Greek reading vocabulary — Alcibiades I

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The alphabetic headwords below are dictionary lemmas, lexical families or phrase labels. Each is followed by attested forms paired with their exact Stephanus references and a local explanation. A dictionary headword need not itself occur in that exact grammatical form. Several records can belong to one fuller article, and a grouped family is not a claim that its members are synonyms.

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1. 122cAttested: εὐχέρειαν (euchereian; 122c); εὐκολίαν (eukolian; 122c). At 122c: Spartan readiness or ease in conduct in the comparative catalogue. At 122c: Spartan easy temper, one of the qualities Alcibiades is urged to measure himself against. Lexical identification: family label: εὐχέρεια / εὐκολία.

Translation in this edition

They give local senses and sample attestations; they are not additional five-part articles. A related article offers context without replacing the gloss. Dictionary lemmas are labelled when supplied alongside an inflected text form.

εὐχέρεια / εὐκολία

Attested: εὐχέρειαν (euchereian; 122c); εὐκολίαν (eukolian; 122c). At 122c: Spartan readiness or ease in conduct in the comparative catalogue. At 122c: Spartan easy temper, one of the qualities Alcibiades is urged to measure himself against. Lexical identification: family label: εὐχέρεια / εὐκολία.

ἡδονή

Attested: ἡδονῶν (hēdonōn; 122a). At 122a: Pleasures none of which the prince should be ruled by, according to the temperate tutor’s educational charge. Lexical identification: lemma: ἡδονή.

καρτερία / φιλοπονία

Attested: καρτερίαν (karterian; 122c); φιλοπονίαν (philoponian; 122c). At 122c: Spartan endurance or steadfast capacity to bear difficulty. At 122c: Spartan love of toil, opposed to Alcibiades’ reluctance to prepare. Lexical identification: family label: καρτερία / φιλοπονία.

κοσμιότης / εὐταξία

Attested: κοσμιότητα (kosmiotēta; 122c); εὐταξίαν (eutaxian; 122c). At 122c: Spartan orderliness presented as a quality before which Alcibiades is a child. At 122c: Good discipline in the catalogue of Spartan advantages. Lexical identification: family label: κοσμιότης / εὐταξία.

φιλονικία / φιλοτιμία

Attested: φιλονικίαν (philonikian; 122c); φιλοτιμίας (philotimias; 122c). At 122c: Spartan love of victory in the educational comparison. At 122c: Spartan ambitions for honour, presented as advantages Alcibiades must reckon with. Lexical identification: family label: φιλονικία / φιλοτιμία.

ἀγανακτῶ (aganaktō)

To be indignant or resent an affront; Socrates professes indignation both for Alcibiades and for his own love at the low standard of rivalry proposed. References: 119c. Lemma: ἀγανακτέω.

ἀγαπητός (agapētos)

Welcome or to be valued; Socrates, as the sole lover of Alcibiades himself, is presented as someone whose presence deserves appreciation. References: 131e. Lemma: ἀγαπητός.

ἀγαπῶντα (agapōnta)

To be content with or satisfied by; if Alcibiades were satisfied with his existing advantages, Socrates says he would already have departed. References: 104e. Lemma: ἀγαπάω.

ἀδεᾶ (adea)

Without fear or apprehension; paired with fearless in the courage tutor's educational task. References: 122a. Lemma: ἀδεής.

ἀδύνατον (adynaton)

Impossible or beyond one's capacity; the fulfilment of Alcibiades' plans without Socrates is asserted to be impossible. References: 105d. Lemma: ἀδύνατος.

ἀθλητάς (athlētas)

A trained competitor or athlete; prepared political rivals would demand preparation from anyone who intended to contend with them. References: 119b. Lemma: ἀθλητής.

ἁθρόους (hathroous)

Assembled together or in a group; the public speaker addresses people collectively while Socrates' conversational partner addresses them one at a time. References: 114d. Lemma: ἁθρόος.

αἰτιᾷ (aitiai)

To blame or accuse; Alcibiades blames Socrates for conclusions which his own answers have supplied. References: 113c. Lemma: αἰτιάομαι.

αἴτιον (aition)

A cause or responsible explanation; the reason for Socrates' silence is said to be divine rather than human. References: 103a. Lemma: αἴτιος.

ᾄττεις (aitteis)

To rush or dart; Alcibiades rushes towards politics before receiving the education his ambition requires. References: 118b. Lemma: ᾄττω.

ἀκοῆς (akoēs)

Hearing; a capacity whose presence improves ears, giving a model for naming the good a political craft would produce. References: 126b. Lemma: ἀκοή.

ἀκόλουθα (akoloutha)

Following or consistent with what has been said; the examples of royal nurture are claimed to indicate the rest of its character without an exhaustive account. References: 122b. Lemma: ἀκόλουθος.

ἀλοιφὰς (aloiphas)

An anointing or rubbing with oil; specifically the scented anointings in the Persian luxury comparison. References: 122c. Lemma: ἀλοιφή.

