# A Chymical Dictionary

An Expanded Diotimos Lexicon of Paracelsian and Alchemical Language

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## About this edition

This edition brings the complete historical A Chymicall Dictionary into a new reading form. Its 706 definition paragraphs contain approximately 8,900 words. Each definition is retained in modernised English and accompanied by a Diotimos article that explains the wording, follows related senses and directs readers toward other entries. The dictionary can be consulted quickly for an unfamiliar name or read more slowly as evidence of an early modern language of nature.

The historical English text appeared in London in 1650 as a separately titled component of A New Light of Alchymie. The containing volume also printed works by Michael Sendivogius and nine books attributed to Paracelsus. Those neighboring works do not make Sendivogius the author of this dictionary. Institutional cataloguing identifies its English version with John French and its source with Gerhard Dorn’s Dictionarium Theophrasti Paracelsi. The present edition follows that attribution and describes the relationship as based on Dorn. Its modernisation is made from the 1650 English witness.

The dictionary’s own title announces its purpose: explaining difficult words and places encountered in Paracelsus and other obscure authors. Its reach is correspondingly wide. Solvents and metals sit beside plants, bodily conditions, instruments, mental faculties, celestial influences and spirits. A reader should expect connections among these subjects while attending to the precise relation supplied in each entry. A mineral virtue, a spiritual power and a bodily medicine can share explanatory language without becoming the same thing.

The historical text has been checked across all 48 pages of definitions in the Getty Research Institute copy available through Internet Archive. The online transcription supplied a useful starting point, but the printed witness governs the wording recorded in our source inventory. Differences affecting names or readings are explained in textual notes. The dictionary’s separate title page is also accounted for. Locators identify the original unnumbered dictionary through its position in the facsimile; they are distinguished from the pages of this edition.

The expanded articles are new editorial work. Their explanations are accountable to the historical definitions, to clearly identified comparisons within the dictionary, and to additional passages where these are cited. Their purpose is to make the old vocabulary usable without giving a short historical gloss the false appearance of a universal definition. The account of a term in this dictionary remains distinguishable from its use in another author.

New introduction, commentary, reading guides and indexes © 2026 Diotimos Editions. The historical 1650 wording is in the public domain. Bibliographical acknowledgments identify the institutions and transcription used in preparing this edition.

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## How to read an article

Begin with At a Glance for a short orientation. The word gives the central sense supplied by the article. Other lines, where present, identify a contextual distinction, an editorial issue or a place to begin reading. These lines summarize the fuller discussion; they do not replace the historical definition.

Historical definition is the complete modernised definition from the 1650 English witness. It includes the source’s alternatives, qualifications and unusual claims. A short definition remains short. When the original says sometimes, often, is said, properly or metaphorically, those words are preserved because they govern the force of the identification. Any substantive correction of a defective printed reading is identified in a note.

Meaning explains the vocabulary and the relation between the parts of the definition. In this dictionary or Use in the book follows that sense through neighboring or related entries. A comparison can reveal a shared feature, a distinction or an explicit equivalence. Only an actual equation in the source is presented as the compiler’s equation. A linked article can be useful precisely because its meaning differs.

Places to read provides linked routes into the historical definitions and their commentary. These are selected reading aids. A group of links is not an exhaustive concordance of every occurrence in every alchemical author. Where the source reference identifies a work outside this dictionary, its title and locator establish which text is being used.

In this edition explains a spelling, a modernisation, an uncertain identification or another interpretive decision. Such material belongs to the new edition. It should not be mistaken for an added clause in the seventeenth-century definition. Historical source identifies the witness and facsimile location; See also links to other articles.

The entries are grouped by subject and arranged alphabetically within each group, following the reading-companion layout of the Diotimos Lexicon. The Headword Index restores direct alphabetical access across the entire book. The Forms and English finding index also includes historical spellings, explicitly supplied synonyms and editorial search forms. A form listed for finding an article is not necessarily a word printed by the historical compiler.

The two definitions headed Iliaster remain separate records. Other closely related names likewise retain their own source identities. This lets readers follow the historical distinctions while using the cross-references to bring associated material together.

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## Text and modernisation

The governing witness is the 1650 English printing, not a newly translated Latin copy of Dorn. Spelling, ordinary capitalization and punctuation have been modernised where the meaning is clear. Historical headwords remain recognisable, and useful alternative spellings are supplied through the finding index. The change from Chymicall in the original title to Chymical in the present title follows this ordinary modernisation.

The full definition is preserved before new commentary begins. A headword’s apparent meaning is not allowed to cancel its actual gloss. Rebis, for example, receives a bodily identification here, while the separate Rebus is the last matter of things. Similarly, Silo is earth and Sylo the whole world. Their resemblance is an aid to finding and comparing them; it is not grounds for merging their definitions. See [Rebis](#CD0549), [Rebus](#CD0552), [Silo](#CD0601) and [Sylo](#CD0631).

Decorative initial letters have been restored to the running words they begin. This matters at the end of the dictionary as well as its beginning: the last Z group opens with Zaidar, whose initial is supplied by the printed ornament. Line breaks and page breaks have been removed from continuous sentences. Where the printed text has an evident repeated word, defective spelling or missing letter, the source record retains the reading and the note identifies the editorial treatment.

The transcription aid rearranged the dictionary alphabetically and made some corrections. Our stable article identifiers follow its complete paragraph inventory, while a separate record preserves the original print order. These identifiers are finding aids created for this edition. They are not seventeenth-century numbers. Every definition has a checked source locator, so the original order and wording remain recoverable.

The witness’s initial V can serve where present-day English expects U. This edition keeps historical forms such as Vnitas Trithemii and Vndæ in the headword record while supplying corresponding U forms for searching. Such editorial variants are distinguished from synonyms explicitly named by the source. Both methods of access lead to the same stable article.

The dictionary sometimes supplies a technical name through another unfamiliar name. The modernisation keeps that relation visible. A confident modern chemical or botanical identification is not inferred from spelling resemblance alone. Where the source gives only a class, a color, a locality or a preparation, the commentary explains the information that is actually available.

Words associated with illness and remedies retain their historical scope. The articles explain the compiler’s descriptions and attributed effects; they are a guide to reading old texts. They do not establish modern diagnoses, efficacy or instructions for present treatment. This historical framing also applies to accounts of spirits, divination and celestial influence.

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## Following a word through its context

The most useful question is often what a term is doing in its sentence. Does it name a starting material, a product, an instrument, an action, a power or a comparison? [Regulus](#CD0555) names a purified portion after separation of dregs. [Sublimatio](#CD0626) names an upward movement of heated dry matter. [Reverberatorium](#CD0561) names an instrument used for calcination. Their shared place in chemical work does not erase their different roles.

The full expression matters. [Viltrum philosophorum](#CD0666) is an alembic, while the unqualified word is a strainer. [Vinum correctum](#CD0667) belongs to the wine-qualified alcohol vocabulary. Readers should follow the stated qualifier before substituting the modern association of an isolated word.

A relation between two domains can also carry the meaning. [Tartarum](#CD0638) first names a hard deposit in wine vessels and then records a bodily use for stones or gravel. [Realgar](#CD0548) explicitly distinguishes a proper mineral sense from a metaphorical bodily sense. The comparison between these articles helps explain a way of speaking, while their different wording preserves different claims.

Purity and separation recur across subjects. [Quintessentia](#CD0544) concerns spiritual matter extracted corporeally from living things. [Regulus](#CD0555) concerns a metallic or mineral portion. [Spagirus](#CD0615) describes a practitioner’s ability to distinguish and separate. The repeated verbs connect the articles while the named subjects keep their operations specific.

Virtue usually means a power or efficacy in these articles. It may be said to act, preserve, nourish, reveal or produce. A hidden virtue is a power whose operation is asserted while its basis remains concealed in the historical account. The word should not automatically be reduced to moral excellence or replaced with a present-day measurable quantity. See [Relloleum](#CD0556), [Spara](#CD0616) and [Truphat](#CD0660).

The same care applies to spiritual language. [Quintessentia](#CD0544) joins spiritual matter to corporeal extraction. [Terrelati](#CD0647) calls spirits corporeal and assigns them a dwelling in earth. Those combinations belong to the source’s vocabulary. The commentary keeps them readable without imposing a single modern division between matter and mind.

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## Sources and references

The original dictionary pages are unnumbered. Historical source therefore gives the dictionary page counted from its first page of definitions and the corresponding PDF sequence page in the Getty facsimile. The first definition page is PDF page 329; the last is PDF page 376. The separate title is PDF page 327, followed by its blank reverse at 328. These numbers identify the consulted digital witness and are not original printed page numbers.

A citation using s.v. means under the headword named. A comparison to another article points to that article’s own complete definition and checked source location. Stable CD identifiers keep these references consistent across PDF, Word, EPUB, Markdown and the separate Lexicon records. Electronic links supplement, rather than replace, the written locator.

Where a textual note quotes a defective reading, that reading belongs to the historical printing. The modernised definition and the new explanation can use a corrected form when its treatment is stated. The note gives the reader a way to assess the decision. A new interpretive sentence is always placed in the editorial sections, not silently inserted into the historical text.

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## Elements principles and the natural world

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### Æthna

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An underground fire explained through sulphur, resin and bitumen.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Æthna is invisible, sulphurous subterranean fire, which burns stones into coals like jet in mountains full of resin and bitumen.

#### Meaning

The entry gathers several features into an account of underground burning: hidden fire, sulphurous character, combustible mountain materials and stone altered into a coal-like product. Jet appears as a comparison within that account. The definition should not be reduced to the name of an ordinary furnace, because its setting and agency are natural and subterranean.

Its descriptive language also differs from a modern geological explanation. We can report how the author connects these materials without turning the sentence into evidence that every dark stone was produced by the same process. For reading purposes, the links among fire, sulphur and earth are more secure than an exact present-day mineral identification.

#### Places to read

[Bitumen](#CD0108). A pitch-like earthly material described through texture and origin.

[Ardentia](#CD0068). Materials described as combustible by their own nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Æthna ; compare Bitumen, Ardentia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Bitumen](#CD0108); [Ardentia](#CD0068)

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### Anontagius

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name referring to the philosophers’ stone.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anontagius is the philosophers’ stone.

#### Meaning

The entry’s function is recognition: an unfamiliar word points to a better-attested family of philosophical vocabulary. It supplies no separate description of the stone, its stages or its preparation. Those belong under Lapis Philosophorum and in the text where Anontagius is used. Keeping the alias visible is valuable because it permits a reader to connect names across passages without treating the different wording as evidence for an additional substance.

#### Places to read

[Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384). The philosophers’ stone defined through supreme terrestrial power and its imparting of tincture.

[Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179). The philosophers’ heaven explained through quintessence and universal medicine.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anontagius ; compare Lapis Philosophorum, Cœlum Philosophorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384); [Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179)

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### Archaltes

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The earth’s foundation described through a pillar and divine support.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 6; facsimile PDF page 334.

#### Historical definition

Archaltes, in Paracelsus, is the foundation of the earth, or a pillar which seems to be upheld not by its fellows but, as it were, by the wonderful providence of God.

#### Meaning

The definition combines a structural image with a theological explanation. The foundation or pillar is remarkable because its support does not seem to come from neighbouring supports. Providence supplies the stated explanation. Removing that final clause would alter the account from one of divine sustaining power to an incomplete physical description.

The term does not here identify a particular rock, mountain or piece of apparatus. A passage using it may develop the image further, but the dictionary supplies the conceptual role rather than a measurable location. Its usefulness lies in recognizing an account of how the earth is sustained within this historical picture of nature.

#### Places to read

[Archeius](#CD0067). A generative agency distinguished from universal matter and from the agency of individual formation.

[Mysterium magnum](#CD0470). A universal first matter, rather than one particular prepared subject.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 6; facsimile PDF page 334 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=334)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Archaltes ; compare Archeius, Mysterium magnum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=334)

**See also.** [Archeius](#CD0067); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470)

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### Archeius

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A generative agency distinguished from universal matter and from the agency of individual formation.

**In the book.** The latter part of the definition shifts into the language of kinds.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 6, 7; facsimile PDF pages 334, 335.

#### Historical definition

Archeius is the highest, exalted and invisible spirit, separated from bodies, exalted and ascending: the universal hidden nature, operator and physician in all things. Thus Archiatrus is Nature’s supreme physician, who secretly distributes to every thing and every member its own particular Archeius through Ares. Archeius is also first in Nature, the most secret virtue, producing all things from Iliaste and sustained by divine power. Ares is Nature’s dispenser hidden in all three principles, from which every thing has its being; it assigns each thing a particular form, shape and substance so that it may take on its own specific nature rather than another’s. To speak in the manner of the schools, one must note the natural difference among these three. Iliastes is the substance of the highest genus or kind, consisting in the first universal matter of all things, which it first disposes into three kinds: sulphur, Mercury and salt. Archeius is Nature’s first dispenser and then produces all things in their next genera or kinds. Ares comes as another dispenser of Nature, producing from kinds or genera, forms and species into individuals. [^CDV002]

#### Meaning

This is one of the dictionary’s most extensive conceptual entries. It does more than give Archeius a synonym: it places several related names in an account of how natural things come to have their different forms. To follow it, keep four roles visible. Iliastes is associated with first universal matter; Archeius is a first dispenser of Nature; Ares gives determinate forms and individuality; Archiatrus names Nature’s supreme physician. The printed account overlaps some descriptions but expressly asks the reader to distinguish them.

The opening description gives Archeius several functions at once. It is invisible spirit, hidden nature, operator and physician. “Operator” emphasizes activity; “physician” emphasizes a natural ordering or care. These expressions explain agency within the historical account. They should not be reduced automatically to a single anatomical organ or a modern physiological process.

The account is also hierarchical. The highest and universal is distinguished from what belongs to each thing and member. Archiatrus distributes a particular Archeius through Ares. This means that one broad name can be used in relation to the whole of Nature and also in relation to a specific thing. A passage about “its Archeius” may therefore concern a local agency rather than merely repeating the universal description.

#### Use in the book

The latter part of the definition shifts into the language of kinds. Iliastes concerns the highest genus or first matter; sulphur, Mercury and salt appear as a threefold division; Archeius concerns the next genera; Ares carries the account toward forms, species and individuals. These are stages in a description of natural differentiation. They are not presented here as a list of substances to combine in a vessel.

The final distinction is especially useful when reading Ares. Its work is not only to give a thing any form whatever, but to give the thing its own proper nature rather than another’s. This is the entry’s answer to the problem of specificity: why the product is this kind of thing and this individual rather than an undifferentiated portion of matter. A reader can follow that question even where the terminology is unfamiliar.

The two Iliaster entries elsewhere in the dictionary show why context remains necessary. One explains first matter through sulphur, Mercury and salt and the four elemental chaoses; another emphasizes the hidden virtue by which things grow and flourish. The shared vocabulary belongs to a network of explanations. It does not give every occurrence exactly the same grammatical or conceptual job.

#### Places to read

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Iliaster](#CD0350). Nature’s hidden efficacy described through growth, nourishment and flourishing.

[Iliaster primus](#CD0351). The first human Iliaster described through life and its balsam.

#### In this edition

The medical language should likewise be read as part of this wider natural philosophy. Calling Archeius a physician does not make the entry a description of a human medical practitioner. The power is located in Nature and in things; its action is said to be sustained by divine power. Both natural agency and theological dependence are explicit features of the source.

For use in a difficult passage, make a small role list before translating: What supplies the matter? What differentiates kinds? What gives a particular form? What is called the physician? Then match the passage’s verbs and possessives to those roles. This approach is more reliable than substituting “life force” everywhere, a phrase broad enough to conceal the distinctions the dictionary has taken pains to make.

The historical account leaves some relations compressed, especially where one name is introduced through another. Our modernised definition preserves those clauses rather than resolving their ambiguities by invention. A further claim about a particular author’s system should be supported by the work in question, not inferred solely from this compact dictionary synthesis.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 6, 7; facsimile PDF pages 334, 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=334)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Archeius ; compare Iliaster (first matter), Iliaster (growth), Iliaster primus, Iliaster secundus, Iliaster tertius, Arcanum, Mysterium magnum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=334)

**See also.** [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Iliaster](#CD0350); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353); [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470); [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

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### Astrum ex igne

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fire described through burning and strong impression.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336.

#### Historical definition

Astrum ex igne is a burning fire of great impression.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies this qualified Astrum with an active fire and emphasizes the magnitude of its impression or effect. It gives no apparatus or fuel. The phrase should therefore be read through the activity and force attributed to it in the surrounding passage, rather than automatically treated as an astronomical object.

Compare the general Astrum entry, where preparation gives things a greater power. The qualification ex igne changes the expression’s focus to fire. Its brief gloss should remain distinct from the several prepared substances used as examples under Astrum.

#### Places to read

[Astrum](#CD0083). A “star” understood as a material’s enhanced power through preparation.

[Impressiones](#CD0357). Effects in lower subjects described as fruits of stars.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Astrum ex igne ; compare Astrum, Impressiones](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**See also.** [Astrum](#CD0083); [Impressiones](#CD0357)

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### Balsamum Elementorum externum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An external elemental balsam explained through Mercury, Mumia and firmamental essence.

**In the book.** Mumia Elementorum and Balsamum provide the most direct comparisons.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338.

#### Historical definition

Balsamum Elementorum externum is a liquor of external Mercury: that is, the Mumia of external elements, one of the three principles, the firmamental essence of things.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies a chain of related descriptions rather than a familiar everyday ingredient. Liquor, external Mercury, elemental Mumia, a principle and firmamental essence are used to characterize the subject. Each phrase belongs to the historical account and should be preserved, even where the relations remain compressed.

The qualifier external is especially important beside the internal balsam of a human body. It keeps this entry in the account of external nature. Yet the word does not by itself identify a modern liquid or prove that the “essence” has been isolated. A reader needs the surrounding author’s explanation of elements and principles to narrow the sense.

#### Use in the book

Mumia Elementorum and Balsamum provide the most direct comparisons. Archeius places the three principles within a larger account of generation. These links clarify the vocabulary’s conceptual setting without supplying an invented preparation.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum](#CD0100). A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

[Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462). Mumia-language applied to a balm of external elements.

[Archeius](#CD0067). A generative agency distinguished from universal matter and from the agency of individual formation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Balsamum Elementorum externum ; compare Balsamum, Mumia Elementorum, Archeius](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**See also.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462); [Archeius](#CD0067)

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### Carbones cœli

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Stars described through the image of heavenly coals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Carbones cœli are the stars.

#### Meaning

The dictionary gives a direct celestial identification. The coal image helps make the wording intelligible, but the entry does not establish a material composition of stars. Its principal role is to connect a figurative expression with the heavenly bodies intended.

Astrum supplies a different technical use of star vocabulary concerning powers gained through preparation. The contrast is useful: figurative language about stars and technical language using a star-name may operate in different domains. The surrounding passage must decide which is relevant.

#### Places to read

[Astrum](#CD0083). A “star” understood as a material’s enhanced power through preparation.

[Cœli planetarum](#CD0178). The planets’ own orbs and spheres.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Carbones cœli ; compare Astrum, Cœli planetarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Astrum](#CD0083); [Cœli planetarum](#CD0178)

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### Chaos

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term ranging from unformed matter to air and first-matter vocabulary.

**In the book.** The first Iliaster entry adds another useful distinction: it describes chaoses of earth, water, air and fire.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Chaos, besides meaning the confused and unshaped matter of all things, is used by Paracelsus for air; it is also used for Illiaste or Illiastro.

#### Meaning

The definition expressly records several senses. One concerns confused and unshaped matter generally. Another, attributed to Paracelsus, identifies air. A further use points to Illiaste or Illiastro. A reader should preserve the distinctions rather than decide that every historical Chaos means the same universal substance.

The difference between a general state and a particular element is substantial. A passage describing air as the setting or source of an event may not be making the same claim as one describing the unformed origin of all things. The name alone cannot choose between them.

#### Use in the book

The first Iliaster entry adds another useful distinction: it describes chaoses of earth, water, air and fire. This places chaos language within a differentiated elemental account. Compare Mysterium magnum for the broader first-matter identification. These links make the semantic range easier to navigate without forcing all the related terms into one definition.

#### Places to read

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Mysterium magnum](#CD0470). A universal first matter, rather than one particular prepared subject.

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

#### In this edition

When translating a passage, collect the words governing Chaos: a location, a material, a stage of formation or a first origin. Those relations can indicate which dictionary sense is active. Where the passage remains ambiguous, retaining the historical name with a note is preferable to inventing a precise modern equivalent.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chaos ; compare Iliaster (first matter), Mysterium magnum, Elementum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470); [Elementum](#CD0247)

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### Cœli planetarum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The planets’ own orbs and spheres.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cœli planetarum are the proper orbs of the planets and their spheres.

#### Meaning

This entry concerns celestial regions or structures, not a chemical vessel. “Proper” assigns each orb to its planet; the plural matters because the expression refers to the differentiated planetary heavens. The dictionary supplies no measurements or diagram of their arrangement.

The neighbouring Cœlum entries have very different glosses: one concerns quintessence or universal medicine and another the upper part of a vessel. Keeping those distinctions visible is especially useful when heaven-language appears in philosophical or technical prose. The qualifier determines which field the name enters.

#### Places to read

[Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179). The philosophers’ heaven explained through quintessence and universal medicine.

[Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180). The upper region of a vessel named as a spagyrical heaven.

[Carbones cœli](#CD0139). Stars described through the image of heavenly coals.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cœli planetarum ; compare Cœlum Philosophorum, Cœlum Spagiricum, Carbones cœli](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179); [Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180); [Carbones cœli](#CD0139)

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### Cœlum Philosophorum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The philosophers’ heaven explained through quintessence and universal medicine.

**In the book.** Compare Cœlum Spagiricum, which names a part of a vessel, and Cœli planetarum, which concerns planetary orbs.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cœlum Philosophorum is any quintessence or universal medicine, especially the philosophers’ stone.

#### Meaning

The entry moves heaven-language into a philosophical and medicinal field. It expressly includes any quintessence or universal medicine, then gives special prominence to the philosophers’ stone. The emphasis does not cancel the broader opening category. A reader should preserve both the range and the preferred example.

The definition does not make the subject an ordinary region of the sky. Nor does it identify a complete preparation. Quintessence and universal medicine are explanatory terms within the historical account, carrying claims that need to be read in the particular work where they occur.

#### Use in the book

Compare Cœlum Spagiricum, which names a part of a vessel, and Cœli planetarum, which concerns planetary orbs. The three entries show how similar heaven vocabulary can operate in different settings. Lapis Philosophorum and Quintessentia provide the most direct further reading for this entry’s material and philosophical senses.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384). The philosophers’ stone defined through supreme terrestrial power and its imparting of tincture.

[Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180). The upper region of a vessel named as a spagyrical heaven.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cœlum Philosophorum ; compare Quintessentia, Lapis Philosophorum, Cœlum Spagiricum, Cœli planetarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384); [Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180); [Cœli planetarum](#CD0178)

<a id="CD0207"></a>
### Corpora supercœlestia

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Bodies distinguished by a rational mode of knowing.

**In the book.** Corpus invisibile similarly combines bodily language with invisibility, but specifically identifies its subject as the soul.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Corpora supercœlestia are bodies known by reason rather than by the senses.

#### Meaning

The definition draws a boundary between ways of knowing. The senses do not make these bodies known; reason does. It does not enumerate the bodies or explain the argument by which their existence or nature is established. The brief gloss should therefore be used as an interpretive distinction rather than as a complete description of a hidden region.

“Body” consequently has a wider range here than an everyday visible object. The vocabulary needs to be read with the book’s own distinctions between material subjects, virtues, souls and celestial operations in view.

#### Use in the book

Corpus invisibile similarly combines bodily language with invisibility, but specifically identifies its subject as the soul. Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum concerns astral virtues in matter. The entries should remain separate: an invisible soul, an attributed celestial virtue, and something known by reason are not declared identical merely because all complicate ordinary bodily language.

#### Places to read

[Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206). Celestial bodies of the spagyrists understood as astral virtues in matter.

[Corpus invisibile](#CD0209). The soul described through both bodily support and spiritual invisibility.

#### In this edition

The edition keeps the contrast between sense and reason. Describing these bodies as imaginary would decide a question the definition itself does not settle.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Corpora supercœlestia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206); [Corpus invisibile](#CD0209)

<a id="CD0208"></a>
### Corpus

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

**In the book.** Arcanum offers a closely related account: a secret incorporeal virtue in natural things, associated with a life derived from heaven and capable, in the compiler’s account, of multiplication through spagyrical art.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Corpus is the subject in which the virtues of things lie hidden.

#### Meaning

The dictionary defines a body through its relation to virtues. These are the powers or efficacies attributed to things, rather than moral accomplishments. Corpus is their subject: that in which they are said to reside while remaining hidden. This is a statement about how a thing’s material presence and its activity are related in the book’s explanatory vocabulary.

“Hidden” does not mean that the body is itself invisible. An ordinary visible subject can contain a power whose action or preparation is the focus of a chymical text. Nor does the sentence say that a virtue must be another small body concealed inside a larger one. The definition leaves the manner of containment open.

The word “subject” is important for reading operations. An author may describe working upon a subject in order to obtain, expose or prepare an efficacy attributed to it. The dictionary’s entry names the relationship that makes such language possible; it does not supply a universal process for accomplishing the work.

#### Use in the book

Arcanum offers a closely related account: a secret incorporeal virtue in natural things, associated with a life derived from heaven and capable, in the compiler’s account, of multiplication through spagyrical art. Extractum gives a preparative contrast, naming what is extracted from bodily concretion while grossness remains behind. Compositum describes a body in its unseparated condition. These entries help distinguish the original subject, its condition, and a product sought from it.

The definitions also warn against using one rigid sense of body everywhere. Cohos includes what the skin contains in a whole body, but Corpus has no such anatomical restriction. Corpus invisibile identifies the soul while explaining why bodily language can be applied to it. Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum defines celestial bodies of the spagyrists as astral virtues present in matter. Their differences are part of the vocabulary, rather than exceptions to be erased.

When comparing passages, follow the sequence of claims. What is the subject? What virtue is attributed to it? Is the author discussing that virtue as hidden, as manifest in an effect, or as associated with a preparation? The dictionary provides these distinctions across its entries even when it does not resolve the composition of the subject.

#### Places to read

[Arcanum](#CD0065). A hidden virtue in natural things, capable in this account of enhancement through art.

[Cohos](#CD0183). The contents of the body considered within the boundary of its skin.

[Compositum](#CD0191). A compound body considered before separation.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition uses “virtues” deliberately. Substituting only “ingredients” would turn an account of efficacy into a list of components; substituting only “properties” could make the account sound more like a modern classification than the source warrants. The commentary explains the term through the dictionary’s own recurring language of powers, preparations and effects.

The word can remain useful even where the underlying identification is uncertain. A reader may understand that an author is contrasting a bodily subject with an attributed virtue without yet knowing which historical substance the author means. Keeping that distinction open is more faithful than supplying an unsupported chemical formula.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Corpus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Cohos](#CD0183); [Compositum](#CD0191); [Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206); [Corpus invisibile](#CD0209); [Extractum](#CD0269)

<a id="CD0219"></a>
### Dardo

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Generation understood as a continuing succession through propagation.

**In the book.** Divertalium gives a different formulation, generation made by elements.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Dardo is successive generation by propagation.

#### Meaning

The definition concerns a sequence of generation rather than naming a single generated thing. “Successive” and “propagation” belong together: the process proceeds from one generation to another. No particular animal, plant or mineral is specified.

#### Use in the book

Divertalium gives a different formulation, generation made by elements. The distinction is useful when an author contrasts ways of coming into being. The dictionary does not state that these two labels describe mutually exclusive processes, so their relationship must be judged in the passage being read.

#### Places to read

[Divertalium](#CD0236). Generation attributed to the elements.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Dardo](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Divertalium](#CD0236)

<a id="CD0223"></a>
### Derses

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A hidden earthly vapour credited with the growth of wood.

**In the book.** Leffas is another occult boiling vapour of the earth, associated with herbs and plants.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Derses is an occult vapour of the earth by reason of which every kind of wood grows and increases.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a proposed agency of growth. The vapour belongs to the earth, remains occult, and is said to account for the growth and increase of wood. It is not identified with a named visible liquid or a particular gas. The description is consequently more about function and origin than composition.

The breadth of “every kind” belongs to the source’s claim. It allows the term to describe a general cause of growth without making it a name for one species of tree or one product extracted from wood.

#### Use in the book

Leffas is another occult boiling vapour of the earth, associated with herbs and plants. Enur connects a vapour of water with the generation of stones. Together these entries make a useful comparison of how growth and generation are explained across different classes of things. They do not establish that all such vapours are one material.

#### Places to read

[Enur](#CD0254). A hidden watery vapour credited with the generation of stones.

[Leffas](#CD0393). An unseen earthly vapour credited with the growth of plants.

#### In this edition

“Occult” is explained here by the definition’s hidden agency, without adding a ceremonial or supernatural practice that the entry does not mention.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Derses](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Enur](#CD0254); [Leffas](#CD0393)

<a id="CD0236"></a>
### Divertalium

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Generation attributed to the elements.

**In the book.** Dardo concerns successive generation by propagation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Divertalium, or Divertellum, is generation made by the elements.

#### Meaning

The two forms name a kind or account of generation through its agents, the elements. No particular generated subject is specified, and the definition does not describe the stages of the process. Keep the attribution to elements rather than replacing it with a narrower reproductive explanation.

#### Use in the book

Dardo concerns successive generation by propagation. Elementum defines the elemental domain through change and corruption. These entries place generation in a larger vocabulary of origins and transformation, but leave the relation between the different formulations to the author being read.

#### Places to read

[Dardo](#CD0219). Generation understood as a continuing succession through propagation.

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Divertalium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Dardo](#CD0219); [Elementum](#CD0247)

<a id="CD0247"></a>
### Elementum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

**In the book.** Iliaster’s first definition makes an important distinction visible.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Elementum, in Paracelsus, is the corruptible and transient essence of the world and of everything subject to change.

#### Meaning

The definition begins from change. What is elemental is described as corruptible and transient, extending to the world and to all things subject to alteration. The entry does not begin by naming a particular material. Instead, it defines the scope of an elemental domain through the condition of the things belonging to it.

“Corruptible” concerns susceptibility to corruption or passing away within this account. It should not be read only as moral corruption, or as a claim that every thing described is already rotten. “Transient” similarly indicates a condition of not remaining permanently as it is. The two terms describe a range within which generation, preparation and dissolution can be discussed.

The attribution “in Paracelsus” is part of the definition. It tells the reader that the compiler is explaining a particular philosophical usage. The entry does not attempt to settle every author’s meaning of element, nor provide a universal list of elementary substances.

#### Use in the book

Iliaster’s first definition makes an important distinction visible. It speaks of Sulphur, Mercury and Salt as first principles, while giving a fourfold account through earth, water, air and fire. Those two groupings should not be collapsed into one another. The difference in number is stated openly: three principles and four elemental forms of chaos enter the same account without becoming a single list.

Divertalium concerns generation made by elements. Constellatio describes impressions from higher stars upon lower bodies. Ilech crudum concerns a composition of the first matter of the three first principles. Together these entries show several kinds of explanatory relation: elemental generation, celestial impression, and composition through principles. A passage may use more than one of these relations, but the dictionary does not declare them interchangeable.

Qualitas ties a complexion to the predominance of an element and names the pairs hot and cold, dry and moist. That definition helps explain how an element can enter descriptions of a thing’s constitution. Elementum itself remains broader: it describes the changeable essence of the world rather than only one quality within a mixture.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Divertalium](#CD0236). Generation attributed to the elements.

[Ilech crudum](#CD0344). A composition described through first matter and three principles.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition retains “essence” and the condition of change. Replacing the sentence with a familiar modern use of element would lose the philosophical account the compiler is trying to explain.

For practical reading, ask whether an author is naming an element, discussing what belongs to the elemental realm, or describing a quality attributed to elemental predominance. Those questions follow distinctions already present in the dictionary. They help preserve the text’s variety of uses without adding an unmentioned scheme of causes.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Elementum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Divertalium](#CD0236); [Ilech crudum](#CD0344); [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Qualitas](#CD0542)

<a id="CD0250"></a>
### Elixir

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A transformative ferment, or a thing’s essence.

**In the book.** Fermentum makes this relationship more explicit by calling a ferment a fixed matter that reduces another matter to its own nature and fixedness.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Elixir is properly a ferment, the smallest part of which turns the whole mass of a thing into its own kind; it can also mean the essence of a thing.

#### Meaning

Two senses are stated. In the first, an elixir is a ferment whose small part is said to turn a whole mass into its own kind. In the second, it is the essence of a thing. The second clause is not merely another name for the first operation: it allows the term to identify an essence without repeating the account of conversion.

The relation of small to large gives the first sense its force. The smallest part acts upon a mass, and the result is described through resemblance of kind. The dictionary is reporting a claimed power, without stating a quantity, a ratio or a visible criterion for a completed change. “Smallest” should therefore remain a qualitative assertion rather than being converted into a measurement.

“Own kind” also deserves attention. The ferment is not simply described as causing any alteration whatsoever. Its action is directed towards the nature or kind attributed to itself. That relation links the definition to the book’s interest in how an agent communicates its condition to another subject.

#### Use in the book

Fermentum makes this relationship more explicit by calling a ferment a fixed matter that reduces another matter to its own nature and fixedness. Fixatio supplies the related operation of making what flies in fire endure it. Those entries explain why fixedness can matter within the ferment vocabulary, although Elixir itself does not state a complete preparation.

Lapis Philosophorum is defined as the highest virtue of terrestrial things, giving tincture. Tinctura is that which tinges a body with its colour. Essentia quinta is an extracted matter purified from impurity and corruption. These connections establish overlapping interests in virtue, essence, tincture and preparation. They do not prove that every author uses all these names for exactly the same subject.

The dictionary also names particular essences, such as Flos cheiri, the essence of gold. Such an entry gives a specific material setting that the general Elixir definition leaves open. A reader should take that specificity from the particular text rather than assume it for every occurrence of the term.

#### Places to read

[Essentia quinta](#CD0260). Quintessence described through extraction, purification and claimed incorruptibility.

[Fermentum](#CD0276). A fixed agent credited with communicating its nature and fixedness.

[Fixatio](#CD0284). An operation defined through resistance to loss or flight in fire.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition preserves both the transformative claim and the alternative essence sense. It does not reduce elixir to a general word for a drink or expand it into an unqualified promise of medicine or metallic conversion.

When following an argument, identify what the elixir is said to be, the subject on which it acts, and the sense of “kind” or “essence” that the author develops. These questions draw out the information a passage may supply while keeping clear what the dictionary’s short definition leaves unspecified.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Elixir](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Essentia quinta](#CD0260); [Fermentum](#CD0276); [Fixatio](#CD0284); [Flos cheiri](#CD0286); [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384); [Tinctura](#CD0653)

<a id="CD0254"></a>
### Enur

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A hidden watery vapour credited with the generation of stones.

**In the book.** Derses connects an earthly vapour with the growth of wood, and Leffas does so with herbs and plants.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Enur is an occult vapour of water by which stones are generated.

#### Meaning

The vapour is identified through origin and attributed activity. It belongs to water and is said to account for the generation of stones. The definition does not name a visible liquid, isolate a substance or describe the stages by which a stone forms.

#### Use in the book

Derses connects an earthly vapour with the growth of wood, and Leffas does so with herbs and plants. These comparisons make clear the dictionary’s use of hidden vapours to explain generation in different settings. Enur’s particular association remains water and stones; a general similarity of function does not erase that distinction.

