any Danger or Adversity for It; Martyrs; Blind Zeal and Blind Obedience; Fasts and Vows; Belief in Incredible and Impossible Things. Particular Symptoms Among Pagans, Muslims, Jews and Christians; and Among Christians, Heretics Old and New, Schismatics, Scholastic Theologians, Prophets, Enthusiasts and So On · paragraphs 25–27Donaries as dedicated offerings; uncollated quantities and the qualified source relation in the following sacrifice comparison.

In this edition

The edition preserves several important changes of construction. “In whose gift it was” becomes “who had the right to appoint to it,” an explanation of the whole idiom. “Extend their liberality” becomes “generously give”: the noun becomes an adverb while the act is made explicit. Liberally grants becomes freely concedes; liberally admitted becomes freely permitted. Neither use implies a material present. The upbringing and ample-supper renderings use generously or generous in different local senses.

The Latin gift quotations and Burton’s own English must be read separately. Munera are gifts and deos gods; the following English makes them good turns and God. The paired modern column translates both versions separately. Likewise, the Horatian gods’ gifts become God’s gifts in Burton’s own following stanza. The printed Horace reference and apparent Nor error remain matters of textual qualification, not grounds for removing the negative claim that possession alone fails to confer happiness.

Inflection does useful work. Donis and muneribus can express the means or object required by their construction; muneribus with uti is the gifts one uses. In hamatis donis, the hooks come from hamatis, not from donis alone. Liberaliorem contributes the comparative more generous; liberalis ingenii means of a generous mind. The favour requested as munus is another sense from the task in Giovio’s margin or the ruler’s duty. The supplied your in the Virgilian appeal comes from its address to the beloved, and his before gifts in the divine-courtship rendering comes from the giver and surrounding possessive construction. The original donaries receives either gifts or votive gifts according to its destination.

The compact routes retain selected significant uses rather than every recurrence of giving. Dotes connects this article to Dowry and jointure without restricting personal endowments to money; Generous develops the distinct nobility-of-spirit vocabulary, and Charity the fuller account of merciful love. Historical dietary, medical, religious and social claims remain attributed to Burton or his reported authorities. A citation or a narrative illustration does not authenticate its allegation, cure, quantity or moral generalization.

bounty

Printed “bounty” (English; lemma).

Generosity or generous giving.

Here: Bounty and liberality are paired names for giving that wins another person over. The claim that it commands body and soul is the surrounding hyperbole about profit and dependency.

Context: Burton’s account of attraction by advantage continues into the collapse of interested friendship when wealth disappears.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: bounty and liberality command body and soul

Modern rendering: bounty and generosity command body and soul

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “bounty” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bounty.

Here: Bounty means generosity, expressly denied of excessive feasting.

Context: Burton distinguishes commendable hospitality properly used from ruinous extravagance, rather than condemning all giving. His bodily-disease consequences remain historical claims.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: tis not bounty, not hospitality

Modern rendering: this is neither generosity nor hospitality

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The parallel negatives not... not are reorganized as neither... nor; tis is expanded to this is.

Further local use

Printed “bounty” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bounty.

Here: Bounty is generosity among the qualities of worthy patrons.

Context: Burton explicitly exempts many patrons he knows, and others he assumes to exist, before attacking the corrupt group.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: worth, bounty, learning

Modern rendering: merit, generosity, learning

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “bounty” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bounty.

Here: Bounty is willingness to spend or recompense in the historical patient’s duties; it does not denote a bodily abundance.

Context: The unnumbered synopsis points to a historical medical ethic. The passage warns against endangering health to save expense; the passage condemns physicians who exploit pain for payment.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: patience, confidence, bounty

Modern rendering: patience, trust, generosity

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “bounty” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bounty.

Here: Bounty means generous provision, alongside food and rewards.

Context: Interested friends remain only while benefits are expected, and abandon the giver when his resources are spent; the ensuing Timon example is Lucian’s literary story.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: as long as bounty, good cheer, and rewards were to be hoped

Modern rendering: As long as generosity, good dinners and rewards could be expected

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “bounty” (English; lemma).

Citation key: bounty.

Here: Bounty is God’s beneficence in Burton’s theological argument.