ἀναβήσῃ (anabēsēi)

To go up or ascend; not knowing how to reach heaven supplies an example of ignorance Alcibiades openly acknowledges. References: 117b. Lemma: ἀναβαίνω.

ἀναθεὶς (anatheis)

To dedicate or set up in a sanctuary; the person who dedicated the self-knowledge inscription is tested against the possibility that its demand might be trivial. References: 129a. Lemma: ἀνατίθημι.

ἀναπλάττοντας (anaplattontas)

To mould or shape anew; the attendants shape the child's limbs in Socrates' account of bodily nurture. References: 121d. Lemma: ἀναπλάσσω.

ἀναφέρων (anapherōn)

To refer or trace something back to a source; Alcibiades traces his learning to ordinary people rather than a named specialist. References: 110e. Lemma: ἀναφέρω.

ἀνθρώπειον (anthrōpeion)

Human; the cause of the delay is expressly denied to be human before being called a divine opposition. References: 103a. Lemma: ἀνθρώπειος.

ἀνίστασαι (anistasai)

To rise or stand up; Alcibiades is imagined rising to address a deliberative assembly. References: 106c. Lemma: ἀνίστημι.

ἀντιτάττεσθαι (antitattesthai)

To draw up against or oppose; Alcibiades is imagined arraying himself against the Persian king. References: 123c. Lemma: ἀντιτάσσω.

ἀντιτιθέντες (antitithentes)

To set opposite for comparison; Socrates proposes to put the Athenians' resources beside the royal rivals' advantages. References: 120e. Lemma: ἀντιτίθημι.

ἀξιοπίστου (axiopistou)

Trustworthy or worthy of belief; Socrates identifies the traveller who described the Persian queen's estates as a credible informant. References: 123b. Lemma: ἀξιόπιστος.

ἀπαλλάττομαι (apallattomai)

To withdraw or give up one's pursuit; Socrates alone has not left Alcibiades when his other lovers have stopped. References: 103a. Lemma: ἀπαλλάττομαι.

ἀπεργάζεται (apergazetai)

To bring about or produce a result; the bad description is assigned to an action insofar as it produces something bad. References: 115e. Lemma: ἀπεργάζομαι.

ἀπιστῶν (apistōn)

To distrust or withhold confidence; Socrates expressly denies that his closing fear comes from distrusting Alcibiades' natural character. References: 135e. Lemma: ἀπιστέω.

ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου (apo tou automatou)

Spontaneously or by itself; Pericles is said not to have become wise without instruction and intellectual company. References: 118c. Lemma: ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτομάτου.

ἀπογιγνομένου (apogignomenou)

To depart or cease to be present; removing disease illustrates the kind of absent bad condition sought in the civic analogy. References: 126a. Lemma: ἀπογίγνομαι.

ἀποκτεινύναι (apokteinynai)

To kill; disputes about justice, unlike ordinary medical classifications, reach the point of reciprocal killing. References: 112a. Lemma: ἀποκτείνω.

ἀπολειφθήσῃ (apoleiphthēsēi)

To fall short of or be left behind; lacking care and craft would also leave Alcibiades short of the renown he seeks. References: 124b. Lemma: ἀπολείπω.

ἀπόλοιντο (apolointo)

To perish or be destroyed; unrestricted control of a ship without navigational knowledge endangers all aboard. References: 135a. Lemma: ἀπόλλυμι.

ἀπορρητέον (aporrēteon)

To give up or abandon the effort; the verbal adjective with negation says they must not give up after admitting their need. References: 124d. Lemma: ἀπαγορεύω.

ἀποφεύξῃ (apopheuxēi)

To escape or get free of; Socrates asks how Alcibiades will escape his present unfree condition. References: 135c. Lemma: ἀποφεύγω.

ἄρρητον (arrēton)

Unspoken or left unsaid; Socrates refuses to leave the wealth comparison unexamined if Alcibiades relies on money. References: 122d. Lemma: ἄρρητος.

ἄφοβον (aphobon)

Fearless; the courageous tutor prepares the heir not to become a slave through fear. References: 122a. Lemma: ἄφοβος.

ἀχρειότατον (achreiotaton)

Useless or unserviceable; the superlative depreciates the aged slave assigned to Alcibiades, sharpening the contrast with royal educators. References: 122b. Lemma: ἀχρεῖος.

βῆμα (bēma)

The speaker's platform; Socrates imagines intercepting Alcibiades as he approaches it to advise the Athenians. References: 106c. Lemma: βῆμα.

βοσκήματα (boskēmata)

A grazing animal or head of livestock; livestock joins land, horses and enslaved labor in the account of Spartan agricultural wealth. References: 122d. Lemma: βόσκημα.

βραχὺ (brachy)

Short or brief; the small service requested of Alcibiades is to answer the questions put to him. References: 106b. Lemma: βραχύς.

γείτονες (geitones)

A neighbour; the comic quotation says that ordinary births barely attract even neighbours' notice, contrasting with a royal heir's public celebration. References: 121d. Lemma: γείτων.

γενεὰς (geneas)

A generation; money is said to have entered Sparta for many generations without leaving again. References: 122e. Lemma: γενεά.

