Schoolmen

Use in the book

The opening account of spirits measures the difficulty of its subject against unusually learned minds. Even subtle Schoolmen and profound Thomists, alongside the typifying Cardans and Scaligers and the sharp intellects of Fracastoro and Fernel, cannot fully apprehend these mysteries. Burton nevertheless ventures to proceed. The point is a limit to human understanding, not simply a dismissal of scholastic education. Elsewhere Albertinus the Schoolman appears without insult among authors recommended on the soul’s immortality.

Peripateticks next introduces a disagreement about Aristotle and spirits. Pomponazzi maintains that Aristotle denied them, Scaliger grants this in some measure, and Dandini denies it; the following comparison of separate intelligences with angels explains why the classification is contested. The group name cannot turn this exchange into an uncontested statement of Aristotle’s belief. The later School-men and other theologians supply a ninefold order of evil spirits, presented as a learned taxonomy after Burton has rejected the preceding stories about demons feeding on souls. Daemon and genius explains the adjoining categories.

Thomists can identify a particular explanatory scheme: they divide the passions into eleven, six belonging to the desiring appetite and five to the appetite concerned with struggle. The edition connects this division to Aquinas’s Summa theologiae I–II, question 23, articles 1 and 4. Burton reports other arrangements beside it. When Scotists and Thomists later enter a list of bitterly opposed scholars, the subject is professional antagonism, not the content of their doctrines. The next paragraph allows honourable rivalry as a stimulus to intelligence, a qualification followed in Emulation.

School divinity is made a conspicuous example of unprofitable inquiry. In the prefatory satire, named critics condemn its ocean of Obs and Sols, and Burton asks what defence humanistic learning can then offer. In the account of curiosity, questions about the Trinity, resurrection, election, predestination, reprobation, hellfire and the numbers saved or damned become perplexing labour without practical benefit. The surrounding censure also reaches philosophy and other studies. Curiosity explains that oppressive preoccupation rather than treating all desire to know as vicious.

The same discipline later becomes an absorbing occupation: the melancholy reader may study Scotus, Suárez or school Divinity alongside mathematical and literary exercises. The purpose is to employ the mind, not to certify every doctrine in the books. In the later discussion of dreams, Vives’s joke imagines Schoolmen frightened at night by the monstrous questions they entertain by day, and Burton extends it with the figure of Morpheus. The difference between a useful occupation and its unsettling contents helps explain why the learned name does not carry one fixed valuation.

In the discussion of magical cures, Schoolmen are authorities on moral limits: Burton places them with theologians and writers on cases of conscience against seeking forbidden assistance even for health. His claim that all agree follows the report of people who permit such help. The argument is theological and historical, not present medical guidance. In the geographical digression the name instead accompanies an argument from volcanoes to a localized hell. Belike marks Burton’s inference about the cited writers’ reliance on scholastic authorities; other writers then reject the testimonies as fables or deceptions. Learned attribution is not the same thing as a settled conclusion.

The astronomical Peripateticks hold the hard, impenetrable heavens against which Burton sets a softer, penetrable medium. The compressed syntax attaches transparency and fifth essence to that Aristotelian account. Tycho still distinguishes heaven and air as two substances; Burton’s asserted agreement with rival astronomers is expressly qualified. Essence and quintessence, especially quinta essentia, explains the fifth substance. Later, a mocked Peripatetick gives intellectual allegiance instead of religious confession, and Vanini is accused of extending natural explanation to apparitions and changes of religion. The subsequent repudiation of Peripatetic doctrines is expressly introduced as Vanini’s own reported disclaimer; the passage does not establish its sincerity.

The fullest attack joins Schoolmen to other churchmen accused of devising elaborate defences for doctrines Burton rejects. Quirks and quiddities makes a technical inquiry into essence sound like verbal evasion; Quodlibetaries names a form of disputation within the same contemptuous series. Moral and allegorical interpretation, objections and solutions, and logical extensions remain distinct techniques even as the sentence gathers them into one indictment. The following questions about God becoming a bumblebee or a gourd, and killing a man versus patching shoes on Sunday, belong to satirical controversy rather than evidence that all schoolmen held such opinions. Burton’s account proceeds through a partisan history of reform, then attacks rigorists within his own religious community. Nice, nice distinction, and Plausible, Plausible · plausible · local use 8, clarify the adjacent minute distinctions and persuasive ingenuity.