#### Places to read

[Derses](#CD0223). A hidden earthly vapour credited with the growth of wood.

[Leffas](#CD0393). An unseen earthly vapour credited with the growth of plants.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Enur](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Derses](#CD0223); [Leffas](#CD0393)

<a id="CD0260"></a>
### Essentia quinta

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Quintessence described through extraction, purification and claimed incorruptibility.

**In the book.** Extractum defines what is extracted from bodily concretion while grossness is left behind.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Essentia quinta, according to Paracelsus’s definition, is a matter extracted from things and purified of every kind of impurity and corruption, by which it is made incorruptible.

#### Meaning

Preparation structures the definition. Matter is extracted from things, purified from impurity and corruption, and thereby said to become incorruptible. The final condition belongs to the source’s claim about the success of purification; it should not be omitted merely because a modern reader may question it.

The word “things” leaves the starting subjects open. The entry does not restrict quintessence to a single metal, plant or animal material. Nor does it supply the technique by which extraction or purification is completed. A particular author’s account must identify those subjects and procedures.

“According to Paracelsus” is another important qualification. The compiler attributes this explanation to a particular body of writings rather than presenting an exhaustive account of every historical use of quintessence. That attribution should remain visible in both quotation and commentary.

#### Use in the book

Extractum defines what is extracted from bodily concretion while grossness is left behind. Digestio describes a chymical operation through preparing matter into a separation of pure from impure. Arcanum gives a secret incorporeal virtue in natural things, associated with an immortal life derived from heaven. These entries connect selection, preparation and efficacy, but they are not printed as interchangeable definitions.

Elixir gives a second sense as the essence of a thing, alongside its primary account of a transformative ferment. Particular entries apply the quintessence vocabulary more narrowly: Ignis pruinus adeptus is the quintessence of vitriol rectified with tartar, while Iliaster tertius concerns life attributed to the quintessence of things. Such passages show how the general term can enter both preparation language and an account of life.

The relation between purification and incorruptibility is therefore central. The source claims more than a cleaner sample of an ordinary subject. It describes a transformed condition in which corruption has been removed. Understanding that claim is necessary for reading the argument, even where the historical material and the asserted result cannot be independently reconstructed.

#### Places to read

[Arcanum](#CD0065). A hidden virtue in natural things, capable in this account of enhancement through art.

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Elixir](#CD0250). A transformative ferment, or a thing’s essence.

#### In this edition

The edition retains “incorruptible” as a reported historical conclusion. It does not silently weaken the word to merely durable or strengthen the gloss into a guarantee that an actual preparation cannot decay.

A useful reading sequence is to identify the starting subject, what an author says is extracted, what counts as impurity in that passage, and what result is claimed. These questions separate the dictionary’s general definition from the additional evidence a longer text may supply. They also keep the distinction between an attributed virtue, an extracted matter and a name for essence available throughout the edition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Essentia quinta](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Digestio](#CD0233); [Elixir](#CD0250); [Extractum](#CD0269); [Ignis pruinus adeptus](#CD0343); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353)

<a id="CD0276"></a>
### Fermentum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fixed agent credited with communicating its nature and fixedness.

**In the book.** Elixir is properly described as a ferment whose smallest part turns a whole mass into its own kind.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fermentum is a fixed matter that reduces another matter to its own nature and fixedness.

#### Meaning

The ferment is defined through both its condition and its action. It is fixed, and it is said to bring another matter into its own nature and fixedness. The relation between agent and subject is therefore central; the entry does not simply use ferment as a general word for spontaneous change.

“Nature” identifies the kind or character communicated in this account. “Fixedness” adds a condition that is explained more directly under Fixatio, where something that flies in fire is made to endure it. Keeping both words visible prevents the entry from being narrowed to only a change of appearance.

#### Use in the book

Elixir is properly described as a ferment whose smallest part turns a whole mass into its own kind. That definition adds a relation of quantity and a claim about a mass. Fermentum itself does not state a ratio. Tinctura concerns tinging a body with colour, while Lapis Philosophorum is described through a high terrestrial virtue giving tincture. The entries overlap in an interest in communicated effects, without becoming a single universal definition.

The comparison also guards against importing a familiar everyday sense of fermentation into every passage. This entry’s distinctive claim is the communication of a fixed matter’s own nature to another matter.

#### Places to read

[Elixir](#CD0250). A transformative ferment, or a thing’s essence.

[Fixatio](#CD0284). An operation defined through resistance to loss or flight in fire.

[Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384). The philosophers’ stone defined through supreme terrestrial power and its imparting of tincture.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition retains the causative language as a historical account. It does not supply ingredients, conditions or evidence for a successful conversion. A longer text must establish what its author calls the ferment, what it acts upon and what outcome is claimed.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fermentum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Elixir](#CD0250); [Fixatio](#CD0284); [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384); [Tinctura](#CD0653)

<a id="CD0280"></a>
### Filius unius Diei

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for the Philosophers’ Stone.

**In the book.** Lapis Philosophorum is described as the highest virtue of terrestrial things, giving tincture.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Filius unius Diei is the Philosophers’ Stone.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies an identification, without explaining the phrase or assigning a duration to the work. The apparent reference to one day in the headword should therefore not be turned into a practical timetable from this gloss alone.

#### Use in the book

Lapis Philosophorum is described as the highest virtue of terrestrial things, giving tincture. Filum arsenicale is another name directly referred to the Stone. These links establish recognition across a changing vocabulary, while leaving the surrounding author to explain why a particular name is chosen.

#### Places to read

[Filum arsenicale](#CD0282). Another name for the Philosophers’ Stone.

[Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384). The philosophers’ stone defined through supreme terrestrial power and its imparting of tincture.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Filius unius Diei](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Filum arsenicale](#CD0282); [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384)

<a id="CD0282"></a>
### Filum arsenicale

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Another name for the Philosophers’ Stone.

**In the book.** Filius unius Diei is also referred directly to the Stone.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Filum arsenicale is the Philosophers’ Stone.

#### Meaning

The compiler gives a direct identification and no further account of the headword’s relation to arsenic or a particular preparation. Its resemblance to other material language should not be used to create an ingredient list that the definition does not supply.

#### Use in the book

Filius unius Diei is also referred directly to the Stone. Lapis Philosophorum gives the fuller description of a terrestrial virtue producing tincture. These links help recognise the same named goal across several expressions, while the reasons for a particular expression must come from the author using it.

#### Places to read

[Filius unius Diei](#CD0280). An alternative name for the Philosophers’ Stone.

[Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384). The philosophers’ stone defined through supreme terrestrial power and its imparting of tincture.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Filum arsenicale](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Filius unius Diei](#CD0280); [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384)

<a id="CD0299"></a>
### Gamonynum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A universal anatomy named without further explanation.

**In the book.** Anatomia Essata receives the distinct gloss mother of diseases, while Cohos concerns everything contained by bodily skin.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Gamonynum is the single anatomy of all things.

#### Meaning

The phrase reaches beyond the anatomy of a human body: its stated subject is all things. The emphasis on a single or only anatomy suggests a comprehensive account, but the dictionary does not explain its divisions or procedure.

#### Use in the book

Anatomia Essata receives the distinct gloss mother of diseases, while Cohos concerns everything contained by bodily skin. Those entries should not be substituted for Gamonynum’s wider scope. The modernised definition retains the source’s broad claim without constructing a universal scheme that the short entry does not provide.

#### Places to read

[Anatomia Essata](#CD0030). A compressed expression naming a source or origin of disease.

[Cohos](#CD0183). The contents of the body considered within the boundary of its skin.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gamonynum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Anatomia Essata](#CD0030); [Cohos](#CD0183)

<a id="CD0341"></a>
### Ignis leonis

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fire name directly identified with the element.

**In the book.** Ignis Persicus is a burning ulcer, and Ignis pruinus adeptus is a prepared quintessence of vitriol.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Ignis leonis is the element of fire itself.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies an explicit elemental identification. It does not name a particular furnace, fuel or medicinal preparation. “Itself” emphasises that the gloss directs the reader to the element rather than explaining the phrase through a separate product.

#### Use in the book

Ignis Persicus is a burning ulcer, and Ignis pruinus adeptus is a prepared quintessence of vitriol. These neighbouring fire names have different subjects. Exact qualification is therefore essential: the shared opening Ignis does not make all three expressions refer to the same kind of thing.

#### Places to read

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

[Ignis Persicus](#CD0342). A medical condition named through burning heat.

[Ignis pruinus adeptus](#CD0343). A vitriolic quintessence qualified by rectification with tartar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ignis leonis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Elementum](#CD0247); [Ignis Persicus](#CD0342); [Ignis pruinus adeptus](#CD0343)

<a id="CD0344"></a>
### Ilech crudum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A composition described through first matter and three principles.

**In the book.** Ilech primum receives the shorter gloss first principle.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Ilech crudum is a composition of the first matter of the three first principles.

#### Meaning

The phrase connects a composition with first matter and with three first principles. The entry does not name the principles in this sentence, but the dictionary’s Iliaster definition explicitly lists Sulphur, Mercury and Salt. That parallel supplies an internal guide to the terminology.

“Composition” should remain visible. The text is speaking about a relation of constituent principles, rather than simply using Ilech crudum as another unqualified name for any first matter.

#### Use in the book

Ilech primum receives the shorter gloss first principle. Ilech magnum concerns a medicine’s ascendant or star, while Iliaster introduces a fourfold account alongside the three principles. Keeping these definitions distinct allows the reader to follow the change in scale and qualification across related names.

#### Places to read

[Ilech magnum](#CD0345). A medicine’s hidden star explained through a higher and lower correspondence.

[Ilech primum](#CD0346). A term glossed as the first principle.

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition retains the compressed historical construction. It does not impose a modern list of chemical ingredients upon the three principles.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ilech crudum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Ilech magnum](#CD0345); [Ilech primum](#CD0346); [Iliaster](#CD0349)

<a id="CD0346"></a>
### Ilech primum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term glossed as the first principle.

**In the book.** Ilech crudum is a composition of the first matter of the three first principles.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Ilech primum is the first principle.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a position or rank without naming a substance. It does not explain whether the first principle in a particular author is a material, an origin or an ordering concept. Those further distinctions must come from that author’s account.

#### Use in the book

Ilech crudum is a composition of the first matter of the three first principles. Iliaster lists Sulphur, Mercury and Salt and relates its account to four elements. Their more detailed explanations provide context, but they should not silently replace the short and singular gloss printed under Ilech primum.

#### Places to read

[Ilech crudum](#CD0344). A composition described through first matter and three principles.

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ilech primum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Ilech crudum](#CD0344); [Iliaster](#CD0349)

<a id="CD0348"></a>
### Ileidus

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Elemental air given a human counterpart as a circulating or pervasive spirit.

**In the book.** Elementum gives the broader changeable elemental domain.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Ileidus is elemental air; in human beings it is the spirit passing through all their members.

#### Meaning

The definition moves from a general elemental identification to a human one. The same named term is elemental air, but in people it is the spirit passing through their members. The second clause should remain part of the gloss rather than being treated as an incidental metaphor.

The entry does not identify a bodily pathway, an anatomical organ or a measurable fluid. Its point is the relation between an elemental description and the account of activity throughout a person.

#### Use in the book

Elementum gives the broader changeable elemental domain. Ilech magnum compares higher stars in the firmament with lower stars in people, while Imaginatio names a star in a person. These parallels show how the dictionary connects worldly and human descriptions through related terms, without declaring every human spirit or star identical.

#### Places to read

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

[Ilech magnum](#CD0345). A medicine’s hidden star explained through a higher and lower correspondence.

[Imaginatio](#CD0355). Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

#### In this edition

The modernised wording keeps “spirit” as the historical explanatory term. It leaves the nature of its passage through the members to the author’s wider account.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ileidus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Elementum](#CD0247); [Ilech magnum](#CD0345); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

<a id="CD0349"></a>
### Iliaster

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

**In the book.** The second Iliaster entry has its own definition, identifying an occult virtue of Nature through which things increase, are nourished, multiply and flourish.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 26, 27; facsimile PDF pages 354, 355.

#### Historical definition

Iliaster, Iliastes, or Iliadum is the first matter of all things, consisting of Sulphur, Mercury and Salt. It is fourfold according to the elements: the chaos of earth, water, air and fire. There are also four human Iliastri concerning long life.

#### Meaning

This first Iliaster definition joins three different structures. It identifies first matter through Sulphur, Mercury and Salt; it gives a fourfold division through earth, water, air and fire; and it points to four human Iliastri concerning long life. The structures are related in the entry, but their numbers and subjects should remain distinct.

The three named principles belong to the statement about constitution. The four elements supply the following division into forms of chaos. The text does not say that there are four first principles or only three elements. Preserving the difference allows a reader to understand how the dictionary can combine the two groupings without silently correcting one to match the other.

Each elemental branch is named as chaos: the chaos of earth, then water, air and fire. The term does not receive an independent description here. The separate Chaos entry, however, explains its ordinary role as confused and unshaped matter and records particular Paracelsian uses. That cross-reference is useful precisely because the short Iliaster entry assumes a larger vocabulary.

#### Use in the book

The second Iliaster entry has its own definition, identifying an occult virtue of Nature through which things increase, are nourished, multiply and flourish. It is preserved separately in this edition. The second definition can illuminate the first’s larger setting, but it should not displace this account of first matter and its divisions.

Ilech crudum concerns a composition of the first matter of the three first principles. Elementum describes the corruptible and transient essence of the changeable world. These comparisons supply the surrounding account of matter and change without creating a modern material identity for Iliaster.

The final sentence about four human Iliastri receives explicit follow-up entries. Iliaster primus is the term of life, life itself, or the balsam of life in a person. Iliaster secundus concerns life received through elements and elemented things. Iliaster tertius concerns life through the quintessence of things. Iliaster magnus, also called quartus, concerns the mind or soul caught into another world, with Enoch and Elijah given as examples.

That human sequence is not simply a second recital of earth, water, air and fire. Its stated subjects are life, its sources or terms, and finally the mind or soul. The first definition announces the sequence without spelling it out; the later entries provide the distinction. Reading them together preserves a layered fourfold account rather than turning every fourth member into an elemental fire correspondence.

#### Places to read

[Chaos](#CD0155). A term ranging from unformed matter to air and first-matter vocabulary.

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

[Ilech crudum](#CD0344). A composition described through first matter and three principles.

#### In this edition

The edition keeps the two Iliaster headwords as separate source entries because the historical book gives them distinct definitions. Search links connect them, while the original order remains available through the source locators.

No unstated substance is supplied as the first matter. The commentary explains the structures actually named: three principles, four elemental chaoses, and four human Iliastri. Those relationships are substantive enough to guide reading even where the precise material or metaphysical interpretation varies between authors.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 26, 27; facsimile PDF pages 354, 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Iliaster](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Chaos](#CD0155); [Elementum](#CD0247); [Ilech crudum](#CD0344); [Iliaster](#CD0350); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353); [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

<a id="CD0350"></a>
### Iliaster

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Nature’s hidden efficacy described through growth, nourishment and flourishing.

**In the book.** The preceding Iliaster entry gives first matter through Sulphur, Mercury and Salt and divides its account fourfold through the elements.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Iliaster in general is the occult virtue of Nature by which all things increase, are nourished, multiply and flourish; you may read more at length in Paracelsus’s book concerning the generation of meteors.

#### Meaning

This is the dictionary’s second Iliaster definition. It identifies a virtue through four related activities: increase, nourishment, multiplication and flourishing. The virtue belongs to Nature and is called occult. The emphasis therefore falls on hidden efficacy expressed through living or generative activity, rather than on a visible material form.

The word “general” matters. The compiler is giving a broad account, while other entries apply the Iliaster vocabulary to particular kinds or terms of human life. The definition does not state that every growing thing contains one independently identifiable preparation called Iliaster.

#### Use in the book

The preceding Iliaster entry gives first matter through Sulphur, Mercury and Salt and divides its account fourfold through the elements. Both definitions are retained. Together they show the vocabulary operating through constitution and through attributed activity, without requiring one sentence to erase the other.

The four named human Iliastri then describe life itself, life through elements, life through quintessence, and a fourth relation to the mind or soul caught into another world. These separate entries give the reader a more articulated account of life than the general growth statement alone.

The final bibliographical reference is to a book of Paracelsus concerning the generation of meteors. The dictionary provides no chapter or page in this sentence. This edition therefore preserves the reference at its stated level rather than claiming that a particular modern edition or passage has been conclusively identified.

#### Places to read

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Iliaster primus](#CD0351). The first human Iliaster described through life and its balsam.

[Iliaster secundus](#CD0352). The second human Iliaster associated with elemental life.

#### In this edition

The commentary uses “efficacy” to clarify virtue while retaining the historical phrase in the definition. It adds no unmentioned mechanism for growth, and it does not turn the cross-reference into proof that every work transmitted under Paracelsus’s name is authentic.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Iliaster](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353); [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

<a id="CD0364"></a>
### Innaturalia

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Bodies placed beyond the ordinary natural order.

**In the book.** Incubus and Nymphæ have fuller definitions specifying actions or places.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Innaturalia are supernatural bodies.

#### Meaning

This very short definition combines two terms which should both remain visible: the things are bodies, and their status is supernatural. It does not say that they are simply imaginary, nor identify them with all the spirits named elsewhere. The headword establishes a category without listing its members.

#### Use in the book

Incubus and Nymphæ have fuller definitions specifying actions or places. Nothing in this entry directs the reader to treat either as an example of Innaturalia. A proposed identification needs support from the passage being interpreted, rather than from the shared difficulty of the names.

#### Places to read

[Incubus](#CD0362). A spirit described through deceptive sexual experience during sleep.

[Nymphæ](#CD0486). Embodied spirits or spiritual persons associated with water.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Innaturalia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Incubus](#CD0362); [Nymphæ](#CD0486)

<a id="CD0371"></a>
### Kamir

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Another name for ferment.

**In the book.** Iumnizum also leads to leaven or ferment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kamir is ferment.

#### Meaning

Kamir is a lexical cross-reference, not a new explanation of an operation. Fermentum gives the fuller account: a fixed matter brings another matter into conformity with its own nature and fixity. That account supplies the relevant function when Kamir appears in a technical passage.

#### Use in the book

Iumnizum also leads to leaven or ferment. The dictionary’s several names make recognition important; their number does not prove that several different ingredients are required.

#### Places to read

[Fermentum](#CD0276). A fixed agent credited with communicating its nature and fixedness.

[Iumnizum](#CD0366). An alternative name for leaven or ferment.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kamir](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Fermentum](#CD0276); [Iumnizum](#CD0366)

<a id="CD0379"></a>
### Kymenna

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for a bubble.

**In the book.** Lorindt concerns movement or sound in waters.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kymenna is a bubble.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies a form without naming the liquid or vapour in which it appears. A bubble can therefore be what a passage asks the reader to notice, rather than a new substance added to the work. Its material setting has to be recovered from that passage.

#### Use in the book

Lorindt concerns movement or sound in waters. Both names can describe an event within a material medium without themselves naming a distinct ingredient.

#### Places to read

[Lorindt](#CD0410). Waters described through movement or the harmony they produce.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kymenna](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Lorindt](#CD0410)

<a id="CD0381"></a>
### Labor Sophiæ

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A phrase directed towards paradise or another world.

**In the book.** Microcosmus explicitly names man as a little world, while Mysterium magnum names universal first matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Labor Sophiæ is paradise, or another world.

#### Meaning

The Latin phrase names a labour of wisdom, but the dictionary’s actual equivalent is a place or condition: paradise, alternatively another world. It gives neither a manual operation nor a material recipe. The two equivalents leave the expression’s precise application dependent on the passage in which it occurs.

#### Use in the book

Microcosmus explicitly names man as a little world, while Mysterium magnum names universal first matter. These show different uses of world-language. Their proximity of theme does not authorise substituting either definition for Labor Sophiæ.

#### Places to read

[Microcosmus](#CD0454). The human being named as a little world.

[Mysterium magnum](#CD0470). A universal first matter, rather than one particular prepared subject.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Labor Sophiæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Microcosmus](#CD0454); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470)

<a id="CD0384"></a>
### Lapis Philosophorum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The philosophers’ stone defined through supreme terrestrial power and its imparting of tincture.

**In the book.** Filum arsenicale and Phenix also lead to the philosophers’ stone.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Lapis Philosophorum is the highest power of all earthly things, giving tincture.

#### Meaning

The definition is functional and evaluative. It gives the stone a highest place among earthly powers and describes it as communicating tincture. It does not identify a starting substance, explain how the stone is prepared, or enumerate all the effects meant by tincture. Those omissions leave a reader dependent on the larger argument of the work being read.

The ordinary meaning of stone is insufficient here. The adjacent Lapis entry makes fixity a basis for the name, while this compound adds an exceptional efficacy. The claim is thus about a perfected agent as much as a solid-looking object.

#### Use in the book

Filum arsenicale and Phenix also lead to the philosophers’ stone. They provide names to recognise, rather than independent preparations that should be combined merely because their headings differ.

#### Places to read

[Lapis](#CD0383). Stone as a general designation of fixity.

[Filum arsenicale](#CD0282). Another name for the Philosophers’ Stone.

[Phenix](#CD0528). A name with quintessence-of-fire and philosophers’ stone senses.

#### In this edition

Vertue is modernised as power. This preserves its claim about efficacy without making moral virtue the immediate meaning of a material definition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Lapis Philosophorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Lapis](#CD0383); [Filum arsenicale](#CD0282); [Phenix](#CD0528)

<a id="CD0393"></a>
### Leffas

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An unseen earthly vapour credited with the growth of plants.

**In the book.** Leffa concerns the predestination of herbs; Leffas concerns a power through which they grow.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Leffas is a hidden, seething vapour of the earth through which herbs and plants grow.

#### Meaning

Growth is assigned to something active within the earth rather than to its inert bulk alone. The vapour is occult because it is hidden; boiling or seething describes its activity. The entry offers a generative explanation, not simply another word for an already formed herb.

A reader should preserve the relation expressed by through which. The vapour enables growth, but the definition does not say that a plant and this vapour are interchangeable names for the same visible object. Nor does it identify the vapour with a specific modern gas.

#### Use in the book

Leffa concerns the predestination of herbs; Leffas concerns a power through which they grow. Matrices rerum and Microcosmus place other kinds of generation within a vocabulary of containing elements and worlds. They help recover the scale of the account without erasing the particular earthly setting of Leffas.

#### Places to read

[Leffa](#CD0392). A term for the predestination assigned to herbs.

[Matrices rerum](#CD0436). The elements considered as matrices of things.

[Microcosmus](#CD0454). The human being named as a little world.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Leffas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Leffa](#CD0392); [Matrices rerum](#CD0436); [Microcosmus](#CD0454)

<a id="CD0398"></a>
### Limbus

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The universal world considered as the human being’s seed and first matter.

**In the book.** Microcosmus supplies the corresponding description of man as a little world.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Limbus in Paracelsus is the great and universal world, the seed and first matter of man.

#### Meaning

The definition relates the largest whole to a particular generated being. Limbus names the great world while also identifying it as the seed and first matter of man. The relation is one of origin and constitution, rather than the ordinary meaning of a border or edge.

Seed and first matter should both remain in view. The language presents the human being as proceeding from what the universal world contains. It does not identify one anatomical seed-fluid as the whole meaning of Limbus, nor reduce the world to the visible human body.

#### Use in the book

Microcosmus supplies the corresponding description of man as a little world. Mysterium magnum gives first matter of all things, a broader statement than the particular relation to man specified here. Reading the three together preserves both their common cosmological vocabulary and their differences of scope.

#### Places to read

[Microcosmus](#CD0454). The human being named as a little world.

[Mysterium magnum](#CD0470). A universal first matter, rather than one particular prepared subject.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Limbus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Microcosmus](#CD0454); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470)

<a id="CD0410"></a>
### Lorindt

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Waters described through movement or the harmony they produce.

**In the book.** Mechanopeotica concerns the invention of water-works and the conveyance of water to high places.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Lorindt is the movement of waters, or a harmony made by them.

#### Meaning

The two equivalents concern an event or effect, rather than a particular ingredient. Water is in motion; alternatively, its activity is apprehended as a harmony. The wording does not specify an instrument producing that harmony or describe an engineered water-work.

#### Use in the book

Mechanopeotica concerns the invention of water-works and the conveyance of water to high places. Lorindt should remain distinct from that technological category even when a passage brings moving water and a device together.

#### Places to read

[Mechanopeotica](#CD0438). An inventive art exemplified by raising and conveying water.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Lorindt](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Mechanopeotica](#CD0438)

<a id="CD0425"></a>
### Maius noster

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Dew and the philosophical lodestone joined under one name.

**In the book.** Manna also includes a dew fallen from heaven, although it has further senses.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Maius noster is our dew, and the philosophical lodestone.

#### Meaning

The possessive our belongs to the expression used by the philosophical writers represented here. It can mark their special vocabulary rather than ordinary dew without qualification. The second equivalent, philosophical lodestone, gives the reader another name, but no physical description of the subject.

#### Use in the book

Manna also includes a dew fallen from heaven, although it has further senses. Magneticus tartarus uses a lodestone comparison in a bodily-stone definition. The shared words do not make these separate entries interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Manna](#CD0430). An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

[Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423). A bodily stone described by hardness and a spongy structure.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Maius noster](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Manna](#CD0430); [Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423)

<a id="CD0436"></a>
### Matrices rerum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The elements considered as matrices of things.

**In the book.** Elementum provides the book’s separate account of elemental essence.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Matrices rerum are the elements.

#### Meaning

Matrix-language gives the elements a containing or generative role. The definition identifies them directly, without listing a separate series of vessels or bodily organs. A reader should therefore test the elemental meaning before interpreting the plural as anatomical wombs.

#### Use in the book

Elementum provides the book’s separate account of elemental essence. Limbus and Microcosmus relate the great world to the origin and constitution of man. These entries connect generative language at different scales without making every matrix a human body.

#### Places to read

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

[Limbus](#CD0398). The universal world considered as the human being’s seed and first matter.

[Microcosmus](#CD0454). The human being named as a little world.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Matrices rerum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Elementum](#CD0247); [Limbus](#CD0398); [Microcosmus](#CD0454)

<a id="CD0462"></a>
### Mumia Elementorum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Mumia-language applied to a balm of external elements.

**In the book.** Balsamum Elementorum externum supplies another expanded elemental-balm entry.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Mumia Elementorum is the balm of the external elements.

#### Meaning

The elemental qualification moves the expression beyond the flesh-preparation described under Mumia. The definition identifies a balm in relation to external elements, without giving an ingredient list or equating it with the body of a particular animal.

#### Use in the book

Balsamum Elementorum externum supplies another expanded elemental-balm entry. Read it with this short equivalent and with Mumia itself to preserve the difference between a bodily preparation and an expression operating at elemental scale.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102). An external elemental balsam explained through Mercury, Mumia and firmamental essence.

[Mumia](#CD0461). Balmed flesh, expressly extending beyond human flesh.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Mumia Elementorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102); [Mumia](#CD0461)

<a id="CD0470"></a>
### Mysterium magnum

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A universal first matter, rather than one particular prepared subject.

**In the book.** Limbus relates the great world to the seed and first matter of man.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Mysterium magnum is the first matter of all things.

#### Meaning

All things gives the definition its scope. The phrase is not limited here to metals, to the human body or to the initial material of one laboratory work. First matter names the beginning from which those differentiated things are to be understood. The entry itself does not identify an ordinary visible specimen of that universal beginning.

The word mystery therefore receives a material and cosmological equivalent. It does not mean merely an unsolved question, nor does its presence justify inventing a secret recipe which the compiler has not supplied.

#### Use in the book

Limbus relates the great world to the seed and first matter of man. Mercurius regeneratus concerns the first being of mercury. Comparing these formulations helps readers keep a universal claim separate from a beginning specified for one kind of thing.

#### Places to read

[Limbus](#CD0398). The universal world considered as the human being’s seed and first matter.

[Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450). Regenerated mercury defined through its first being.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Mysterium magnum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Limbus](#CD0398); [Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450)

<a id="CD0528"></a>
### Phenix

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name with quintessence-of-fire and philosophers’ stone senses.

**In the book.** Quintessentia describes a purified spiritual matter, while Lapis Philosophorum is defined as the highest virtue of earthly things, giving tincture.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Phenix is the quintessence of fire; also the philosophers’ stone.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies two applications. Also adds the philosophers’ stone to the quintessence of fire. A reader should keep both visible rather than selecting one automatically from the headword’s familiar image.

#### Use in the book

Quintessentia describes a purified spiritual matter, while Lapis Philosophorum is defined as the highest virtue of earthly things, giving tincture. These fuller glosses provide the appropriate reading routes. Their comparison clarifies the dictionary’s network without claiming that every use of quintessence is the stone.

#### Places to read

[Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384). The philosophers’ stone defined through supreme terrestrial power and its imparting of tincture.

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Tinctura](#CD0653). An agent defined by imparting color to another body.

#### In this edition

The article begins from the explicit equivalents in this witness. A full interpretation of phoenix symbolism in another work would need the actual passage, its image and its stated operation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Phenix; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Lapis Philosophorum, Quintessentia, Tinctura, Vulcanus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384); [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Tinctura](#CD0653); [Vulcanus](#CD0688)

<a id="CD0544"></a>
### Quintessentia

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

**In the book.** Separation supplies the operation and purity supplies its intended result.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367.

#### Historical definition

Quintessentia is a certain spiritual matter extracted bodily from herbs, plants and all things that have life, and its exaltation to the highest degree of purity by separating every impurity.

#### Meaning

Quintessence combines two features that can seem opposed to a modern reader: the matter is called spiritual, yet it is extracted corporeally. Spiritual therefore cannot automatically mean wholly immaterial here. The definition concerns something obtained from a natural body and raised to a higher degree of purity.

#### Use in the book

Separation supplies the operation and purity supplies its intended result. The historical sentence joins the extracted matter to the act of exalting it. Our wording preserves both. A quintessence is not defined simply as a pleasant odor, an ordinary extract, or a figurative summary of a subject. Its force in this account depends on removing what is judged impure.

Compare Sulphur rerum, where the sulphur of things can stand for their quintessence. That connection does not make every occurrence of sulphur a reference to ordinary mineral sulphur. The dictionary moves between a named material and the effective part or virtue of a natural thing. Rubella adds another useful comparison: an essence is described by its dissolving power and its extraction of tincture.

#### Places to read

[Rubella](#CD0564). An essence defined by dissolving and extracting tincture.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

[Sulphur rerum](#CD0629). The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

#### In this edition

The definition does not identify one universal modern substance shared by every plant. Each contextual use needs its own subject and operation. Nor does the term itself establish a medical effect. For readers of the companion books, the useful questions are what body supplies the matter, what is separated, what is retained, and in what respect the result is said to be purer.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Quintessentia; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 367; compare Rubella, Spagirus, Sulphur rerum, Tinctura](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**See also.** [Rubella](#CD0564); [Spagirus](#CD0615); [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629); [Tinctura](#CD0653)

<a id="CD0552"></a>
### Rebus

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The final matter or resulting condition of things.

**In the book.** Rebis, separately defined as bodily excrement, must remain distinct.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Rebus is the last matter of things.

#### Meaning

Last matter places the term at the other end of a process from first matter. The definition supplies an order of stages, though it does not name one specific final substance. The subject of the surrounding passage determines what thing has reached its last matter.

#### Use in the book

Rebis, separately defined as bodily excrement, must remain distinct. The entries demonstrate why small differences in historical spelling can carry a large difference in the gloss supplied.

#### Places to read

[Rebis](#CD0549). Rebis in this dictionary denotes bodily excrement.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Rebus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Rebis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Rebis](#CD0549)

<a id="CD0601"></a>
### Silo

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A short earth name distinct from Sylo.

**In the book.** Sylo, with a different vowel, is separately defined as the whole world.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Silo is earth.

#### Meaning

The whole entry is a direct identification with earth. It gives no locality or preparation that would narrow the sense further.

#### Use in the book

Sylo, with a different vowel, is separately defined as the whole world. The similarity of the names makes it especially useful to retain both headwords and to keep their actual glosses apart.

#### Places to read

[Sylo](#CD0631). A world name kept distinct from Silo.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Silo; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Sylo](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Sylo](#CD0631)

<a id="CD0620"></a>
### Stannar

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An occult fume described as the mother of metals.

**In the book.** Spara similarly refers mineral virtue to the first being of metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Stannar is called the mother of metals, an occult fume out of which elements are generated.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies two connected descriptions: a generative title and a hidden fume. Its account of origin extends to elements generated from that fume. The phrase should remain intact even if its sequence differs from what a reader expects from other elemental accounts.

#### Use in the book

Spara similarly refers mineral virtue to the first being of metals. The comparison helps locate the language of origin, while preserving the present entry’s distinctive fume and mother imagery.

#### Places to read

[Spara](#CD0616). A mineral power related to the first being of metals.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Stannar; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Spara](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Spara](#CD0616)

<a id="CD0631"></a>
### Sylo

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A world name kept distinct from Silo.

**In the book.** Silo is separately equated with earth.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Sylo is the whole world.

#### Meaning

The definition gives the widest spatial scope: the whole world. It does not limit the term to the earth considered as an element or to a single region within the world.

#### Use in the book

Silo is separately equated with earth. The difference is slight in spelling and substantial in the gloss supplied. Both records remain independently searchable.

#### Places to read

[Silo](#CD0601). A short earth name distinct from Sylo.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sylo; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Silo](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Silo](#CD0601)

<a id="CD0639"></a>
### Telon

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fire appearance described by comparison with a dart.

**In the book.** Compare Similitudines for celestial appearances and Trarames for actions perceived through hearing.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Telon is, as it were, a dart of fire.

#### Meaning

As it were marks a comparison. The definition evokes a dart-like fire without specifying its size, duration or origin. The figurative qualification should not be removed by translating the gloss as a literal weapon.

#### Use in the book

Compare Similitudines for celestial appearances and Trarames for actions perceived through hearing. The dictionary can identify phenomena by the manner in which they appear to an observer.

#### Places to read

[Similitudines](#CD0602). Appearances described as celestial.

[Trarames](#CD0656). Spiritual actions identified through sound without visible appearance.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Telon; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Similitudines, Trarames](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Similitudines](#CD0602); [Trarames](#CD0656)

<a id="CD0688"></a>
### Vulcanus

*Elements principles and the natural world · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name directly equated with fire.

**In the book.** Vulcanii and Vulcanici name those continually occupied about fire, while Reverberatorium is a furnace in which flame calcines matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vulcanus is fire.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a natural or operative equivalent for a name that a reader may also encounter in mythic form. Here the local gloss is simply fire. The sentence does not specify a furnace, a fuel, a degree of heat or a particular practitioner.

#### Use in the book

Vulcanii and Vulcanici name those continually occupied about fire, while Reverberatorium is a furnace in which flame calcines matter. The three entries distinguish the active element or agent, the workers and one instrument. Keeping those relations visible is more useful than substituting the same general explanation into each article.

Other fire entries work differently again. Salamandri are described as dwellers in fire; Sol in homine concerns an invisible inward fire nourished from the celestial sun. The present equivalence does not make every occurrence of fire within these descriptions identical.

#### Places to read

[Reverberatorium](#CD0561). A furnace defined by flame calcination.

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Sol in homine](#CD0607). An inward solar fire related to the celestial sun.