γήρως (gērōs)

Old age; Zopyrus is described as least useful among the household slaves because of age, a harsh judgment placed in Socrates' comparison. References: 122b. Lemma: γῆρας.

δακτύλιον (daktylion)

A ring; it belongs to the finger but improving the ring is not thereby improving the finger. References: 128a. Lemma: δακτύλιος.

δακτύλου (daktylou)

A finger; the ring's owner in the local example makes the relation between bodily part and external equipment explicit. References: 128a. Lemma: δάκτυλος.

δεινοὺς (deinous)

Formidable or fearsome; regarding rivals as formidable would encourage greater care rather than complacency. References: 120d. Lemma: δεινός.

δέξαιό (dexaio)

To accept or choose for oneself; Alcibiades is asked whether he would choose goods or bad things, beginning a test of courage's value. References: 115c. Lemma: δέχομαι.

δῆλον (dēlon)

Manifest or evident; Socrates treats Alcibiades' striking appearance as something anyone can see, in contrast with untested wisdom. References: 104a. Lemma: δῆλος.

δημοσίᾳ (dēmosiai)

Publicly or at the civic level; cities as well as individuals agree in the elementary linguistic cases. References: 111c. Lemma: δημοσίᾳ.

διαβῆναι (diabēnai)

To cross over; passage into Asia marks the further geographical expansion Alcibiades is imagined to demand. References: 105c. Lemma: διαβαίνω.

διατελέσαι (diatelesai)

To persist or carry something through to its end; Socrates wishes that Alcibiades will sustain the care for justice he has just promised to begin. References: 135e. Lemma: διατελέω.

διαφθαρῇς (diaphtharēis)

To corrupt or ruin; Socrates fears the Athenian people's effect on Alcibiades, setting a condition on the beloved's continued improvement. References: 132a. Lemma: διαφθείρω.

διαφορᾶς (diaphoras)

Difference or dispute; the noun names the quarrel over right and wrong around which the epic examples are organized. References: 112b. Lemma: διαφορά.

διέγνωκας (diegnōkas)

To distinguish or make out; Alcibiades ironically grants that Socrates has diagnosed his thoughts so decisively that denial would not persuade him. References: 106a. Lemma: διαγιγνώσκω.

διελθεῖν (dielthein)

To go through or recount; Socrates proposes to enumerate the grounds of Alcibiades' self-confidence. References: 104a. Lemma: διέρχομαι.

διοικεῖν (dioikein)

To administer, order or manage; Alcibiades says good counsel should order the city better and preserve it. References: 126a. Lemma: διοικέω.

ἐᾶν (ean)

To allow or permit; Socrates explains that the god formerly did not allow him to converse with Alcibiades. References: 105d. Lemma: ἐάω.

εἴθισαι (eithisai)

To accustom; Alcibiades is accustomed to hearing long speeches, the format Socrates initially declines. References: 106b. Lemma: ἐθίζω.

ἕλκη (helkē)

A wound or bodily lesion; paired with death as a harmful consequence distinguished from courage in evaluating rescue. References: 115b. Lemma: ἕλκος.

ἐλλόγιμος (ellogimos)

Notable or highly regarded; Zeno's paying pupils are described as both wise and distinguished, a claim about their reputed educational outcome. References: 119a. Lemma: ἐλλόγιμος.

ἕλξεις (helxeis)

A trailing or dragging; the trailing of robes is a visible detail in the catalogue of Persian luxury. References: 122c. Lemma: ἕλξις.

ἐμμελέτησον (emmeletēson)

To practise upon or rehearse with; Socrates offers himself as the audience on whom Alcibiades can practise proving his political claim. References: 114d. Lemma: ἐμμελετάω.

ἐμπλήσεις (emplēseis)

To fill completely; Alcibiades imagines filling virtually all humanity with his name and power. References: 105c. Lemma: ἐμπίμπλημι.

ἐμφαίνεται (emphainetai)

To appear within or be reflected; an observer's face appears in the eye opposite, providing the visible basis of the pupil analogy. References: 133a. Lemma: ἐμφαίνω.

ἐνδεὴς (endeēs)

In need of or lacking; Alcibiades' claim to need no person is the opening expression of his supposed self-sufficiency. References: 104a. Lemma: ἐνδεής.

ἐνδειξάμενος (endeixamenos)

To display or demonstrate; Alcibiades expects a public display of his worth to confer exceptional political power. References: 105b. Lemma: ἐνδείκνυμι.

ἔνδοθεν (endothen)

From inside or from home; leaving the house would have been needed for lessons and, Socrates implies, noticed. References: 106e. Lemma: ἔνδοθεν.

ἐνοχλεῖς (enochleis)

To trouble or bother someone; Alcibiades calls Socrates' constant silent attendance an annoyance, while admitting curiosity about its purpose. References: 104d. Lemma: ἐνοχλέω.

ἐξ ἴσου (ex isou)

On equal terms or at an equal level; cowardice is ranked alongside being dead in Alcibiades' ordering of the worst things. References: 115d. Lemma: ἐξ ἴσου.