Context: Burton says non-Christian observers admire divine generosity while judging their worship mistaken; this hierarchy is his religious position.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: his bounty, goodness

Modern rendering: his bounty and goodness

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

donary · donaries · local use 1

Printed “donaries” (English; lemma).

Donations or charitable gifts.

Here: Donaries names gifts supporting charitable institutions; the term does not require a deity as recipient here.

Context: In his projected commonwealth Burton prefers continuing public funding for everyone in need over restricted private collections. His preceding image of robbing a thousand to relieve ten attacks inadequate restitution.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: collections, benevolences, donaries

Modern rendering: collections, charitable contributions, or gifts

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

donary · donaries · local use 2

Printed “donaries” (English; lemma).

Gifts or offerings dedicated at a shrine.

Here: Donaries are votive gifts; pendants separately names hanging objects. The sacred destination supplies a specific devotional use absent from the ordinary charitable donations.

Context: Burton compares Aesculapius’s shrine with Loreto in an anti-Catholic attack on miracle claims. His allegation that the same devil operates both is polemical, not a verified explanation of cures or devotion.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: pendants, donaries

Modern rendering: hanging objects and votive gifts

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “donaries” (English; lemma).

Citation key: donary.

Here: Donaries again means dedicated or votive gifts, among other offerings.

Context: Burton’s catalogue calls the gods fictitious and makes a sweeping no-one-empty-handed claim. The reported gold quantities are not collated; the next human-sacrifice comparison omits rescue precautions in Strabo and adds willingness.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: their donaries, pendants, other offerings, presents

Modern rendering: their votive gifts, hanging ornaments, other offerings and presents

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

donum

Printed “donis” (Latin; lemma).

Gifts or presents.

Here: Donis is ablative plural, by gifts; datis qualifies them as bestowed; Jupiter ipse is Jupiter himself, and Placatur supplies is appeased within the selected unit.

Context: The quoted Ovidian claim exaggerates the power of gifts over gods; Burton’s following English is a distinct adaptation.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Placatur donis Jupiter ipse datis

Modern rendering: Jupiter himself is appeased by gifts bestowed

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: Donis supplies by gifts, datis bestowed, Jupiter ipse Jupiter himself, and Placatur is appeased; English by expresses the ablative means.

Further local use

Printed “donis” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: donum.

Here: Donis is ablative plural gifts used as means of winning the woman over; majoribus gives greater. The comparative quo construction is recast as The greater... with which.

Context: The speaker is Lucretia in the dialogue Burton attributes to Aretino: she says greater gifts brought worse treatment and no kiss. The next present from a supposed count is staged with her own money. The authorial attribution and edition remain uncollated.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Quo majoribus me donis propitiabat

Modern rendering: The greater the gifts with which he sought to win me

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “donis” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: donum.

Here: Donis means with gifts; formâ suâ is with his own beauty. The modern repeats his with gifts from the divine subject and possessive context; donis alone contains no possessive.

Context: Burton’s Augustine-attributed image makes God court human beings; it belongs to a Christian theological appeal, not the corrupt courtship example’s moral register. The body’s following wooes up is printed but interpreted as woos us.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: donis & formâ suâ

Modern rendering: with his gifts and his beauty

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The ablatives give the means, with gifts and with his own beauty; his before gifts is supplied from God as giver and the coordinated possessive context.

Further local use

Printed “dona” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: donum.

Here: Dona is accusative plural gifts; dei supplies the god’s and splendida splendid.

Context: The divine armour consoles Achilles in Burton’s Latin retelling; the compared Iliad also increases his anger. This is a reported literary transformation, not proof that the armour had a therapeutic effect.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: dei splendida dona

Modern rendering: the god’s splendid gifts

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

donum Dei

Printed “donum Dei” (Latin; phrase).

A gift of God.

Here: Donum is gift; Dei is the genitive of God. Here poverty, rather than prosperity, receives that name.

Context: The valuation is conditional on the perspective of a wise, spiritually regenerate and contented person and is attributed to Chrysostom. Burton immediately contrasts worldly contempt and later develops consolation; he does not deny poverty’s suffering.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: donum Dei

Modern rendering: God’s gift

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

dos

Printed “dotes” (Latin; lemma).