#### In this edition

The headword remains available beside the English fire. Its role in an individual passage should be established from the action and its subject, rather than expanded automatically into a complete mythological interpretation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vulcanus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Reverberatorium, Salamandri, Sol in homine, Vulcanii](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Sol in homine](#CD0607); [Vulcanii](#CD0687)

<a id="category_8fd825ad2518"></a>
## Metals minerals and metallic preparations

<a id="CD0006"></a>
### Æs

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A metal term whose referent must be established from context.

**In the book.** The entry is especially valuable beside the dictionary’s planetary metal names: Sol and Luna terminology can make an identification seem familiar, while Æs deliberately remains wider.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Æs does not always mean copper, but sometimes gold, silver, or another metal that is pure and generated by itself, without the mixture of another metal or stone. From some such metal people formerly made and coined money.

#### Meaning

The first sentence is an explicit warning against mechanical substitution. Although copper is one permitted meaning, the entry also admits gold, silver and other pure metals. Purity here is described by the absence of admixture with another metal or stone, together with an account of independent generation. These are the dictionary’s criteria, not a modern assay specification.

The reference to coinage supplies a field of use rather than a unique identification. Several metals can be coined, and the sentence leaves its particular metal unspecified. In a passage about Æs, inspect the operations, colour descriptions and named companions before deciding which metal the writer intends.

#### Use in the book

The entry is especially valuable beside the dictionary’s planetary metal names: Sol and Luna terminology can make an identification seem familiar, while Æs deliberately remains wider. Its meaning cannot be settled by modern spelling resemblance alone.

#### Places to read

[Luna](#CD0413). The lunar name denotes silver.

[Chrysos](#CD0167). A direct name equivalence for gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Æs ; compare Luna, Chrysos](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Luna](#CD0413); [Chrysos](#CD0167)

<a id="CD0014"></a>
### Alcofol

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A variant-name entry identifying stibium or antimony.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Alcofol, or, as some would have it, Alcosol, is stibium or antimony.

#### Meaning

The historical entry preserves disagreement about the spelling as well as an identification. Both Alcofol and Alcosol should therefore remain findable. Their resemblance to Alcol or Alcohol must not cause the entries to be merged: the latter is defined here as a fine powder of anything. This one names a particular material through the linked terms stibium and antimony. The distinction is lexical evidence supplied by the dictionary itself.

#### Places to read

[Stibium](#CD0623). A historical name equated with antimony.

[Alcol](#CD0015). A term for extreme fineness of powder, not necessarily a liquid.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alcofol ; compare Stibium, Alcol](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Stibium](#CD0623); [Alcol](#CD0015)

<a id="CD0017"></a>
### Alcubrith

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Three alternative names for sulphur.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Alcubrith, Alcur, or Alazar is the same as sulphur.

#### Meaning

The usefulness of this entry is in recognizing one referent beneath different spellings. It does not say which prepared form of sulphur a particular recipe intends. Preserve the full phrase when the term is qualified, since the dictionary elsewhere distinguishes named sulphur preparations and the sulphur of things. Those related entries may concern an altered material or a philosophical account rather than an interchangeable stock ingredient.

#### Places to read

[Chybur](#CD0164). Two names identified with sulphur.

[Kibrith](#CD0375). A second short name for sulphur.

[Sulphur rerum](#CD0629). The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alcubrith ; compare Chybur, Kibrith, Sulphur rerum, Sulphur vitriolatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Chybur](#CD0164); [Kibrith](#CD0375); [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629); [Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628)

<a id="CD0020"></a>
### Almizadir

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name directing the reader to verdigris.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Almizadir is verdigris.

#### Meaning

This is a compact name equivalence. Its main service is recognition: a passage using Almizadir can be compared with other verdigris vocabulary in the dictionary. Calx Veneris and Ziniar supply useful routes into that family. The equivalence does not by itself describe how the material was made or establish that all historical preparations called verdigris were identical. Any such distinction belongs to the cited recipe or account.

#### Places to read

[Calx Veneris](#CD0135). A Venus-qualified calx identified as verdigris.

[Ziniar](#CD0704). A historical verdigris synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Almizadir ; compare Calx Veneris, Ziniar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Calx Veneris](#CD0135); [Ziniar](#CD0704)

<a id="CD0021"></a>
### Altey plumbi

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A lead preparation characterized as sweet.

**In the book.** Anima Saturni, Butyrum Saturni and Dulcedo Saturni form a connected vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Altey plumbi is the sweet matter of lead.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies the material through both its source, lead, and an attributed quality, sweetness. It does not supply a preparation that would establish a single modern compound. That distinction matters because the dictionary can use “sweetness” and “soul” as related descriptions of prepared materials. A reader should therefore attend to how the passage says the lead has been treated, rather than treating sweetness alone as a complete identification.

#### Use in the book

Anima Saturni, Butyrum Saturni and Dulcedo Saturni form a connected vocabulary. Their different names can illuminate one another without proving that every author intends the same preparation. In particular, the name Anima introduces a philosophical description alongside the sensory one.

#### Places to read

[Anima Saturni](#CD0041). The “soul of Saturn” identified with lead’s sweetness.

[Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114). A “butter of Saturn” name referring back to the sweet matter of lead.

[Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242). A Saturnian sweetness linked with Altey and ceruse.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Altey plumbi ; compare Anima Saturni, Butyrum Saturni, Dulcedo Saturni, Calcinatum majus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Anima Saturni](#CD0041); [Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114); [Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242); [Calcinatum majus](#CD0120)

<a id="CD0024"></a>
### Amianthus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fire-resistant stone described by comparison and by the name Salamander.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Amianthus is a stone like Alumen plumosum in nature and condition. It is not burnt in fire, and is therefore also called the Salamander.

#### Meaning

The entry gives two means of recognition: resemblance to Alumen plumosum and resistance to burning. The name Salamander is explained through the latter property. It is therefore a material use of a name that elsewhere can belong to fire-associated beings. The stated reason for the name is more secure here than any assumption that the passage concerns an animal or spirit.

The author’s claim of resistance to fire should be read as part of the historical description. The entry does not supply a mineral analysis or distinguish every material historically included under the name. This edition preserves that limit rather than converting the equation into a modern specimen identification.

#### Places to read

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Æthnici](#CD0009). Fire-associated spirits described through visible forms and a mountain habitat.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Amianthus ; compare Salamandri, Æthnici](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Æthnici](#CD0009)

<a id="CD0035"></a>
### Anatris

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two names directed to Mercury.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anatris, or Antaris, is Mercury.

#### Meaning

The dictionary establishes the variant spellings but adds no qualifier to Mercury here. That makes this a useful entry point rather than a complete material specification. Before choosing between common quicksilver and a philosophical or prepared Mercury, inspect what the surrounding author says about its origin and operation. The dictionary elsewhere names several distinct Mercurius preparations. Their existence is a reason to retain the uncertainty of this brief entry rather than select one form without evidence.

#### Places to read

[Anterit](#CD0050). A brief alternative name for Mercury.

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

[Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450). Regenerated mercury defined through its first being.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anatris ; compare Anterit, Mercurius Crudus, Mercurius regeneratus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Anterit](#CD0050); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445); [Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450)

<a id="CD0031"></a>
### Anatrum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Coloured melted glass, also named smaltum or terra Sarasenica.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anatrum is glass melted into various colours, which they call smaltum or terra Sarasenica.

#### Meaning

The distinguishing feature is the material’s processing and colour. Unlike Anathron, a nearby salt term, Anatrum is expressly placed in the glass family. Keeping the words separate avoids a particularly easy error when consulting unfamiliar spellings. The added names are part of the historical identification and belong in a finding index.

The definition does not specify which colour, colouring material or final form is intended. A passage may concern the glass itself or a further use of it, but those details cannot be supplied from the entry alone. Its secure contribution is the connection among glass, melting and varied colour.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anatrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

<a id="CD0032"></a>
### Andena

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An eastern steel characterized by melting and casting.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Andena is steel brought from eastern countries, which melts in fire like other metal and is cast into various forms.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies a metal, gives it a geographical provenance and emphasizes its capacity to be cast. The latter distinguishes the author’s account from a description concerned only with the shaping of solid metal. Yet the definition offers no precise place of manufacture, composition or trade route. “Eastern countries” should therefore remain a broad historical claim rather than being expanded into an unsupported national origin.

For reading, preserve the sequence: the material is called steel, is melted, and then receives different forms by casting. The fact that a passage mentions one of these actions does not by itself establish every other feature of the dictionary’s definition.

#### Places to read

[Hadid](#CD0320). A dictionary name for iron.

[Fusio](#CD0296). An operation defined by melting and flow in fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Andena ; compare Hadid, Fusio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Hadid](#CD0320); [Fusio](#CD0296)

<a id="CD0040"></a>
### Anima

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A designation of “our Mercury” through the language of soul.

**In the book.** Arcanum offers another way the dictionary describes hidden powers within natural things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anima is our Mercury.

#### Meaning

The possessive is a significant reading clue. “Our Mercury” identifies the term within the speaking author’s practice or philosophical account; it does not explain which Mercury every reader should supply. The entry therefore gives a relationship between names while leaving its material specification dependent on the passage. It would be too strong to replace Anima universally with common quicksilver.

The contrast with Anima Saturni is instructive. There, the dictionary ties the soul vocabulary to the sweetness of lead. A general name and a substance-qualified name can have related but distinct explanations. Retain the qualification whenever it appears.

#### Use in the book

Arcanum offers another way the dictionary describes hidden powers within natural things. That comparison can help readers follow a philosophical discussion without treating soul, hidden virtue and Mercury as exact synonyms in every text.

#### Places to read

[Anima Saturni](#CD0041). The “soul of Saturn” identified with lead’s sweetness.

[Arcanum](#CD0065). A hidden virtue in natural things, capable in this account of enhancement through art.

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anima ; compare Anima Saturni, Arcanum, Mercurius Crudus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Anima Saturni](#CD0041); [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445)

<a id="CD0041"></a>
### Anima Saturni

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The “soul of Saturn” identified with lead’s sweetness.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anima Saturni is the sweetness of lead.

#### Meaning

The second word supplies the key material identification: the entry belongs to the lead family, not to an account of the planet considered in isolation. “Sweetness” describes the feature through which the dictionary identifies this preparation. It does not establish one precise modern lead compound or invite a sensory test. A historical recipe must provide the missing preparation details.

Compare Altey plumbi and Butyrum Saturni, which connect the same material with sweet matter and butter vocabulary. Together, the entries show how a preparation can be described through attributed quality, bodily image and philosophical name. Those associations help decode a text while leaving differences among actual recipes open.

#### Places to read

[Altey plumbi](#CD0021). A lead preparation characterized as sweet.

[Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114). A “butter of Saturn” name referring back to the sweet matter of lead.

[Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242). A Saturnian sweetness linked with Altey and ceruse.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anima Saturni ; compare Altey plumbi, Butyrum Saturni, Dulcedo Saturni, Anima](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Altey plumbi](#CD0021); [Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114); [Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242); [Anima](#CD0040)

<a id="CD0042"></a>
### Annora

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name with two ash- or lime-associated identifications.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Annora is the ashes of eggs, or quicklime.

#### Meaning

The dictionary presents alternatives rather than one exclusive substance. A passage may specify eggs as its source, or may use the name for quicklime. Keeping both possibilities visible is more useful than choosing a single modern equivalent from the headword. The reference to ash also points toward a material altered by burning. Where a recipe survives, its starting substance and preparation can distinguish the intended sense more reliably than the word alone.

#### Places to read

[Calx lignorum](#CD0127). A direct identification of a calx as ash from wood.

[Cinificatum](#CD0170). A material reduced to ash by burning.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Annora ; compare Calx lignorum, Cinificatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Calx lignorum](#CD0127); [Cinificatum](#CD0170)

<a id="CD0050"></a>
### Anterit

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A brief alternative name for Mercury.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anterit is Mercury.

#### Meaning

The definition gives no prepared state, source or philosophical qualification. Its role is to help identify a Mercury term when the spelling is unfamiliar. A surrounding recipe may narrow the sense through operations such as precipitation or sublimation, but the headword by itself does not do so. Compare Anatris and its variant Antaris for another route into the same vocabulary, then consult the qualified Mercurius entries before deciding which form a passage intends.

#### Places to read

[Anatris](#CD0035). Two names directed to Mercury.

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

[Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448). A preparation specified by metallic extraction followed by precipitation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anterit ; compare Anatris, Mercurius Crudus, Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Anatris](#CD0035); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448)

<a id="CD0063"></a>
### Aquila Philosophorum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The philosophers’ eagle explained as metallic first matter.

**In the book.** The first Iliaster definition and Mysterium magnum offer broader first-matter vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aquila Philosophorum is the Mercury of metals: that is, metal reduced to its first matter.

#### Meaning

The second clause is the definition’s interpretive key. It expands Mercury of metals through a claimed reduction of metal to its first matter. This is a philosophical description of a material relation or state, not merely a zoological symbol. When an author uses the phrase, ask what reduction is described and what that author regards as first matter.

The term also differs from the two uses recorded under Aquila. There, the dictionary mentions sal ammoniac and Mercury precipitated with gold. Here the qualification Philosophorum introduces its own explanatory account. Retaining the full name is essential to keeping those senses visible.

#### Use in the book

The first Iliaster definition and Mysterium magnum offer broader first-matter vocabulary. Their general scope should not be transferred wholesale to this explicitly metallic entry, but comparing them helps identify the philosophical question a passage is addressing.

#### Places to read

[Aquila](#CD0062). An eagle-name with more than one stated material meaning.

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Mysterium magnum](#CD0470). A universal first matter, rather than one particular prepared subject.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aquila Philosophorum ; compare Aquila, Iliaster (first matter), Mysterium magnum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Aquila](#CD0062); [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470)

<a id="CD0073"></a>
### Arsaneck

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An arsenic preparation distinguished by sublimation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Arsaneck is sublimed arsenic.

#### Meaning

The operation is part of the identification. The entry does not simply say arsenic; it names material in a sublimed condition. A historical passage may be concerned with that prepared form rather than its starting material, and the distinction should survive modernisation.

Compare Arsenicum, whose definition ranges over the flashing or salt of metals and Saturn. Similar spellings do not guarantee identical meanings within this dictionary. Here the secure clues are the expressly named material and its treatment. The entry gives no quantities or complete procedure, so it is a recognition aid rather than a reconstruction of the preparation.

#### Places to read

[Arsenicum](#CD0074). A broad technical name whose gloss includes metallic flashing and salts.

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Arsaneck ; compare Arsenicum, Sublimatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Arsenicum](#CD0074); [Sublimatio](#CD0626)

<a id="CD0074"></a>
### Arsenicum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A broad technical name whose gloss includes metallic flashing and salts.

**In the book.** Arsaneck supplies a contrasting case: it explicitly identifies sublimed arsenic.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Arsenicum is the flashing of metals, or their salt, or the salt of Saturn; in some places it is called Artanek or Artanech.

#### Meaning

The historical definition presents several expressions rather than one simple material equation. “Flashing” names an appearance or action; “salt” names a material aspect or product; Saturn introduces a further qualification. All belong to the stated range. Translating the entire entry as one familiar modern arsenic substance would hide that breadth.

The two variant names are said to occur “in some places.” That locative qualification reinforces the importance of the particular source being read. A passage’s metal, operation and description of its salt can distinguish the intended sense more effectively than the headword alone.

#### Use in the book

Arsaneck supplies a contrasting case: it explicitly identifies sublimed arsenic. Comparing the entries prevents the nearest-looking name from determining the interpretation without textual support.

#### Places to read

[Arsaneck](#CD0073). An arsenic preparation distinguished by sublimation.

[Sal Mercurii](#CD0572). A salt name locally identified with intoxicating spirit of wine.

[Calx Saturni](#CD0134). A Saturn-qualified calx identified as minium.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Arsenicum ; compare Arsaneck, Sal Mercurii, Calx Saturni](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Arsaneck](#CD0073); [Sal Mercurii](#CD0572); [Calx Saturni](#CD0134)

<a id="CD0079"></a>
### Asphaltum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A pitch-like bitumen identified through its earthly and watery source.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Asphaltum is a bitumen extracted from the mud of earth and water, resembling pitch.

#### Meaning

The definition combines an origin account with a resemblance. Mud associated with earth and water supplies the source; pitch gives a comparison for the resulting substance. The account should be retained as historical description rather than silently replaced by a modern industrial material specification.

Bitumen is the immediate comparison entry. Together, the two show how the dictionary can describe a material through texture, source and a familiar analogue. When reading a preparation, distinguish the named bitumen from any later oil, residue or other product made from it. The present gloss does not describe those subsequent transformations.

#### Places to read

[Bitumen](#CD0108). A pitch-like earthly material described through texture and origin.

[Resina terræ](#CD0559). An earth resin name for sulphur.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Asphaltum ; compare Bitumen, Resina terræ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Bitumen](#CD0108); [Resina terræ](#CD0559)

<a id="CD0089"></a>
### Aurum planatum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Gold identified by being beaten into a thin form.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336.

#### Historical definition

Aurum planatum is what they call leaf gold, or hammered gold.

#### Meaning

The definition emphasizes a physical form created by working the metal. It does not describe a philosophical gold, a liquid medicine or an ore. The phrase “leaf gold” provides the principal recognition clue, and “hammered” records how its form is understood.

This is a useful anchor beside the dictionary’s more elaborate Aurum terms. A passage about planatum begins with a materially specified form rather than automatically invoking every philosophical meaning of gold. Any later transformation belongs to the described operation, not to the headword alone.

#### Places to read

[Chrysos](#CD0167). A direct name equivalence for gold.

[Aurum potabile](#CD0090). A purported gold liquor accompanied by a sharp criticism of its preparation.

[Aurum vitæ](#CD0091). A gold preparation identified through precipitation, heating and intense redness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aurum planatum ; compare Chrysos, Aurum potabile, Aurum vitæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**See also.** [Chrysos](#CD0167); [Aurum potabile](#CD0090); [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091)

<a id="CD0090"></a>
### Aurum potabile

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A purported gold liquor accompanied by a sharp criticism of its preparation.

**In the book.** Aqua corrodens provides the dictionary’s broad corrosive-liquid category.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337.

#### Historical definition

Aurum potabile is a liquor of gold without any corrosive. Very few know it, even among those who daily prepare it, more to people’s destruction than their health.

#### Meaning

The historical definition combines an ideal description with a warning about practitioners. The liquor is said to be without corrosive, and genuine knowledge of it is described as rare. The final sentence then criticizes those who routinely make it, alleging harmful rather than healthful results. That judgement is part of the entry and must not be removed to make a smoother product description.

The name alone is consequently a poor guarantee of what a preparation contains or achieves. Even within the historical account, calling something potable gold does not establish that the maker understands the desired substance. This internal distinction between claim and competence is valuable evidence for reading promotional or therapeutic passages.

#### Use in the book

Aqua corrodens provides the dictionary’s broad corrosive-liquid category. Comparing the entries makes the exclusion of corrosive explicit without supplying an unstated recipe for the gold liquor. Aurum vitæ describes a different prepared gold through precipitation and redness.

#### Places to read

[Aqua corrodens](#CD0055). A liquid category defined by corrosive action, including vinegar.

[Aurum vitæ](#CD0091). A gold preparation identified through precipitation, heating and intense redness.

[Chrysos](#CD0167). A direct name equivalence for gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aurum potabile ; compare Aqua corrodens, Aurum vitæ, Chrysos](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**See also.** [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055); [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091); [Chrysos](#CD0167)

<a id="CD0091"></a>
### Aurum vitæ

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A gold preparation identified through precipitation, heating and intense redness.

**In the book.** Azoth and Aquila Philosophorum are helpful comparisons for the idea of Mercury associated with a particular body or metal.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337.

#### Historical definition

Aurum vitæ is gold precipitated and reverberated to the highest degree of redness, like ground cinnabar. The best is made and precipitated with its own proper Mercury.

#### Meaning

The definition presents preparation and appearance together. Precipitation and reverberation are the actions; extreme redness and ground cinnabar provide the visual characterization. The comparison does not say the product is cinnabar. Preserving “like” prevents a resemblance from becoming an identification.

The final sentence ranks a form of the product as best when made with its own proper Mercury. That qualification is part of a historical account in which a substance can be related to a Mercury proper to it. The entry offers neither a complete procedure nor evidence for a unique modern compound.

#### Use in the book

Azoth and Aquila Philosophorum are helpful comparisons for the idea of Mercury associated with a particular body or metal. Their related vocabulary can clarify the claim without converting all prepared gold names into synonyms.

#### Places to read

[Azoth](#CD0097). A body’s extracted Mercury, with a further universal-medicine sense.

[Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063). The philosophers’ eagle explained as metallic first matter.

[Reverberatorium](#CD0561). A furnace defined by flame calcination.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aurum vitæ ; compare Azoth, Aquila Philosophorum, Reverberatorium, Aurum potabile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**See also.** [Azoth](#CD0097); [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Aurum potabile](#CD0090)

<a id="CD0092"></a>
### Aurum vivum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A “living gold” expression that can designate quicksilver.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337.

#### Historical definition

Aurum vivum is sometimes taken to mean quicksilver.

#### Meaning

The qualification “sometimes” is the essential reading guide. The dictionary records one permitted identification rather than declaring that every instance of the phrase must mean quicksilver. A passage that specifies gold, Mercury or a particular transformation should retain its own distinctions.

The entry also demonstrates why the first word of a compound cannot always determine its material. Aurum planatum identifies worked gold, while this entry admits quicksilver. Reading the complete expression and its stated action is more reliable than translating every Aurum term simply as ordinary gold.

#### Places to read

[Aurum planatum](#CD0089). Gold identified by being beaten into a thin form.

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aurum vivum ; compare Aurum planatum, Mercurius Crudus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**See also.** [Aurum planatum](#CD0089); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445)

<a id="CD0094"></a>
### Avis Hermetis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The Hermetic bird explained through an ascending and descending Mercury.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337.

#### Historical definition

Avis Hermetis is the Mercury of the philosophers, which ascends and then descends for nourishment.

#### Meaning

The dictionary supplies an action-based explanation of its bird name. Ascent is followed by descent, and nourishment gives the stated purpose of the return. A reader should preserve the full movement rather than extract only a general association between birds and volatility. The descent is as much a part of the gloss as the rising.

The possessive qualification links this Mercury to the philosophers’ vocabulary. It does not by itself establish that every bird figure in an alchemical work names the same material. Aquila is a useful comparison precisely because the dictionary there supplies other, more specific explanations. Follow the actions described in the particular passage before choosing among them.

#### Places to read

[Aquila](#CD0062). An eagle-name with more than one stated material meaning.

[Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063). The philosophers’ eagle explained as metallic first matter.

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Avis Hermetis ; compare Aquila, Aquila Philosophorum, Sublimatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**See also.** [Aquila](#CD0062); [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Sublimatio](#CD0626)

<a id="CD0096"></a>
### Azemasor

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name assigned to two historical pigment or mineral terms.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337.

#### Historical definition

Azemasor is minium or cinnabar.

#### Meaning

The dictionary offers alternatives and does not select between them. The safe explanatory move is therefore to preserve both names and follow the surrounding text for its intended substance. Colour may help an author’s account, but colour alone does not prove that the two materials are identical.

Minium has its own dictionary entry. Aurum vitæ also compares a red product with ground cinnabar, explicitly as a resemblance. Together, these passages demonstrate the need to separate identification, alternative identification and comparison. Azemasor belongs to the second of those cases.

#### Places to read

[Minium](#CD0455). A precipitated lead preparation with an explicit correction of terminology.

[Aurum vitæ](#CD0091). A gold preparation identified through precipitation, heating and intense redness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Azemasor ; compare Minium, Aurum vitæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**See also.** [Minium](#CD0455); [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091)

<a id="CD0097"></a>
### Azoth

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A body’s extracted Mercury, with a further universal-medicine sense.

**In the book.** Compare Aquila Philosophorum, which describes the Mercury of metals as metal reduced to first matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337.

#### Historical definition

Azoth is quicksilver extracted from any body, properly called the Mercury of that body; in Paracelsus it is the universal medicine of things.

#### Meaning

The entry has a general material relation and a more particular attribution. First, Azoth is explained through quicksilver extracted from any body and named that body’s Mercury. Second, the dictionary reports a Paracelsian use meaning the universal medicine of things. Those clauses are connected by the headword, but neither should erase the other. A passage’s author and purpose can determine which description is relevant.

The phrase “of the body” is especially important. It relates the Mercury to the substance from which it is extracted. A reading that replaces every such phrase with an unqualified portion of common quicksilver would lose that relation. The entry’s breadth—“any body”—also extends the concept beyond one isolated recipe or one named metal.

At the same time, “extracted” should not be made to explain a procedure the dictionary has not supplied. The entry does not name an apparatus, solvent, duration or test for the desired product. It gives a conceptual identification and a relationship of source to product. To understand an actual preparation, the reader needs the particular work’s description of how its Mercury is obtained and recognized.

#### Use in the book

Compare Aquila Philosophorum, which describes the Mercury of metals as metal reduced to first matter. Both entries connect Mercury with a body’s underlying or recovered condition, but their scope differs: Aquila Philosophorum is explicitly metallic, whereas this entry says any body. The comparison clarifies a shared relation without proving every author uses the names as perfect synonyms.

Aurum vitæ offers a concrete use of “proper Mercury”: the preferred gold preparation is said to be precipitated with its own. That entry makes the relational language easier to recognize when it reappears. It also shows why the qualification is not ornamental. The account distinguishes a Mercury proper to the preparation’s subject from an unspecified Mercury.

Anima supplies another philosophical name, glossed simply as “our Mercury.” The possessive signals the same need for local interpretation, though it does not identify the same preparation on its own. Such entries are best read as a network of authorial names whose exact relation is established by passages and operations, not by a modern equation applied everywhere.

#### Places to read

[Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063). The philosophers’ eagle explained as metallic first matter.

[Aurum vitæ](#CD0091). A gold preparation identified through precipitation, heating and intense redness.

[Anima](#CD0040). A designation of “our Mercury” through the language of soul.

#### In this edition

The universal-medicine clause introduces an additional claim of scope and efficacy. This edition reports it as the dictionary’s attribution to Paracelsus. The statement does not constitute modern evidence that a universal medicine exists or that any substance offered under the name has that power. Its editorial value lies in explaining what a historical writer may intend by the term.

When reading Azoth, begin with three questions: Whose usage is being reported? What body is named as its source? Is the passage discussing extraction, first matter or a medicine’s claimed universality? The answers may support one sense, show an overlap or leave the case unresolved. Preserving that uncertainty is more useful than assigning a single confident modern substance to every occurrence.

Finally, keep a preparation’s name separate from its promised reach. The source body and method of extraction answer what the author says the material is; the universal-medicine description answers what it is said to do. One claim does not by itself establish the other.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Azoth ; compare Aquila Philosophorum, Aurum vitæ, Anima, Mercurius Crudus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**See also.** [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091); [Anima](#CD0040); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445)

<a id="CD0107"></a>
### Bismutum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A material classified by the dictionary among kinds of lead.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Bismutum is the lightest, whitest and basest kind of lead.

#### Meaning

The definition uses a comparison within the author’s metal classification. Lightness, whiteness and baseness distinguish the material from other members of that stated class. “Basest” is an evaluation, not a supplied measurement. Preserve the classification as historical evidence rather than silently treating it as a complete modern account of the material.

The dictionary also includes Wismodt, another name in this vocabulary. Cross-referencing it helps locate a passage whose spelling differs, but the text’s own descriptions should decide whether the material is being discussed in its natural or prepared condition.

#### Places to read

[Wismodt](#CD0691). Tin described as impure and resistant to working.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Bismutum ; compare Wismodt](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**See also.** [Wismodt](#CD0691)

<a id="CD0108"></a>
### Bitumen

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A pitch-like earthly material described through texture and origin.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Bitumen is a kind of slimy mud extracted from water, resembling pitch; it is, as it were, the pitch of the earth.

#### Meaning

The definition begins with slime or mud and water, then turns to a comparison with pitch. “As it were” marks an analogy. The material is made intelligible through something familiar without the author asserting that every bitumen and every prepared pitch are identical. The texture and origin language should remain part of the explanation.

Asphaltum provides a close comparison, likewise connecting earth, water and a pitch-like substance. Æthna places resin and bitumen in an account of subterranean fire. Together the entries show the dictionary relating material appearance, source and combustibility. These are historical explanatory links, not a substitute for a modern geological identification.

#### Places to read

[Asphaltum](#CD0079). A pitch-like bitumen identified through its earthly and watery source.

[Æthna](#CD0008). An underground fire explained through sulphur, resin and bitumen.

[Resina terræ](#CD0559). An earth resin name for sulphur.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Bitumen ; compare Asphaltum, Æthna, Resina terræ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**See also.** [Asphaltum](#CD0079); [Æthna](#CD0008); [Resina terræ](#CD0559)

<a id="CD0114"></a>
### Butyrum Saturni

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A “butter of Saturn” name referring back to the sweet matter of lead.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Butyrum Saturni is what is called Altey above: the sweetness of lead.

#### Meaning

The dictionary itself supplies the cross-reference. Its purpose is to connect an unfamiliar figurative name with the material description already given under Altey plumbi. The butter expression should therefore be interpreted through that stated connection before importing an ordinary dairy meaning.

Anima Saturni supplies another name in the same sweet-lead family. The group shows how one preparation can be approached through a texture-like image, a philosophical name or a quality. The brief equations do not, however, establish a single complete recipe or a unique modern compound for every historical use.

#### Places to read

[Altey plumbi](#CD0021). A lead preparation characterized as sweet.

[Anima Saturni](#CD0041). The “soul of Saturn” identified with lead’s sweetness.

[Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242). A Saturnian sweetness linked with Altey and ceruse.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Butyrum Saturni ; compare Altey plumbi, Anima Saturni, Dulcedo Saturni](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**See also.** [Altey plumbi](#CD0021); [Anima Saturni](#CD0041); [Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242)

<a id="CD0122"></a>
### Calcitis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A metal-bearing stone described through the production of brass.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calcitis is a stone from which brass is boiled.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies its stone through a process and resulting metal rather than by colour or shape. The historical verb “boiled” should remain visible because it is the account’s description of the working. It does not, by itself, establish a complete smelting procedure or a modern mineral species.

A reader should distinguish Calcitis, the starting stone in this sentence, from the brass said to be obtained from it. That simple source/product distinction prevents a lexical gloss from being mistaken for an equation between ore and finished metal.

#### Places to read

[Æs](#CD0006). A metal term whose referent must be established from context.

[Fusio](#CD0296). An operation defined by melting and flow in fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calcitis ; compare Æs, Fusio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Æs](#CD0006); [Fusio](#CD0296)

<a id="CD0126"></a>
### Calx Iovis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A tin-related calx name glossed as a spirit.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx Iovis is the spirit of tin.

#### Meaning

The explicit identification with tin is more informative here than translating the planetary name alone. The definition also calls the product a spirit, showing that a calx expression should not automatically be replaced by one modern category of dry powder. This entry has its own stated sense.

Read the other Calx entries as a varied family: some identify ash, some a precipitate, some a prepared metal. The common first word does not erase the differences. A passage’s operation must determine what this spirit of tin is intended to be.

#### Places to read

[Iupiter](#CD0367). The planetary name Jupiter denotes tin here.

[Calx Mercurii](#CD0130). Mercury identified in a precipitated condition.

[Calx lignorum](#CD0127). A direct identification of a calx as ash from wood.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx Iovis ; compare Iupiter, Calx Mercurii, Calx lignorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Iupiter](#CD0367); [Calx Mercurii](#CD0130); [Calx lignorum](#CD0127)

<a id="CD0128"></a>
### Calx Luna

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A silver preparation characterized through blue colour and flower vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx Luna is the azure flower of silver.

#### Meaning

The definition explicitly identifies silver and gives a coloured flower expression for its prepared form. “Flower” should be read within that material account rather than assumed to mean a botanical part. The entry does not provide a process sufficient to identify one modern silver compound.

The Calx group is varied: Calx Solis is calcined gold, while this entry uses azure-flower language. Cheiri offers further examples in which flower expressions concern metallic elixirs. Such comparisons help decode the vocabulary without making every metallic flower the same preparation.

#### Places to read

[Luna](#CD0413). The lunar name denotes silver.

[Calx Solis](#CD0131). Gold distinguished by calcination.

[Cheiri](#CD0157). A term whose sense depends on both subject matter and qualification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx Luna ; compare Luna, Calx Solis, Cheiri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Luna](#CD0413); [Calx Solis](#CD0131); [Cheiri](#CD0157)

<a id="CD0129"></a>
### Calx Martis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An iron or steel preparation named through crocus vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx Martis is crocus of steel or iron.

#### Meaning

The historical definition offers steel and iron as the material family and crocus as the prepared identifying term. It does not state a single procedure or modern composition. Preserve both material alternatives, rather than choosing one merely because a later recipe is more familiar.

The neighbouring Calx compounds show why the complete name matters. Each has its own gloss, and their products should not be collapsed into one generic ash. A passage describing the preparation, colour or treatment of iron can clarify the particular crocus intended.

#### Places to read

[Hadid](#CD0320). A dictionary name for iron.

[Calx Iovis](#CD0126). A tin-related calx name glossed as a spirit.

[Calx Solis](#CD0131). Gold distinguished by calcination.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx Martis ; compare Hadid, Calx Iovis, Calx Solis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Hadid](#CD0320); [Calx Iovis](#CD0126); [Calx Solis](#CD0131)

<a id="CD0130"></a>
### Calx Mercurii

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Mercury identified in a precipitated condition.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx Mercurii is precipitated Mercury.

#### Meaning

The operation is part of the material description. The entry does not equate all Mercury with this calx; it specifies a precipitated form. A historical account may distinguish the starting Mercury, its treatment and the product, and those stages should remain visible in modern English.

Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus offers a related qualified name, while Aquila records a use involving Mercury precipitated with gold. The present definition does not mention gold, so that qualification should not be imported without evidence from the actual passage.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448). A preparation specified by metallic extraction followed by precipitation.

[Aquila](#CD0062). An eagle-name with more than one stated material meaning.

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx Mercurii ; compare Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus, Aquila, Mercurius Crudus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448); [Aquila](#CD0062); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445)

<a id="CD0134"></a>
### Calx Saturni

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A Saturn-qualified calx identified as minium.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx Saturni is minium.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies a specific historical material name rather than an operation. That makes Minium the most direct cross-reference. The Saturn qualification connects the compound with the dictionary’s wider lead vocabulary, but its own gloss should still govern the immediate reading.

Azemasor offers minium or cinnabar as alternatives, whereas this entry gives minium alone. Preserve that difference. A cross-reference can connect the words without turning every related red material into the same substance or every occurrence into a complete preparation.

#### Places to read

[Minium](#CD0455). A precipitated lead preparation with an explicit correction of terminology.

[Azemasor](#CD0096). A name assigned to two historical pigment or mineral terms.

[Cauda vulpis rubicundi](#CD0146). A fox-tail expression identified with lead minium.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx Saturni ; compare Minium, Azemasor, Cauda vulpis rubicundi](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Minium](#CD0455); [Azemasor](#CD0096); [Cauda vulpis rubicundi](#CD0146)

<a id="CD0131"></a>
### Calx Solis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Gold distinguished by calcination.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx Solis is calcined gold.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a familiar material in a prepared condition. The planetary form of the name is decoded explicitly as gold; the action is calcination. A reader should preserve that preparation rather than replace the complete expression with unqualified gold.