That polemic does not exhaust the learned group’s role. Burton expressly recommends the devout, subtle and elaborate works of Schoolmen and casuists to readers seeking arguments for God’s existence and the soul’s immortality. His praise still admits the difficulty of persuasion: arguments may satisfy receptive readers yet often fail to bring opponents to a better mind. Religious melancholy, ad sanam mentem · local use 2, explains the conditional hope expressed by ad sanam mentem. Later the danger lies partly in readers’ misapplication of questions about salvation, not simply in their being asked; the continuation warns against both terrifying preaching and complacent reassurance. Finally, many Schoolmen are reported on one side of a dispute about Gentiles’ salvation, followed by intermediate and opposing positions. Neither condemnation nor approval applies indiscriminately to everyone bearing the name.

Related entries

Divine, for theologians and theological learning; Neoterics, for relative chronology rather than school allegiance; Cento, for compilation and the gathering of authorities; Equivocation, for ambiguity and evasion. Daemon and genius, Essence and quintessence, Curiosity, Emulation, Nice and Plausible develop the local distinctions discussed above.

Places to read

1. Democritus Junior to the Reader · paragraphs 45–48school divinity, objections and solutions, and the comparison with humanistic learning.
2. Subsection 9. The Rational Soul · paragraphs 19–22Albertinus the Schoolman among works on the soul’s immortality.
3. Subsection 2 A Digression on the Nature of Spirits Evil Angels or Devils and How They Cause Melancholy · paragraphs 22–26the limits of learned understanding and the disputed Peripatetic account of spirits.
4. Subsection 2 A Digression on the Nature of Spirits Evil Angels or Devils and How They Cause Melancholy · paragraphs 25–30rejection of the preceding demon stories and the School-men’s classification.
5. Subsection 3. Classification of the Passions · paragraphs 1–4the Thomist division of passions and the condition of harmful excess.
6. Subsection 8. Rivalry, Hatred, Faction and the Desire for Revenge as Causes · paragraphs 17–21rival intellectual allegiances, followed by approval of honourable emulation.
7. Subsection 7. A Collection of Other Events That Cause Melancholy: The Death of Friends, Losses, and So On · paragraphs 16–20school divinity within the attack on oppressive, unprofitable inquiry.
8. The Second Partition. The Cure of Melancholy. Section 1. Member 1. Subsection 1. Unlawful Cures Rejected · paragraphs 46–52competing arguments about seeking magical cures and Burton’s claimed scholastic prohibition.
9. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 16–21arguments from volcanic places to hell and the subsequent rejection of those testimonies.
10. Member 3. Air Corrected. With a Digression on Air · paragraphs 26–30the Peripatetic celestial medium and qualified agreement among its opponents.
11. Member 4 Exercise of Body and Mind Regulated · paragraphs 9–13; Member 5. Sleeplessness and Frightening Dreams Remedied · paragraphs 44–46scholastic reading as occupation, and the separate joke about frightening questions.
12. General Symptoms: Love of Their Own Sect; Hatred of All Other Religions; Obstinacy and Ill Temper; Readiness to Undergo Any Danger or Adversity for It; Martyrs; Blind Zeal and Blind Obedience; Fasts and Vows; Belief in Incredible and Impossible Things. Particular Symptoms Among Pagans, Muslims, Jews and Christians; and Among Christians, Heretics Old and New, Schismatics, Scholastic Theologians, Prophets, Enthusiasts and So On · paragraphs 5–17; General Symptoms: Love of Their Own Sect; Hatred of All Other Religions; Obstinacy and Ill Temper; Readiness to Undergo Any Danger or Adversity for It; Martyrs; Blind Zeal and Blind Obedience; Fasts and Vows; Belief in Incredible and Impossible Things. Particular Symptoms Among Pagans, Muslims, Jews and Christians; and Among Christians, Heretics Old and New, Schismatics, Scholastic Theologians, Prophets, Enthusiasts and So On · paragraph 7quiddities, Quodlibetaries and distinct interpretive and logical techniques in religious polemic.
13. Member 2 Subsection 1 Religious Melancholy From Deficiency: Those Affected—Epicures, Atheists, Hypocrites, the Worldly and Complacent, Carnalists, All Impious People, Impenitent Sinners, and Others · paragraphs 13–16; Member 2 Subsection 1 Religious Melancholy From Deficiency: Those Affected—Epicures, Atheists, Hypocrites, the Worldly and Complacent, Carnalists, All Impious People, Impenitent Sinners, and Others · paragraphs 21–28Peripatetic allegiance, the natural-cause argument and Vanini’s reported repudiation.
14. Member 2 Subsection 1 Religious Melancholy From Deficiency: Those Affected—Epicures, Atheists, Hypocrites, the Worldly and Complacent, Carnalists, All Impious People, Impenitent Sinners, and Others · paragraphs 20–25recommended scholastic arguments, their intended readers and persuasion’s limits.
15. Causes of Despair: The Devil, Melancholy, Meditation, Distrust, Weakness of Faith, Harsh Ministers, Misunderstanding Scripture, Guilty Consciences, and So On · paragraphs 30–34questions misapplied to oneself, despair and opposed failures of preaching.
16. Treatment of Despair Through Medicine, Good Counsel, Consolation, and So On · paragraphs 11–15many Schoolmen within a disputed survey of Gentiles’ salvation.