ἐξαρκεῖν (exarkein)

To suffice or be enough; Alcibiades' complacent claim is that his present condition already supplies what the contest needs. References: 123e. Lemma: ἐξαρκέω.

ἐξειλεγμένοι (exeilegmenoi)

To select or pick out; the four royal educators have been chosen as the best mature Persians in their respective virtues. References: 121e. Lemma: ἐκλέγω.

ἐξῃρημένους (exēirēmenous)

To set apart or assign specially; desirable lands have been earmarked for the royal wife's adornment. References: 123c. Lemma: ἐξαιρέω.

ἐπαινοῖντʼ (epainointʼ)

To praise or commend; Socrates explicitly allows praise of the many as teachers of Greek, limiting the force of his criticism of them. References: 111a. Lemma: ἐπαινέω.

ἕπεται (hepetai)

To follow as a consequence; doing badly follows offices and powers that fall short of virtue. References: 135b. Lemma: ἕπομαι.

ἐπιδεῖξαι (epideixai)

To exhibit or demonstrate; Alcibiades is challenged to show that justice sometimes fails to confer advantage. References: 114d. Lemma: ἐπιδείκνυμι.

ἐπιθέσθαι (epithesthai)

To set upon or undertake; the middle infinitive describes Alcibiades' projected intervention in the affairs of Asia. References: 105c. Lemma: ἐπιτίθημι.

ἐπιπλήττοι (epiplēttoi)

To rebuke or check someone; the sick tyrant's power forbids correction and so prevents useful medical restraint. References: 135a. Lemma: ἐπιπλήσσω.

ἐπιτάττων (epitattōn)

To enjoin or command; the giver of the self-knowledge injunction is interpreted as commanding knowledge of the soul. References: 130e. Lemma: ἐπιτάσσω.

ἐπιτρέπεις (epitrepeis)

To entrust or leave something to another; acknowledged lack of knowledge allows Alcibiades to defer to the person who knows. References: 117c. Lemma: ἐπιτρέπω.

ἐπιχειρεῖν (epicheirein)

To undertake or attempt; Alcibiades intends to teach without knowing, exposing the gap between ambition and preparation. References: 113c. Lemma: ἐπιχειρέω.

ἐπιχείρημα (epicheirēma)

An undertaking or attempted enterprise; the contemplated entry into political teaching is the reckless project at issue, not a formal logical proof. References: 113c. Lemma: ἐπιχείρημα.

ἐπιχωρίους (epichōrious)

Local or belonging to the place; the local inhabitants use the names of royal adornments for the supporting estates. References: 123b. Lemma: ἐπιχώριος.

ἔσχατα (eschata)

Extreme or ultimate; doing the worst things to themselves describes the lethal endpoint of opponents' dispute over justice. References: 112d. Lemma: ἔσχατος.

ἑταίρῳ (hetairōi)

A companion or comrade; the endangered fellow soldier is someone whom the rescuer is expected to help. References: 115b. Lemma: ἑταῖρος.

εὔελπις (euelpis)

Hopeful or of good hope; Socrates expects that the divine opposition will not return. References: 103b. Lemma: εὔελπις.

εὐλάβειαν (eulabeian)

Caution or a precaution; the lover's warning becomes a demand for protective preparation before entering political life. References: 132a. Lemma: εὐλάβεια.

ἔφθης (ephthēs)

To anticipate or get ahead of another; Socrates has narrowly beaten Alcibiades to the question the young man was planning to ask. References: 104d. Lemma: φθάνω.

ζωὴ (zōē)

Life or being alive; paired with courage in opposition to death and cowardice, while Alcibiades rejects merely living as a coward. References: 115d. Lemma: ζωή.

ἠλιθίω (ēlithiō)

Simple-minded or foolish; Alcibiades disparages Pericles' two sons when they are proposed as evidence of their father's teaching. References: 118e. Lemma: ἠλίθιος.

ἡμερησίαν (hēmerēsian)

Lasting a day or covering a day's travel; the reported stretch of fertile land approaches a full day's journey. References: 123b. Lemma: ἡμερήσιος.

ἡσυχίαν (hēsychian)

Quiet or noninterference; keeping quiet while entrusting steering to the pilot exemplifies restraint grounded in awareness of ignorance. References: 117d. Lemma: ἡσυχία.

θαρρεῖν (tharrein)

To take heart or be confident; Socrates encourages Alcibiades after the admission of his unrecognized shameful condition, because recognizing it while young permits care. References: 127d. Lemma: θαρρέω.

θεραπόντων (therapontōn)

An attendant or servant; the multitude following a Persian magnate makes Alcibiades' own resources look small. References: 122c. Lemma: θεράπων.

ἰδίᾳ (idiai)

Privately or individually; ordinary speakers are consistent with themselves as individuals, while cities likewise agree publicly about ordinary words. References: 111c. Lemma: ἰδίᾳ.

καινὰ (kaina)

New or novel; the demand for fresh arguments is mocked as a desire for new clothes, not accepted as a refutation of old evidence. References: 113e. Lemma: καινός.