Endowments, abilities or excellent qualities.

Here: Dotes is accusative plural, gifts or qualities; animi supplies of mind and rarissimas exceptional. This wider sense of dos differs from a marriage portion.

Context: The original Valerius margin praises Metellus’s good fortune. Burton’s body adds that he nevertheless suffered sorrow, whereas the cited source’s favourable conclusion does not establish that addition.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: rarissimas animi dotes

Modern rendering: exceptional gifts of mind

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “dotes” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: dos.

Here: Dotes is nominative plural gifts or qualities; the dative tibi with sunt is recast as you have; tot... quot gives as many... as; virgo addresses the maiden.

Context: The line is supplied as a verse-rearrangement exercise, not a statement proving a particular woman’s qualities or dowry. The exercise counts and editions remain uncollated.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: Tot tibi sunt dotes virgo, quot sydera cœlo

Modern rendering: Maiden, you have as many gifts as there are stars in the sky

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

gift · gifts · local use 1

Printed “gifts” (English; lemma).

Benefits, abilities or resources bestowed on someone.

Here: Health, wealth, strength, intelligence, learning, skill and memory are treated as divine endowments which can be well used or misused. Good belongs to its separate adjective.

Context: Burton’s theological and moral account of self-harm through misused resources; the adjacent historical disease causation must not be treated as a modern explanation of illness.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: those good gifts which God hath bestowed upon us

Modern rendering: God’s good gifts

Alignment scope: Relative-clause construction condensed to a possessive noun phrase

Word and construction: The relative clause which God hath bestowed upon us is condensed into the possessive God’s; those and upon us are not separately represented in the modern noun phrase.

Further local use

Printed “gifts” (English; lemma).

Citation key: gift.

Here: Gifts include both wealth and skill. Differently reflects diversly, rather than implying that gifts themselves are uniformly material.

Context: Burton attributes this providential distribution to Theodoret; the continuation defends unequal but interdependent occupations. The precise cited wording remains uncollated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: God diversly distributed his gifts, wealth to one, skill to another

Modern rendering: God has distributed his gifts differently: wealth to one, skill to another

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “gift” (English; lemma).

Citation key: gift.

Here: Gift denotes a capacity for continence, sexual self-restraint. The initial negation means not everyone, not nobody.

Context: Burton then reports Beza’s counsel to pray for it where means of marriage are unavailable. The Latin margin ends incompletely; the report is not a statement that everyone possesses this gift.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Every man hath not the gift of continence

Modern rendering: Not every man has the gift of sexual self-restraint

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

gift · gifts · local use 2

Printed “gifts” (English; lemma).

Abilities or endowments, satirically reinterpreted as payments.

Here: The candidate supposedly best endowed is actually the one who pays most. Greatest qualifies gifts; the joke depends on the turn from intellectual or spiritual capacity to money given to a patron.

Context: Burton attacks corrupt church patrons after explicitly honouring worthy patrons. He does not assert that every patron sells a living.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: and him they present in conclusion, as a man of greatest gifts, that will give most

Modern rendering: and the man they finally nominate as having the greatest gifts is the one who will give most

Alignment scope: Complete nomination clause with object description recast as a modern subject and finite identification

Word and construction: The original him... as a man is recast as the man they finally nominate; in conclusion becomes finally. Greatest qualifies gifts, and that will give most becomes is the one who will give most, making the satirical identification explicit.

gift

Printed “gift” (English; lemma).

A grant or act of bestowal.

Here: Gift is one means of assigning a dignity, alongside election and inheritance; it is an award rather than a personal aptitude.

Context: Burton’s projected commonwealth would reward merit and good service; these shall-statements describe his proposal, not an existing system.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: by election, or by gift

Modern rendering: by election or grant

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

gift · gifts · local use 3

Printed “gifts” (English; lemma).

Things given as presents.

Here: Gifts are material offerings grouped with bribes and tokens after promises and oaths fail. Their erotic purpose comes from the scene, not from the noun alone.

Context: Burton describes lovers’ tactics conditionally, then moves from mythical gold to actual coins. The gold maxim is Ovidian despite the Catullus margin; these examples are literary rhetoric, not proof that payment obtains affection.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: bribes, tokens, gifts

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “gifts” (English; lemma).