In this edition

Schoolmen becomes scholastics, scholastic writers and scholastic theologians; School-men also becomes scholastics, while the singular Schoolman remains schoolman. School divinity becomes scholastic theology. The wording identifies a learned tradition across differing argumentative uses. Peripateticks becomes Peripatetics in the spirits dispute but Aristotelians in the celestial comparison; doctrine of Peripateticks becomes the whole phrase Peripatetic doctrine. Thomists becomes followers of Thomas Aquinas in the classification of passions.

Quirks and quiddities remains quirks and quiddities; the technical noun therefore still needs explanation. Quodlibetaries becomes disputations on any subject whatever. Obs and Sols becomes objections and solutions, with each abbreviation naming its own side of the procedure. Tropological contributes moral to moral and allegorical interpretations; it does not translate the whole phrase. Ampliations becomes extensions, with note identifying the logical sense. The same note leaves the attribution to Bale uncollated.

The edition retains disputed or problematic source details rather than silently resolving them. Its note on spirits identifies Acts 23:8 and explains the disagreement over separate intelligences and angels. The magical-cure passage prints Romans 8:19 although its maxim corresponds to Romans 3:8. The later salvation catalogue’s printed 1 Rom. v. 18. 19. is rendered Romans 5:18–19. Burton’s attributed counts of commentators on Peter Lombard, and the exact Bale and Vives references in the polemical examples, remain uncollated. The Editor notes identify these limits; they are not additional words spoken by Burton.

Schoolman; Schoolmen

A scholastic theologian or philosopher; plural Schoolmen and hyphenated School-men name writers in that learned tradition, not simply people employed at a school.

Grammar: count noun, singular and plural.

Original text: “Schoolman”. In the modern column: “schoolman”. Albertinus is identified by an intellectual designation among authors to consult about the soul’s immortality. Burton recommends these works as philosophical proofs; the singular is descriptive, not an insult. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “scholastics”. Scholastic writers are included among unusually able minds whose understanding fails before the mystery of spirits. Our subtle qualifies Schoolmen; the judgment concerns these mysteries, and Burton nevertheless ventures to discuss them. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “School-men”. In the modern column: “scholastics”. The School-men and other theologians are credited with a ninefold classification of evil spirits. A reported classification from a mixture of authorities, not a single biblical taxonomy; yet follows Burton’s rejection of the preceding demon stories. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “scholastic writers”. Scholastic writers join theologians and casuists in the opposition to seeking magical cures. Burton claims all oppose the practice after reporting contrary authorities; the claim of unanimity belongs to his theological argument, not modern law or medical guidance. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “Schoolmen”. Scholastic authorities enter the argument that volcanic places demonstrate the existence and location of hell. The reliance is marked belike/presumably; Surius’s account and subscribing writers are reported, and others reject these testimonies. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “scholastics”. Vives’s joke asks how people absorbed in terrifying questions can sleep without fear; Burton extends it with Morpheus imagery. Reported satire rather than evidence that every scholastic held the alleged monstrous questions; the specific Vives passage remains uncollated. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “scholastic theologians”. Scholastic theologians are one group in the polemical list accused of devising arguments to defend church doctrines Burton rejects. Burton’s hostile Protestant description, with alleged motives stated as alternatives; not a neutral institutional history or a verdict on every scholastic writer. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “scholastic theologians”. The learned group is now described through commentators on Peter Lombard’s Sentences and rival schools. Such, says Chemnitz, are most, not all; the figures 200 and 180 are attributed claims uncollated by this edition. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “scholastics”. Burton expressly includes scholastics among learned theologians whose works supply arguments for God’s existence and the soul’s immortality. His recommendation praises subtle, elaborate and devout writings. He limits their audience to receptive readers and admits that efforts to change minds often achieve little. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “scholastic theologians”. Scholastic writers raise theological questions that some distressed readers misunderstand and apply wrongly to themselves. The writers broach questions; divers misapply them. The continuation also blames thundering ministers and warns against both despair and complacency. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Schoolmen”. In the modern column: “scholastic theologians”. Many scholastic theologians are reported to hold that Gentiles’ good works might merit eternal life. Many, not all; an attributed position in a contested survey, followed by intermediate and opposing views and a referral to Collius. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