καμνόντων (kamnontōn)

To be ill or suffer bodily distress; ruling sick persons is excluded as the political expertise Alcibiades means. References: 125b. Lemma: κάμνω.

κατὰ μόνας (kata monas)

One-to-one or alone; persuading one hearer is compared with persuading a larger audience about the same known subject. References: 114b. Lemma: κατὰ μόνας.

καταβιῶναι (katabiōnai)

To pass or spend one's life; the issue is whether Alcibiades would consent to a life confined to his present advantages. References: 104e. Lemma: καταβιόω.

καταγελῴης (katagelōiēs)

To laugh at or ridicule; Alcibiades is asked how he would judge an adviser whose claim contradicts the conclusion he has just accepted. References: 116d. Lemma: καταγελάω.

κατανενόηκα (katanenoēka)

To observe and come to understand; Socrates claims to have taken in Alcibiades' treatment of his lovers during the silent interval. References: 103b. Lemma: κατανοέω.

καταντικρὺ (katantikry)

Directly opposite; the seeing surface of the person facing one contains the reflected image. References: 133a. Lemma: καταντικρύ.

καταφεύγεις (katapheugeis)

To take refuge in; Alcibiades resorts to the many as his teachers when other accounts of his knowledge fail. References: 110e. Lemma: καταφεύγω.

καταφρονηθέντας (kataphronēthentas)

To look down upon or reckon inferior; Socrates envisages allies so far surpassed that they cooperate instead of competing for leadership. References: 119e. Lemma: καταφρονέω.

κατέλιπε (katelipe)

To leave behind or appoint when departing; Cleinias left Pericles as guardian for his sons. References: 104b. Lemma: καταλείπω.

κατηγορήσω (katēgorēsō)

To bring an accusation or lay something to someone's charge; Socrates playfully indicts Alcibiades before Alcibiades himself for his further ambitions. References: 105a. Lemma: κατηγορέω.

κατιδεῖν (katidein)

To discern or see comprehensively; the revised argument assigns discrimination of self, its own and its possessions to one person and one craft. References: 133e. Lemma: attested expression: κατιδεῖν.

κατορθοῦντας (katorthountas)

To straighten or set right; paired with moulding as part of the royal infant's bodily formation. References: 121d. Lemma: κατορθόω.

κεκράτηκας (kekratēkas)

To prevail over or defeat; Alcibiades has conquered his lovers in the opening contest of pride. References: 104c. Lemma: κρατέω.

κοινὴ βουλή (koinē boulē)

A shared decision or matter for joint counsel; Alcibiades invites Socrates to consider together whether and how he should care for himself. References: 119b. Lemma: κοινὴ βουλή.

κοινῇ (koinēi)

Together or in common; Socrates invites Alcibiades to inspect the difference between acknowledged and unacknowledged ignorance jointly. References: 117c. Lemma: κοινῇ.

κοινωνούντων (koinōnountōn)

To share or participate in something; civic participants share a political community as sailors share a voyage and choristers a song. References: 125d. Lemma: κοινωνέω.

κομιδῇ (komidēi)

Entirely or thoroughly; Alcibiades gives emphatic assent to the soul conclusion before Socrates qualifies its precision. References: 130c. Lemma: κομιδῇ.

κτῆσιν (ktēsin)

Acquisition or possession; happiness is connected with acquiring good things in the argument linking doing finely and doing well. References: 116b. Lemma: κτῆσις.

κτητέον (ktēteon)

To be acquired; the verbal adjective makes Alcibiades' own acquisition of virtue prior to responsible civic care. References: 134c. Lemma: κτητέος.

κωλύει (kōlyei)

To prevent or stand in the way; Alcibiades asks what prevents him from knowing advantage, anticipating the renewed test of how he learned it. References: 113e. Lemma: κωλύω.

κωφότητος (kōphotētos)

Deafness; its removal is paired with the arrival of hearing in the examples of successful care. References: 126b. Lemma: κωφότης.

λείπεται (leipetai)

To remain as an alternative; after body and composite are excluded, soul remains unless the human being is nothing at all. References: 130c. Lemma: λείπω.

λήγει (lēgei)

To cease or come to an end; the body's blooming ends and bodily lovers depart, unlike the lover of an improving soul. References: 131c. Lemma: λήγω.

λήψεις (lēpseis)

A receipt or taking; the kings' especially large receipts help account for their comparative wealth. References: 123a. Lemma: λῆψις.

μαθήματα (mathēmata)

A subject of learning or an accomplishment; the text's disparagement of manual arts denies them the standing of subjects suitable for a good man. References: 131b. Lemma: μάθημα.

μαλθακιστέον (malthakisteon)

To become soft or lose one's nerve; Socrates forbids shrinking from the shared work of becoming better. References: 124d. Lemma: μαλθακίζομαι.

μανικὸν (manikon)

Mad or senseless; the attempt to teach what one has not troubled to learn receives this emphatic practical criticism. References: 113c. Lemma: μανικός.