Citation key: gift.

Here: Gifts are presents offered by the Sultan of Sana’s wife to the traveller; fair qualifies promises.

Context: This is Varthema’s reported story as altered by Burton, not independent testimony. The continuation expressly says he did not consent. The waiting-maids are sent away in Burton but offered as alternatives in the compared travel account.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: loaded him with fair promises and gifts

Modern rendering: loaded him with fine promises and gifts

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “gifts” (English; lemma).

Citation key: gift.

Here: The presents supposedly stop when the formerly unmarried man marries. All is the argument’s sweeping quantifier, not an established social law.

Context: This belongs to the anti-marriage case following the wealthy, childless legacy-hunting scenario; Burton’s eventual the passage conclusion recommends attempting marriage.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: All gifts and invitations cease

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

hamatis donis

Printed “hamatis donis” (Latin; phrase).

Entrapping gifts, literally hooked presents.

Here: Hamatis, hooked, qualifies ablative plural donis, gifts. With hooks in them expands the adjective’s image: the giver seeks a claim on the recipient’s estate.

Context: Burton’s apparent praise of bachelor privileges turns satirical. The next paragraph requires both childlessness and wealth; relatives and legacy hunters cultivate the man to become heirs. The Tertullian attribution remains unlocated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: hamatis donis

Modern rendering: gifts with hooks in them

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

in someone’s gift

Printed “gift” (English; phrase).

The authority or right to bestow an appointment.

Here: The idiom in someone’s gift identifies the person entitled to appoint, here the bishop. It does not mean that the chaplain already owns the post.

Context: The imaginary Moronia tale lists rival claimants and awards the post freely to an unconnected scholar; the passage explicitly withdraws the ending as pure fiction, never true or likely. This is not an authenticated appointment.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: in whose gift it was

Modern rendering: who had the right to appoint to it

Alignment scope: Idiomatic possessive relative construction expanded to an explanatory relative clause

Word and construction: The original possessive relative construction is expanded into a relative clause explicitly stating the right to appoint; right to appoint expresses the idiom’s whole sense.

Further local use

Printed “gift” (English; phrase).

Citation key: in someone’s gift.

Here: In his lordship’s gift again means within the bishop’s power to award. Next belongs to the vacancy rather than the definition of gift.

Context: This is the seventh applicant’s claim based on prior promises, before the bishop’s different final choice.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: the next place in his Lordships gift

Modern rendering: the next vacancy in his lordship’s gift

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

largitio

Printed “largitiones” (Latin; lemma).

Gifts or distributions, especially liberal giving.

Here: Largitiones is nominative plural gifts or distributions; crebræ supplies frequent, fiant the injunction let them be, and & and. The modern shares Let from the preceding quoted clause.

Context: Haedus’s uncollated words are embedded in Burton’s description of the lover’s expenditure on the beloved and her entourage. The context makes giving strategic without making every largitio a bribe.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: & crebræ fiant largitiones

Modern rendering: and gifts be frequent

Alignment scope: Coordinated Latin injunction rendered with Let shared from the preceding modern clause

Word and construction: Largitiones supplies gifts and crebræ frequent; fiant is rendered be with Let carried over from the preceding modern clause, so the selected fragment shares its governing imperative frame.

liberal

Printed “liberal” (English; lemma).

Generous or free in giving.

Here: Liberal is the financial generosity into which love is said to turn a miser. The preceding generous describes nobility of spirit, and magnificent adds lavishness.

Context: This is the qualified favourable side of love after its harms: many times, not invariably, fools become wise, and the passage leaves harm versus good difficult to decide. Burton cites Cardano as drawing on Plutarch.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: covetous, liberal and magnificent

Modern rendering: the covetous generous and lavish

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The original compressed change from covetous to liberal and magnificent is made explicit by the surrounding modern makes construction; the adds a substantive noun-like use of covetous.

Further local use

Printed “liberall” (English; lemma).

Citation key: liberal.

Here: Liberall is the spelling of liberal in the same generous-giving sense; withall supplies too.