School divinity

Scholastic theology: theological inquiry conducted through formal distinctions, objections and replies. Its discipline name does not by itself express Burton’s approval or disapproval.

Grammar: noun phrase.

Original text: “School divinity”. In the modern column: “scholastic theology”. The discipline is condemned by a catalogue of named critics as an ocean of objections and solutions and a labyrinth of disputes. Bale, Erasmus, Hospinian, Vives and Chemnitz are the reported critics. The next question extends the satire from theology to humanity. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “school divinity”. In the modern column: “scholastic theology”. Scholastic theology exemplifies inquiry said to perplex people with fruitless questions about salvation and divine mysteries. A sweeping rhetorical attack within the discussion of oppressive curiosity; surrounding criticism also covers other fields, not theology alone. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent. Complementary earlier route: Curiosity. The prior record defines Curiosity in the immediate setting; the shared passage is not a newly discovered source occurrence.

Original text: “school Divinity”. In the modern column: “scholastic theology”. Demanding theological reading is offered among occupations that may absorb the melancholy reader. An invitation to mental occupation, alongside mathematics and other studies, not a blanket assertion that every scholastic proposition is true or every reader should undertake it. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent. Complementary earlier route: Astrology. Same reading-exercise paragraph as cast a Nativity; the prior astrological phrase is a separate lexical item and is not re-counted.

Peripatetic

A follower of Aristotle; the name identifies an intellectual allegiance, with the particular doctrine and Burton’s attitude determined locally. It is related to, but not synonymous with, Schoolman.

Grammar: count noun, singular and plural; plural noun in an of-construction.

Original text: “Peripateticks”. In the modern column: “Peripatetics”. Aristotelian followers are included in the disputed report that spirits or angels were denied. Pomponazzi maintains the account, Scaliger partly concedes it, and Dandini denies it; the next paragraph compares separate intelligences with angels. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent. Complementary earlier route: Daemon and genius. Separate substances is already explained under Daemon and genius; only the group name is attested here.

Original text: “Peripateticks”. In the modern column: “Aristotelians”. Aristotelians are the named proponents of the hard, impenetrable celestial medium opposed in the astronomical comparison. The rejected description includes transparency and fifth essence; Burton finds only qualified agreement between Tycho and his opponents, while retaining Tycho’s two substances. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Peripatetick”. In the modern column: “Peripatetic”. A mocked speaker substitutes an intellectual allegiance for an answer about his religion. Burton imagines a scoffing reply in his hostile treatment of philosophers and deists; the label alone does not establish unbelief in every follower of Aristotle. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “doctrine of Peripateticks”. In the modern column: “Peripatetic doctrine”. Vanini is represented as explaining apparitions, religions and other events through natural causes in accordance with Peripatetic doctrine. Burton reports and rebukes the attributed doctrine. The modern adjective-plus-noun translates the full original doctrine of Peripateticks, not Peripateticks by itself. The quoted original construction is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Peripateticks”. In the modern column: “Peripatetics”. The term names the doctrinal school in Vanini’s reported disclaimer after the exposition. Says my author makes this Vanini’s stated repudiation; it is not simply Burton speaking in his own voice, and the disclaimer’s sincerity is not settled here. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Thomist

A follower of Thomas Aquinas, here identified either by intellectual sharpness, a classification of passions, or an allegiance in learned dispute.

Grammar: count noun, plural.