μάτην (matēn)

In vain or without effect; the earlier delay avoided a conversation that Alcibiades was not yet prepared to hear fruitfully. References: 105e. Lemma: μάτην.

μέλη (melē)

A limb or bodily member; the infant's limbs are the objects of the attendants' physical shaping. References: 121d. Lemma: μέλος.

μεταδιδόναι (metadidonai)

To give a share of or impart; a ruler cannot impart virtue to citizens unless he first possesses it. References: 134c. Lemma: μεταδίδωμι.

μηχανᾶσθαι (mēchanasthai)

To contrive or devise means; the royal attendants must actively devise ways to make the infant as beautiful as possible. References: 121d. Lemma: μηχανάομαι.

μηχανὴ (mēchanē)

A means or possible way; the phrase denies any way for the composite to rule when one component has no share in ruling. References: 130b. Lemma: μηχανή.

μνήμην (mnēmēn)

Memory or recollection; Socrates appeals to his recollection of Alcibiades' actual lessons rather than assuming an unlimited education. References: 106e. Lemma: μνήμη.

μνημονεύεις (mnēmoneueis)

To remember; Socrates recalls the earlier agreement about justice so it can be joined to the newly accepted links. References: 116c. Lemma: μνημονεύω.

μόγις (mogis)

With difficulty; the joke that Socrates may find stopping as hard as starting makes his belated approach potentially inexhaustible. References: 104e. Lemma: μόγις.

μοχθηροί (mochthēroi)

Poor, bad or deficient; disagreement would expose the many as poor teachers of health-related distinctions. References: 111e. Lemma: μοχθηρός.

ναυμαχεῖν (naumachein)

To fight a naval battle; a warship's pilot must measure himself against enemy pilots, not merely against his own crew. References: 119d. Lemma: ναυμαχέω.

νέμεται (nemetai)

To graze or pasture; the middle form describes livestock feeding in Messenian territory. References: 122e. Lemma: νέμω.

νοσώδεις (nosōdeis)

Sickly or subject to disease; contrasted with healthy people in the test of teachers' discriminating knowledge. References: 111e. Lemma: νοσώδης.

νύκτωρ (nyktōr)

By night; Socrates' comic claim to know Alcibiades' movements rules out an unnoticed course of study after dark. References: 106e. Lemma: νύκτωρ.

ὄγκῳ (onkōi)

Weight, grandeur or prestige; the imposing scale of royal descent is contrasted with Alcibiades' locally esteemed ancestry. References: 121b. Lemma: ὄγκος.

οἰκείῳ (oikeiōi)

Someone of one's own circle, such as a relative; the rescue example includes ties of kinship as well as comradeship. References: 115b. Lemma: οἰκεῖος.

ὀκνῶ (oknō)

To hesitate or shrink from doing something; Socrates hesitates to name Alcibiades' condition until their privacy makes bluntness possible. References: 118b. Lemma: ὀκνέω.

ὁρμῶσιν (hormōsin)

To move or direct oneself towards; competent speakers converge on the same objects when asked for stone or wood. References: 111c. Lemma: ὁρμάω.

ὀρρωδῶ (orrōdō)

To dread or fear; Socrates' final apprehension concerns the city's strength rather than distrust of Alcibiades' nature. References: 135e. Lemma: ὀρρωδέω.

οὐρανόν (ouranon)

Heaven or sky; the deliberately remote destination helps separate admitted ignorance from the unstable opinions of presumed knowledge. References: 117b. Lemma: οὐρανός.

ὄχλου (ochlou)

Trouble or nuisance; the lovers made themselves bothersome by addressing Alcibiades, whereas Socrates remained silent. References: 103a. Lemma: ὄχλος.

ὄψου (opsou)

A relish or prepared dish eaten with the staple meal; its preparation is a domestic expertise Alcibiades admits he lacks. References: 117c. Lemma: ὄψον.

πάθημα (pathēma)

Something suffered or a condition one undergoes; Alcibiades' disordered answering becomes a condition whose nature he does not yet understand. References: 116e. Lemma: πάθημα.

παραγιγνομένου (paragignomenou)

To become present or arise; the question asks which condition's presence makes a body or city better managed. References: 126a. Lemma: παραγίγνομαι.

παραδοῦναι (paradounai)

To hand over or impart; neither guardian nor kinsman can transmit the desired power, Socrates claims, as he can with the god's help. References: 105e. Lemma: παραδίδωμι.

παραμένων (paramenōn)

To remain beside someone; Socrates contrasts his constancy with the departure of Alcibiades' bodily admirers. References: 131d. Lemma: παραμένω.

παρήλθομεν (parēlthomen)

To pass by or leave aside; they have deferred the fuller inquiry into the self itself because it requires extensive examination. References: 130d. Lemma: παρέρχομαι.

πέμποιμεν (pempoimen)

To send someone to another for instruction; the many would be an appropriate destination for learning the ordinary matters they know. References: 111d. Lemma: πέμπω.

πεντηκονταετής (pentēkontaetēs)

Fifty years old; this hypothetical age contrasts with Alcibiades' youth to emphasize the timeliness of recognizing his need. References: 127e. Lemma: πεντηκονταετής.