Context: In common opinion, Burton says, wealth plus generosity secures honour regardless of character. The passage satirizes this valuation rather than approving its stereotypes or its rule.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: rich (and liberall withall)

Modern rendering: rich—and generous too

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberal” (English; lemma).

Citation key: liberal.

Here: Both adjectives concern lavish giving to the woman and her whole entourage. Very is rendered most; it does not establish a separate superlative form of liberal.

Context: Burton states a would-be successful lover’s supposed requirements, citing the uncollated Haedus passage. The gifts’ instrumental purpose does not make liberality here synonymous with charity.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: very bountiful and liberal

Modern rendering: most generous and liberal

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberal” (English; lemma).

Citation key: liberal.

Here: Liberal means generous or free-handed; too supplies the excess. The next clause includes both freedom of movement and a lavish allowance.

Context: Burton’s gendered warning balances his preceding criticism of deprivation; neither accusation establishes a general causal law about wives’ conduct.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: some are too liberal

Modern rendering: some are too generous

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberaliorem” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: liberalis.

Here: Liberaliorem is the accusative singular comparative of Latin liberalis, more generous, in the marginal claim that the royal Phoebus makes people so by a glance.

Context: Hyperbolic praise of James VI and I, retained after his death and followed by praise of his successor; the Phoebus wording remains unlocated.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: liberaliorem

Modern rendering: more generous

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

liberal sciences

Printed “liberal sciences” (English; phrase).

Learned studies intended to cultivate the mind.

Here: Liberal describes the cultivated or learned character of these disciplines. This use does not name political affiliation, free tuition or giving money.

Context: Burton attacks the neglect of learning by wealthy people in a satirical catalogue; the accompanying Aristotle attribution remains uncollated.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: liberal sciences

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberales disciplinas” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key: liberales disciplinae.

Here: The Latin accusative plural phrase means liberal studies: liberales qualifies disciplinas.

Context: An original margin celebrates Democritus’s range of learning. Nearby stories of extraordinary knowledge and self-blinding remain explicitly reported traditions.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: liberales disciplinas

Modern rendering: liberal studies

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “liberal science” (English; family).

Citation key: liberal sciences.

Here: The dignified learned-discipline expression is transferred ironically to organized procuring.

Context: Burton attributes this label to Lucian without a located passage and attacks the supposedly elaborate skills of bawds; the classification is satirical, not an endorsed curriculum.

Source: original body

Source and modern wording: a liberal science

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberall science” (English; family).

Citation key: liberal sciences.

Here: The phrase denotes a learned discipline understood as disinterested rather than merely mercenary; liberall is the spelling with double l.

Context: Burton reports Canonhiero’s attack on medicine and law, then rejects wholesale condemnation, distinguishes use from abuse, and honours medicine while urging moderation. The sixteen-argument source remains uncollated.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a liberall science

Modern rendering: a liberal science

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

liberal wit

Printed “liberal wit” (English; phrase).

A cultivated, generous intellect.

Here: Wit means intellect; liberal qualifies its cultivation and generosity. Perhaps modifies small, retaining the modest uncertainty.

Context: In Burton’s English report, Giovio offers biography as the memorial he can afford for Leo X. The exact source remains uncollated; the Latin margin’s memorial-of-a-mind construction differs from Burton’s English.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a small perhaps, but a liberal wit

Modern rendering: an intellect, small perhaps but generous

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberalis ingenii” (Latin; phrase).

Citation key: liberalis ingenii.

Here: Liberalis ingenii is genitive singular, of a generous mind, dependent on monumento, memorial, in the full margin.

Context: Giovio’s reported literary memorial is compared with monuments too expensive for his means; the supplied note translation preserves the Latin construction separately from the English body.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: liberalis ingenii

Modern rendering: of a generous mind

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

liberality

Printed “liberality” (English; lemma).

Generosity in giving.

Here: The noun phrase with extend becomes the adverb-and-verb generously give. The recipients are people in need; compassion and virtue are expressly acknowledged motives.

Context: Burton allows many sincere benefactors even while maintaining that much ostensible charity involves hypocrisy. The qualification must accompany his preceding attack on charitable reputation-seeking.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: extend their liberality

Modern rendering: generously give

Alignment scope: Verb with noun object recast as adverb plus verb

Word and construction: Extend supplies the act of giving; liberality becomes generously. The possessive their is absorbed into the personal subject of the modern clause.