Compare Aurum planatum, a worked leaf form, and Aurum vitæ, which is described through precipitation, reverberation and redness. The shared gold vocabulary does not make those products interchangeable. The dictionary supplies separate entries because form and treatment can be central to the intended sense.

#### Places to read

[Chrysos](#CD0167). A direct name equivalence for gold.

[Aurum planatum](#CD0089). Gold identified by being beaten into a thin form.

[Aurum vitæ](#CD0091). A gold preparation identified through precipitation, heating and intense redness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx Solis ; compare Chrysos, Aurum planatum, Aurum vitæ, Cinificatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Chrysos](#CD0167); [Aurum planatum](#CD0089); [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091); [Cinificatum](#CD0170)

<a id="CD0135"></a>
### Calx Veneris

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A Venus-qualified calx identified as verdigris.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx Veneris is verdigris.

#### Meaning

The definition gives the intended material directly. It is more reliable to follow that explicit identification than to translate the planetary name in isolation and stop there. Almizadir and Ziniar provide other routes into the verdigris vocabulary.

Chrysocolla is described as a green earth like verdigris, which is a resemblance rather than the same direct equation. Comparing the entries makes the difference between “is” and “like” useful. Their shared colour language does not, by itself, establish identical material composition.

#### Places to read

[Almizadir](#CD0020). A historical name directing the reader to verdigris.

[Ziniar](#CD0704). A historical verdigris synonym.

[Chrysocolla](#CD0166). A green earth identified through resemblance to verdigris.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx Veneris ; compare Almizadir, Ziniar, Chrysocolla](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Almizadir](#CD0020); [Ziniar](#CD0704); [Chrysocolla](#CD0166)

<a id="CD0137"></a>
### Caput corvi

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A raven-head expression identified with antimony.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Caput corvi is antimony.

#### Meaning

The dictionary itself decodes this figurative name. Its immediate value is recognition: a passage may use the image where another uses Stibium or antimony. The entry does not explain the image’s origin or supply a preparation, so a more elaborate colour or stage interpretation would require the actual passage.

Caput mortuum is a different head-expression with a different definition, concerning residue after distillation or sublimation. The shared first word is not sufficient reason to identify the two materials.

#### Places to read

[Stibium](#CD0623). A historical name equated with antimony.

[Alcofol](#CD0014). A variant-name entry identifying stibium or antimony.

[Caput mortuum](#CD0138). The material left behind by distillation or sublimation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Caput corvi ; compare Stibium, Alcofol, Caput mortuum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Stibium](#CD0623); [Alcofol](#CD0014); [Caput mortuum](#CD0138)

<a id="CD0145"></a>
### Cathimia

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A silver-related product described as scum.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cathimia is the scum of silver.

#### Meaning

The word identifies a portion or product associated with silver, rather than simply the metal in every state. “Scum” gives its relation to a separation or working, but the entry does not explain which process produces it. A reader should look for that operation in the surrounding source.

Calx Luna gives a different silver preparation, the azure flower. The two should remain distinct unless a cited passage explicitly connects them. Shared origin in silver is not by itself proof of identical material.

#### Places to read

[Calx Luna](#CD0128). A silver preparation characterized through blue colour and flower vocabulary.

[Luna](#CD0413). The lunar name denotes silver.

[Scuma](#CD0593). A name referred to squama or scale.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cathimia ; compare Calx Luna, Luna, Scuma](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Calx Luna](#CD0128); [Luna](#CD0413); [Scuma](#CD0593)

<a id="CD0146"></a>
### Cauda vulpis rubicundi

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fox-tail expression identified with lead minium.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cauda vulpis rubicundi is minium of lead.

#### Meaning

The historical definition supplies a direct material anchor for the figurative name. It identifies the substance through minium and lead rather than leaving the image open to unrestricted symbolism. The entry does not explain why the tail expression was chosen or state a process.

Calx Saturni gives minium under another qualified name, while Azemasor records minium or cinnabar as alternatives. Linking these entries helps a reader compare names while preserving the different certainty and scope of each equation.

#### Places to read

[Minium](#CD0455). A precipitated lead preparation with an explicit correction of terminology.

[Calx Saturni](#CD0134). A Saturn-qualified calx identified as minium.

[Azemasor](#CD0096). A name assigned to two historical pigment or mineral terms.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cauda vulpis rubicundi ; compare Minium, Calx Saturni, Azemasor](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Minium](#CD0455); [Calx Saturni](#CD0134); [Azemasor](#CD0096)

<a id="CD0157"></a>
### Cheiri

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term whose sense depends on both subject matter and qualification.

**In the book.** Anthos supplies a closely related two-domain entry, with rosemary flowers in vegetable contexts and gold’s elixir or quintessence in metallic ones.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Cheiri, in Paracelsus, when used without qualification, means quicksilver if the subject is minerals, and flowers if it is vegetables. But with a qualification, as in flos Cheiri, it means the white elixir made from silver, just as Flos Anthos means the red elixir.

#### Meaning

This entry gives a compact reading procedure. First ask whether the passage concerns minerals or vegetables. An unqualified Cheiri can then mean quicksilver or plant flowers respectively. Next ask whether another word qualifies it. The compound flos Cheiri receives a further metallic-elixir explanation. The complete phrase matters at both stages.

The examples show why a simple glossary substitution can fail. Choosing “flower” everywhere would miss the unqualified mineral sense, while choosing quicksilver everywhere would erase the plant use. A qualified flower expression also differs from an ordinary botanical description.

#### Use in the book

Anthos supplies a closely related two-domain entry, with rosemary flowers in vegetable contexts and gold’s elixir or quintessence in metallic ones. Flos cheiri has its own entry in the dictionary as well. These connections offer a small interpretive network: subject, compound and preparation must be read together. The white/silver and red-elixir distinctions should remain visible, rather than being combined under a generic elixir name.

#### Places to read

[Anthos](#CD0033). A term whose sense changes between vegetable and metallic contexts.

[Flos cheiri](#CD0286). A name for an essence associated with gold.

[Elixir](#CD0250). A transformative ferment, or a thing’s essence.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cheiri ; compare Anthos, Flos cheiri, Elixir, Luna](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Anthos](#CD0033); [Flos cheiri](#CD0286); [Elixir](#CD0250); [Luna](#CD0413)

<a id="CD0162"></a>
### Chifir Minerale

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A disputed mineral term whose preferred sense is argued from context.

**In the book.** Sulphur rerum supplies related sulphur-of-things vocabulary, while Chrysos provides a direct gold identification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Chifir Minerale is interpreted by some as gold, but I judge from what precedes it that it means the sulphur of any metal.

#### Meaning

The historical voice is unusually explicit. The author reports one interpretation, gold, and then offers another on the basis of preceding text: the sulphur of a metal. The entry therefore records an interpretive decision rather than an uncontested equivalence. Its first-person judgement should remain attributed instead of being presented as the editor’s discovery.

The method is valuable for readers. What comes before an unfamiliar term can outweigh a name recognized in isolation. The object is also broader in the preferred explanation: any metal’s sulphur, rather than one particular gold material.

#### Use in the book

Sulphur rerum supplies related sulphur-of-things vocabulary, while Chrysos provides a direct gold identification. Comparing them keeps the alternatives intelligible without pretending that the unnamed preceding passage has been independently recovered from this dictionary sentence.

#### Places to read

[Sulphur rerum](#CD0629). The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

[Chrysos](#CD0167). A direct name equivalence for gold.

[Alcaest](#CD0011). A disputed preparation whose meaning depends on the author’s procedure.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chifir Minerale ; compare Sulphur rerum, Chrysos, Alcaest](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629); [Chrysos](#CD0167); [Alcaest](#CD0011)

<a id="CD0166"></a>
### Chrysocolla

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A green earth identified through resemblance to verdigris.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Chrysocolla is a kind of green earth resembling verdigris.

#### Meaning

The comparison is the key qualification: the material is like verdigris, not simply defined as verdigris. Colour and earthy character supply the stated recognition clues. The entry does not establish one modern mineral species or say how the material was prepared.

Calx Veneris and Almizadir provide direct verdigris equations. Reading them beside Chrysocolla helps a reader distinguish resemblance from identity. That small grammatical difference is materially important in a dictionary whose entries often connect unfamiliar substances through familiar analogues.

#### Places to read

[Calx Veneris](#CD0135). A Venus-qualified calx identified as verdigris.

[Almizadir](#CD0020). A historical name directing the reader to verdigris.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chrysocolla ; compare Calx Veneris, Almizadir](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Calx Veneris](#CD0135); [Almizadir](#CD0020)

<a id="CD0167"></a>
### Chrysos

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A direct name equivalence for gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Chrysos is gold.

#### Meaning

This short identification is a useful anchor among the more qualified gold expressions. It does not itself specify leaf gold, a liquor, a calx or another preparation. A passage may add those distinctions, and they should remain visible when translating the material name.

Aurum planatum, Aurum potabile and Calx Solis show different forms or conditions in the same broad gold family. The dictionary’s separate entries help the reader distinguish the metal named generally from a product identified by treatment or intended use.

#### Places to read

[Aurum planatum](#CD0089). Gold identified by being beaten into a thin form.

[Aurum potabile](#CD0090). A purported gold liquor accompanied by a sharp criticism of its preparation.

[Calx Solis](#CD0131). Gold distinguished by calcination.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chrysos ; compare Aurum planatum, Aurum potabile, Calx Solis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Aurum planatum](#CD0089); [Aurum potabile](#CD0090); [Calx Solis](#CD0131)

<a id="CD0164"></a>
### Chybur

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two names identified with sulphur.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Chybur, or Cibur, is sulphur.

#### Meaning

The entry explicitly authorizes the variant Cibur. Its main purpose is to make an unfamiliar spelling recognizable, not to specify a prepared form. Other sulphur entries in the dictionary add qualifications concerning things or particular treatments, so the reader should preserve any modifier in the source passage.

Alcubrith and Kibrith provide further routes into the name family. The links aid lookup across spellings without proving that every historical sulphur preparation was materially identical.

#### Places to read

[Alcubrith](#CD0017). Three alternative names for sulphur.

[Kibrith](#CD0375). A second short name for sulphur.

[Sulphur rerum](#CD0629). The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chybur ; compare Alcubrith, Kibrith, Sulphur rerum, Sulphur vitriolatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Alcubrith](#CD0017); [Kibrith](#CD0375); [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629); [Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628)

<a id="CD0174"></a>
### Citrinulus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A crystal identified through a pale appearance.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Citrinulus is pale crystal.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a material class and a colour-like qualification. It supplies no locality, growth form or modern mineral species. “Pale” should remain the descriptive limit rather than being expanded into a precise hue without evidence.

The spelling distinguishes the entry from Citrinulum, the transparent salt made from calcined vitriol, and Citrinula, the blistering herb. The three names are worth linking precisely because their meanings diverge. A finding aid should help the reader choose the correct word rather than combine them into a single family of substances.

#### Places to read

[Citrinulum](#CD0173). A vitriol-derived salt identified through transparency and preparation.

[Citrinula](#CD0172). A plant name with an attributed blister-producing effect.

[Cherionium](#CD0159). A naturally fixed condition illustrated through crystal.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Citrinulus ; compare Citrinulum, Citrinula, Cherionium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Citrinulum](#CD0173); [Citrinula](#CD0172); [Cherionium](#CD0159)

<a id="CD0203"></a>
### Cor

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Gold under a term expressly restricted to metallic usage.

**In the book.** Several other entries specify particular forms or conditions of gold, including Aurum planatum and Aurum vitæ.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cor, among metals, is called gold.

#### Meaning

The qualifying phrase “among metals” controls the identification. The entry gives a special use of Cor, not an unrestricted translation valid wherever the word occurs. A surrounding passage must therefore establish the metallic context before this gloss is applied.

#### Use in the book

Several other entries specify particular forms or conditions of gold, including Aurum planatum and Aurum vitæ. Cor gives none of their preparative qualifications. It functions as a name for gold within the stated field, rather than as a description of a distinct prepared product.

#### Places to read

[Aurum planatum](#CD0089). Gold identified by being beaten into a thin form.

[Aurum vitæ](#CD0091). A gold preparation identified through precipitation, heating and intense redness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cor](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Aurum planatum](#CD0089); [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091)

<a id="CD0204"></a>
### Corbatum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for copper.

**In the book.** Zaidir includes copper as one of two stated meanings, allowing copper or verdigris.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Corbatum is copper.

#### Meaning

The identification is direct. The entry adds no qualifying treatment, colour, source or medical purpose to copper. Its usefulness lies in recognising a less familiar name when reading an author whose vocabulary differs from ordinary metal names.

#### Use in the book

Zaidir includes copper as one of two stated meanings, allowing copper or verdigris. The contrast shows why Corbatum’s unqualified identification should remain distinct from another headword’s broader range. No particular copper preparation is specified under Corbatum.

#### Places to read

[Zaidir](#CD0698). A name with copper and verdigris alternatives.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Corbatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Zaidir](#CD0698)

<a id="CD0216"></a>
### Cycima

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for litharge.

**In the book.** Lethargyrium gives a broader historical account of a spume separated in purifying Mercury, silver or lead.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cycima is litharge.

#### Meaning

The entry is a direct identification without a preparative qualification. It does not distinguish the named material by colour, metal source or medical action. Those details cannot be supplied from this headword alone.

#### Use in the book

Lethargyrium gives a broader historical account of a spume separated in purifying Mercury, silver or lead. Terra auri and Terra argenti respectively name litharge of gold and silver. The comparisons show why a later passage’s modifiers matter, without changing the brevity of the gloss Cycima.

#### Places to read

[Lethargyrium](#CD0396). A separated scum from the purification of three named metallic materials.

[Terra argenti](#CD0643). A silver-associated litharge under an earth name.

[Terra auri](#CD0644). A gold-associated litharge under an earth name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cycima](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Lethargyrium](#CD0396); [Terra argenti](#CD0643); [Terra auri](#CD0644)

<a id="CD0217"></a>
### Cydar

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name glossed as Jupiter.

**In the book.** Calx Iovis names a spirit of tin, while Lato is described through copper and lapis calaminaris.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cydar is Jupiter.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies Jupiter and nothing more. Elsewhere the dictionary explicitly identifies Iupiter as tin, so the reader has a route from this unfamiliar word to the book’s metal vocabulary. That route depends on the second entry, rather than on a further claim printed here.

#### Use in the book

Calx Iovis names a spirit of tin, while Lato is described through copper and lapis calaminaris. These examples remind a reader to distinguish a planetary name for a metal from a preparation or combination involving it. Cydar itself does not describe a preparation.

#### Places to read

[Calx Iovis](#CD0126). A tin-related calx name glossed as a spirit.

[Iupiter](#CD0367). The planetary name Jupiter denotes tin here.

[Lato](#CD0387). Copper identified after treatment that gives it a gold-like colour.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cydar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Calx Iovis](#CD0126); [Iupiter](#CD0367); [Lato](#CD0387)

<a id="CD0231"></a>
### Diatessadelton

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for Mercury in a precipitated condition.

**In the book.** Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus describes Mercury extracted from metals and precipitated.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Diatessadelton is precipitated Mercury.

#### Meaning

The qualifier identifies a prepared condition. The entry does not merely say Mercury, and the word precipitated should therefore remain visible. It gives no material used in the preparation or further account of the resulting substance.

#### Use in the book

Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus describes Mercury extracted from metals and precipitated. Turbith minerale is Mercury precipitated into a sweetness without a corrosive. Those added conditions belong to their own entries. They help explain why the brief Diatessadelton gloss does not by itself identify every precipitated mercurial preparation.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448). A preparation specified by metallic extraction followed by precipitation.

[Turbith minerale](#CD0662). A mercury preparation described through precipitation and sweetness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Diatessadelton](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448); [Turbith minerale](#CD0662)

<a id="CD0235"></a>
### Discus solis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Quicksilver described through a claimed origin in gold.

**In the book.** Horion is the Mercury of gold, while Fido can mean Quicksilver and sometimes gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Discus solis is Quicksilver made from gold.

#### Meaning

The definition connects two metal names through making: the Quicksilver is said to be made from gold. It should not be reduced to an ordinary synonym for gold, since that would lose the relation that distinguishes the entry. The manner of making is not explained.

#### Use in the book

Horion is the Mercury of gold, while Fido can mean Quicksilver and sometimes gold. Those terms reveal overlapping naming relationships, but they do not supply a procedure or prove that every mercurial expression connected with gold has the same meaning. Follow the particular qualification in each entry.

#### Places to read

[Fido](#CD0279). A name chiefly glossed as Quicksilver, with gold as another use.

[Horion](#CD0331). A mercurial term qualified through gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Discus solis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Fido](#CD0279); [Horion](#CD0331)

<a id="CD0241"></a>
### Duenech

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for antimony.

**In the book.** Stibium is also identified as antimony.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Duenech is antimony.

#### Meaning

The gloss is a direct identification. It adds no particular treatment or medical purpose to antimony, so the unfamiliar headword should not by itself be taken as a prepared product.

#### Use in the book

Stibium is also identified as antimony. Alcofol adds a longer explanation through alternative spellings and stibium. These entries provide a network of names, while a passage’s further qualifiers must establish whether an author means a material generally or a particular preparation made from it.

#### Places to read

[Alcofol](#CD0014). A variant-name entry identifying stibium or antimony.

[Stibium](#CD0623). A historical name equated with antimony.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Duenech](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Alcofol](#CD0014); [Stibium](#CD0623)

<a id="CD0242"></a>
### Dulcedo Saturni

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A Saturnian sweetness linked with Altey and ceruse.

**In the book.** Altey plumbi is the sweet matter of lead, and Butyrum Saturni is explicitly referred to Altey and the sweetness of lead.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Dulcedo Saturni is Altey, or ceruse.

#### Meaning

The entry gives two identifications under a sweetness name. It does not explain whether Altey and ceruse have precisely the same scope in every author. The Saturnian qualifier connects the term with the dictionary’s lead vocabulary, rather than with sweetness as an ordinary taste alone.

#### Use in the book

Altey plumbi is the sweet matter of lead, and Butyrum Saturni is explicitly referred to Altey and the sweetness of lead. These closely linked definitions help follow a historical passage’s naming relationships. None gives the composition or preparation required to identify every substance described as sweet lead.

#### Places to read

[Altey plumbi](#CD0021). A lead preparation characterized as sweet.

[Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114). A “butter of Saturn” name referring back to the sweet matter of lead.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Dulcedo Saturni](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Altey plumbi](#CD0021); [Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114)

<a id="CD0245"></a>
### Edir

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name covering steel and iron.

**In the book.** Hadid gives iron directly, while Andena describes steel brought from eastern countries and adds claims about melting and casting.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Edir is steel or iron.

#### Meaning

The definition explicitly allows two related material names. It should therefore not be narrowed to steel alone or iron alone when the surrounding passage gives no further qualification. The entry does not state a treatment or grade.

#### Use in the book

Hadid gives iron directly, while Andena describes steel brought from eastern countries and adds claims about melting and casting. Those extra features distinguish the more particular description from Edir’s brief identification. The comparison helps readers keep a name’s stated breadth separate from another entry’s source or preparation.

#### Places to read

[Andena](#CD0032). An eastern steel characterized by melting and casting.

[Hadid](#CD0320). A dictionary name for iron.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Edir](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Andena](#CD0032); [Hadid](#CD0320)

<a id="CD0246"></a>
### Electrum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Amber in one usage, or a Paracelsian metallic combination in another.

**In the book.** Compositum is a body not separated, and Corpus is the subject in which virtues lie hidden.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Electrum sometimes means amber; in Paracelsus it is a compound metal made by melting all seven planets into one body.

#### Meaning

The entry insists on two senses. The first is amber. The second, attributed specifically to Paracelsus, is a compound metal described through the melting of all seven planets into one body. The difference is too large to resolve through the headword alone: the reader needs the author and subject of the passage.

The planetary language belongs to the description of the compound metal. Elsewhere the dictionary explicitly uses Iupiter for tin, showing that a planetary name can operate as a material name. That evidence helps a reader understand the field of the expression without pretending that the entry supplies an alloy composition or the proportions of its constituents.

“One body” describes a resulting unity. It should not make the preceding plurality disappear: the definition claims a compound formed from the seven, rather than a single metal that simply has seven alternative names. Equally, it would be misleading to apply the amber sense to a passage concerned with the preparation of such a metallic body.

#### Use in the book

Compositum is a body not separated, and Corpus is the subject in which virtues lie hidden. Iupiter’s direct identification with tin provides one explicit example of the planetary naming language; Corbatum and Fida supply other metal names without, in their own definitions, giving planetary equivalents. These distinctions keep the comparison grounded in what the dictionary actually states.

The entry is also an unusually clear guide to attribution. Its phrase “in Paracelsus” assigns the metallic sense to a particular body of writings. It does not claim that every writer using Electrum must mean this compound, and the opening “sometimes” preserves the existence of another usage.

#### Places to read

[Compositum](#CD0191). A compound body considered before separation.

[Corbatum](#CD0204). A dictionary name for copper.

[Corpus](#CD0208). A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

#### In this edition

Both senses are retained in the modernised definition and in searching. The commentary supplies no melting instructions. A precise reconstruction would require evidence beyond this dictionary’s compressed account.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Electrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Compositum](#CD0191); [Corbatum](#CD0204); [Corpus](#CD0208); [Fida](#CD0278); [Iupiter](#CD0367)

<a id="CD0274"></a>
### Fel Draconis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Quicksilver described through an origin in tin.

**In the book.** Discus solis gives Quicksilver made from gold; Horion is the Mercury of gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fel Draconis is Quicksilver from tin.

#### Meaning

The relation “from tin” distinguishes the entry from an unrestricted synonym for Quicksilver. The dictionary gives no account of the process by which the material is obtained. The phrase should remain a reported preparative or material relationship.

#### Use in the book

Discus solis gives Quicksilver made from gold; Horion is the Mercury of gold. These entries show how mercurial vocabulary can be qualified through another metal. They do not make the materials identical or provide a method for deriving one from the other. The particular source named under Fel Draconis is tin.

#### Places to read

[Discus solis](#CD0235). Quicksilver described through a claimed origin in gold.

[Horion](#CD0331). A mercurial term qualified through gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fel Draconis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Discus solis](#CD0235); [Horion](#CD0331)

<a id="CD0275"></a>
### Fel vitri

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A material identified as glass scum.

**In the book.** Anathron discusses a salt growing upon rocks and rejects an older identification with the gall of glass.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fel vitri is the scum of glass.

#### Meaning

The term names a portion or product through its relation to glass. The definition does not give its composition, a particular glass-making process or a use. “Scum” preserves the source’s spume without deciding exactly what material a historical specimen contained.

#### Use in the book

Anathron discusses a salt growing upon rocks and rejects an older identification with the gall of glass. Lethargyrium likewise uses spume language for matter separated in purifying metals. These comparisons show that similar residue words require attention to the subject and the author’s stated distinction.

#### Places to read

[Anathron](#CD0029). A rock-associated salt described through appearance and disputed identification.

[Lethargyrium](#CD0396). A separated scum from the purification of three named metallic materials.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fel vitri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Anathron](#CD0029); [Lethargyrium](#CD0396)

<a id="CD0278"></a>
### Fida

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A metal name with two stated identifications.

**In the book.** Fido differs by one final letter and is glossed as Quicksilver, sometimes gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fida is silver, and sometimes gold.

#### Meaning

Silver is the first identification, with gold admitted as an occasional sense. The word cannot be assigned to one metal in every passage without further evidence. The definition supplies no preparation that would explain the alternative.

#### Use in the book

Fido differs by one final letter and is glossed as Quicksilver, sometimes gold. That similarity makes the pair especially important for transcription and searching. Gold is a shared possible meaning, but the primary identifications remain different. Neither entry should be silently merged with the other.

#### Places to read

[Fido](#CD0279). A name chiefly glossed as Quicksilver, with gold as another use.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fida](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Fido](#CD0279)

<a id="CD0279"></a>
### Fido

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name chiefly glossed as Quicksilver, with gold as another use.

**In the book.** Fida is the near-spelling counterpart: silver, sometimes gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fido is called Quicksilver, and sometimes gold.

#### Meaning

The entry permits two material identifications and leaves the conditions of usage unstated. Quicksilver comes first; gold is an occasional meaning. Preserve that order without treating it as a rule that excludes the second possibility.

#### Use in the book

Fida is the near-spelling counterpart: silver, sometimes gold. Discus solis instead gives a relationship, Quicksilver made from gold. The three entries consequently offer different kinds of information: alternative meanings and an attributed origin. A reader should not turn those relationships into one identity merely because the same metal names recur.

#### Places to read

[Discus solis](#CD0235). Quicksilver described through a claimed origin in gold.

[Fida](#CD0278). A metal name with two stated identifications.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fido](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Discus solis](#CD0235); [Fida](#CD0278)

<a id="CD0286"></a>
### Flos cheiri

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for an essence associated with gold.

**In the book.** Cheiri has several senses and specifically connects flos Cheiri with a white elixir, contrasting Flos Anthos with a red elixir.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Flos cheiri is the essence of gold.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies an essence through its material subject, gold. It gives no process for obtaining it and does not equate that essence with gold in every condition. The distinction between a subject and what is called its essence is the useful feature of the gloss.

#### Use in the book

Cheiri has several senses and specifically connects flos Cheiri with a white elixir, contrasting Flos Anthos with a red elixir. Elixir itself can mean the essence of a thing. These links explain why a flower name can enter philosophical preparation language without identifying an ordinary botanical flower.

#### Places to read

[Cheiri](#CD0157). A term whose sense depends on both subject matter and qualification.

[Elixir](#CD0250). A transformative ferment, or a thing’s essence.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Flos cheiri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Cheiri](#CD0157); [Elixir](#CD0250)

<a id="CD0288"></a>
### Folia daure

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Gold described in leaf form.

**In the book.** Aurum planatum is leaf gold or malleated gold, and Orizeum foliatum is also glossed as leaf gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Folia daure are leaves of gold.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a form of gold without stating a preparation or further property. “Leaves” should remain visible because it distinguishes the description from a bare metal synonym.

#### Use in the book

Aurum planatum is leaf gold or malleated gold, and Orizeum foliatum is also glossed as leaf gold. These parallels make the naming relationship useful for searching across authors. They do not supply a particular thickness or manufacture under Folia daure itself.

#### Places to read

[Aurum planatum](#CD0089). Gold identified by being beaten into a thin form.

[Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507). Gold distinguished by its leaf form.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Folia daure](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Aurum planatum](#CD0089); [Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507)

<a id="CD0293"></a>
### Fuligo Metallorum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A metallic term with arsenic and Mercury as alternative meanings.

**In the book.** Arsaneck is sublimed arsenic, while Guma is directly identified as Quicksilver.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Fuligo Metallorum is sometimes called arsenic, and sometimes means Mercury.

#### Meaning

The entry records two uses rather than one fixed identification. The repeated “sometimes” leaves their circumstances open. A surrounding author’s material and operation must determine which meaning is plausible.

#### Use in the book

Arsaneck is sublimed arsenic, while Guma is directly identified as Quicksilver. These comparisons distinguish a prepared condition from a simple material name. Neither settles which of Fuligo Metallorum’s two alternatives a particular author intends; that decision needs evidence from the passage being read.

#### Places to read

[Arsaneck](#CD0073). An arsenic preparation distinguished by sublimation.

[Guma](#CD0317). A dictionary name for Quicksilver.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fuligo Metallorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Arsaneck](#CD0073); [Guma](#CD0317)

<a id="CD0294"></a>
### Fulmen

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Silver qualified by purification.

**In the book.** Fida names silver and sometimes gold; Luna is directly glossed as silver.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Fulmen is purified silver.

#### Meaning

The adjective matters: the definition describes silver in a purified condition, rather than silver under every circumstance. No method or criterion of purification is given.

#### Use in the book

Fida names silver and sometimes gold; Luna is directly glossed as silver. These comparisons distinguish a qualified material from broader or alternative names. The edition preserves purified as the feature supplied under Fulmen, while taking any further account of its preparation from the historical passage using the word.

#### Places to read

[Fida](#CD0278). A metal name with two stated identifications.

[Luna](#CD0413). The lunar name denotes silver.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fulmen](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Fida](#CD0278); [Luna](#CD0413)

<a id="CD0300"></a>
### Glacies dura

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for crystal.

**In the book.** Citrinulus is pale crystal, while Diaphanum names transparency as a quality rather than a substance.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Glacies dura is crystal.

#### Meaning

The identification gives no source, form or preparation of the crystal. The headword therefore functions as a naming aid, without providing the description needed for a more exact modern mineral identification.

#### Use in the book

Citrinulus is pale crystal, while Diaphanum names transparency as a quality rather than a substance. These links help distinguish the general named material from a qualified appearance or a property that many subjects might share. Glacies dura itself supplies only the simple identification.

#### Places to read

[Citrinulus](#CD0174). A crystal identified through a pale appearance.

[Diaphanum](#CD0228). A description of transparency.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Glacies dura](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Citrinulus](#CD0174); [Diaphanum](#CD0228)

<a id="CD0311"></a>
### Glutinis tenacitas

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A phrase directly identified as mineral resin.

**In the book.** Tenacitas glutinis gives the reverse word order and the same mineral-resin identification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Glutinis tenacitas is mineral resin.

#### Meaning

The gloss supplies a material identification without specifying a mineral source or method of preparation. The phrase’s reference to tenacity should not obscure the simple identification given after it.

#### Use in the book

Tenacitas glutinis gives the reverse word order and the same mineral-resin identification. Gluta and Gluten concern different subjects, respectively the efficacy of pitch and viscous bodily matter. Keeping the paired resin entries linked while preserving the other distinctions makes the dictionary’s adhesion vocabulary easier to navigate.

#### Places to read

[Gluta](#CD0309). The power attributed to strongly adhering pitch.

[Gluten](#CD0310). Bodily viscous matter given a role in persistent disease.

[Tenacitas glutinis](#CD0641). A mineral resin identified through a glue-like name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Glutinis tenacitas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Gluta](#CD0309); [Gluten](#CD0310); [Tenacitas glutinis](#CD0641)

<a id="CD0314"></a>
### Gravus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A stone identified through a name and a use in cold dissolution.

**In the book.** Deliquium names cold dissolution of coagulated bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gravus is the stone Porphyrites, used like marble for dissolving things in the cold.

#### Meaning

The entry gives both a material name and a practical comparison. The stone is Porphyrites, and its use is said to be like that of marble in dissolving things in the cold. The gloss does not describe the subject being dissolved or the arrangement of the work.

#### Use in the book

Deliquium names cold dissolution of coagulated bodies. Grilla describes vitriol dissolving of its own accord into water. These comparisons help explain the operation language without identifying the stone as an active reagent or supplying a procedure that the dictionary does not give.

#### Places to read

[Deliquium](#CD0221). Dissolution of a coagulated body in a cold setting.

[Grilla](#CD0315). Vitriol described in a spontaneously dissolved condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gravus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Deliquium](#CD0221); [Grilla](#CD0315)

<a id="CD0317"></a>
### Guma

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for Quicksilver.

**In the book.** Fido is another name that can mean Quicksilver, with gold as an occasional alternative.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Guma is Quicksilver.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a direct identification without a preparative qualification. The entry should not be read as gum merely from the familiar appearance of its spelling.

#### Use in the book

Fido is another name that can mean Quicksilver, with gold as an occasional alternative. Fel Draconis gives Quicksilver through an origin in tin. Those qualifications belong to the other entries. Guma’s usefulness is the simple naming link, while any particular preparation must come from the surrounding text.

#### Places to read

[Fel Draconis](#CD0274). Quicksilver described through an origin in tin.

[Fido](#CD0279). A name chiefly glossed as Quicksilver, with gold as another use.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Guma](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Fel Draconis](#CD0274); [Fido](#CD0279)

<a id="CD0320"></a>
### Hadid

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for iron.

**In the book.** Edir allows steel or iron, while Calx Martis names a crocus of steel or iron.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Hadid is iron.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies one metal identification and no qualifying preparation, grade or source. The unfamiliar name should not imply a distinct compound merely because it appears alongside more elaborate chymical vocabulary.

#### Use in the book

Edir allows steel or iron, while Calx Martis names a crocus of steel or iron. Those entries distinguish a broader pair of material names from a prepared form. Hadid itself remains the direct identification with iron.

#### Places to read

[Calx Martis](#CD0129). An iron or steel preparation named through crocus vocabulary.

[Edir](#CD0245). A name covering steel and iron.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Hadid](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Calx Martis](#CD0129); [Edir](#CD0245)

<a id="CD0331"></a>
### Horion

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mercurial term qualified through gold.

**In the book.** Discus solis gives Quicksilver made from gold, while Flos cheiri is the essence of gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Horion is the Mercury of gold.

#### Meaning

The gold relation is the distinguishing feature. The definition does not say simply Mercury, and it supplies no process by which the named subject is obtained. Its wording should remain relational rather than being converted into a modern composition.

#### Use in the book

Discus solis gives Quicksilver made from gold, while Flos cheiri is the essence of gold. These entries show different ways a preparation or attributed efficacy can be named through the same metal. The dictionary does not explicitly declare every mercurial or essential gold term identical.

#### Places to read

[Discus solis](#CD0235). Quicksilver described through a claimed origin in gold.

[Flos cheiri](#CD0286). A name for an essence associated with gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Horion](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Discus solis](#CD0235); [Flos cheiri](#CD0286)

<a id="CD0367"></a>
### Iupiter

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The planetary name Jupiter denotes tin here.

**In the book.** Luna similarly names silver, while Luna compacta names quicksilver.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Iupiter is tin.

#### Meaning

The dictionary makes a direct equivalence between a planetary name and a metal. In a material passage, Iupiter can therefore name tin without asserting that the writer is discussing the planet itself. The headword’s initial I is a spelling form retained for recognition and searching.

#### Use in the book

Luna similarly names silver, while Luna compacta names quicksilver. The added word in a compound can alter the material intended. Read the complete expression before applying a planetary equivalence.

#### Places to read

[Luna](#CD0413). The lunar name denotes silver.

[Luna compacta](#CD0414). A lunar compound assigned to quicksilver.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Iupiter](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Luna](#CD0413); [Luna compacta](#CD0414)

<a id="CD0368"></a>
### Kachimia

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Metallic ore described as unripe and at its beginning.

**In the book.** Marcasita likewise denotes unripe metallic matter and is said to have as many kinds as there are metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kachimia, or Kahimia, is the unripe ore of any metal, as it exists in its first state.

#### Meaning

Ripeness supplies the interpretive model. The material is metallic in its origin or destination, but has not reached the condition of a completed metal. “Any metal” also makes the term a general category rather than the name of one ore. Its first state is the relevant distinction.

#### Use in the book

Marcasita likewise denotes unripe metallic matter and is said to have as many kinds as there are metals. Mercurius Crudus, by contrast, identifies mercury through its remaining unseparated from its ore. The entries distinguish developmental condition from a particular material’s state of preparation.

#### Places to read

[Marcasita](#CD0431). A varied category of metallic matter understood as unripe.

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

#### In this edition

Mine is rendered as ore here because the headword defines the material, not the excavation from which it is taken.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kachimia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Marcasita](#CD0431); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445)

<a id="CD0372"></a>
### Kaprili

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for sulphur.

**In the book.** Kibrith has the same short definition.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kaprili is sulphur.

#### Meaning

The equivalence supplies the first meaning to test when the word occurs. It does not specify a preparation or establish whether an author means ordinary sulphur or a sulphurous constituent of a particular body.