πεπαυμένων (pepaumenōn)

To stop or cease; the perfect participle presents the other lovers' pursuit as already ended. References: 103a. Lemma: παύω.

πεπέρανται (peperantai)

To bring to completion or establish so far; the inquiry has reached a sufficient agreement about what the interlocutors are, allowing the question of care to proceed. References: 132b. Lemma: περαίνω.

περιμενοῦντι (perimenounti)

To wait or stay for something; Alcibiades is asked to remain and hear Socrates out. References: 104d. Lemma: περιμένω.

περιορᾷ (periorai)

To overlook or allow something to remain; Socrates asks why Pericles lets Alcibiades continue in his present uneducated state. References: 118e. Lemma: περιοράω.

πέφευγεν (pepheugen)

To flee or take flight; the defeated lover's withdrawal is described as flight, giving courtship the vocabulary of a contest. References: 103b. Lemma: φεύγω.

πεφοίτηκα (pephoitēka)

To attend or frequent a teacher; Alcibiades acknowledges having attended no instructors beyond the listed subjects. References: 106e. Lemma: φοιτάω.

πήχεος (pēcheos)

A cubit, a forearm-based measure; knowledge of measurement settles its comparison with a span for individuals and cities alike. References: 126d. Lemma: πῆχυς.

πιστεύσῃς (pisteusēis)

To trust or believe someone; Socrates tells Alcibiades not to trust another speaker unless his own answers establish the claim. References: 114e. Lemma: πιστεύω.

ποδῶν (podōn)

A foot; feet and their shoes supply the first concrete distinction between something and what belongs to it. References: 128a. Lemma: πούς.

πόθεν (pothen)

From where or from what source; the question asks Alcibiades to account for the acquisition of his supposed knowledge. References: 110d. Lemma: πόθεν.

ποιήματά (poiēmata)

A poetic composition; the Iliad and Odyssey are invoked as poems concerning conflict over justice and injustice. References: 112b. Lemma: ποίημα.

πορρωτέρω (porrōterō)

Further away or more remote; artisans' objects of knowledge lie farther from the self than even its body in the relational hierarchy. References: 131a. Lemma: πορρωτέρω.

προδρομὰς (prodromas)

A running ahead or anticipation; Alcibiades tries to forestall Socrates' familiar question about the source of his knowledge. References: 114a. Lemma: προδρομή.

προθυμοῦ (prothymou)

To make an eager effort; Socrates urges Alcibiades not to tire of answering but to try to articulate the intended civic concord. References: 126e. Lemma: προθυμέομαι.

προθύμως (prothymōs)

Eagerly or willingly; Socrates expects an attentive hearing because Alcibiades himself wants to know what he has in mind. References: 104d. Lemma: προθύμως.

προσεῖπον (proseipon)

To address or speak to someone; this aorist expresses the personal approach that Socrates says he has withheld for years. References: 103a. Lemma: attested expression: προσεῖπον.

προσέχων γέ σοι τὸν νοῦν (prosechōn ge soi ton noun)

To direct one's attention to someone; Socrates claims continuing close attention as the basis for knowing Alcibiades' ambitions. References: 105a. Lemma: προσέχω τὸν νοῦν.

προσθήσω (prosthēsō)

To add; Socrates appends wealth to the catalogue of Alcibiades' existing advantages. References: 104b. Lemma: προστίθημι.

σιγῶν (sigōn)

To remain silent; Alcibiades recalls Socrates following without speech and now finds his explanation even stranger. References: 106a. Lemma: σιγάω.

σκευασίας (skeuasias)

Preparation or making ready; the preparation of a dish provides a clear case for leaving an unfamiliar task to someone competent. References: 117c. Lemma: σκευασία.

σμίλῃ (smilēi)

A knife or fine cutting tool; a concrete implement in the shoemaker analogy, not a metaphorical name for reason. References: 129c. Lemma: σμίλη.

σπιθαμῆς (spithamēs)

A span measured by the outstretched hand; comparing it with the cubit exemplifies agreement grounded in measurement. References: 126d. Lemma: σπιθαμή.

σπουδαίους (spoudaious)

Serious, competent or worthy; the many are challenged as reliable teachers of justice, rather than merely criticized for lacking solemn manners. References: 110e. Lemma: σπουδαῖος.

στέρεσθαι (steresthai)

To be deprived of or do without; willingness to lose courage is tested by asking what compensation Alcibiades would accept. References: 115d. Lemma: στερέω.

στρατιωτῶν (stratiōtōn)

A soldier; being better than ordinary soldiers is distinguished from being able to rival opposing commanders. References: 119e. Lemma: στρατιώτης.

στρώματα (strōmata)

Bedding or a covering spread out; paired with clothes as equipment belonging to the body in a supplied question printed by Burnet. References: 128a. Lemma: στρῶμα. This attestation belongs to Burnet’s supplied question at 128a; the edition translates it.

συμβαλλόντων (symballontōn)

To have dealings or enter relations with others; civic rule concerns people interacting with one another in a shared city. References: 125c. Lemma: συμβάλλω.