Further local use

Printed “liberality” (English; lemma).

Citation key: liberality.

Here: Liberality means generosity; bounty is its coordinated companion.

Context: Burton here stresses power over beneficiaries rather than the sincere charitable motive acknowledged.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: bounty and liberality

Modern rendering: bounty and generosity

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

liberally · local use 1

Printed “liberally” (English; lemma).

Freely or readily.

Here: Liberally qualifies an intellectual concession; grants here means concedes, not awards money.

Context: Burton reports Chrysippus’s concession that the sage can lose virtue under particular bodily conditions, after rejecting an invulnerable sage. The historical humoral account is not a present diagnosis.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: liberally grants

Modern rendering: freely concedes

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberally” (English; lemma).

Citation key: liberally.

Here: Liberally means freely in permitting; admitted means allowed and stewes brothels.

Context: Burton reports policy arguments attributed to some nations and some thinkers, not a demonstrated medical necessity or a current legal rule. The following Cairo number remains an unverified reported figure.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: liberally admitted polygamy and stewes

Modern rendering: freely permitted polygamy and brothels

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

liberally · local use 2

Printed “liberally” (English; lemma).

Freely or plentifully in quantity.

Here: Eating liberally concerns the amount or freedom of eating, without a donor or recipient.

Context: Burton says perhaps Hippocrates means these people; the source concerns harm from lapses under a restricted regimen, not an unconditional recommendation to overeat.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: feed liberally

Modern rendering: eat freely

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “liberall” (English; lemma).

Citation key: liberal.

Here: Liberall means ample or plentiful in amount; supper specifies the meal. This is the adjectival counterpart of eating liberally, not a moral claim about a donor.

Context: Burton initially prefers a larger supper, while acknowledging different patients and a dispute between Crato and Cardano; he then gives custom and individual experience priority. This is historical regimen, not dietary advice.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: a liberall supper

Modern rendering: a generous supper

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

liberally · local use 3

Printed “liberally” (English; lemma).

Generously or genteelly, in upbringing.

Here: Liberally marks an upbringing appropriate to comfortable or elevated circumstances; brought up supplies the upbringing itself.

Context: Burton describes distress after loss of rank-appropriate means, then voices a contemptuous class comparison. His hierarchy is not a neutral judgement about poorer people’s minds.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: liberally brought up

Modern rendering: generously brought up

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

munera fortunae

Printed “Munera fortunæ” (English negation with Latin quotation; phrase).

Gifts of fortune, rejected here as a misleading description of winnings.

Here: Munera means gifts; fortunæ is of fortune; sed insidiæ means but snares. The negation not is Burton’s English attached to the Latin phrase and must be retained.

Context: Burton applies a condensed Senecan warning to excessive gambling, whether the immediate outcome is winning or losing; the claimed usual catastrophe is beggary. His following English separately calls them bait.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: not Munera fortunæ, sed insidiæ

Modern rendering: not gifts of fortune but snares

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

munificentia

Printed “munificentia” (Latin; lemma).

Generosity or lavish giving.

Here: Munificentia is ablative singular generosity; incredibili supplies incredible and the English with expresses the ablative manner. Burton follows the Latin with his own expanded English bounty and munificence.

Context: Giovio’s reported Leo X rewards hunters lavishly only when pleased by his sport, contrasting abusive anger after disappointment. The condition and attribution prevent this from being unconditional praise.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: incredibili munificentia

Modern rendering: with incredible generosity

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “munificus” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: munificus.

Here: Munificus means generous or munificent, a nominative masculine singular adjective agreeing with Iacobus, James.

Context: Royal encomium identifies James VI and I as a patron of learning, then admits his death and turns to his successor. The praise is Burton’s rhetorical assessment.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Iacobus munificus

Modern rendering: James the generous

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

munus · Munera

Printed “Munera” (Latin; lemma).

Gifts or presents.

Here: Munera is the nominative plural subject; placant means appease, homines men, deos gods, and the paired conjunctions yield both... and.