#### Use in the book

Kibrith has the same short definition. Sulphur rerum and Oleitas rerum show the broader use of sulphur-language in descriptions of things and their powers. Those qualified expressions should be consulted when the surrounding argument concerns a principle rather than a named material.

#### Places to read

[Kibrith](#CD0375). A second short name for sulphur.

[Oleitas rerum](#CD0492). Oiliness of things interpreted through their sulphur.

[Sulphur rerum](#CD0629). The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kaprili](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Kibrith](#CD0375); [Oleitas rerum](#CD0492); [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629)

<a id="CD0375"></a>
### Kibrith

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A second short name for sulphur.

**In the book.** For passages speaking of the sulphur within all things, compare Oleitas rerum.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kibrith is sulphur.

#### Meaning

Kibrith and Kaprili receive the same equivalent. The dictionary does not assign a different treatment, colour or degree of purity to either. Their separate headings preserve alternate naming, not necessarily separate materials.

#### Use in the book

For passages speaking of the sulphur within all things, compare Oleitas rerum. That general expression has a different scope from an isolated name for sulphur, and context must determine which scope is intended.

#### Places to read

[Kaprili](#CD0372). An alternative name for sulphur.

[Oleitas rerum](#CD0492). Oiliness of things interpreted through their sulphur.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kibrith](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Kaprili](#CD0372); [Oleitas rerum](#CD0492)

<a id="CD0376"></a>
### Kimit elevatum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A cinnabar preparation identified by whiteness and sublimation.

**In the book.** Mercurius Crystallinus also names a material through repeated sublimation and its resulting clarity.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kimit elevatum is white cinnabar sublimed.

#### Meaning

Both the colour and the operation qualify this name. The reader is given a white material called cinnabar after sublimation, rather than an unqualified equivalent for every substance called cinnabar. The participle elevatum belongs with that upward treatment.

#### Use in the book

Mercurius Crystallinus also names a material through repeated sublimation and its resulting clarity. Such entries encode a prepared state in the headword. They cannot be read adequately by treating the base material-name alone as the full definition.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446). A repeatedly sublimed mercurial preparation characterised by crystal-like clarity.

#### In this edition

The historically stated identification is retained. No modern composition is assigned merely to reconcile the term cinnabar with the stated colour.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kimit elevatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446)

<a id="CD0378"></a>
### Kobalt

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A metallic matter described through colour, surface and workability.

**In the book.** Kachimia and Marcasita classify metallic material as unripe.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kobalt, Cobaltum or Cobletum is a metallic matter blacker than lead or iron, lacking metallic lustre, yet capable of being melted and hammered.

#### Meaning

The description combines an absence with capacities. Although the matter lacks the shining appearance expected of a metal, the compiler credits it with melting and being worked by hammering. These are the features by which this particular material is presented to recognition.

#### Use in the book

Kachimia and Marcasita classify metallic material as unripe. Kobalt instead gives a cluster of observable properties. The difference matters: a definition by appearance and behaviour need not carry the same developmental explanation as a definition by ripeness.

#### Places to read

[Kachimia](#CD0368). Metallic ore described as unripe and at its beginning.

[Marcasita](#CD0431). A varied category of metallic matter understood as unripe.

#### In this edition

The historical name is not silently replaced with a modern elemental identity. The described sample and its properties are what the source actually supplies.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kobalt](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Kachimia](#CD0368); [Marcasita](#CD0431)

<a id="CD0387"></a>
### Lato

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Copper identified after treatment that gives it a gold-like colour.

**In the book.** Melibæum gives copper without this qualification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Lato is copper given a golden colour with lapis calaminaris.

#### Meaning

The definition retains copper as its subject. What changes is its colour, through the named lapis calaminaris. A golden appearance is therefore not presented as proof that the material has become gold. The means named and the effect reported must both remain in the reading.

#### Use in the book

Melibæum gives copper without this qualification. Comparing the two entries distinguishes the underlying metal-name from a name that incorporates a stated treatment and appearance.

#### Places to read

[Melibæum](#CD0440). An alternative name for copper.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Lato](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Melibæum](#CD0440)

<a id="CD0396"></a>
### Lethargyrium

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A separated scum from the purification of three named metallic materials.

**In the book.** Caput mortuum likewise identifies a material through its residual relation to an operation, although it specifies distillation and sublimation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Lethargyrium in Paracelsus is the scum of mercury, silver or lead, separated when they are refined and purified.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies the material by its position within refining: it is something separated from mercury, silver or lead. The list prevents the headword from being restricted without qualification to one of those materials. Spume names the scum, not the purified metal remaining after separation.

#### Use in the book

Caput mortuum likewise identifies a material through its residual relation to an operation, although it specifies distillation and sublimation. Martath leads to litharge through another naming route. The particular operations and subjects in each definition should remain visible.

#### Places to read

[Caput mortuum](#CD0138). The material left behind by distillation or sublimation.

[Martath](#CD0433). Two forms leading to litharge.

#### In this edition

The phrase in Paracelsus marks the scope of the attribution. It does not establish that every later use of the word covers the same three materials.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Lethargyrium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Caput mortuum](#CD0138); [Martath](#CD0433)

<a id="CD0413"></a>
### Luna

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The lunar name denotes silver.

**In the book.** Luna compacta is defined as quicksilver, and Lunaria as the sulphur of Nature.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Luna is silver.

#### Meaning

The equivalence gives a material reading of the planetary name. In a passage about metals, Luna may therefore mean silver rather than the celestial moon. The dictionary does not make every occurrence of the word in every kind of discourse metallic.

#### Use in the book

Luna compacta is defined as quicksilver, and Lunaria as the sulphur of Nature. Their qualifying forms matter. Reading them all as ordinary silver because they begin with lunar language would collapse distinctions the compiler has preserved.

#### Places to read

[Luna compacta](#CD0414). A lunar compound assigned to quicksilver.

[Lunaria](#CD0415). Lunar naming applied to Nature’s sulphur.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Luna](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Luna compacta](#CD0414); [Lunaria](#CD0415)

<a id="CD0414"></a>
### Luna compacta

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A lunar compound assigned to quicksilver.

**In the book.** Mater metallorum, Metallum currens, Missadam and Myssadar likewise point to quicksilver or mercury.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Luna compacta is quicksilver.

#### Meaning

The complete expression has an equivalent different from Luna alone. Compacta is therefore a meaningful qualification, not a decorative addition which can be ignored after identifying a planetary name.

#### Use in the book

Mater metallorum, Metallum currens, Missadam and Myssadar likewise point to quicksilver or mercury. The dictionary offers several naming routes to the material, while preserving a separate plain Luna entry for silver.

#### Places to read

[Luna](#CD0413). The lunar name denotes silver.

[Mater metallorum](#CD0434). Quicksilver named as the mother of metals.

[Metallum currens](#CD0453). Quicksilver under the name running metal.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Luna compacta](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Luna](#CD0413); [Mater metallorum](#CD0434); [Metallum currens](#CD0453); [Missadam](#CD0456); [Myssadar](#CD0469)

<a id="CD0415"></a>
### Lunaria

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Lunar naming applied to Nature’s sulphur.

**In the book.** Luna and Luna compacta provide different material equivalents.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Lunaria is the sulphur of Nature.

#### Meaning

The equivalent is a qualified sulphur, not the familiar plant-name a reader might expect and not simply silver. Nature is part of the expression the compiler supplies, so the meaning cannot be settled by translating the lunar stem alone.

#### Use in the book

Luna and Luna compacta provide different material equivalents. Sulphur rerum, in turn, concerns the quintessence of things. These headings place Lunaria within a network of qualified names without supplying a warrant to identify every member of that network as one substance.

#### Places to read

[Luna](#CD0413). The lunar name denotes silver.

[Luna compacta](#CD0414). A lunar compound assigned to quicksilver.

[Sulphur rerum](#CD0629). The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Lunaria](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Luna](#CD0413); [Luna compacta](#CD0414); [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629)

<a id="CD0422"></a>
### Magnesia

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** One name with a common mineral use and a distinct artificial preparation.

**In the book.** Marcasita gives the broader account of unripe metallic matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359.

#### Historical definition

Magnesia is commonly used for a marcasite; artificial magnesia is tin melted with quicksilver, the two being mixed into a brittle, white mass.

#### Meaning

The definition expressly separates what is commonly meant from what is made artificially. In the first use Magnesia leads to marcasite. In the second, the compiler describes the union of tin and quicksilver, with brittleness and whiteness as properties of the resulting mass. Those two accounts should not be blended into a single unspecified mineral.

The product’s name therefore depends partly on the context in which it occurs. A passage about a mine may require a different reading from a passage describing a prepared mass, even though both use Magnesia.

#### Use in the book

Marcasita gives the broader account of unripe metallic matter. Iupiter names tin and Luna compacta names quicksilver. These equivalents provide a route through alternative names for the materials mentioned in the artificial branch of the definition.

#### Places to read

[Marcasita](#CD0431). A varied category of metallic matter understood as unripe.

[Iupiter](#CD0367). The planetary name Jupiter denotes tin here.

[Luna compacta](#CD0414). A lunar compound assigned to quicksilver.

#### In this edition

The modernised wording keeps the two uses separate and does not substitute the modern material suggested by a familiar-looking name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 359, Magnesia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**See also.** [Marcasita](#CD0431); [Iupiter](#CD0367); [Luna compacta](#CD0414)

<a id="CD0431"></a>
### Marcasita

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A varied category of metallic matter understood as unripe.

**In the book.** Kachimia similarly concerns the first, unripe state of metallic ore.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Marcasita is an unripe matter of metals, with as many kinds as there are metals.

#### Meaning

The dictionary does not give one fixed mineral identity. It defines a category by its relation to metallic development and expressly multiplies its kinds according to the metals. Unripe therefore does explanatory work: the matter is discussed in relation to a condition it has not yet attained.

#### Use in the book

Kachimia similarly concerns the first, unripe state of metallic ore. Magnesia is commonly used for a marcasite, but its artificial sense is separately described as a white, brittle mixture. Those links give both a near parallel and a reminder that one name may cover different accounts.

#### Places to read

[Kachimia](#CD0368). Metallic ore described as unripe and at its beginning.

[Magnesia](#CD0422). One name with a common mineral use and a distinct artificial preparation.

#### In this edition

A later restricted mineral use of marcasite is not substituted for the compiler’s plural and developmental definition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Marcasita](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Kachimia](#CD0368); [Magnesia](#CD0422)

<a id="CD0433"></a>
### Martath

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two forms leading to litharge.

**In the book.** Lethargyrium gives a fuller account of a scum separated while metallic materials are purified.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Martath, or Martach, is litharge.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies alternative spellings and one material equivalent. Neither spelling receives an independent description of composition or preparation, so their separate appearance in a text need not imply separate ingredients.

#### Use in the book

Lethargyrium gives a fuller account of a scum separated while metallic materials are purified. Its range includes mercury, silver and lead; that wider definition should be consulted rather than silently narrowed on the strength of a resemblance between the names.

#### Places to read

[Lethargyrium](#CD0396). A separated scum from the purification of three named metallic materials.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Martath](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Lethargyrium](#CD0396)

<a id="CD0434"></a>
### Mater metallorum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Quicksilver named as the mother of metals.

**In the book.** Metallum currens supplies another descriptive name, and Luna compacta another qualified one.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Mater metallorum is quicksilver.

#### Meaning

The maternal phrase presents quicksilver through its relation to metals. The dictionary’s immediate equivalent is nevertheless simply quicksilver; it does not explain a sequence of generation or give a test of metallic parentage in this entry.

#### Use in the book

Metallum currens supplies another descriptive name, and Luna compacta another qualified one. Together these entries allow a reader to recognise the named material while returning to the surrounding argument for the significance of mother, running or lunar language.

#### Places to read

[Metallum currens](#CD0453). Quicksilver under the name running metal.

[Luna compacta](#CD0414). A lunar compound assigned to quicksilver.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Mater metallorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Metallum currens](#CD0453); [Luna compacta](#CD0414)

<a id="CD0440"></a>
### Melibæum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for copper.

**In the book.** Lato, in contrast, identifies copper after it has received a golden colour through lapis calaminaris.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Melibæum is copper.

#### Meaning

The entry gives an unqualified metallic equivalent. It does not specify a colour-changing preparation or a refined state of the copper.

#### Use in the book

Lato, in contrast, identifies copper after it has received a golden colour through lapis calaminaris. The pair distinguishes a plain material-name from a name which carries an account of treatment.

#### Places to read

[Lato](#CD0387). Copper identified after treatment that gives it a gold-like colour.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Melibæum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Lato](#CD0387)

<a id="CD0443"></a>
### Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Mercury coagulated by Nature is defined broadly as a solid metal.

**In the book.** Metallum currens, by contrast, is quicksilver, while Mater metallorum names it as the mother of metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus is a solid metal.

#### Meaning

The full expression crosses an expectation a reader may bring from ordinary quicksilver. Its equivalent is a solid metal, not merely mercury observed as a familiar running liquid. The qualification by Nature’s coagulation is central to the material state being named.

#### Use in the book

Metallum currens, by contrast, is quicksilver, while Mater metallorum names it as the mother of metals. These entries show mercury-language moving between a familiar material-name and an account of metallic constitution or development.

#### Places to read

[Metallum currens](#CD0453). Quicksilver under the name running metal.

[Mater metallorum](#CD0434). Quicksilver named as the mother of metals.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Metallum currens](#CD0453); [Mater metallorum](#CD0434)

<a id="CD0444"></a>
### Mercurius Corallinus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mercurial preparation identified through a coral-red result.

**In the book.** Mercurius Crystallinus is described through a different appearance, clarity like crystal, acquired by repeated sublimations.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurius Corallinus is mercury brought by egg yolks and other waters to a redness like coral.

#### Meaning

The resemblance is one of colour. The definition names egg yolks and other waters as means of producing redness, but does not identify coral itself as an ingredient. It also leaves the other waters unspecified.

#### Use in the book

Mercurius Crystallinus is described through a different appearance, clarity like crystal, acquired by repeated sublimations. These qualified names carry properties and preparation into the identification of the subject.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446). A repeatedly sublimed mercurial preparation characterised by crystal-like clarity.

#### In this edition

The modernised wording keeps both the stated materials and the comparison. It does not reconstruct proportions or an operational sequence absent from the source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurius Corallinus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446)

<a id="CD0445"></a>
### Mercurius Crudus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

**In the book.** Kachimia describes unripe metallic ore in its first state.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurius Crudus is mercury not yet separated from its ore.

#### Meaning

Crude names a relation to preparation: separation has not yet occurred. The word does not by itself provide a quantitative measure of impurity or identify everything accompanying the material.

#### Use in the book

Kachimia describes unripe metallic ore in its first state. Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus describes mercury extracted from metals and precipitated. These entries place the crude state beside different kinds of origin and treatment, rather than making all raw metallic materials identical.

#### Places to read

[Kachimia](#CD0368). Metallic ore described as unripe and at its beginning.

[Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448). A preparation specified by metallic extraction followed by precipitation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurius Crudus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Kachimia](#CD0368); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448)

<a id="CD0446"></a>
### Mercurius Crystallinus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A repeatedly sublimed mercurial preparation characterised by crystal-like clarity.

**In the book.** Kimit elevatum combines sublimation with whiteness; Mercurius Corallinus combines another treatment with redness.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurius Crystallinus is mercury brought by repeated sublimations to a clarity like crystal.

#### Meaning

Both repetition and appearance are specified. The clarity is acquired through repeated sublimations, not supplied merely by calling a starting material crystal. The comparison tells the reader what quality the name marks.

#### Use in the book

Kimit elevatum combines sublimation with whiteness; Mercurius Corallinus combines another treatment with redness. Their differing qualifications show the value of reading the entire prepared name rather than looking only for mercury as a common ingredient.

#### Places to read

[Kimit elevatum](#CD0376). A cinnabar preparation identified by whiteness and sublimation.

[Mercurius Corallinus](#CD0444). A mercurial preparation identified through a coral-red result.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurius Crystallinus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Kimit elevatum](#CD0376); [Mercurius Corallinus](#CD0444)

<a id="CD0447"></a>
### Mercurius laxus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mercurial name equated with turbith mineral.

**In the book.** Other Mercurius compounds in the dictionary are defined by source, colour or preparation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurius laxus is turbith mineral.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies another technical name rather than an ingredient list. The added word mineral is part of the equivalent and should not be lost by reading only a familiar resemblance to a plant or preparation-name.

#### Use in the book

Other Mercurius compounds in the dictionary are defined by source, colour or preparation. This one uses a direct equivalence, so those surrounding definitions should not be combined into an unstated recipe for it.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius Corallinus](#CD0444). A mercurial preparation identified through a coral-red result.

[Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448). A preparation specified by metallic extraction followed by precipitation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurius laxus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Mercurius Corallinus](#CD0444); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448)

<a id="CD0448"></a>
### Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A preparation specified by metallic extraction followed by precipitation.

**In the book.** Mercurius mineralium instead identifies an oiliness from gold and silver mines.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus is mercury extracted from metals and precipitated.

#### Meaning

The definition gives two qualifications in sequence. The mercury is drawn from metals, and it is precipitated. Neither a particular source metal nor the means of precipitation is stated, so the name cannot by itself supply the rest of a preparation.

#### Use in the book

Mercurius mineralium instead identifies an oiliness from gold and silver mines. The contrast between metals and mines, and between precipitated material and an oiliness, prevents the two compounds from becoming vague equivalents.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius mineralium](#CD0449). An extracted oiliness associated with the mines of two metals.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Mercurius mineralium](#CD0449)

<a id="CD0449"></a>
### Mercurius mineralium

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An extracted oiliness associated with the mines of two metals.

**In the book.** Liquor illustrates how oil-language can enter material compounds, while Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus describes a different extracted subject through precipitation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurius mineralium is an oiliness extracted from the mines of gold and silver.

#### Meaning

Oiliness describes the thing extracted; the mines of gold and silver specify its setting or source. The definition does not simply equate the phrase with liquid quicksilver, nor state that gold and silver themselves have become a visible ordinary oil.

#### Use in the book

Liquor illustrates how oil-language can enter material compounds, while Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus describes a different extracted subject through precipitation. The particular descriptors are necessary to keep these preparations apart.

#### Places to read

[Liquor](#CD0400). A naming rule by which a qualified liquor can mean an oil.

[Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448). A preparation specified by metallic extraction followed by precipitation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurius mineralium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Liquor](#CD0400); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448)

<a id="CD0450"></a>
### Mercurius regeneratus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Regenerated mercury defined through its first being.

**In the book.** Mercurius Crudus concerns a material not separated from its ore, which is a different qualification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurius regeneratus is the first being of mercury.

#### Meaning

The definition joins renewal-language to a beginning. It does not state that the referent is simply a new batch of ordinary mercury; it directs the reader to the first being of the named subject. How a particular author relates that beginning to a prior operation must be recovered from the author’s own account.

#### Use in the book

Mercurius Crudus concerns a material not separated from its ore, which is a different qualification. Mysterium magnum, meanwhile, speaks of first matter universally. The shared language of beginnings does not make these three definitions coextensive.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

[Mysterium magnum](#CD0470). A universal first matter, rather than one particular prepared subject.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurius regeneratus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470)

<a id="CD0453"></a>
### Metallum currens

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Quicksilver under the name running metal.

**In the book.** Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus is instead defined as a solid metal.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Metallum currens is quicksilver.

#### Meaning

The descriptive compound points to a metal through its running character. The dictionary gives quicksilver as the equivalent and supplies no further preparation under this heading.

#### Use in the book

Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus is instead defined as a solid metal. Reading both complete expressions makes the contrast between running and coagulated states visible without treating every mercurial name as a synonym for the same immediate condition.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](#CD0443). Mercury coagulated by Nature is defined broadly as a solid metal.

[Luna compacta](#CD0414). A lunar compound assigned to quicksilver.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Metallum currens](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](#CD0443); [Luna compacta](#CD0414)

<a id="CD0455"></a>
### Minium

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A precipitated lead preparation with an explicit correction of terminology.

**In the book.** Calx Saturni leads to Minium, joining the planetary name of lead to this prepared product.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Minium is the mercury, or rather the crocus, of lead precipitated.

#### Meaning

The phrase or rather is part of the definition’s reasoning. The compiler first offers mercury and then prefers crocus as the description of the precipitated lead material. The two words should not be presented as equally unqualified names after that correction has been removed.

#### Use in the book

Calx Saturni leads to Minium, joining the planetary name of lead to this prepared product. Orizeum præcipitatum also uses crocus-language in a definition concerned with a treated metal, but its subject is gold.

#### Places to read

[Calx Saturni](#CD0134). A Saturn-qualified calx identified as minium.

[Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508). A gold preparation described through the obscure printed form cros.

#### In this edition

The correction and the operation of precipitation are both retained; the edition does not replace them with a modern formula.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Minium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Calx Saturni](#CD0134); [Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508)

<a id="CD0456"></a>
### Missadam

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for quicksilver.

**In the book.** Myssadar likewise points to mercury.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Missadam is quicksilver.

#### Meaning

The compiler gives a direct equivalent, without a qualification of source, colour or degree of preparation. The word is useful as a route of recognition within a changing vocabulary.

#### Use in the book

Myssadar likewise points to mercury. Luna compacta and Metallum currens provide other names, whereas qualified Mercurius entries can refer to different preparations or conditions. The reader should not transfer an added qualification into the plain Missadam equivalence.

#### Places to read

[Myssadar](#CD0469). An alternative name for mercury.

[Luna compacta](#CD0414). A lunar compound assigned to quicksilver.

[Metallum currens](#CD0453). Quicksilver under the name running metal.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Missadam](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Myssadar](#CD0469); [Luna compacta](#CD0414); [Metallum currens](#CD0453)

<a id="CD0469"></a>
### Myssadar

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for mercury.

**In the book.** Missadam gives quicksilver as its equivalent.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Myssadar is mercury.

#### Meaning

The gloss supplies the metal-name without an added account of preparation. It is a recognition entry, useful when an author varies the vocabulary while leaving the material to be identified by context.

#### Use in the book

Missadam gives quicksilver as its equivalent. The two forms should remain separately searchable, while qualified names such as Mercurius Crystallinus retain their additional descriptive force.

#### Places to read

[Missadam](#CD0456). An alternative name for quicksilver.

[Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446). A repeatedly sublimed mercurial preparation characterised by crystal-like clarity.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Myssadar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Missadam](#CD0456); [Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446)

<a id="CD0489"></a>
### Obrizum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Gold identified through purity, calcination and a light red result.

**In the book.** Orizeum is an unqualified gold-name, while Orizeum foliatum is leaf-gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Obrizum is pure gold calcined by art to a light red colour.

#### Meaning

The definition names both the material and its prepared state. Pure gold undergoes artificial calcination, and a light red colour belongs to the result described. The colour should not be allowed to replace either the starting subject or the operation.

#### Use in the book

Orizeum is an unqualified gold-name, while Orizeum foliatum is leaf-gold. Comparing the full expressions separates a plain equivalent, a physical form and a prepared condition.

#### Places to read

[Orizeum](#CD0506). A direct gold synonym.

[Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507). Gold distinguished by its leaf form.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 364, Obrizum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Orizeum](#CD0506); [Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507)

<a id="CD0492"></a>
### Oleitas rerum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Oiliness of things interpreted through their sulphur.

**In the book.** Sulphur rerum is often taken for their quintessence, and Lunaria is the sulphur of Nature.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Oleitas rerum is the sulphur in all things.

#### Meaning

The definition gives oiliness a place in a general account of the constituents of things. It does not merely name an oil pressed from one plant or a visible grease on a surface. All things makes the statement broad, while sulphur is the constituent through which that breadth is expressed.

#### Use in the book

Sulphur rerum is often taken for their quintessence, and Lunaria is the sulphur of Nature. These qualified expressions show how sulphur-language extends beyond an isolated material-name. The precise formulation still matters: Oleitas rerum names sulphur present in things, rather than supplying a recipe for extracting every such constituent.

#### Places to read

[Sulphur rerum](#CD0629). The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

[Lunaria](#CD0415). Lunar naming applied to Nature’s sulphur.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 364, Oleitas rerum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629); [Lunaria](#CD0415)

<a id="CD0498"></a>
### Operimethiolim

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mineral spirit name.

**In the book.** Compare Spara and Truphat for mineral virtues defined through origin or appointed purpose.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Operimethiolim is the spirit of minerals.

#### Meaning

The gloss identifies the headword through a spirit belonging to minerals. It does not name a single mineral, specify a preparation or establish that spirit means a wholly immaterial being.

#### Use in the book

Compare Spara and Truphat for mineral virtues defined through origin or appointed purpose. Their language of power provides a reading route, while the present spirit relation remains distinct.

#### Places to read

[Spara](#CD0616). A mineral power related to the first being of metals.

[Truphat](#CD0660). A hidden mineral power understood through its appointed end.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Operimethiolim; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Spara, Truphat](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Spara](#CD0616); [Truphat](#CD0660)

<a id="CD0506"></a>
### Orizeum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A direct gold synonym.

**In the book.** The following Orizeum foliatum and Orizeum præcipitatum add their own qualifications.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Orizeum is gold.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies an unqualified metal name. It does not specify leaf, powder or a transformed preparation.

#### Use in the book

The following Orizeum foliatum and Orizeum præcipitatum add their own qualifications. Keeping all three expressions searchable helps readers distinguish a general name from particular forms or preparations.

#### Places to read

[Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507). Gold distinguished by its leaf form.

[Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508). A gold preparation described through the obscure printed form cros.

[Zerus](#CD0701). A short historical name for gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Orizeum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Orizeum foliatum, Orizeum præcipitatum, Zerus, Chrysos](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507); [Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508); [Zerus](#CD0701); [Chrysos](#CD0167)

<a id="CD0507"></a>
### Orizeum foliatum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Gold distinguished by its leaf form.

**In the book.** Orizeum supplies the unqualified metal, while Orizeum præcipitatum describes a preparation involving the crocus of mercury.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Orizeum foliatum is gold leaf.

#### Meaning

The qualifier identifies a physical form. Gold leaf is the modernised order of the historical Leaf-gold; the material name remains gold.

#### Use in the book

Orizeum supplies the unqualified metal, while Orizeum præcipitatum describes a preparation involving the crocus of mercury. The three entries show how a qualifier can identify form in one case and an operation in another.

Aurum planatum gives a direct parallel, identifying leaf gold or hammered gold. The connection lets readers move between two historical names for the leaf form without turning the other Orizeum preparations into leaves.

#### Places to read

[Orizeum](#CD0506). A direct gold synonym.

[Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508). A gold preparation described through the obscure printed form cros.

[Aurum planatum](#CD0089). Gold identified by being beaten into a thin form.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Orizeum foliatum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Orizeum, Orizeum præcipitatum, Aurum planatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Orizeum](#CD0506); [Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508); [Aurum planatum](#CD0089)

<a id="CD0508"></a>
### Orizeum præcipitatum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A gold preparation described through the obscure printed form cros.

**In the book.** Orizeum and Orizeum foliatum establish the shared gold vocabulary.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Orizeum præcipitatum is gold brought into a cros by the help of the crocus of mercury. [^CDV010]

#### Meaning

The definition names gold as the subject and the crocus of mercury as an assisting material. Its result is printed cros. Retaining that difficult word makes the textual problem visible before an explanation is supplied.

#### Use in the book

Orizeum and Orizeum foliatum establish the shared gold vocabulary. The present qualified expression adds a transformation. Its source does not give quantities, a complete procedure or a description of the final appearance.

#### Places to read

[Orizeum](#CD0506). A direct gold synonym.

[Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507). Gold distinguished by its leaf form.

[Resina auri](#CD0558). A gold preparation described as a crocus.

#### In this edition

The original breaks the form as Cro-s. The transcription aid reads Crocus, which is a plausible correction within this vocabulary, but the additional letters are editorial. This edition retains cros in the modernised definition and explains the conjecture in its textual note. Neither the headword’s precipitated qualification nor the conjecture supplies a secure modern identification by itself.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Orizeum præcipitatum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Orizeum, Orizeum foliatum, Resina auri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Orizeum](#CD0506); [Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507); [Resina auri](#CD0558)

<a id="CD0509"></a>
### Orobo

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A metal-associated glass name.

**In the book.** Phiala, by contrast, is a vial or glass bottle.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Orobo is the glass of metals.

#### Meaning

The complete relation of metals distinguishes this gloss from a name for an ordinary glass bottle. The source does not identify one particular metal or give the preparation of its glass.

#### Use in the book

Phiala, by contrast, is a vial or glass bottle. Comparing the entries separates a material description from a vessel made of glass.

#### Places to read

[Phiala](#CD0526). A glass bottle or vial.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Orobo; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Phiala](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Phiala](#CD0526)

<a id="CD0512"></a>
### Ozo

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A direct arsenic name.

**In the book.** Arsaneck identifies a sublimed arsenic preparation, whereas Arsenicum has a wider historical gloss involving metallic flashing and salts.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Ozo is arsenic.

#### Meaning

The dictionary supplies the material equivalent without a further qualification of color, mineral form or preparation.

#### Use in the book

Arsaneck identifies a sublimed arsenic preparation, whereas Arsenicum has a wider historical gloss involving metallic flashing and salts. These comparisons help the reader retain Ozo’s unqualified identification while noticing qualifications and different uses elsewhere in the vocabulary.

#### Places to read

[Arsaneck](#CD0073). An arsenic preparation distinguished by sublimation.

[Arsenicum](#CD0074). A broad technical name whose gloss includes metallic flashing and salts.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ozo; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Arsaneck, Arsenicum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Arsaneck](#CD0073); [Arsenicum](#CD0074)

<a id="CD0515"></a>
### Pars cum parte

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mass defined by equal proportions of gold and silver.

**In the book.** Quartatio also combines gold and silver, but supplies a different proportion and an assay.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Pars cum parte is a mass consisting of equal parts of gold and silver.

#### Meaning

Equal parts is the identifying ratio. The definition names two metals and describes their proportion within a mass; it does not specify a testing or separation procedure.

#### Use in the book

Quartatio also combines gold and silver, but supplies a different proportion and an assay. Reading the entries together demonstrates why shared ingredients do not establish the same preparation or purpose.

#### Places to read

[Quartatio](#CD0543). A gold assay described through the separation of silver from gold.

[Orizeum](#CD0506). A direct gold synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pars cum parte; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Quartatio, Orizeum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Quartatio](#CD0543); [Orizeum](#CD0506)

<a id="CD0516"></a>
### Pauladadum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A geographically qualified variety of terra sigillata.

**In the book.** The phrase a kind of should remain visible: it classifies Pauladadum without making every terra sigillata identical with it.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Pauladadum is a kind of terra sigillata found growing in Italy.

#### Meaning

The gloss places the name within a wider material category and adds Italy as its location. Grows is the source’s manner of describing its natural occurrence.

#### Use in the book

The phrase a kind of should remain visible: it classifies Pauladadum without making every terra sigillata identical with it. The entry gives no locality within Italy or further description.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pauladadum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

<a id="CD0530"></a>
### Plumbum Philosophorum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A philosophical lead name identified through antimony extraction.

**In the book.** Stibium supplies the dictionary’s direct antimony equivalent.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Plumbum Philosophorum is that which is extracted from antimony.

#### Meaning

The compound qualification matters. The gloss does not simply equate the expression with ordinary lead; it identifies something extracted from antimony.

#### Use in the book

Stibium supplies the dictionary’s direct antimony equivalent. The two entries give a source material and a preparation-related name, respectively. Their relation should remain visible when a passage describes an extraction.

#### Places to read

[Stibium](#CD0623). A historical name equated with antimony.

#### In this edition

No modern composition is inferred from the familiar lead word. The historical subject and extraction govern the explanation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Plumbum Philosophorum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Stibium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Stibium](#CD0623)

<a id="CD0548"></a>
### Realgar

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mineral term extended metaphorically to harmful bodily matter.

**In the book.** The words properly and metaphorically are therefore part of the definition’s substance.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367.

#### Historical definition

Realgar, properly understood, is the fume of minerals; metaphorically, it is any harmful matter in the human body from which swellings, ulcers or the like arise.

#### Meaning

This entry explicitly separates a proper sense from a metaphorical one. In the first, realgar belongs to minerals and their fume. In the second, it names injurious matter within a body. The author supplies the connection through harmful effects, rather than asserting that every ulcer contains a particular mineral.

#### Use in the book

The words properly and metaphorically are therefore part of the definition’s substance. They show that the dictionary’s identifications operate at different levels. A reader who assigns one material identity to every occurrence would lose the distinction the compiler takes care to state.

Compare the bodily use of Tartarum: a name for deposits in wine vessels also serves for stones or gravel in people. Both articles transfer vocabulary between domains, but the terms and comparisons remain different. Realgar is described through harmful matter and its effects; tartar through a hard deposit.

#### Places to read

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

[Sephirus](#CD0597). A swelling characterized by hardness and dryness.

#### In this edition

The historical mineral sense is retained as given. This article does not substitute a modern formula for the dictionary’s phrase or treat the metaphor as a diagnosis.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Realgar; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 367; compare Tartarum, Sephirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**See also.** [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Sephirus](#CD0597)

<a id="CD0555"></a>
### Regulus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The purified metallic or mineral portion after separation.

**In the book.** The phrase any metal is important: the reader should not automatically restrict every occurrence to one familiar metallurgical product.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Regulus is the purest metallic part of any metal, or the purest part of a mineral, with the dregs separated.

#### Meaning

The definition is broader than a single named metal. Regulus describes the retained portion by its relation to the dregs removed from it. Its identity therefore depends on the starting material and the separation under discussion.

#### Use in the book

The phrase any metal is important: the reader should not automatically restrict every occurrence to one familiar metallurgical product. Within this dictionary, purity is a relation established by removing another portion. Quintessentia similarly emphasizes separation, but calls its product spiritual matter extracted from living things. The two entries share a concern with purification while describing different subjects.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Redue](#CD0553). A powder associated with melting calcined metallic matter.

[Regale](#CD0554). A cement used in the purification of gold.

#### In this edition

The spelling is retained as a technical headword. A passage that names the source mineral can narrow the identification more securely than the isolated word can.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Regulus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Quintessentia, Redue, Regale](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Redue](#CD0553); [Regale](#CD0554)

<a id="CD0558"></a>
### Resina auri

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A gold preparation described as a crocus.

**In the book.** Resina terræ, immediately associated with sulphur, shows why the word resin cannot always be restricted to a vegetable substance.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Resina auri is a crocus extracted from gold.

#### Meaning

The name connects a resin vocabulary with gold, but the actual identifying noun is crocus. The definition gives extraction from gold as the relation between the material and its source. It supplies no recipe or further description of the product.

#### Use in the book

Resina terræ, immediately associated with sulphur, shows why the word resin cannot always be restricted to a vegetable substance. The complete expression determines the material being described.

#### Places to read

[Resina terræ](#CD0559). An earth resin name for sulphur.

[Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560). A liquid preparation of sublimed sulphur.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Resina auri; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Resina terræ, Resina terræ potabilis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Resina terræ](#CD0559); [Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560)

<a id="CD0559"></a>
### Resina terræ

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An earth resin name for sulphur.

**In the book.** The qualified Resina terræ potabilis names a further preparation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Resina terræ is sulphur.

#### Meaning

The brief equivalence links the compound name directly to sulphur. The expression should be found under its full form: resin of the earth, rather than resin in every possible use.

#### Use in the book

The qualified Resina terræ potabilis names a further preparation. Its longer definition adds sublimation and conversion into a liquid, balsam or oil. Those added stages belong to the qualified expression.

#### Places to read

[Resina auri](#CD0558). A gold preparation described as a crocus.

[Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560). A liquid preparation of sublimed sulphur.

[Sulphur rerum](#CD0629). The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Resina terræ; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Resina auri, Resina terræ potabilis, Sulphur rerum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Resina auri](#CD0558); [Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560); [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629)

<a id="CD0560"></a>
### Resina terræ potabilis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A liquid preparation of sublimed sulphur.

**In the book.** Balsam and oil describe the forms named by the historical entry.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Resina terræ potabilis is sublimed sulphur brought into a liquor, balsam or oil.

#### Meaning

The qualifiers distinguish this preparation from sulphur named simply as Resina terræ. The material has been sublimed and then brought into one of several liquid forms. Liquor here means a liquid, without specifying an alcoholic beverage.

#### Use in the book

Balsam and oil describe the forms named by the historical entry. Potabilis is retained in the Latin headword because it belongs to the historical naming; the dictionary does not provide a composition that would establish present-day suitability for ingestion.

#### Places to read

[Resina terræ](#CD0559). An earth resin name for sulphur.

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Resina terræ potabilis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Resina terræ, Sublimatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Resina terræ](#CD0559); [Sublimatio](#CD0626)

<a id="CD0584"></a>
### Sandaracha

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name equated with auripigmentum.

**In the book.** No origin, color or preparation is given here.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sandaracha is auripigmentum.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies one historical name through another. Retaining the target form makes the source’s identification inspectable and avoids silently importing a different sense of a familiar-looking word.

#### Use in the book

No origin, color or preparation is given here. Those features should come from the passage being read or from another identified source, rather than from the headword alone.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sandaracha; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

<a id="CD0589"></a>
### Saxifragus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mineral identification distinct from Saxifraga.

**In the book.** The paired entries are a useful warning about similar forms: a shared-looking beginning does not authorize transferring one entry’s therapeutic function to the other’s crystal.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Saxifragus is pale crystal.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a material and a color quality. It does not assign the stone-breaking effect associated with the neighboring Saxifraga.

#### Use in the book

The paired entries are a useful warning about similar forms: a shared-looking beginning does not authorize transferring one entry’s therapeutic function to the other’s crystal.

#### Places to read

[Saxifraga](#CD0588). A therapeutic class defined by the breaking of stone or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Saxifragus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Saxifraga](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Saxifraga](#CD0588)

<a id="CD0593"></a>
### Scuma

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name referred to squama or scale.

**In the book.** Semen veneris supplies the related expression squama aris.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Scuma is the same as squama.

#### Meaning

The short equivalence records a spelling or naming relation. Squama is retained as the target historical form so that the reader can follow the dictionary’s own terminology.

#### Use in the book

Semen veneris supplies the related expression squama aris. The target of Scuma is broader in wording, and the two articles should be compared without silently making every scale a copper preparation.

#### Places to read

[Semen veneris](#CD0595). A compound name equated with the expression squama aris.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Scuma; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Semen veneris](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Semen veneris](#CD0595)

<a id="CD0595"></a>
### Semen veneris

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A compound name equated with the expression squama aris.

**In the book.** Compare Scuma, referred to squama.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Semen veneris is called squama aris.

#### Meaning

The source gloss is retained because it gives the actual identifying expression. The headword’s seed language should not be read as an account of biological generation without first attending to that gloss.

#### Use in the book

Compare Scuma, referred to squama. The connection makes the family of scale names findable, while the complete Latin forms preserve their different qualifications.

#### Places to read

[Scuma](#CD0593). A name referred to squama or scale.

#### In this edition

The target spelling is reported as transmitted; a presumed Latin correction would need to be identified as an editorial change.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Semen veneris; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Scuma](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Scuma](#CD0593)

<a id="CD0600"></a>
### Sibar

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name for quicksilver.

**In the book.** Compare Zaidar and Volans, also referred to quicksilver or mercury.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sibar is quicksilver.

#### Meaning

The supplied equivalent is the material quicksilver. The definition does not add the wider philosophical senses found under various mercury names elsewhere.

#### Use in the book

Compare Zaidar and Volans, also referred to quicksilver or mercury. Each historical form remains searchable, while the brief local gloss governs its interpretation here.

#### Places to read

[Volans](#CD0684). Two names directly equated with quicksilver.

[Zaidar](#CD0697). A direct mercury synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sibar; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Volans, Zaidar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Volans](#CD0684); [Zaidar](#CD0697)

<a id="CD0622"></a>
### Stellio adustus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical compound name for cinnabar.

**In the book.** Vzifur is another cinnabar name in this dictionary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Stellio adustus is cinnabar.

#### Meaning

The gloss gives a direct material identification. The compound headword should be searched as a whole, rather than read as a separate account of an animal or a burning process.

#### Use in the book

Vzifur is another cinnabar name in this dictionary. Both forms can lead readers to the shared material gloss while remaining separately documented historical entries.

#### Places to read

[Vzifur](#CD0689). A cinnabar name preserved in its historical V spelling.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Stellio adustus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Vzifur](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Vzifur](#CD0689)

<a id="CD0623"></a>
### Stibium

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name equated with antimony.

**In the book.** The local equation should remain the starting point when reading compounds that contain stibium.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Stibium is antimony.

#### Meaning

The dictionary supplies an English equivalent for the headword. This short statement does not distinguish an ore, a purified metal or a particular preparation.

#### Use in the book

The local equation should remain the starting point when reading compounds that contain stibium. A more precise material identification requires the qualifiers and operations in the passage being read.

Alcofol supplies stibium or antimony as its identification, and Caput corvi is directly equated with antimony. These entries provide routes from alternative names to the material family. Their brief equations still leave any particular preparation to the passage being read.

#### Places to read

[Alcofol](#CD0014). A variant-name entry identifying stibium or antimony.

[Caput corvi](#CD0137). A raven-head expression identified with antimony.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Stibium; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Alcofol, Caput corvi](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Alcofol](#CD0014); [Caput corvi](#CD0137)

<a id="CD0629"></a>
### Sulphur rerum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The sulphur of things used as a name for their quintessence.

**In the book.** Quintessentia describes spiritual matter extracted corporeally from living things and raised toward purity by removing impurities.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Sulphur rerum is often taken to mean the quintessence of things.

#### Meaning

Often records a recurrent usage without making it universal. The headword’s sulphur can name the quintessence of the thing under discussion, rather than always referring to the mineral named simply as sulphur.

#### Use in the book

Quintessentia describes spiritual matter extracted corporeally from living things and raised toward purity by removing impurities. The cross-reference gives the reader a substantive account of the target concept. It also makes clear why identifying this sulphur requires the subject and context of the passage.

Resina terræ offers a contrasting local gloss: there the dictionary directly equates a compound name with sulphur. The present entry moves the other way, using sulphur as a name for quintessence. The direction of each definition matters.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Resina terræ](#CD0559). An earth resin name for sulphur.

[Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628). A vitriol-derived sulphur described as floating on water.

#### In this edition

The qualifier rerum and the usage marker often are both retained. They keep the broader interpretive sense distinct from an unrestricted modern chemical equation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sulphur rerum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Quintessentia, Resina terræ, Sulphur vitriolatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Resina terræ](#CD0559); [Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628)

<a id="CD0628"></a>
### Sulphur vitriolatum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vitriol-derived sulphur described as floating on water.

**In the book.** The wording does not identify every vitriolic preparation with this sulphur.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Sulphur vitriolatum is sulphur extracted from vitriol by common water, floating on top of it.

#### Meaning

The compound name identifies a preparation through its source and its visible position. Common water is the extracting medium in the historical description, and the sulphur is said to float on the surface.

#### Use in the book

The wording does not identify every vitriolic preparation with this sulphur. Compare Vitriolatum, a separate headword for liquid vitriol that cannot be coagulated.

#### Places to read

[Vitriolatum](#CD0675). A vitriol characterized by a persistently liquid condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sulphur vitriolatum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Vitriolatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Vitriolatum](#CD0675)

<a id="CD0636"></a>
### Talk

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A shining flaky material divided into four colors.

**In the book.** The spelling Talk is a historical headword, with Talcum supplied as another form.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Talk or Talcum is a clear, shining material, pearl-like in color, compacted in thin leaves or flakes. There are four kinds: white, yellow, red and black.

#### Meaning

The definition emphasizes visible structure and appearance. Thin leaves or flakes describe how the material is compacted. The initial pearl comparison is followed by four differently colored kinds, so it should not be used to erase the source’s yellow, red or black varieties.

#### Use in the book

The spelling Talk is a historical headword, with Talcum supplied as another form. The description should remain the first point of comparison when identifying a use in a passage.

#### In this edition

The article retains the fourfold color list without assuming that every material historically included under the name matches one present-day mineral specimen.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Talk; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

<a id="CD0641"></a>
### Tenacitas glutinis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mineral resin identified through a glue-like name.

**In the book.** Resina terræ is separately equated with sulphur.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Tenacitas glutinis is mineral resin. [^CDV015]

#### Meaning

The supplied gloss identifies the material as a resin within the mineral vocabulary. The headword suggests tenacity and glue, but the explanation should begin from the compiler’s actual equivalent.

#### Use in the book

Resina terræ is separately equated with sulphur. The shared resin language creates a useful comparison, without an explicit statement that every mineral resin is the same preparation.

#### Places to read

[Resina terræ](#CD0559). An earth resin name for sulphur.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Tenacitas glutinis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Resina terræ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Resina terræ](#CD0559)

<a id="CD0643"></a>
### Terra argenti

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A silver-associated litharge under an earth name.

**In the book.** Terra auri gives the corresponding gold-qualified expression.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Terra argenti is litharge of silver.

#### Meaning

The definition uses litharge as its identifying noun, qualified by silver. Earth in the compound headword should therefore not be read simply as soil from a silver mine.

#### Use in the book

Terra auri gives the corresponding gold-qualified expression. The paired names make the metal qualifier essential to searching and interpretation.

#### Places to read

[Terra auri](#CD0644). A gold-associated litharge under an earth name.

[Terra fidelis](#CD0645). An earth name directly equated with silver.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Terra argenti; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Terra auri, Terra fidelis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Terra auri](#CD0644); [Terra fidelis](#CD0645)

<a id="CD0644"></a>
### Terra auri

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A gold-associated litharge under an earth name.

**In the book.** Compare Terra argenti, qualified by silver, and Terra fidelis, equated directly with silver.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Terra auri is litharge of gold.

#### Meaning

The compound term is identified through litharge and its gold qualifier. The entry does not give an independent description of its formation or appearance.

#### Use in the book

Compare Terra argenti, qualified by silver, and Terra fidelis, equated directly with silver. The repeated word terra links their forms without making their glosses identical.

#### Places to read

[Terra argenti](#CD0643). A silver-associated litharge under an earth name.

[Terra fidelis](#CD0645). An earth name directly equated with silver.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Terra auri; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Terra argenti, Terra fidelis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Terra argenti](#CD0643); [Terra fidelis](#CD0645)

<a id="CD0645"></a>
### Terra fidelis

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An earth name directly equated with silver.

**In the book.** Terra argenti and Terra auri name litharges with different metal qualifiers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Terra fidelis is silver.

#### Meaning

The source supplies a metal as the equivalent of the complete expression. It does not describe a particular soil or ore body.

#### Use in the book

Terra argenti and Terra auri name litharges with different metal qualifiers. The family demonstrates why each compound expression should be read through its own local gloss.

#### Places to read

[Terra argenti](#CD0643). A silver-associated litharge under an earth name.

[Terra auri](#CD0644). A gold-associated litharge under an earth name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Terra fidelis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Terra argenti, Terra auri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Terra argenti](#CD0643); [Terra auri](#CD0644)

<a id="CD0651"></a>
### Thisma

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for mineral veins.

**In the book.** Compare Virgulta fossorum, rods used by miners to discover mines.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Thisma is mineral veins.

#### Meaning

The plural equivalent points to formations or places in which mineral matter occurs, rather than directly naming a finished metal or a preparation.

#### Use in the book

Compare Virgulta fossorum, rods used by miners to discover mines. Together the entries give access to the vocabulary of mineral places and the practices historically associated with finding them.

#### Places to read

[Tracksat](#CD0655). Metal considered before removal from its natural mine.

[Virgulta fossorum](#CD0670). Rods associated with the historical search for mines.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Thisma; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Tracksat, Virgulta fossorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Tracksat](#CD0655); [Virgulta fossorum](#CD0670)

<a id="CD0655"></a>
### Tracksat

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Metal considered before removal from its natural mine.

**In the book.** Thisma names mineral veins, while Regulus concerns the purified portion separated from dregs.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Tracksat is a metal still in its mine.

#### Meaning

The qualifier still in its mine gives the stage or situation that distinguishes this use. The gloss concerns metal within a natural place, before a later working or preparation is specified.

#### Use in the book

Thisma names mineral veins, while Regulus concerns the purified portion separated from dregs. The articles help readers follow the change from natural occurrence to an artfully separated product.

#### Places to read

[Regulus](#CD0555). The purified metallic or mineral portion after separation.

[Thisma](#CD0651). A name for mineral veins.

[Virgulta fossorum](#CD0670). Rods associated with the historical search for mines.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Tracksat; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Regulus, Thisma, Virgulta fossorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Regulus](#CD0555); [Thisma](#CD0651); [Virgulta fossorum](#CD0670)

<a id="CD0662"></a>
### Turbith minerale

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mercury preparation described through precipitation and sweetness.

**In the book.** The term should not be reduced to ordinary mercury merely because Mercury appears in the gloss.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Turbith minerale is mercury precipitated into a sweetness without any corrosive.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a prepared mercury through a transformation and an exclusion: it is precipitated, is brought to a sweetness, and is described as involving no corrosive. Each feature is part of the historical account.

#### Use in the book

The term should not be reduced to ordinary mercury merely because Mercury appears in the gloss. Preparation names qualify materials throughout the dictionary. Here the precise composition and procedure remain unspecified.

#### In this edition

Sweetness records the source’s description; it does not establish suitability for tasting or medical use. The article preserves the named qualities without adding a modern formula.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Turbith minerale; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

<a id="CD0683"></a>
### Vniones

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for valued pearls or gems.

**In the book.** The historical V form is kept as the headword, with the U form available for searching.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vniones are precious pearls or gems.

#### Meaning

The compiler gives two related material equivalents, retaining a range between pearls and gems. Precious records their valuation rather than supplying a mineral classification.

#### Use in the book

The historical V form is kept as the headword, with the U form available for searching. The entry does not specify size, color or origin.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vniones; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

<a id="CD0684"></a>
### Volans

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two names directly equated with quicksilver.

**In the book.** Volatile follows with a general definition of light matter carried upward.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Volans or Vnquasi is quicksilver.

#### Meaning

The local definition identifies the named material. It does not use Volans merely as an adjective for every upward-moving substance.

#### Use in the book

Volatile follows with a general definition of light matter carried upward. The similarity is useful for comparison, but the compiler assigns a specific material to Volans and a broader property to Volatile.

#### Places to read

[Sibar](#CD0600). A historical name for quicksilver.

[Volatile](#CD0685). A general upward-moving or upward-carried condition of light matter.

[Zaidar](#CD0697). A direct mercury synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Volans; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Sibar, Volatile, Zaidar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Sibar](#CD0600); [Volatile](#CD0685); [Zaidar](#CD0697)

<a id="CD0689"></a>
### Vzifur

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A cinnabar name preserved in its historical V spelling.

**In the book.** Stellio adustus supplies another cinnabar name.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vzifur is cinnabar.

#### Meaning

The compiler provides a direct mineral equivalent. The initial spelling can also be found through an editorial U variant, making the older form easier to locate.

#### Use in the book

Stellio adustus supplies another cinnabar name. These entries are linked as vocabulary records, with no further preparation or use added to their short definitions.

#### Places to read

[Stellio adustus](#CD0622). A historical compound name for cinnabar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vzifur; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Stellio adustus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Stellio adustus](#CD0622)

<a id="CD0691"></a>
### Wismodt

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Tin described as impure and resistant to working.

**In the book.** Bismutum is elsewhere classified by the dictionary as a kind of lead, whereas this Wismodt entry explicitly supplies tin and its stated defects.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Wismodt is tin that is impure and unmalleable, and cannot be worked. [^CDV014]

#### Meaning

The historical identification is with tin, qualified by its condition. Foul is rendered as impure, and immalleable means that it cannot be shaped by the working implied in the definition. The final clause reinforces that lack of workability.

#### Use in the book

Bismutum is elsewhere classified by the dictionary as a kind of lead, whereas this Wismodt entry explicitly supplies tin and its stated defects. The comparison shows why a resemblance between historical names should not be used to revise one of the glosses silently. Zarfa gives a direct, unqualified tin identification.

#### Places to read

[Zarfa](#CD0699). A short tin name.

[Bismutum](#CD0107). A material classified by the dictionary among kinds of lead.

#### In this edition

The original prints “in Tin” where the sentence requires a copula. The modernised definition reads “is tin”; the historical defective reading is recorded in the textual note. Unmalleable is used in the ordinary sense of resistant to hammering or shaping.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Wismodt; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Zarfa, Bismutum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Zarfa](#CD0699); [Bismutum](#CD0107)

<a id="CD0697"></a>
### Zaidar

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A direct mercury synonym.

**In the book.** Sibar and Volans are referred to quicksilver.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zaidar is mercury.

#### Meaning

The first letter is supplied by a decorative initial in the historical printing. Restoring that initial gives the complete searchable headword Zaidar.

#### Use in the book

Sibar and Volans are referred to quicksilver. The present short gloss supplies no special preparation or philosophical qualification, so fuller senses should come from the passage being read.

#### Places to read

[Sibar](#CD0600). A historical name for quicksilver.

[Volans](#CD0684). Two names directly equated with quicksilver.

[Zelotum](#CD0700). Mercury qualified by a stony condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zaidar; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Sibar, Volans, Zelotum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Sibar](#CD0600); [Volans](#CD0684); [Zelotum](#CD0700)

<a id="CD0698"></a>
### Zaidir

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name with copper and verdigris alternatives.

**In the book.** Ziniar and Zymar are equated with verdigris alone.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zaidir is copper or verdigris.

#### Meaning

The definition gives two material identifications joined by or. Both remain visible, since the witness does not restrict the name to one in every context.

#### Use in the book

Ziniar and Zymar are equated with verdigris alone. The short final Z sequence is especially useful for seeing how near spellings can carry different ranges of meaning.

#### Places to read

[Ziniar](#CD0704). A historical verdigris synonym.

[Zymar](#CD0706). Two historical forms for verdigris.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zaidir; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Ziniar, Zymar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Ziniar](#CD0704); [Zymar](#CD0706)

<a id="CD0699"></a>
### Zarfa

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A short tin name.

**In the book.** Keeping both records searchable lets the reader distinguish a general name from a condition-qualified description.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zarfa is tin.

#### Meaning

The entry gives a direct metal equivalent. It does not add the defects of purity or workability that qualify tin under Wismodt.

#### Use in the book

Keeping both records searchable lets the reader distinguish a general name from a condition-qualified description. The spelling itself supplies no further composition.

#### Places to read

[Wismodt](#CD0691). Tin described as impure and resistant to working.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zarfa; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Wismodt](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Wismodt](#CD0691)

<a id="CD0700"></a>
### Zelotum

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Mercury qualified by a stony condition.

**In the book.** Compare Zaidar, equated with mercury without a qualifier.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zelotum is stony mercury.

#### Meaning

Stony is the distinguishing word in the gloss. The definition does not identify an ore, give a preparation or explain whether the likeness concerns hardness, appearance or another property.

#### Use in the book

Compare Zaidar, equated with mercury without a qualifier. The connection provides lexical orientation while retaining the limit of the present description.

#### Places to read

[Zaidar](#CD0697). A direct mercury synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zelotum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Zaidar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Zaidar](#CD0697)

<a id="CD0701"></a>
### Zerus

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A short historical name for gold.

**In the book.** Compare Regale, a cement used to purify gold, and Quartatio, an assay described through gold and silver.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zerus is gold.

#### Meaning

The dictionary supplies a direct metal equivalent. The entry does not specify a particular assay, preparation or philosophical transformation.

#### Use in the book

Compare Regale, a cement used to purify gold, and Quartatio, an assay described through gold and silver. Those entries add operations that are absent from the bare synonym.

#### Places to read

[Quartatio](#CD0543). A gold assay described through the separation of silver from gold.

[Regale](#CD0554). A cement used in the purification of gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zerus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Quartatio, Regale](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Quartatio](#CD0543); [Regale](#CD0554)

<a id="CD0703"></a>
### Zinck

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A metallic material explained through marcasite and immature metals.

**In the book.** The number four is retained without supplying the names of the other three metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zinck is a metallic marcasite and a certain natural mixture of four immature metals, of which copper is most apparent.

#### Meaning

The definition gives an early modern account of constitution. The material is called a metallic marcasite and a natural mixture of four immature metals. Copper is said to be the most apparent. Immature belongs to the compiler’s explanation of metallic development, while apparent describes what is most evident in the mixture.

#### Use in the book

The number four is retained without supplying the names of the other three metals. The entry does not enumerate them. Its theoretical explanation should remain distinguishable from the mere identification of a modern element by a similar spelling.

Zuitter is another headword referred to marcasite. That connection locates the broader historical mineral category, although the present entry adds a particular metallic composition and developmental account. Reading the two together shows how the dictionary can combine a short class name with a longer natural-philosophical explanation.

#### Places to read

[Zuitter](#CD0705). Two forms referred to the historical category marcasite.

[Regulus](#CD0555). The purified metallic or mineral portion after separation.

#### In this edition

The spelling Zinck is retained, with Zinc available as an editorial search form. This finding aid does not replace the definition with a present-day account of pure zinc or certify the historical four-metal theory. The article explains what this witness actually says.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zinck; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Zuitter, Regulus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Zuitter](#CD0705); [Regulus](#CD0555)

<a id="CD0704"></a>
### Ziniar

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical verdigris synonym.

**In the book.** Zaidir allows copper or verdigris; Zymar gives verdigris with a second historical form.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Ziniar is verdigris.

#### Meaning

The entry gives one material equivalent. The spelling remains independently searchable, since a reader may encounter it without the more familiar English name.

#### Use in the book

Zaidir allows copper or verdigris; Zymar gives verdigris with a second historical form. Their resemblance is a useful route for comparison, while their actual ranges remain distinct.

#### Places to read

[Zaidir](#CD0698). A name with copper and verdigris alternatives.

[Zymar](#CD0706). Two historical forms for verdigris.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ziniar; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Zaidir, Zymar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Zaidir](#CD0698); [Zymar](#CD0706)

<a id="CD0705"></a>
### Zuitter

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two forms referred to the historical category marcasite.

**In the book.** Zinck is also called a metallic marcasite, but receives an additional account of four immature metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zuitter or Zitter is a marcasite.

#### Meaning

The indefinite a matters: the entry places the named material in a category, rather than describing every material called marcasite. No color, structure or metal content is supplied here.

#### Use in the book

Zinck is also called a metallic marcasite, but receives an additional account of four immature metals. The longer description belongs to that entry and should not be transferred wholesale to Zuitter.

#### Places to read

[Zinck](#CD0703). A metallic material explained through marcasite and immature metals.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zuitter; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Zinck](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Zinck](#CD0703)

<a id="CD0706"></a>
### Zymar

*Metals minerals and metallic preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two historical forms for verdigris.

**In the book.** Compare Ziniar for the same brief equivalent and Zaidir for the wider copper-or-verdigris range.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zymar or Zysar is verdigris.

#### Meaning

The forms share one definition and therefore lead to the same article. Their retention preserves the dictionary’s practical function for a reader encountering unfamiliar spellings.

#### Use in the book

Compare Ziniar for the same brief equivalent and Zaidir for the wider copper-or-verdigris range. This final group makes small spelling differences and explicit alternatives readily visible.

#### Places to read

[Zaidir](#CD0698). A name with copper and verdigris alternatives.

[Ziniar](#CD0704). A historical verdigris synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zymar; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Zaidir, Ziniar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Zaidir](#CD0698); [Ziniar](#CD0704)

<a id="category_8584ddee2e58"></a>
## Salts solvents and liquid preparations

<a id="CD0001"></a>
### Acetum Philosophorum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A philosophical solvent described as a mercurial water and Virgin’s Milk.

**In the book.** Compare Aqua solvens, which the dictionary explicitly identifies as distilled vinegar, and Aqua permanens, which it describes through philosophical solution.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 1; facsimile PDF page 329.

#### Historical definition

Acetum Philosophorum is a mercurial water, also called Virgin’s Milk, in which, they say, metals are dissolved.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies the liquid through its association with Mercury and its reported action on metals. Its opening word resembles the familiar name of vinegar, but the rest of the entry directs the reader toward a particular philosophical preparation. The qualifying phrase “they say” belongs to the historical definition and preserves its distance from a demonstrated result.

For interpretation, the decisive questions are what the surrounding author calls Mercury and what kind of dissolution is being discussed. A passage about a common liquid and a passage about the return of a metal to its first matter need not describe the same operation.

#### Use in the book

Compare Aqua solvens, which the dictionary explicitly identifies as distilled vinegar, and Aqua permanens, which it describes through philosophical solution. Lac Virginis supplies another route into the milk vocabulary. These connections make a family of solvent terms without proving that all their preparations are interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Aqua solvens](#CD0060). A direct identification of a dissolving water as distilled vinegar.

[Aqua permanens](#CD0058). A philosophical liquid defined through two perfected metallic starting bodies.

[Lac Virginis](#CD0382). Virgin’s milk as a name for mercurial water.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 1; facsimile PDF page 329 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=329)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Acetum Philosophorum ; compare Aqua solvens, Aqua permanens, Lac Virginis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=329)

**See also.** [Aqua solvens](#CD0060); [Aqua permanens](#CD0058); [Lac Virginis](#CD0382)

<a id="CD0002"></a>
### Acetum radicale

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dissolving water described through the root and matrix of vinegar.

**In the book.** The dictionary also gives the direct identification of Aqua solvens as distilled vinegar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 1; facsimile PDF page 329.

#### Historical definition

Acetum radicale is vinegar distilled from its own root and matrix, and is called the Dissolving Water.

#### Meaning

“Root” and “matrix” make origin central to this definition: the water is named through the substance or generating source from which it is distilled. Neither expression supplies a measurable recipe. Preserve that distinction when reading a passage that promises a radical solvent. The word may mark a claimed relationship to a substance’s origin rather than simply an unusually strong commercial vinegar.

#### Use in the book

The dictionary also gives the direct identification of Aqua solvens as distilled vinegar. Reading the two together shows that the vocabulary can describe both a named liquid and an account of its source. Acetum Philosophorum introduces a further, mercurial association. The shared language of dissolving does not establish chemical identity among them.

#### Places to read

[Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001). A philosophical solvent described as a mercurial water and Virgin’s Milk.

[Aqua solvens](#CD0060). A direct identification of a dissolving water as distilled vinegar.

[Matrices rerum](#CD0436). The elements considered as matrices of things.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 1; facsimile PDF page 329 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=329)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Acetum radicale ; compare Acetum Philosophorum, Aqua solvens, Matrices rerum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=329)

**See also.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001); [Aqua solvens](#CD0060); [Matrices rerum](#CD0436)

<a id="CD0003"></a>
### Adamita

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An otherwise unspecified variety of tartar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 1; facsimile PDF page 329.

#### Historical definition

Adamita is a certain kind of tartar.

#### Meaning

The historical author provides a class rather than a distinguishing description. Adamita should therefore be read as a subordinate tartar term. The entry does not tell us its appearance, source or preparation, so a more exact identification would require another cited passage. Its useful contribution is to direct the reader into the dictionary’s broader tartar vocabulary rather than toward a unique modern substance.

#### Places to read

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 1; facsimile PDF page 329 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=329)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Adamita ; compare Tartarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=329)

**See also.** [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0011"></a>
### Alcaest

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A disputed preparation whose meaning depends on the author’s procedure.

**In the book.** Tartarum and the various Mercurius entries supply the two families explicitly named here.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Alcaest, or Altaest, is said to be prepared Mercury. Some take it to be tartar, but the author’s meaning is more easily understood from the description of its preparation.

#### Meaning

This is one of the dictionary’s clearest statements about how to read technical names. It records two proposed identifications and then gives priority to the preparation described by the particular author. The uncertainty belongs to the historical source. Removing “is said” or selecting one alternative would make the entry sound more settled than it is.

The practical reading method is to collect the passage’s stated materials, operations and outcome before choosing a sense. A word that appears to name a substance may instead distinguish a particular prepared form. The dictionary does not authorize us to identify Alcaest with every later substance bearing a similar name.

#### Use in the book

Tartarum and the various Mercurius entries supply the two families explicitly named here. The cross-references are alternatives for investigation, not instructions to merge them into one preparation. Compare also Aquila, where the dictionary again preserves divergent uses.

#### Places to read

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

[Aquila](#CD0062). An eagle-name with more than one stated material meaning.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alcaest ; compare Tartarum, Mercurius Crudus, Aquila](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445); [Aquila](#CD0062)

<a id="CD0012"></a>
### Alcali

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Salt defined through extraction from ash or calx.

**In the book.** Amnis alcalisatus introduces a water associated with the extraction of Alcali, while Impurum alcali distinguishes an impure form.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Alcali is every kind of salt extracted from ashes, or from the calx of any material, by boiling in lye.

#### Meaning

The historical class is organized by material source and operation. Ash or calx supplies the starting matter, and extraction by boiling in lye yields the salt. “Every kind” makes the category broader than a single substance. It would therefore be misleading to substitute the formula or common name of one modern alkaline material for the whole entry.

For interpretation, ask what has been burnt or reduced to calx. Different starting materials may be grouped under the same operational name. The definition says how a class of products is obtained; it does not claim that every member is identical in all properties.

#### Use in the book

Amnis alcalisatus introduces a water associated with the extraction of Alcali, while Impurum alcali distinguishes an impure form. These qualifications demonstrate that the root term can be modified by origin or state.

#### Places to read

[Amnis alcalisatus](#CD0026). Water associated with passage through chalk and the obtaining of Alcali.

[Impurum alcali](#CD0358). A residue distinguished through the purification of alkali.

[Calx lignorum](#CD0127). A direct identification of a calx as ash from wood.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alcali ; compare Amnis alcalisatus, Impurum alcali, Calx lignorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Amnis alcalisatus](#CD0026); [Impurum alcali](#CD0358); [Calx lignorum](#CD0127)

<a id="CD0016"></a>
### Alcool vini

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The wine-qualified term for rectified spirit.

**In the book.** Aqua Celestis gives another name for rectified wine, linked there to subtlety and purity.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Alcool vini is rectified spirit of wine.

#### Meaning

This definition supplies the distinction a modern reader most needs beside Alcohol. The unqualified term is defined as a very fine powder; with vini, it becomes the spirit of wine in a rectified condition. The difference is in the full expression, not merely in spelling. Rectified also records a prepared state rather than simply naming wine as consumed.

The entry provides no strength, number of rectifications or complete procedure. It is therefore best used to identify the historical family of preparation, leaving its exact specification to the passage being read.

#### Use in the book

Aqua Celestis gives another name for rectified wine, linked there to subtlety and purity. That comparison helps explain how one material family can acquire both practical and figurative names.

#### Places to read

[Alcol](#CD0015). A term for extreme fineness of powder, not necessarily a liquid.

[Aqua Celestis](#CD0054). Rectified wine described through a heavenly comparison.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alcool vini ; compare Alcol, Aqua Celestis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Alcol](#CD0015); [Aqua Celestis](#CD0054)

<a id="CD0018"></a>
### Alembrot

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A purified preparation identified with salt of tartar and its magistery.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Alembrot purified is salt of tartar and its magistery.

#### Meaning

The qualifier is essential. This is not simply a repeat of Alembroth, which the dictionary identifies with salt of Mercury or salt of the philosophers. Here, purification is tied specifically to tartar and its magistery. The entry gives an identification but no procedure sufficient to reconstruct the product. A reader should therefore keep the prepared form distinct until the surrounding passage supplies its relation to the unqualified name.

#### Places to read

[Alembroth](#CD0019). A salt named through Mercury or the philosophers.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

[Magisterium](#CD0420). An extracted secret defined by a qualified kind of separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alembrot ; compare Alembroth, Tartarum, Magisterium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Alembroth](#CD0019); [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Magisterium](#CD0420)

<a id="CD0019"></a>
### Alembroth

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt named through Mercury or the philosophers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Alembroth is salt of Mercury, or salt of the philosophers.

#### Meaning

The alternative descriptions identify a historical family of preparation while leaving its exact composition unspecified. Neither “Mercury” nor “philosophers” should be treated as a complete modern material specification. The useful reading step is to follow the particular writer’s preparation and the qualities assigned to its salt. The neighbouring entry Alembrot purified shows how a qualification can redirect the identification toward tartar and its magistery. Preserve that difference rather than flattening the two entries into a single recipe.

#### Places to read

[Alembrot](#CD0018). A purified preparation identified with salt of tartar and its magistery.

[Sal Mercurii](#CD0572). A salt name locally identified with intoxicating spirit of wine.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alembroth ; compare Alembrot, Sal Mercurii](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Alembrot](#CD0018); [Sal Mercurii](#CD0572)

<a id="CD0026"></a>
### Amnis alcalisatus

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Water associated with passage through chalk and the obtaining of Alcali.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Amnis alcalisatus is water passing through the earth’s chalk, from which Alcali is obtained.

#### Meaning

The name describes a water through what it passes through and what can be obtained from it. That relational structure is useful: the entry does not simply equate the water itself with dry Alcali. It distinguishes a carrier or source from the product associated with it. The historical wording leaves the precise extraction and the nature of the “chalk” to other evidence.

Read this beside Alcali, where extraction from ash or calx is explicitly described. The two entries show different ways the dictionary organizes substances by origin and preparation. They should not be forced into a single modern account of naturally occurring alkaline water.

#### Places to read

[Alcali](#CD0012). Salt defined through extraction from ash or calx.

[Calx lignorum](#CD0127). A direct identification of a calx as ash from wood.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Amnis alcalisatus ; compare Alcali, Calx lignorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Alcali](#CD0012); [Calx lignorum](#CD0127)

<a id="CD0029"></a>
### Anathron

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A rock-associated salt described through appearance and disputed identification.

**In the book.** Fel vitri and Sal anathron offer related routes through the dictionary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Anathron, or Anachthron, is a kind of salt growing on rocks like white, stony moss; some call it salt nitre. The ancients falsely thought it the gall of glass, whereas it is rather the gall of stones.

#### Meaning

This definition combines observation-like description with a correction of earlier terminology. The material is said to grow on rock with the appearance of white, stony moss. The author then records “salt nitre” as one name used for it and rejects an older equation with the gall of glass. These are distinct claims, and each qualification should remain visible.

The contrast between glass and stones concerns the material’s supposed source or affinity. It does not amount to a modern chemical analysis. Nor does “some call it” establish that every historical reference to nitre names this substance. The most useful identification clues here are the stated surface, colour and form.

#### Use in the book

Fel vitri and Sal anathron offer related routes through the dictionary. Compare them when a passage uses the metaphor of gall or when an author specifies the salt more closely. The resemblance between Anathron and Anachthron is explicitly authorized by this entry; broader spellings require separate evidence.

#### Places to read

[Fel vitri](#CD0275). A material identified as glass scum.

[Sal anathron](#CD0567). A salt derived from the material called stony moss.