συμπόλλους (sympollous)

Very many together; the larger audience does not, in Socrates' argument, change the competence needed to persuade about something known. References: 114c. Lemma: σύμπολυς.

συνναυτῶν (synnautōn)

A fellow sailor or shipmate; superiority to one's own crew is an inadequate measure of preparation for combat. References: 119d. Lemma: συνναύτης.

συνοικεῖς (synoikeis)

To dwell or live together with; Alcibiades is pictured as cohabiting with extreme unlearnedness, making ignorance a persistent companion. References: 118b. Lemma: συνοικέω.

σφαλέντες (sphalentes)

To slip, go wrong or miss the object; a mistaken account of the self could lead them to care for something else without noticing. References: 132b. Lemma: σφάλλω.

τελέους (teleous)

Complete or fully developed; good birth joined to good upbringing is said to bring persons to maturity in excellence within the royal comparison. References: 120e. Lemma: τέλεος.

τέλος (telos)

Completion or fulfilment; Socrates claims that Alcibiades' designs cannot reach their end without him. References: 105d. Lemma: τέλος.

τέμνει (temnei)

To cut; the shoemaker's cutting distinguishes the agent from the cutting implements and then from the hands and eyes employed. References: 129c. Lemma: τέμνω.

τολμητέον (tolmēteon)

To dare or venture; the verbal adjective says that Socrates must nevertheless venture to reveal his intention. References: 104e. Lemma: τολμάω.

τομεῖ (tomei)

A cutting tool; one of the shoemaker's implements through which the user is distinguished from what he uses. References: 129c. Lemma: τομεύς.

τόπον (topon)

A place or region; the eye's seeing region and the soul's wise region are the relevant locations in the analogy, without a specified anatomical theory of soul. References: 133b. Lemma: τόπος.

τραύματα (traumata)

A wound; injury incurred while rescuing another supplies the respect in which an otherwise courageous action may be called bad. References: 115b. Lemma: τραῦμα.

τροφοῦ (trophou)

A nurse or person who rears a child; Socrates contrasts a nurse of little standing with the selected attendants assigned to a Persian heir. References: 121d. Lemma: τροφός.

τυφλότητος (typhlotētos)

Blindness; its departure and sight's presence make eyes better, illustrating a determinate improvement rather than a vague claim of better care. References: 126b. Lemma: τυφλότης.

ὑγιεινοὶ (hygieinoi)

Healthy or conducive to health according to context; here distinguishing healthy people from unhealthy ones requires relevant expertise. References: 111e. Lemma: ὑγιεινός.

ὑπάρχοντά (hyparchonta)

To be available or belong to someone; the existing advantages on which Alcibiades relies extend from bodily features to personal and social resources. References: 104a. Lemma: ὑπάρχω.

ὑπερβληθεὶς (hyperblētheis)

To surpass or outdo; each proud lover has been exceeded by Alcibiades in pride and has fled. References: 103b. Lemma: ὑπερβάλλω.

ὑπηρέτημα (hypēretēma)

A service or act of assistance; answering is introduced as the limited assistance that makes Socrates' demonstration possible. References: 106b. Lemma: ὑπηρέτημα.

ὑποδεέστεροι (hypodeesteroi)

Inferior or less well endowed; Alcibiades' admirers are represented as beaten because they fall below his own estimate of himself. References: 104c. Lemma: ὑποδεέστερος.

ὑπομένω (hypomenō)

To remain or hold one's ground; Socrates stays in the courtship after others have fled. References: 104c. Lemma: ὑπομένω.

ὑπόπτερον (hypopteron)

Winged; the returning love is pictured as a fledgling able to care for the love that brought it forth. References: 135e. Lemma: ὑπόπτερος.

ὑποψίαν (hypopsian)

Suspicion; Socrates says the Persian king's power leaves no suspicion that a royal heir could have another father. References: 121c. Lemma: ὑποψία.

φαυλότερα (phaulotera)

Inferior, ordinary or less important; the rules of draughts are judged less serious than justice, yet the many cannot competently teach even those rules. References: 110e. Lemma: φαῦλος.

φρουρεῖται (phroureitai)

To guard or keep watch over; the Persian queen is said to be guarded by fear itself rather than by an ordinary watch. References: 121c. Lemma: φρουρέω.

χαλεπὸν (chalepon)

Difficult or troublesome; addressing a beloved who is not inferior to his lovers is represented as a demanding undertaking. References: 104e. Lemma: χαλεπός.

χειρός (cheiros)

A hand; a ring belongs to a finger of the hand, while caring for the hand itself requires a different expertise from caring for its ornament. References: 128a. Lemma: χείρ.

χρὴ (chrē)

It is necessary or one ought; impersonal expression used for what a good teacher must possess: those who teach must first know their subject. References: 111a. Lemma: χρή.

ψεύδῃ (pseudēi)

To speak falsely; Socrates grants that Alcibiades is not lying about his beauty and stature, without granting the adequacy of those advantages for rule. References: 104a. Lemma: ψεύδομαι.