Original text: “Thomists”. In the modern column: “Thomists”. The profound Thomists belong to the catalogue of able minds unable fully to grasp spirits. The qualification is intellectual limitation before these mysteries, not inability in every subject. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Thomists”. In the modern column: “followers of Thomas Aquinas”. A Thomist scheme divides the passions into eleven, six in the concupiscible and five in the irascible appetite. One classification reported alongside Aristotle, Plato and Vives; harmful bodily effects in the next paragraph are conditional on excess. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Thomists”. In the modern column: “Thomists”. Thomists are paired with Scotists among rival intellectual allegiances. Burton’s generalization concerns bitter attacks, and the next paragraph expressly approves honourable emulation. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent. Complementary earlier route: Emulation. The following approval of honourable rivalry qualifies the hostile rivalries here; the earlier record explains that qualification, without adding a new scholastic term or attestation.

Scotist

A follower of Duns Scotus, named here as one party in learned rivalry.

Grammar: count noun, plural.

Original text: “Scotists”. In the modern column: “Scotists”. The Scotists and Thomists exemplify the professional rivalries Burton draws together from unlike disciplines. He is not explaining their doctrinal differences here; the following approval of honourable rivalry limits the censure to its hostile form. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Quiddity

What a thing is, its defining nature; plural quiddities here invokes technical inquiries or refinements about essence within Burton’s attack on theological evasion.

Grammar: count noun, plural.

Original text: “quiddities”. In the modern column: “quiddities”. Placed beside quirks, the technical term is drawn into a charge of evasive ingenuity. Burton’s hostile catalogue, not a neutral definition of all inquiry into essence; the separate Quodlibetaries denotes a disputational form. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Quodlibetary; quodlibet

A disputation on whatever subject is proposed; Quodlibetaries is the printed plural name in Burton’s hostile catalogue.

Grammar: plural noun naming disputations.

Original text: “Quodlibetaries”. In the modern column: “disputations on any subject whatever”. The technical form of unrestricted disputation is listed among the devices accused of explaining away difficulties. The nearby attribution to Bale concerns Ferribrigge and Strode and remains uncollated; contempt is Burton’s local evaluation, not part of the neutral definition. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Obs and Sols

Abbreviated objections and solutions: problems or counterarguments set out for disputation and the responses to them.

Grammar: coordinated abbreviated plural nouns.

Component sense: Obs. Obs abbreviates objections, the challenges posed; it does not translate the coordinated pair..

Component sense: Sols. Sols abbreviates solutions, the answers offered; it does not translate the coordinated pair..

Component access (Obs): Obs abbreviates objections, the challenges posed; it does not translate the coordinated pair.

Component access (objections): Obs abbreviates objections, the challenges posed; it does not translate the coordinated pair.

Component access (Sols): Sols abbreviates solutions, the answers offered; it does not translate the coordinated pair.

Component access (solutions): Sols abbreviates solutions, the answers offered; it does not translate the coordinated pair.

Original text: “Obs and Sols”. In the modern column: “objections and solutions”. The ocean metaphor makes the formal procedure seem limitless and perplexing to the cited critics. Reported judgments of Bale, Erasmus, Hospinian, Vives and Chemnitz; the next paragraph extends the dilemma to humanistic learning. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Original text: “Obs and Sols”. In the modern column: “objections and solutions”. The same disputational pair appears among minute distinctions and interpretations in the attack on theological ingenuity. The procedure is named accurately while its use receives Burton’s hostile evaluation. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Tropological

Drawing a moral meaning from a text; here the adjective modifies expositions, alongside the distinct allegorical kind.

Grammar: adjective modifying plural noun expositions.

Original text: “tropological”. In the modern column: “moral”. The adjective identifies a kind of textual interpretation in the catalogue of scholastic techniques. Tropological contributes moral; allegorical remains the other adjective, and expositions supplies interpretations. The whole catalogue is polemical. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.

Ampliation

An extension of a logical term’s range; the plural names such logical extensions among Burton’s disputed theological techniques.

Grammar: count noun, plural.

Original text: “ampliations”. In the modern column: “extensions”. A logical operation is named beside instances, decrees and glosses; it is not the same thing as moral interpretation or unrestricted disputation. The edition’s note supplies the technical explanation, while Burton’s body places the word in a hostile list. No particular worked ampliation is given. The quoted original form is aligned to the quoted modern wording at phrase level; surrounding claims and modifiers are kept in the context, not silently included in this lexical equivalent.