[Nitrum](#CD0482). A name for saltpetre.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anathron ; compare Fel vitri, Sal anathron, Nitrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Fel vitri](#CD0275); [Sal anathron](#CD0567); [Nitrum](#CD0482)

<a id="CD0048"></a>
### Anotasier

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Three historical names for sal ammoniac.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anotasier, Aliocab and Alemzadar are sal ammoniac. [^CDV001]

#### Meaning

The three spellings are explicitly grouped by the dictionary and should all lead to this entry. Their usefulness is particularly clear beside figurative names such as Aquila, where the material is associated with its behaviour in sublimation. An unfamiliar word in one passage and an eagle in another may thus belong to the same interpretive family, but the surrounding operation must establish the connection. This brief entry itself gives a name equivalence, not a manufacturing process.

#### Places to read

[Aquila](#CD0062). An eagle-name with more than one stated material meaning.

[Myssadar](#CD0469). An alternative name for mercury.

[Nysadir](#CD0488). An alternative name for sal ammoniac.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anotasier ; compare Aquila, Myssadar, Nysadir](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Aquila](#CD0062); [Myssadar](#CD0469); [Nysadir](#CD0488)

<a id="CD0034"></a>
### Anticar

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name identified with borax.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anticar is borax.

#### Meaning

This entry supplies a lexical bridge rather than a procedure. A reader can connect Anticar with Tinkar, another historical borax term in the dictionary, while preserving the wording used by the original author. The short equation does not tell us the material’s source, degree of preparation or exact composition. Those details must come from the passage that employs it. An index can gather the names without implying that every historical specimen was standardized.

#### Places to read

[Tinkar](#CD0652). A historical name equated with borax.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anticar ; compare Tinkar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Tinkar](#CD0652)

<a id="CD0053"></a>
### Aqua celestina

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A water identified through Mercury.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aqua celestina is mercurial water.

#### Meaning

The short definition makes the Mercury association decisive. It does not equate this water with ordinary rain or with every preparation bearing a heavenly name. The distinction becomes especially useful beside Aqua Celestis, which the dictionary defines as rectified wine. Their similarity in spelling can mislead a reader who overlooks the final letters.

For use in a passage, preserve the exact expression and inspect its preparation. Acetum Philosophorum is also described as mercurial water, but shared wording does not by itself prove that every writer intends the same liquid under both names.

#### Places to read

[Aqua Celestis](#CD0054). Rectified wine described through a heavenly comparison.

[Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001). A philosophical solvent described as a mercurial water and Virgin’s Milk.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aqua celestina ; compare Aqua Celestis, Acetum Philosophorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Aqua Celestis](#CD0054); [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001)

<a id="CD0054"></a>
### Aqua Celestis

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Rectified wine described through a heavenly comparison.

**In the book.** Alcool vini supplies the direct wine-spirit vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aqua Celestis is rectified wine, made in some measure like heaven through its subtlety and purity.

#### Meaning

The historical definition explains its own figurative name. The resemblance to heaven concerns subtlety and purity, not a statement that the liquid has fallen from the sky. The material is expressly wine in a rectified condition. This combination of identification and analogy helps the reader retain the author’s imagery without losing the preparation to which it points.

The qualification “in some measure” also deserves preservation. It marks a comparison rather than an unrestricted identity between the prepared liquid and heaven.

#### Use in the book

Alcool vini supplies the direct wine-spirit vocabulary. Aqua celestina, despite its similar appearance, is defined instead as mercurial water. Consulting these entries together is a useful safeguard against grouping unlike waters solely because their names sound alike.

#### Places to read

[Alcool vini](#CD0016). The wine-qualified term for rectified spirit.

[Aqua celestina](#CD0053). A water identified through Mercury.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aqua Celestis ; compare Alcool vini, Aqua celestina](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Alcool vini](#CD0016); [Aqua celestina](#CD0053)

<a id="CD0055"></a>
### Aqua corrodens

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A liquid category defined by corrosive action, including vinegar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aqua corrodens is vinegar and every corrosive liquor.

#### Meaning

This expression is broader than the name of a single liquid. Vinegar is included, but “every corrosive liquor” extends the entry to an action-based family. In the dictionary’s classification, the relevant feature is what the liquid does to other matter. A passage must supply the particular substance and conditions.

Read the adjective carefully. A water described as dissolving, mercurial or permanent does not automatically become identical with this corrosive category. The vocabulary can distinguish an operation, a claimed origin or a philosophical property. Here, the explicitly named characteristic is corrosion.

#### Places to read

[Corrosiva](#CD0210). Surgical preparations classified by removal of excess flesh.

[Aqua solvens](#CD0060). A direct identification of a dissolving water as distilled vinegar.

[Acetum radicale](#CD0002). A dissolving water described through the root and matrix of vinegar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aqua corrodens ; compare Corrosiva, Aqua solvens, Acetum radicale](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Corrosiva](#CD0210); [Aqua solvens](#CD0060); [Acetum radicale](#CD0002)

<a id="CD0056"></a>
### Aqua fecum vini

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A liquid preparation named through the ash of wine lees.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aqua fecum vini is made from the ashes of wine lees, dissolved on marble like oil of tartar.

#### Meaning

The entry gives a sequence of material transformations rather than merely another name for wine. Lees supply the starting matter; their ash is then described as dissolving on marble; oil of tartar supplies a comparison. Keeping those stages visible prevents a reader from treating the product as unchanged wine or as spirit of wine.

The comparison explains a manner or appearance of preparation without providing quantities or a complete protocol. The ash origin also connects the term with the dictionary’s broader accounts of salts and calxes. For interpretation, its relation to residue and dissolution is more informative than a modern guess based on the word Aqua alone.

#### Places to read

[Alcali](#CD0012). Salt defined through extraction from ash or calx.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

[Deliquium](#CD0221). Dissolution of a coagulated body in a cold setting.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aqua fecum vini ; compare Alcali, Tartarum, Deliquium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Alcali](#CD0012); [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Deliquium](#CD0221)

<a id="CD0057"></a>
### Aqua lubricata

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A liquid characterized by mucilaginous materials.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aqua lubricata is made from mucilaginous things, such as sugar, juleps and the like.

#### Meaning

The defining feature is its material character rather than a particular mineral or solvent power. Sugar and juleps serve as examples within the historical category. The entry does not describe every Aqua term as ordinary water: here the qualifying adjective draws attention to a prepared liquid associated with mucilage.

The examples should guide rather than close the category, since “and the like” leaves it open. A passage may specify another material with the relevant character. The dictionary supplies no exact viscosity or composition, so those must remain features of the individual preparation rather than of this headword in the abstract.

#### Places to read

[Muscilago](#CD0466). A liquid defined through thickness or viscosity.

[Liquor](#CD0400). A naming rule by which a qualified liquor can mean an oil.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aqua lubricata ; compare Muscilago, Liquor](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Muscilago](#CD0466); [Liquor](#CD0400)

<a id="CD0058"></a>
### Aqua permanens

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A philosophical liquid defined through two perfected metallic starting bodies.

**In the book.** Compare Acetum Philosophorum and Aqua corrodens.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aqua permanens is made from two most perfect metallic bodies by a philosophical solution.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies this water by its origin and mode of production. It begins with two metallic bodies characterized as most perfect and ends with a philosophical solution. The historical sentence does not name those bodies here, give their proportions or explain the procedure. Any proposed identification must therefore be supported by the particular work being read.

The adjective “permanent” must be interpreted within that account rather than converted automatically into a modern claim about a liquid’s stability. Likewise, “solution” belongs to the author’s philosophical vocabulary and need not be exhausted by a familiar everyday sense of dissolving.

#### Use in the book

Compare Acetum Philosophorum and Aqua corrodens. The three entries organize their liquids differently: by mercurial association, by action and by a philosophical origin. Those distinctions make a more useful reading guide than treating all unfamiliar waters as synonyms.

#### Places to read

[Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001). A philosophical solvent described as a mercurial water and Virgin’s Milk.

[Aqua corrodens](#CD0055). A liquid category defined by corrosive action, including vinegar.

[Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063). The philosophers’ eagle explained as metallic first matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aqua permanens ; compare Acetum Philosophorum, Aqua corrodens, Aquila Philosophorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001); [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055); [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063)

<a id="CD0059"></a>
### Aqua Saturnia

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A water described through the three principles and natural medicinal waters.

**In the book.** Archeius describes the threefold division into sulphur, Mercury and salt within a larger account of generation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aqua Saturnia retains within itself the nature of the three principles, as do bath waters, which are naturally medicinal.

#### Meaning

The definition’s explanatory clause is more informative than a literal reading of its name. Although Saturn terminology elsewhere points to lead, this sentence speaks of the three principles and gives bath waters as its comparison. A reader should therefore follow that account before assuming a lead preparation.

The author attributes medicinal character to such natural waters. This is a historical claim about their virtues, not an analysis of every spring or a modern recommendation. The entry’s purpose is to locate the water within a three-principle account of nature. It gives no recipe, named spring or measured composition.

#### Use in the book

Archeius describes the threefold division into sulphur, Mercury and salt within a larger account of generation. That related passage helps explain what the dictionary can mean by principles without making every instance of Saturn vocabulary identical.

#### Places to read

[Archeius](#CD0067). A generative agency distinguished from universal matter and from the agency of individual formation.

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aqua Saturnia ; compare Archeius, Elementum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Archeius](#CD0067); [Elementum](#CD0247)

<a id="CD0060"></a>
### Aqua solvens

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A direct identification of a dissolving water as distilled vinegar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aqua solvens is distilled vinegar.

#### Meaning

This is a useful anchor among the more elaborate Aqua and Acetum expressions. It supplies a named starting material and a prepared state without an additional philosophical genealogy. Yet it is still a short identification rather than a complete instruction: it does not specify the vinegar, apparatus or treatment of the collected portions.

Compare Acetum radicale, which adds root and matrix language, and Acetum Philosophorum, which describes a mercurial water. Their common association with dissolution does not erase these differences. When reading an author, choose the sense supported by the complete term and its stated preparation.

#### Places to read

[Acetum radicale](#CD0002). A dissolving water described through the root and matrix of vinegar.

[Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001). A philosophical solvent described as a mercurial water and Virgin’s Milk.

[Aqua corrodens](#CD0055). A liquid category defined by corrosive action, including vinegar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aqua solvens ; compare Acetum radicale, Acetum Philosophorum, Aqua corrodens](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Acetum radicale](#CD0002); [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001); [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055)

<a id="CD0062"></a>
### Aquila

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An eagle-name with more than one stated material meaning.

**In the book.** Anotasier supplies direct sal ammoniac aliases, while Aquila Philosophorum has its own explanation concerning metallic first matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aquila is the queen of birds, and the name is used for sal ammoniac because of its lightness in sublimation. But in many places Paracelsus intends it to mean Mercury precipitated with gold.

#### Meaning

The dictionary explains the first association through behaviour: the material’s lightness during sublimation motivates a bird name. It then records a different use attributed to Paracelsus, where the referent is Mercury precipitated with gold. Both meanings must be retained. An image of an eagle cannot, by itself, decide between them.

This is a particularly useful example of operation-sensitive reading. Sublimation directs attention to one explanation; precipitation with gold directs attention to another. The surrounding action can therefore be more informative than the image. It also prevents an interpretive shortcut in which every bird is read as the same volatile substance.

#### Use in the book

Anotasier supplies direct sal ammoniac aliases, while Aquila Philosophorum has its own explanation concerning metallic first matter. These entries belong in a connected reading network, but their qualifications still matter. “Eagle,” “eagle of the philosophers,” and a named Paracelsian preparation need not collapse into one definition.

#### Places to read

[Anotasier](#CD0048). Three historical names for sal ammoniac.

[Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063). The philosophers’ eagle explained as metallic first matter.

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aquila ; compare Anotasier, Aquila Philosophorum, Sublimatio, Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Anotasier](#CD0048); [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Sublimatio](#CD0626); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448)

<a id="CD0076"></a>
### Arthoicnm

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A red herbal oil identified through a specified preparation setting.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Arthoicnm is a red oil artificially extracted from herb roots digested with bread in dung. [^CDV003]

#### Meaning

The definition gives source material, accompanying matter, a treatment and a resulting colour and form. The roots are the herbal source; bread accompanies them; digestion in dung describes the setting of the preparation; red oil names the product. Keeping that sequence visible makes the entry considerably more intelligible than treating Arthoicum as an unexplained ingredient.

Digestio and Fimus equinus provide relevant operational vocabulary. They help the reader distinguish prolonged preparation and its heating context from the bodily sense of digestion. The present entry nevertheless leaves the plants, duration and exact conditions unnamed, so a complete process cannot be recovered from it alone.

#### Places to read

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Fimus equinus](#CD0283). A digestion term whose listed means extend beyond horse dung.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Arthoicnm ; compare Digestio, Fimus equinus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Digestio](#CD0233); [Fimus equinus](#CD0283)

<a id="CD0087"></a>
### Attramentum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A context-sensitive term ranging across copperas, ink and blacking.

**In the book.** This entry belongs with Æs and Cheiri as a guide to qualified reading.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336.

#### Historical definition

Attramentum means different things according to its qualifying adjective. What shoemakers use is copperas, of the sort red within; what writers use is ink, sooty in character, also called blacking. It also means all kinds of copperas.

#### Meaning

The opening instruction is unusually practical: inspect the adjective. The definition then distinguishes trades and applications, associating shoemakers with copperas and writers with ink. Its final clause widens the term to copperas generally. Those distinctions are more useful than choosing one English equivalent for every occurrence.

The references to red interior and soot-like ink are part of the author’s material descriptions. They should not be treated as a complete compositional test. A passage naming a trade, a colour or a preparation can clarify which sense applies.

#### Use in the book

This entry belongs with Æs and Cheiri as a guide to qualified reading. In each case, an isolated headword is insufficient. Here both grammar and practical setting contribute to the identification.

#### Places to read

[Calcanthum](#CD0119). A historical term identified with vitriol.

[Æs](#CD0006). A metal term whose referent must be established from context.

[Cheiri](#CD0157). A term whose sense depends on both subject matter and qualification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Attramentum ; compare Calcanthum, Æs, Cheiri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**See also.** [Calcanthum](#CD0119); [Æs](#CD0006); [Cheiri](#CD0157)

<a id="CD0104"></a>
### Baurac

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A broad name for brine rather than one specified salt solution.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Baurac is any kind of brine.

#### Meaning

The phrase “any kind” is the key qualification. It permits different brines within the category and supplies no unique salt, source or concentration. A reader should therefore preserve any material qualifier supplied by the surrounding author. The headword alone cannot establish that two historical brines had the same composition.

Muria supplies another brine term in the dictionary. Linking the names makes the text easier to search while leaving differences among individual preparations to their actual descriptions.

#### Places to read

[Muria](#CD0465). A direct name for brine.

[Liquor salis](#CD0407). A saline liquor understood through its preservative action.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Baurac ; compare Muria, Liquor salis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**See also.** [Muria](#CD0465); [Liquor salis](#CD0407)

<a id="CD0119"></a>
### Calcanthum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical term identified with vitriol.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calcanthum is vitriol.

#### Meaning

The dictionary supplies a broad material name, not a single formula or preparation. Vitriol vocabulary elsewhere receives qualifiers and appears in products such as oils or salts. The reader should therefore retain any modifier attached to Calcanthum or its surrounding description.

Compare Attramentum, which includes copperas within a context-sensitive range, and Citrinulum, a salt made from calcined vitriol. The links help follow a material through different names and treatments. They do not mean that raw material and every product made from it are interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Attramentum](#CD0087). A context-sensitive term ranging across copperas, ink and blacking.

[Citrinulum](#CD0173). A vitriol-derived salt identified through transparency and preparation.

[Vitriolatum](#CD0675). A vitriol characterized by a persistently liquid condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calcanthum ; compare Attramentum, Citrinulum, Vitriolatum, Vitriolum Novum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Attramentum](#CD0087); [Citrinulum](#CD0173); [Vitriolatum](#CD0675); [Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676)

<a id="CD0124"></a>
### Callena

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An unspecified variety within the saltpetre family.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Callena is a kind of saltpetre.

#### Meaning

The expression “a kind” gives a class but no distinguishing properties. The entry therefore directs the reader toward saltpetre vocabulary without determining a source or a prepared form. A passage’s description must supply the difference that makes its Callena a particular kind.

Nitrum and Sal petre provide related entries. Their connection helps readers navigate historical names, but it should not become a claim that every named saltpetre in every text was a chemically standardized material.

#### Places to read

[Nitrum](#CD0482). A name for saltpetre.

[Sal petre](#CD0573). A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Callena ; compare Nitrum, Sal petre](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Nitrum](#CD0482); [Sal petre](#CD0573)

<a id="CD0132"></a>
### Calx peregrinorum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A calx expression identified with tartar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx peregrinorum is tartar.

#### Meaning

This short identification is valuable because it resists a uniform translation of Calx as ordinary lime or ash. Within this compound, the dictionary expressly gives tartar. The complete historical name should therefore be retained in the index, with a route into Tartarum for the larger family.

The entry does not describe the tartar’s source or treatment. Where a recipe adds those details, they belong to that particular use. A bare equivalence should not be expanded into an invented preparation.

#### Places to read

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

[Adamita](#CD0003). An otherwise unspecified variety of tartar.

[Alembrot](#CD0018). A purified preparation identified with salt of tartar and its magistery.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx peregrinorum ; compare Tartarum, Adamita, Alembrot](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Adamita](#CD0003); [Alembrot](#CD0018)

<a id="CD0141"></a>
### Cardonium

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An herbal wine defined by its intended medicinal character.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cardonium is a medicinal wine made from herbs.

#### Meaning

The definition places the term in the family of prepared wines rather than treating it as an unqualified drink. Herbs supply the additional material, while “medicinal” records its intended role in the historical account. No particular herb, strength or method is named here.

Alcool vini concerns rectified spirit of wine, a different preparation, and should not automatically replace this herbal wine. The broader wine vocabulary can describe starting materials, liquids altered by distillation or mixtures made for a purpose. The complete term and its preparation determine the relevant sense.

#### Places to read

[Alcool vini](#CD0016). The wine-qualified term for rectified spirit.

[Vinum correctum](#CD0667). A wine preparation referred to alcohol of wine.

[Vinum essatum](#CD0668). Wine carrying the powers attributed to another material.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cardonium ; compare Alcool vini, Vinum correctum, Vinum essatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Alcool vini](#CD0016); [Vinum correctum](#CD0667); [Vinum essatum](#CD0668)

<a id="CD0173"></a>
### Citrinulum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vitriol-derived salt identified through transparency and preparation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Citrinulum is a transparent salt made from calcined vitriol.

#### Meaning

The entry states a sequence: vitriol is calcined, and a transparent salt is made from it. The starting material and the final salt should not be treated as the same state merely because they share a source. Transparency supplies an appearance clue, not a complete composition.

Calcanthum provides a direct route to vitriol vocabulary. Citrinula and Citrinulus are important spelling comparisons, since one names an herb and the other a pale crystal. Reading the final letters carefully prevents a material identification from drifting into the wrong neighbouring entry.

#### Places to read

[Calcanthum](#CD0119). A historical term identified with vitriol.

[Citrinula](#CD0172). A plant name with an attributed blister-producing effect.

[Citrinulus](#CD0174). A crystal identified through a pale appearance.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Citrinulum ; compare Calcanthum, Citrinula, Citrinulus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Calcanthum](#CD0119); [Citrinula](#CD0172); [Citrinulus](#CD0174)

<a id="CD0184"></a>
### Colcothar

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Vitriol named through calcination or through the residue of its oil.

**In the book.** Caput mortuum defines residue remaining after distillation and sublimation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Colcothar is calcined vitriol, or the caput mortuum of oil of vitriol.

#### Meaning

Two descriptions identify the material. One names a treatment, calcination; the other names its relation to oil of vitriol as a caput mortuum, a residual “dead head.” The wording does not give a modern formula or establish the composition of every historical specimen called vitriol.

The residue language is the most useful interpretive clue. A text may mention a substance through what remains after another preparation, rather than through the name of a starting mineral. That distinction prevents an apparently familiar material name from concealing a difference in its preparation or position within a sequence.

#### Use in the book

Caput mortuum defines residue remaining after distillation and sublimation. Henricus rubeus is another route to the Colcothar of vitriol, while Sal Calcotharinum names a salt made from Colcothar. These linked entries distinguish the residue from something subsequently made from it; they do not make all three names interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Caput mortuum](#CD0138). The material left behind by distillation or sublimation.

[Henricus rubeus](#CD0328). An alternative name for a vitriolic residue.

[Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569). A salt derived from vitriolic colcothar.

#### In this edition

“Calcined” and “residue” are retained as historical descriptions of preparation. They do not warrant identifying the entry with a single modern chemical product or reconstructing a method from this short definition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Colcothar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Caput mortuum](#CD0138); [Henricus rubeus](#CD0328); [Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569)

<a id="CD0185"></a>
### Coleritium

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A compound liquid characterised by metallic materials and corrosive action.

**In the book.** Aqua corrodens covers vinegar and corrosive liquor in general.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Coleritium is a liquid compounded from the corrosive materials of metals.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a broad composition and an active property. It calls Coleritium a liquid, connects its ingredients with metals, and describes those materials as corrosive. It does not name the ingredients individually, specify their proportions, or say that every metallic liquid falls under this heading.

The plural “materials” matters. The entry presents a compound rather than simply renaming a metal or its elementary principle. A reader needs the surrounding passage to know which corrosive preparation an author intends.

#### Use in the book

Aqua corrodens covers vinegar and corrosive liquor in general. Corrosiva, by contrast, is a surgical class defined through its reported action on excess flesh. These examples show the same language of corrosion crossing material description and medical classification. Their shared property does not establish a common recipe or composition.

#### Places to read

[Aqua corrodens](#CD0055). A liquid category defined by corrosive action, including vinegar.

[Corrosiva](#CD0210). Surgical preparations classified by removal of excess flesh.

#### In this edition

The wording remains at the level supported by the source. No particular acid, metal salt or modern analytical identity is supplied. “Liquid” clarifies the old noun liquor without changing the claim about a compound preparation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Coleritium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055); [Corrosiva](#CD0210)

<a id="CD0211"></a>
### Cortex Maris

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for philosophical vinegar.

**In the book.** Warnus is likewise identified as the Vinegar of the Philosophers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cortex Maris is the Vinegar of the Philosophers.

#### Meaning

The definition directs the reader to a named philosophical liquid. It does not identify an ordinary plant bark or state a separate composition under Cortex Maris. The historical wording should be followed before trying to infer a material from the apparent literal sense of the headword.

#### Use in the book

Warnus is likewise identified as the Vinegar of the Philosophers. Acetum Philosophorum describes a mercurial water also called Virgin’s Milk. These linked names establish a vocabulary of philosophical solvents, while the dictionary leaves their particular preparations to the authors being read.

#### Places to read

[Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001). A philosophical solvent described as a mercurial water and Virgin’s Milk.

[Warnus](#CD0690). A name referred to philosophical vinegar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cortex Maris](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001); [Warnus](#CD0690)

<a id="CD0213"></a>
### Cotoronium

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A headword defined only as a liquid.

**In the book.** Liquor has its own explanation as a term often used for oil, with a thing’s name added to it.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cotoronium is a liquid.

#### Meaning

The compiler supplies a category without identifying its contents or preparation. “Liquid” modernises liquor in this sentence, but does not specify water, wine, oil or any particular solvent. That limitation is the most important fact about the entry.

#### Use in the book

Liquor has its own explanation as a term often used for oil, with a thing’s name added to it. Cotoronium, however, receives no such qualification here. A passage using the headword must therefore be consulted before giving it the composition of any other named liquor.

#### Places to read

[Liquor](#CD0400). A naming rule by which a qualified liquor can mean an oil.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cotoronium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Liquor](#CD0400)

<a id="CD0214"></a>
### Cruor salis

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt distinguished by separation and an unsuccessful second digestion.

**In the book.** Digestio defines the operation through the analogy of stomach digestion and separation of pure from impure.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cruor salis is salt separated from the first salt through a fault in the second digestion.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies the material through a sequence: an initial salt, a second digestion, and a separation attributed to a fault in that digestion. The name is therefore relational. It does not simply designate salt in general, nor explain what the first salt contains.

“Fault” is kept because the definition presents the separation as connected with a defect in the work. It would be misleading to rewrite the sentence as though every occurrence of a second digestion necessarily produced this salt. The nature of the fault is not explained.

#### Use in the book

Digestio defines the operation through the analogy of stomach digestion and separation of pure from impure. Impurum alcali names scum removed in purifying alkali. Both comparisons help readers attend to a material’s place within a preparation, rather than equating every separated salt or residue.

#### Places to read

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Impurum alcali](#CD0358). A residue distinguished through the purification of alkali.

#### In this edition

The commentary leaves the salt’s chemical identity open. A process-relative name can be understood at the level of the historical sequence even when the materials cannot be securely identified.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cruor salis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Digestio](#CD0233); [Impurum alcali](#CD0358)

<a id="CD0248"></a>
### Elephas

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for aqua fortis.

**In the book.** Quartatio mentions aqua fortis within an account of separating silver and gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Elephas is aqua fortis.

#### Meaning

The identification directs the reader to a named water rather than to the everyday creature suggested by the headword. The definition gives no additional strength, preparation or particular use under Elephas.

#### Use in the book

Quartatio mentions aqua fortis within an account of separating silver and gold. Aqua corrodens supplies a broader corrosive-liquor vocabulary. These connections give historical settings in which the name may be encountered, while the present entry itself remains only an identification. No modern concentration or procedure follows from it.

#### Places to read

[Aqua corrodens](#CD0055). A liquid category defined by corrosive action, including vinegar.

[Quartatio](#CD0543). A gold assay described through the separation of silver from gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Elephas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055); [Quartatio](#CD0543)

<a id="CD0253"></a>
### Entali

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Alum described through a form and an alternative preparation.

**In the book.** Mercurialis seva is the water of alum, while Sal aluminosum is a salt extracted from alumen plumosum.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Entali is flaked alum; sometimes it is made spagyrically from rock salt.

#### Meaning

The first clause identifies flaked alum. The second adds that the named material is sometimes made spagyrically from salt gemme, rendered here as rock salt. “Sometimes” matters: the alternative origin should not replace the first identification or be treated as the only way the word is used.

The definition gives no steps of preparation and does not explain how a product made from that starting material is to be judged. It supplies a historical relationship of naming and manufacture, rather than an analytical identity.

#### Use in the book

Mercurialis seva is the water of alum, while Sal aluminosum is a salt extracted from alumen plumosum. These are distinct descriptions of form, origin or extraction. The common alum vocabulary makes the entries worth comparing without merging their preparations.

#### Places to read

[Mercurialis seva](#CD0451). A mercurial name directly equated with alum water.

[Sal aluminosum](#CD0566). A salt named through the material from which it is extracted.

#### In this edition

The modernised wording clarifies a material name but preserves the qualification and the claimed spagyrical origin. It adds no chemical composition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Entali](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Mercurialis seva](#CD0451); [Sal aluminosum](#CD0566)

<a id="CD0259"></a>
### Essatum vinum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A wine spirit named through rectification.

**In the book.** Alcool vini is also identified as rectified spirit of wine, while Vinum correctum is the Alcool of wine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Essatum vinum is rectified spirit of wine.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a prepared spirit of wine and retains the qualifying operation. It does not specify the number of treatments or a measured strength. A reader should therefore keep “rectified” visible without supplying a modern concentration.

#### Use in the book

Alcool vini is also identified as rectified spirit of wine, while Vinum correctum is the Alcool of wine. These connections provide closely related vocabulary for reading a preparation. They do not establish that every historical example described by the names had an identical composition or strength.

#### Places to read

[Alcool vini](#CD0016). The wine-qualified term for rectified spirit.

[Vinum correctum](#CD0667). A wine preparation referred to alcohol of wine.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Essatum vinum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Alcool vini](#CD0016); [Vinum correctum](#CD0667)

<a id="CD0270"></a>
### Ezezich

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for salt.

**In the book.** Hal provides the same broad gloss.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Ezezich is salt.

#### Meaning

The direct identification gives no particular source, preparation or form of salt. It should be preserved at that level of generality unless another passage supplies a qualifier.

#### Use in the book

Hal provides the same broad gloss. The Sal entries, by contrast, distinguish salts through their origins or preparation, such as salt extracted from alumen plumosum or dissolved salt. Those more particular descriptions should not be imported into Ezezich simply because the same general material name occurs.

#### Places to read

[Hal](#CD0321). A dictionary name for salt.

[Sal aluminosum](#CD0566). A salt named through the material from which it is extracted.

[Sal enixum](#CD0571). Salt in a dissolved condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ezezich](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Hal](#CD0321); [Sal aluminosum](#CD0566); [Sal enixum](#CD0571)

<a id="CD0304"></a>
### Gemma tartarea

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A stone described through the clarity and origin of its tartar.

**In the book.** Diaphanum defines transparency in general.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gemma tartarea is the stone generated from diaphanous and transparent tartar.

#### Meaning

Generation and appearance together distinguish this entry. The stone is said to be generated from tartar described as diaphanous and perspicuous, both rendered through transparency. The definition does not name a place where it forms or describe an extraction process.

Its stone language should not be used to assign a modern mineral identity without further evidence. The account is explicitly relational: the subject is understood through what it comes from and a quality attributed to that source.

#### Use in the book

Diaphanum defines transparency in general. Tartarum ranges from wine-vessel dregs to bodily stones or gravel, while Duelech describes dangerous spongy stone-like matter in the human body. These comparisons show why the word tartar alone is insufficient to collapse all the entries into one material. Gemma tartarea adds its own transparent qualification.

#### Places to read

[Diaphanum](#CD0228). A description of transparency.

[Duelech](#CD0240). Bodily tartar associated with a dangerous stone-like formation.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition preserves the source’s claim of generation and leaves its mechanism unspecified.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gemma tartarea](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Diaphanum](#CD0228); [Duelech](#CD0240); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0315"></a>
### Grilla

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Vitriol described in a spontaneously dissolved condition.

**In the book.** Deliquium concerns dissolution in a cold place, while Colcothar names calcined vitriol or the residue associated with its oil.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Grilla, or Grillus, is vitriol dissolved of its own accord into water.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a condition of vitriol and preserves the claim that the dissolution occurs of its own accord. It does not state the surrounding conditions or identify a particular specimen of vitriol. The phrase should not be expanded into an assertion that every material given that historical name behaves identically.

#### Use in the book

Deliquium concerns dissolution in a cold place, while Colcothar names calcined vitriol or the residue associated with its oil. Their different qualifications show why one general starting name can enter several distinct material descriptions. Grilla specifically concerns the dissolved condition stated here.

#### Places to read

[Colcothar](#CD0184). Vitriol named through calcination or through the residue of its oil.

[Deliquium](#CD0221). Dissolution of a coagulated body in a cold setting.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Grilla](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Colcothar](#CD0184); [Deliquium](#CD0221)

<a id="CD0321"></a>
### Hal

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for salt.

**In the book.** Ezezich gives the same broad identification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Hal is salt.

#### Meaning

The entry makes a direct identification without naming a source, preparation or form. Salt is therefore the appropriate level of specificity unless another passage qualifies it.

#### Use in the book

Ezezich gives the same broad identification. Sal enixum specifically means dissolved salt, and Sal congelatum is described through salts growing in baths. Their qualifications demonstrate how the general name can be narrowed elsewhere, but they should not be silently inserted into the short Hal gloss.

#### Places to read

[Ezezich](#CD0270). A dictionary name for salt.

[Sal congelatum](#CD0570). A salt named through its occurrence in baths.

[Sal enixum](#CD0571). Salt in a dissolved condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Hal](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Ezezich](#CD0270); [Sal congelatum](#CD0570); [Sal enixum](#CD0571)

<a id="CD0328"></a>
### Henricus rubeus

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for a vitriolic residue.

**In the book.** Colcothar is defined as calcined vitriol or the caput mortuum of oil of vitriol.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Henricus rubeus is the colcothar of vitriol.

#### Meaning

The definition leads to Colcothar rather than describing a person suggested by the name. Its vitriol qualifier belongs to the material identification. No separate recipe or property is supplied under this heading.

#### Use in the book

Colcothar is defined as calcined vitriol or the caput mortuum of oil of vitriol. Sal Calcotharinum is a salt made from that material. The cross-references distinguish the named residue from a salt subsequently associated with it. Henricus rubeus belongs to the first naming relationship.

#### Places to read

[Colcothar](#CD0184). Vitriol named through calcination or through the residue of its oil.

[Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569). A salt derived from vitriolic colcothar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Henricus rubeus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Colcothar](#CD0184); [Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569)

<a id="CD0343"></a>
### Ignis pruinus adeptus

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vitriolic quintessence qualified by rectification with tartar.

**In the book.** Essentia quinta explains quintessence through extraction, purification and a claim of incorruptibility.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Ignis pruinus adeptus is the quintessence of vitriol rectified with tartar.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies a prepared subject through material and treatment. Vitriol supplies the stated source of the quintessence, while tartar enters the qualification concerning rectification. The definition does not give proportions, stages or a final physical appearance.

The fire name therefore leads to preparation vocabulary rather than directly to the element or a visible flame. Retaining the full headword is important because the neighbouring Ignis entries concern different subjects.

#### Use in the book

Essentia quinta explains quintessence through extraction, purification and a claim of incorruptibility. Tartarum itself has a broad range, from wine-vessel dregs to bodily stones. Colcothar gives another vitriolic preparation with a different stated condition. These comparisons clarify the vocabulary while leaving the specific preparation under this heading uncompleted.

#### Places to read

[Colcothar](#CD0184). Vitriol named through calcination or through the residue of its oil.

[Essentia quinta](#CD0260). Quintessence described through extraction, purification and claimed incorruptibility.

[Ignis leonis](#CD0341). A fire name directly identified with the element.

#### In this edition

“Rectified with tartar” remains a historical relation of treatment. The edition supplies no reconstruction or analytical identity beyond the wording of the source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ignis pruinus adeptus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Colcothar](#CD0184); [Essentia quinta](#CD0260); [Ignis leonis](#CD0341); [Ignis Persicus](#CD0342); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0358"></a>
### Impurum alcali

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A residue distinguished through the purification of alkali.

**In the book.** Alcali is salt extracted from ashes or calx by boiling in lye.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Impurum alcali is the scum removed from alkali when it is purified.

#### Meaning

The entry names what is taken away, rather than the purified alkali. Its identity is relative to that operation and its subject. The dictionary does not give a separate composition or a preparation under this name.

#### Use in the book

Alcali is salt extracted from ashes or calx by boiling in lye. Extractum concerns what is taken from a bodily concretion while grossness remains behind. Those entries help a reader follow which portion is named at a stage of work. Impurum alcali specifically identifies the removed scum in this purification account.

#### Places to read

[Alcali](#CD0012). Salt defined through extraction from ash or calx.

[Extractum](#CD0269). A selected product distinguished from bodily concretion and its gross remainder.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Impurum alcali](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Alcali](#CD0012); [Extractum](#CD0269)

<a id="CD0369"></a>
### Kald

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A short alternative name for vinegar.

**In the book.** Acetum radicale concerns vinegar distilled from its own root and matrix; Aqua solvens is distilled vinegar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kald is vinegar.

#### Meaning

The compiler gives a familiar equivalent and no further qualification. Kald should therefore first be read as vinegar, rather than automatically as the special philosophical vinegar defined elsewhere. A particular passage can qualify the material, but that qualification is not part of this headword.

#### Use in the book

Acetum radicale concerns vinegar distilled from its own root and matrix; Aqua solvens is distilled vinegar. These added descriptions should not be silently transferred into the plain equivalence Kald.