Context: Burton quotes Ovid with placant where the compared Latin has capiunt, win over. His following separate English changes gifts to good turns and gods to God; neither change belongs to munera itself.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Munera (crede mihi) placant hominesq; deosque

Modern rendering: Gifts, believe me, appease both men and gods

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Further local use

Printed “munera” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: munus.

Here: Munera is the accusative plural object of mittunt, send; mihi is to me. Qui supplies the relative subject, carried from the preceding modern sentence’s They.

Context: The speaker is Plautus’s comic wealthy childless man, as compressed by Burton; the relatives’ interest in his property explains their gifts. The modern fragment shares its subject with the preceding line.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: Qui mihi mittunt munera

Modern rendering: Send me gifts

Alignment scope: Relative clause rendered as a coordinated predicate sharing the preceding modern subject

Word and construction: The modern line is a coordinated predicate with the subject carried from They in the preceding line; Qui is not independently rendered within this selected modern span.

Further local use

Printed “munera” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: munus.

Here: Munera is accusative plural gifts; tanta supplies such and prodigit lavishes.

Context: Burton’s condensed More margin condemns resources lavished on idle beneficiaries while indispensable workers are neglected. The irregular preceding quæ dat construction remains printed, not silently repaired.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: tanta munera prodigit

Modern rendering: lavishes such gifts

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “muneribus” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: munus.

Here: Muneribus is ablative plural with gifts, accompanying cumulatam, laden, which refers to the captive woman.

Context: Burton’s Livy margin describes Scipio returning the betrothed captive with gifts: the gifts accompany restraint, rather than purchase her sexual compliance. Burton’s age and beauty claims are not proved by that episode.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: muneribus cumulatam

Modern rendering: laden with gifts

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note

munus · Muneribus

Printed “Muneribus” (Latin; lemma).

Gifts or benefits.

Here: Muneribus is ablative plural governed by uti, use; deorum is of the gods and sapienter wisely. It is wise use, rather than mere possession, that the poem commends.

Context: The Horatian stanza denies that wealth alone makes a man happy; Burton’s separate English changes plural gods to singular God. The printed Nor and book 2 ode 9 citation remain, though the passage corresponds to Odes 4.9.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: deorum Muneribus sapienter uti

Modern rendering: use the gods’ gifts wisely

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

munus

Printed “munus” (Latin; lemma).

A favour or boon granted on request.

Here: Munus is the requested favour, not necessarily an object: hoc gives this, extremum last, da grant, miseræ amanti to a wretched female lover. Your is supplied by the address to the beloved.

Context: Burton adapts Dido’s appeal in Virgil, changing let him give to a direct give, to accompany the traveller’s reported encounter with the Sultan’s wife. The next paragraph says the traveller did not consent.

Source: original body

Source wording and original alignment: extremum hoc miseræ da munus amanti

Modern rendering: Grant this last favour to your wretched lover

Alignment scope: Equal-scope phrase/construction in the paired body texts

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

munus · muneris

Printed “muneris” (Latin; lemma).

A duty, task or office.

Here: Muneris is genitive singular, duty, dependent on immemor, forgetful; sui specifies his own and -que coordinates the clause. This is a different sense of munus from a present.

Context: Botero is cited in an original margin describing an incompetent ruler. The exact edition remains uncollated; the following sweeping political accusations belong to Burton.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: suique muneris immemor

Modern rendering: forgetful of his duty

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: Muneris supplies duty, sui his own and immemor forgetful; the enclitic -que is absorbed into the modern list rather than separately rendered.

Modern container: note

Further local use

Printed “munus” (Latin; lemma).

Citation key: munus.

Here: Munus is the task undertaken; conscribendæ vitæ ejus specifies writing his life, and suscepi is I undertook.

Context: Giovio’s reported duty of memorial biography repays patronage without becoming a material gift; the exact source remains uncollated.

Source: original marginal quotation

Source wording and original alignment: conscribendæ vitæ ejus munus suscepi

Modern rendering: I undertook the task of writing his life

Alignment scope: Original marginal phrase aligned with the supplied editorial translation of that same note

Word and construction: The indexed form contributes the defined sense to this complete aligned unit.

Modern container: note