#### Places to read

[Acetum radicale](#CD0002). A dissolving water described through the root and matrix of vinegar.

[Aqua solvens](#CD0060). A direct identification of a dissolving water as distilled vinegar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kald](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Acetum radicale](#CD0002); [Aqua solvens](#CD0060)

<a id="CD0370"></a>
### Kali

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Ashes identified through their use in soap-making.

**In the book.** Laterium describes the strong lyes used by soap-boilers and then connects them with a surgical caustic.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kali is soap ashes.

#### Meaning

The definition points to a material associated with a craft. Ashes are named through their employment by soap-makers, without a specification of the plant, fuel or process that produced them. It is a historical material category rather than a statement of one chemical composition.

#### Use in the book

Laterium describes the strong lyes used by soap-boilers and then connects them with a surgical caustic. Kali names ashes; Laterium names a liquid preparation in that craft setting. The relation is useful, but the two definitions should remain distinct.

#### Places to read

[Laterium](#CD0386). A soap-making lye connected with the surgical caustic Lapis infernalis.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kali](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Laterium](#CD0386)

<a id="CD0382"></a>
### Lac Virginis

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Virgin’s milk as a name for mercurial water.

**In the book.** Acetum Philosophorum gives mercurial water and virgin’s milk together, and associates the liquid with the dissolution of metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Lac Virginis is mercurial water.

#### Meaning

The milky name does not require an animal source. The compiler identifies the referent as mercurial water, placing it within the language of prepared or philosophical materials. That phrase itself is broader than a declaration that ordinary liquid mercury is intended.

#### Use in the book

Acetum Philosophorum gives mercurial water and virgin’s milk together, and associates the liquid with the dissolution of metals. Aqua celestina also leads to mercurial water. These explicit connections provide a reading route through the changing names.

#### Places to read

[Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001). A philosophical solvent described as a mercurial water and Virgin’s Milk.

[Aqua celestina](#CD0053). A water identified through Mercury.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Lac Virginis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001); [Aqua celestina](#CD0053)

<a id="CD0386"></a>
### Laterium

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A soap-making lye connected with the surgical caustic Lapis infernalis.

**In the book.** Kali points to soap ashes.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Laterium is the strong lye used by soap-boilers, from which surgeons make their caustic called Lapis infernalis.

#### Meaning

The same material is situated first in a craft and then in surgery. Soap-boilers use the lye, while surgeons make from it a caustic bearing another name. The definition therefore distinguishes a working material from a subsequent product, rather than simply listing two synonyms.

#### Use in the book

Kali points to soap ashes. Read the pair for the dictionary’s passage between materials known from ordinary crafts and the prepared substances of medicine. Lapis, used for fixed things, also helps explain why a caustic preparation may bear a stone-name.

#### Places to read

[Kali](#CD0370). Ashes identified through their use in soap-making.

[Lapis](#CD0383). Stone as a general designation of fixity.

#### In this edition

The old phrase capitall lees is rendered as strong lye in this craft context. It is the liquid’s stated use and caustic relation, rather than a modern formula, that supports the interpretation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Laterium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Kali](#CD0370); [Lapis](#CD0383)

<a id="CD0390"></a>
### Laxa Chimolea

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt distinguished by its growth on stones.

**In the book.** Sal petre and Nebulgea also connect saline materials with stones, but add different accounts of their formation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Laxa Chimolea is salt growing upon stones.

#### Meaning

The place of growth identifies the material. The definition names neither a separate stone nor a salt extracted from one by an operation: it describes salt found growing upon stones. That small difference in preposition matters when following accounts of the origin of materials.

#### Use in the book

Sal petre and Nebulgea also connect saline materials with stones, but add different accounts of their formation. Their shared setting does not by itself establish that all three names identify the same substance.

#### Places to read

[Sal petre](#CD0573). A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

[Nebulgea](#CD0475). A salt whose formation is related to cloud moisture, stones and solar heat.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Laxa Chimolea](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Sal petre](#CD0573); [Nebulgea](#CD0475)

<a id="CD0395"></a>
### Lephante

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A tartar or bole placed between stone and clay.

**In the book.** Tartarum gives the broader range of tartar-language, including material in wine vessels and bodily stones or gravel.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Lephante, or Lephantes, is the first kind of tartar or bole, intermediate between stones and clay.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies an intermediate condition. Its material belongs neither simply to the hard category of stones nor simply to clay, but holds a middle position between them. The wording first kind does not supply the remainder of a classification or explain what ordering makes it first.

#### Use in the book

Tartarum gives the broader range of tartar-language, including material in wine vessels and bodily stones or gravel. Lephante is a particular definition within that range, and should not be reduced automatically to the familiar residue of wine.

#### Places to read

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Lephante](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0400"></a>
### Liquor

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A naming rule by which a qualified liquor can mean an oil.

**In the book.** Liquor Mumiæ de gummi is oil of gum, while Liquor essentialis is a humour converted into flesh and blood.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquor is often used for an oil when the name of the thing from which it comes is added to it.

#### Meaning

The compiler gives a rule for reading compounds. Liquor does not always carry the broad everyday meaning liquid: when a material-name accompanies it, it may denote that material’s oil. The qualification often is important, since this is a frequent usage rather than an inflexible definition of every occurrence.

#### Use in the book

Liquor Mumiæ de gummi is oil of gum, while Liquor essentialis is a humour converted into flesh and blood. The examples show why the added words and the particular definition must control the reading. Treating every Liquor compound as the same kind of fluid would miss the book’s stated variation.

#### Places to read

[Liquor essentialis](#CD0402). An assimilable humour described through its becoming flesh and blood.

[Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](#CD0406). A Mumia compound whose stated material is gum oil.

[Mandibularum liquor](#CD0428). A qualified liquor identified as an oil of bones.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquor](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Liquor essentialis](#CD0402); [Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](#CD0406); [Mandibularum liquor](#CD0428)

<a id="CD0401"></a>
### Liquor Aquilegius

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for wine after distillation.

**In the book.** Aqua Celestis identifies rectified wine through a comparison with heavenly subtlety and purity.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquor Aquilegius is distilled wine.

#### Meaning

The operation distinguishes the named liquid from wine without qualification. The definition does not add a number of distillations, a strength, or the use of the plant suggested by a reader’s possible association with the name. Its stated referent is distilled wine.

#### Use in the book

Aqua Celestis identifies rectified wine through a comparison with heavenly subtlety and purity. Read the two entries together to distinguish the plain preparation named here from the further descriptive claims made there.

#### Places to read

[Aqua Celestis](#CD0054). Rectified wine described through a heavenly comparison.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquor Aquilegius](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Aqua Celestis](#CD0054)

<a id="CD0403"></a>
### Liquor herbarum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An herbal liquor identified through three preparatory actions.

**In the book.** Digestio supplies a separate definition of digestion, while Menstruum names the liquor in which a subject may be dissolved or digested.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquor herbarum is made from herbs that have been pounded, pressed and digested.

#### Meaning

The definition preserves a sequence of treatment: pounding, pressing and digestion. The resulting liquor is therefore named through the preparation of herbs, without limiting the entry to one species. None of the three actions should disappear into the vague equivalent herbal liquid.

#### Use in the book

Digestio supplies a separate definition of digestion, while Menstruum names the liquor in which a subject may be dissolved or digested. These linked headings distinguish the operation, the medium and the prepared product.

#### Places to read

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Menstruum](#CD0452). The liquid medium of dissolution or digestion.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquor herbarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Digestio](#CD0233); [Menstruum](#CD0452)

<a id="CD0406"></a>
### Liquor Mumiæ de gummi

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A Mumia compound whose stated material is gum oil.

**In the book.** Liquor provides the general warning that the noun often means an oil when a material-name is added.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquor Mumiæ de gummi is oil of gum.

#### Meaning

The added words de gummi change the immediate referent. Although Liquor Mumiæ without that qualification is human fat, this full expression is defined as an oil of gum. Reading only the shared opening words would give the wrong material.

#### Use in the book

Liquor provides the general warning that the noun often means an oil when a material-name is added. This entry is a concrete example of that rule and of the need to preserve complete technical compounds.

#### Places to read

[Liquor](#CD0400). A naming rule by which a qualified liquor can mean an oil.

[Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405). A Mumia compound explicitly identified as human fat.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Liquor](#CD0400); [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405)

<a id="CD0426"></a>
### Malek

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for salt.

**In the book.** The dictionary also provides many qualified salt-names, including Sal crystallinum and Sal congelatum.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Malek is salt.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies no qualifying source or preparation. A reader encountering Malek should first recognise salt, then use the surrounding passage to determine whether a particular salt is intended.

#### Use in the book

The dictionary also provides many qualified salt-names, including Sal crystallinum and Sal congelatum. Their further specifications should not be silently imported into this plain equivalent.

#### Places to read

[Sal crystallinum](#CD0568). A salt preparation identified by its human source.

[Sal congelatum](#CD0570). A salt named through its occurrence in baths.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Malek](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Sal crystallinum](#CD0568); [Sal congelatum](#CD0570)

<a id="CD0435"></a>
### Materia saphirea

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A uniform liquor defined by the absence of offending material.

**In the book.** Liquor Mercurii is described as the seat of healing power; Liquor salis as a preservative balm.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Materia saphirea is a homogeneous liquor in which there is no harmful matter.

#### Meaning

Homogeneity and freedom from harmful matter are the two stated qualities. The entry does not identify the liquid through an ingredient list, a gemstone, or a method of preparation. Its sapphire-like name should not displace the definition actually given.

#### Use in the book

Liquor Mercurii is described as the seat of healing power; Liquor salis as a preservative balm. These different expressions show how a liquor can be classified through a property or function rather than through its physical source alone.

#### Places to read

[Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404). A mercurial liquor defined as the seat of healing power.

[Liquor salis](#CD0407). A saline liquor understood through its preservative action.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Materia saphirea](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404); [Liquor salis](#CD0407)

<a id="CD0452"></a>
### Menstruum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The liquid medium of dissolution or digestion.

**In the book.** Liquor explains a frequent use of liquid names for oils.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Menstruum is a liquor in which something is dissolved or digested.

#### Meaning

The defining relation is between a liquid and the subject treated within it. The liquor is a menstruum because something is dissolved or digested in it, not because the dictionary has assigned one universal ingredient to every such medium. The particular material and the intended operation still need to be established from the passage.

The two verbs should also remain distinct. The definition permits both dissolution and digestion; it does not say that every occurrence describes an instantaneous disappearance of solid matter. Its scope is wider than one narrowly fixed image of a solvent.

#### Use in the book

Liquor explains a frequent use of liquid names for oils. Liquidum de resoluto concerns a thing naturally liquid, whereas Menstruum concerns the use of a liquid in treating something else. These relations provide different ways of identifying the same physical medium in an argument.

#### Places to read

[Liquor](#CD0400). A naming rule by which a qualified liquor can mean an oil.

[Liquidum de resoluto](#CD0399). Liquidity belonging to a thing’s own nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Menstruum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Liquor](#CD0400); [Liquidum de resoluto](#CD0399)

<a id="CD0451"></a>
### Mercurialis seva

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mercurial name directly equated with alum water.

**In the book.** The neighbouring Mercurius compounds likewise require their particular definitions: one names a precipitated extraction, another a crystalline appearance, another a first being.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mercurialis seva is alum water.

#### Meaning

The complete expression receives its own material equivalent. A reader should not discard alum water and substitute ordinary mercury merely because the headword is mercurial in form. The definition does not specify a preparation or kind of alum.

#### Use in the book

The neighbouring Mercurius compounds likewise require their particular definitions: one names a precipitated extraction, another a crystalline appearance, another a first being. Their shared vocabulary is not a substitute for those differences.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446). A repeatedly sublimed mercurial preparation characterised by crystal-like clarity.

[Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448). A preparation specified by metallic extraction followed by precipitation.

[Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450). Regenerated mercury defined through its first being.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mercurialis seva](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448); [Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450)

<a id="CD0465"></a>
### Muria

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A direct name for brine.

**In the book.** Malek is an unqualified name for salt, while Liquor salis is assigned a preservative function.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Muria is brine.

#### Meaning

The equivalent gives a saline liquid without specifying the salt, its strength or a further operation. Those particulars must come from the surrounding passage if they matter to the work being described.

#### Use in the book

Malek is an unqualified name for salt, while Liquor salis is assigned a preservative function. Muria supplies the familiar liquid equivalent rather than that functional account of Nature’s balm.

#### Places to read

[Malek](#CD0426). An alternative name for salt.

[Liquor salis](#CD0407). A saline liquor understood through its preservative action.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Muria](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Malek](#CD0426); [Liquor salis](#CD0407)

<a id="CD0466"></a>
### Muscilago

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A liquid defined through thickness or viscosity.

**In the book.** Aqua lubricata is made from mucilaginous things, while Liquor herbarum specifies an herbal preparation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Muscilago is a viscous liquor.

#### Meaning

The defining property is its resistance to flowing freely, expressed by viscous. The entry gives no particular plant, animal or mineral source. Its form is close to a familiar material-name, but the source statement itself remains a broad description of consistency.

#### Use in the book

Aqua lubricata is made from mucilaginous things, while Liquor herbarum specifies an herbal preparation. These provide more particular contexts without narrowing every Muscilago occurrence to one of their subjects.

#### Places to read

[Aqua lubricata](#CD0057). A liquid characterized by mucilaginous materials.

[Liquor herbarum](#CD0403). An herbal liquor identified through three preparatory actions.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Muscilago](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Aqua lubricata](#CD0057); [Liquor herbarum](#CD0403)

<a id="CD0475"></a>
### Nebulgea

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt whose formation is related to cloud moisture, stones and solar heat.

**In the book.** Laxa Chimolea names salt growing upon stones, while Sal petre adds cold places and congealing by cold air.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Nebulgea is salt formed when moisture from a cloud falls upon stones in meadows and is hardened by the sun’s heat. [^CDV008]

#### Meaning

The account places the material within a sequence: moisture descends, rests upon stones and is hardened through heat from the sun. The setting in meadows is also retained. The definition describes an origin or formation, rather than a salt recovered by an artificial extraction.

#### Use in the book

Laxa Chimolea names salt growing upon stones, while Sal petre adds cold places and congealing by cold air. The entries connect salts with their settings and different accounts of how they acquire solidity.

#### Places to read

[Laxa Chimolea](#CD0390). A salt distinguished by its growth on stones.

[Sal petre](#CD0573). A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition reads cloud where the original prints loud. The missing initial letter is a disclosed correction, not a new kind of material or an interpretation of loudness. The source record preserves the defective reading and its textual note.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Nebulgea](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Laxa Chimolea](#CD0390); [Sal petre](#CD0573)

<a id="CD0482"></a>
### Nitrum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for saltpetre.

**In the book.** Sal nitrum gives an account of a salt boiled from earth, especially rich earth in places associated with excrement.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nitrum is saltpetre.

#### Meaning

The compiler supplies a direct material equivalent. No source, preparation or degree of purity is added under this heading.

#### Use in the book

Sal nitrum gives an account of a salt boiled from earth, especially rich earth in places associated with excrement. Sal practicum names a mixture of saltpetre and sal ammoniac. These further entries should be read for their own qualifications, rather than imported wholesale into the plain Nitrum equivalence.

#### Places to read

[Sal nitrum](#CD0574). A salt obtained from earth associated with organic deposits.

[Sal practicum](#CD0575). A named mixture of saltpetre and sal ammoniac.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nitrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Sal nitrum](#CD0574); [Sal practicum](#CD0575)

<a id="CD0487"></a>
### Nymphidica

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A stated metaphor applying water-spirit names within spagyric practice.

**In the book.** Nymphæ supplies the neighbouring account of corporeal spirits dwelling in waters.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nymphidica are, metaphorically, spirits of dissolving waters in the spagyric art.

#### Meaning

The word metaphorically is the definition’s own instruction to the reader. It marks a use of spiritual naming within the art of dissolving waters, rather than requiring the passage to describe the watery persons of the preceding Nymphæ entry in an unqualified way.

#### Use in the book

Nymphæ supplies the neighbouring account of corporeal spirits dwelling in waters. Menstruum names a liquid in which a subject is dissolved or digested. Together they help distinguish the source of a figure from the material or operative setting in which the figure is used.

#### Places to read

[Nymphæ](#CD0486). Embodied spirits or spiritual persons associated with water.

[Menstruum](#CD0452). The liquid medium of dissolution or digestion.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nymphidica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Nymphæ](#CD0486); [Menstruum](#CD0452)

<a id="CD0488"></a>
### Nysadir

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for sal ammoniac.

**In the book.** Ocob gives the same equivalent, while Sal practicum describes a mixture containing sal ammoniac and saltpetre.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nysadir is sal ammoniac.

#### Meaning

The historical equivalent is a named salt, without a further account of its preparation. The spelling remains useful for recognising a material under a less familiar name.

#### Use in the book

Ocob gives the same equivalent, while Sal practicum describes a mixture containing sal ammoniac and saltpetre. The latter definition distinguishes an ingredient from a compound in which it occurs.

#### Places to read

[Ocob](#CD0490). A short name for sal ammoniac.

[Sal practicum](#CD0575). A named mixture of saltpetre and sal ammoniac.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nysadir](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Ocob](#CD0490); [Sal practicum](#CD0575)

<a id="CD0490"></a>
### Ocob

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A short name for sal ammoniac.

**In the book.** Nysadir likewise names sal ammoniac.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Ocob is sal ammoniac.

#### Meaning

The entry gives a direct material equivalent. No separate colour, origin or preparation is supplied to distinguish Ocob as a special variety.

#### Use in the book

Nysadir likewise names sal ammoniac. Their separate headings are routes of recognition; they do not by themselves require two different ingredients in a work using both names.

#### Places to read

[Nysadir](#CD0488). An alternative name for sal ammoniac.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 364, Ocob](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Nysadir](#CD0488)

<a id="CD0493"></a>
### Oleum ardens

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Oil of tartar named in its highest stated degree of correction.

**In the book.** Oleum squaminum simply leads to oil of tartar, without the added qualification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Oleum ardens is oil of tartar corrected to the highest degree.

#### Meaning

Correction describes a prepared condition, not the repair of an error in writing. The highest degree qualifies the oil beyond its base name, although the entry does not explain the stages by which that degree is reached.

#### Use in the book

Oleum squaminum simply leads to oil of tartar, without the added qualification. Tartarum supplies a broader range of tartar-language. Reading these together keeps a plain material-name separate from a claim about the degree of its preparation.

#### Places to read

[Oleum squaminum](#CD0495). An alternative name for oil of tartar.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 364, Oleum ardens](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Oleum squaminum](#CD0495); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0494"></a>
### Oleum Calcotharinum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vitriol oil distinguished by its red colour.

**In the book.** Colcothar is calcined vitriol or the residue of oil of vitriol; Sal Calcotharinum is a salt made from Colcothar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Oleum Calcotharinum is red oil of vitriol.

#### Meaning

The material-name and colour provide the equivalent. The definition does not state a procedure, a source of vitriol or the composition of the resulting oil.

#### Use in the book

Colcothar is calcined vitriol or the residue of oil of vitriol; Sal Calcotharinum is a salt made from Colcothar. These related names should be followed through their particular products—oil, residue and salt—rather than treated as interchangeable merely because their forms resemble one another.

#### Places to read

[Colcothar](#CD0184). Vitriol named through calcination or through the residue of its oil.

[Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569). A salt derived from vitriolic colcothar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 364, Oleum Calcotharinum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Colcothar](#CD0184); [Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569)

<a id="CD0495"></a>
### Oleum squaminum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for oil of tartar.

**In the book.** Oleum ardens adds the highest degree of correction to that base name.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Oleum squaminum is oil of tartar.

#### Meaning

The compiler supplies the prepared material as an equivalent, without adding a colour or a degree of correction. The unfamiliar headword therefore offers a lexical route to oil of tartar, not an independent description of a further operation.

#### Use in the book

Oleum ardens adds the highest degree of correction to that base name. Retaining the difference allows a reader to distinguish an unqualified oil from the specially qualified condition described there.

#### Places to read

[Oleum ardens](#CD0493). Oil of tartar named in its highest stated degree of correction.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 364, Oleum squaminum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Oleum ardens](#CD0493)

<a id="CD0496"></a>
### Oleum Vitrioli aurificatum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An oil of vitriol preparation qualified through treatment with gold.

**In the book.** The entry does not say that sugar is added or describe a modern culinary sweetness.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Oleum Vitrioli aurificatum is that which is artificially sweetened with gold.

#### Meaning

The compound headword supplies the material family, while the definition explains its gold-related qualification. Artificially means by art or preparation, rather than simply something false. Sweetened is the historical description of the change effected with gold.

#### Use in the book

The entry does not say that sugar is added or describe a modern culinary sweetness. In a chemical passage, the altered quality should be followed through the stated materials and operation. Compare Turbith minerale, another preparation described through sweetness, and Sal practicum, explicitly defined as a mixture.

Oleum Calcotharinum supplies another oil-of-vitriol name, there characterized as red. Comparing that colour qualification with the present treatment involving gold helps distinguish two named preparations without assuming they are the same product.

#### Places to read

[Sal practicum](#CD0575). A named mixture of saltpetre and sal ammoniac.

[Turbith minerale](#CD0662). A mercury preparation described through precipitation and sweetness.

[Oleum Calcotharinum](#CD0494). A vitriol oil distinguished by its red colour.

#### In this edition

No composition or strength is inferred from the isolated oil name. The definition remains an account of a qualified preparation within the historical vocabulary.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Oleum Vitrioli aurificatum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Sal practicum, Turbith minerale, Oleum Calcotharinum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Sal practicum](#CD0575); [Turbith minerale](#CD0662); [Oleum Calcotharinum](#CD0494)

<a id="CD0522"></a>
### Perdomium

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A wine preparation defined through herbs.

**In the book.** Vinum essatum is wine impregnated with the virtues of herbs or other things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Perdomium is wine made from herbs.

#### Meaning

The gloss makes herbs the material from which the wine is made. It does not name a particular plant or provide the production process.

#### Use in the book

Vinum essatum is wine impregnated with the virtues of herbs or other things. The comparison is useful because the two definitions state different relations: wine made from herbs, and wine receiving their virtues. Those formulations should remain distinguishable.

Cardonium is a medicinal wine made from herbs. It offers a further herbal-wine comparison while adding a medicinal qualification absent from the present sentence. Retaining that distinction prevents a name connection from supplying an unstated therapeutic purpose.

#### Places to read

[Vinum essatum](#CD0668). Wine carrying the powers attributed to another material.

[Vegetabilia](#CD0663). Growing things described through rootedness and branching.

[Cardonium](#CD0141). An herbal wine defined by its intended medicinal character.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Perdomium; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Vinum essatum, Vegetabilia, Cardonium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Vinum essatum](#CD0668); [Vegetabilia](#CD0663); [Cardonium](#CD0141)

<a id="CD0535"></a>
### Pruinum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A variety placed first within a tartar classification.

**In the book.** Tartarum provides the broader material and bodily uses of tartar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pruinum is the first kind of tartar.

#### Meaning

The entry gives an ordinal relation but does not enumerate the remaining kinds. First should remain visible without supplying an invented sequence.

#### Use in the book

Tartarum provides the broader material and bodily uses of tartar. Pruina, despite its similar spelling, is separately equated with Ignis Persicus and should retain its own record.

Lephante is also called the first kind of tartar, or bole, and described as intermediate between stones and clay. That fuller entry is worth consulting, though Pruinum itself supplies only its place in the classification.

#### Places to read

[Pruina](#CD0536). A name for the hot, burning ulcer defined under Ignis Persicus.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

[Lephante](#CD0395). A tartar or bole placed between stone and clay.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pruinum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Pruina, Tartarum, Lephante](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Pruina](#CD0536); [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Lephante](#CD0395)

<a id="CD0564"></a>
### Rubella

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An essence defined by dissolving and extracting tincture.

**In the book.** Quintessentia also joins spiritual matter with corporeal extraction.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Rubella is a spiritual essence that, through its dissolving power, extracts tincture from bodies.

#### Meaning

The effective relation is between the essence, a body and its tincture. The essence dissolves; the tincture is drawn out. Spiritual is part of the historical description of the extracting agent and does not remove the bodily operation from the sentence.

#### Use in the book

Quintessentia also joins spiritual matter with corporeal extraction. Tinctura, meanwhile, defines what tinges a body with its color. Reading these entries together helps separate the extracting agent from the quality or material extracted.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Tinctura](#CD0653). An agent defined by imparting color to another body.

#### In this edition

The definition describes activity without specifying one modern solvent. The obscure headword is therefore explained through the operation actually stated.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Rubella; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Quintessentia, Tinctura](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Tinctura](#CD0653)

<a id="CD0566"></a>
### Sal aluminosum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt named through the material from which it is extracted.

**In the book.** The neighboring salt entries are distinguished by origin or preparation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal aluminosum is salt extracted from alumen plumosum.

#### Meaning

The full compound name identifies a derived preparation. The source material is alumen plumosum, retained as a historical term because the sentence supplies no further identification of it.

#### Use in the book

The neighboring salt entries are distinguished by origin or preparation. Sal crystallinum comes from human urine; Sal Calcotharinum from the colcothar of vitriol. Salt therefore works as a wider class word in this sequence.

#### Places to read

[Sal crystallinum](#CD0568). A salt preparation identified by its human source.

[Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569). A salt derived from vitriolic colcothar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal aluminosum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal crystallinum, Sal Calcotharinum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal crystallinum](#CD0568); [Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569)

<a id="CD0567"></a>
### Sal anathron

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt derived from the material called stony moss.

**In the book.** Anathron describes a salt growing on rocks like white, stony moss.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal anathron is salt extracted from stony moss.

#### Meaning

Stony moss is the source’s descriptive name. The phrase should remain visible rather than being silently converted into a botanical identification. The sentence says extraction, but gives no detailed preparation.

#### Use in the book

Anathron describes a salt growing on rocks like white, stony moss. That earlier entry supplies a particularly useful comparison for the source material named here. Sal anathron specifies an extracted salt, while the fuller Anathron description records appearance and disputed names. The source material and an extracted preparation should not automatically be treated as the same stage.

#### Places to read

[Sal crystallinum](#CD0568). A salt preparation identified by its human source.

[Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569). A salt derived from vitriolic colcothar.

[Anathron](#CD0029). A rock-associated salt described through appearance and disputed identification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal anathron; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal crystallinum, Sal Calcotharinum, Anathron](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal crystallinum](#CD0568); [Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569); [Anathron](#CD0029)

<a id="CD0569"></a>
### Sal Calcotharinum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt derived from vitriolic colcothar.

**In the book.** Compare the separate vitriol headwords Vitriolatum and Vitriolum Novum.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal Calcotharinum is salt made from the colcothar of vitriol.

#### Meaning

The preparation is defined by its relation to a residue called colcothar. The named starting material matters: the entry does not identify the product simply as vitriol or as any salt whatever.

#### Use in the book

Compare the separate vitriol headwords Vitriolatum and Vitriolum Novum. The dictionary’s qualifiers distinguish a liquid condition, a color designation and a preparation obtained from a particular material.

#### Places to read

[Vitriolatum](#CD0675). A vitriol characterized by a persistently liquid condition.

[Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676). A vitriol identified by its white appearance.

[Zoraba](#CD0702). A direct vitriol synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal Calcotharinum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Vitriolatum, Vitriolum Novum, Zoraba](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Vitriolatum](#CD0675); [Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676); [Zoraba](#CD0702)

<a id="CD0570"></a>
### Sal congelatum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt named through its occurrence in baths.

**In the book.** Sal petre is similarly connected with place and conditions, including cold air and stones.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal congelatum is salt that grows in baths.

#### Meaning

The verb grows describes the source’s account of the salt appearing in that environment. The entry supplies no further locality or composition, so baths should remain a broad historical description.

#### Use in the book

Sal petre is similarly connected with place and conditions, including cold air and stones. These definitions often identify a material through where and how it is encountered.

#### Places to read

[Sal petre](#CD0573). A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal congelatum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal petre](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal petre](#CD0573)

<a id="CD0568"></a>
### Sal crystallinum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt preparation identified by its human source.

**In the book.** The entry illustrates a recurrent distinction between a striking headword and a more practical gloss.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal crystallinum is salt made from human urine.

#### Meaning

Crystallinum belongs to the historical name; the definition itself identifies the material through urine. It does not specify the crystalline form or assign a modern chemical composition.

#### Use in the book

The entry illustrates a recurrent distinction between a striking headword and a more practical gloss. Sal congelatum, by comparison, is described through its growth in baths. Their names should be read with their individual definitions.

#### Places to read

[Sal congelatum](#CD0570). A salt named through its occurrence in baths.

[Vrina vini](#CD0686). A wine-qualified name with vinegar and bodily senses.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal crystallinum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal congelatum, Vrina vini](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal congelatum](#CD0570); [Vrina vini](#CD0686)

<a id="CD0571"></a>
### Sal enixum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Salt in a dissolved condition.

**In the book.** The entry gives no special ingredients or proportions.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal enixum is salt dissolved.

#### Meaning

The gloss makes condition the distinguishing feature. Dissolved salt is not the same description as salt growing on a surface or salt extracted from another material.

#### Use in the book

The entry gives no special ingredients or proportions. Its short equivalence is retained without extending the name to a uniquely identified modern compound.

#### Places to read

[Sal congelatum](#CD0570). A salt named through its occurrence in baths.

[Sal petre](#CD0573). A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal enixum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal congelatum, Sal petre](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal congelatum](#CD0570); [Sal petre](#CD0573)

<a id="CD0572"></a>
### Sal Mercurii

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt name locally identified with intoxicating spirit of wine.

**In the book.** Vinum correctum is referred to the alcohol of wine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal Mercurii is the spirit of wine that causes drunkenness.

#### Meaning

The identification can surprise readers who expect Mercurii to require ordinary quicksilver and sal to require a familiar solid salt. The dictionary’s actual gloss is spirit of wine, distinguished by its attributed intoxicating effect.

#### Use in the book

Vinum correctum is referred to the alcohol of wine. Together the entries show why a compound headword must be read through the local explanation, rather than reconstructed from each word in isolation.

#### Places to read

[Vinum correctum](#CD0667). A wine preparation referred to alcohol of wine.

#### In this edition

The historical equivalence is retained exactly. It is not corrected to an assumed mercury salt solely on the basis of the Latin-looking name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal Mercurii; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Vinum correctum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Vinum correctum](#CD0667)

<a id="CD0574"></a>
### Sal nitrum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt obtained from earth associated with organic deposits.

**In the book.** Sal petre is described separately through growth upon stones and congealing by cold air.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal nitrum is salt boiled out of the earth, especially rich earth, as in stables or any place of excrement.

#### Meaning

The gloss specifies extraction from earth and emphasizes particular places. Fat means rich or fertile in this description; it does not establish that the earth contains an isolated substance identical to culinary fat.

#### Use in the book

Sal petre is described separately through growth upon stones and congealing by cold air. This distinction records the compiler’s account of materials and origins, even where later readers may use related names differently.

#### Places to read

[Sal petre](#CD0573). A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

[Sal practicum](#CD0575). A named mixture of saltpetre and sal ammoniac.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal nitrum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal petre, Sal practicum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal petre](#CD0573); [Sal practicum](#CD0575)

<a id="CD0573"></a>
### Sal petre

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

**In the book.** Sal nitrum follows with a different description: salt boiled from earth, particularly rich earth associated with stables or excrement.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal petre is that which grows in cold places upon stones, congealed by the cold air.

#### Meaning

The compiler defines this material by its place and an account of its formation. Cold air is said to congeal it. The entry therefore preserves a natural explanation as well as a name.

#### Use in the book

Sal nitrum follows with a different description: salt boiled from earth, particularly rich earth associated with stables or excrement. The two entries should both remain visible when tracing the dictionary’s distinctions.

#### Places to read

[Sal nitrum](#CD0574). A salt obtained from earth associated with organic deposits.

[Sal practicum](#CD0575). A named mixture of saltpetre and sal ammoniac.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal petre; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal nitrum, Sal practicum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal nitrum](#CD0574); [Sal practicum](#CD0575)

<a id="CD0575"></a>
### Sal practicum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A named mixture of saltpetre and sal ammoniac.

**In the book.** The salt sequence distinguishes mixtures from materials identified through their place of growth or source of extraction.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal practicum is a mixture of equal parts of saltpetre and sal ammoniac.

#### Meaning

The name identifies a compound preparation rather than one naturally occurring salt. Equal parts is the specific relation supplied by the historical definition and belongs to its meaning.

#### Use in the book

The salt sequence distinguishes mixtures from materials identified through their place of growth or source of extraction. Compare Sal petre and Sal nitrum for those other forms of explanation.

#### Places to read

[Sal petre](#CD0573). A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

[Sal nitrum](#CD0574). A salt obtained from earth associated with organic deposits.

#### In this edition

Saltpetre and sal ammoniac modernise the historical English spellings. The entry is presented as a historical identification; no further preparation or use has been inferred.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal practicum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal petre, Sal nitrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal petre](#CD0573); [Sal nitrum](#CD0574)

<a id="CD0576"></a>
### Sal scissum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An equivalence between two historical salt names.

**In the book.** The salt sequence frequently preserves several names for a material.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal scissum and alumen scissum are the same.

#### Meaning

The compiler equates the complete expressions. Scissum is part of each name, so a search for the isolated words salt or alum would lose the distinguishing qualifier.

#### Use in the book

The salt sequence frequently preserves several names for a material. The equivalence is recorded here without extending it to every substance called sal or alumen.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal scissum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

<a id="CD0577"></a>
### Sal taberzet

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A tartar distinguished by its exceptional whiteness.

**In the book.** Tartarum explains the hard, saltish deposit adhering to wine vessels and its further bodily sense.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sal taberzet is the whitest tartar of all.

#### Meaning

Color and degree identify this material. The superlative matters: it is described as the whitest member of the tartar category, rather than as a different class of substance.

#### Use in the book

Tartarum explains the hard, saltish deposit adhering to wine vessels and its further bodily sense. The present definition supplies a particular quality within that wider vocabulary.

#### Places to read

[Samech](#CD0583). A historical synonym for tartar.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sal taberzet; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Samech, Tartarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Samech](#CD0583); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0580"></a>
### Sallena

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A material placed within the saltpetre category.

**In the book.** Compare Sal petre and Sal nitrum for the dictionary’s more detailed accounts of origins and conditions.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sallena is a kind of saltpetre.

#### Meaning

A kind of marks a classification rather than an unrestricted equivalence. The compiler places Sallena under saltpetre without describing the feature that distinguishes this kind.

#### Use in the book

Compare Sal petre and Sal nitrum for the dictionary’s more detailed accounts of origins and conditions. Those descriptions illuminate the surrounding vocabulary, though neither is explicitly assigned to Sallena.

#### Places to read

[Sal petre](#CD0573). A salt described through cold air and growth on stone.

[Sal nitrum](#CD0574). A salt obtained from earth associated with organic deposits.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sallena; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal petre, Sal nitrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal petre](#CD0573); [Sal nitrum](#CD0574)

<a id="CD0581"></a>
### Saltabari

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name referred to sal alembrot.

**In the book.** This sentence does not specify a source, preparation or use beyond that equivalence.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Saltabari is sal alembrot.

#### Meaning

The identification directs readers to another compound name. The complete expression should be retained, since the dictionary distinguishes names resembling alembrot and alembroth in its A sequence.

#### Use in the book

This sentence does not specify a source, preparation or use beyond that equivalence. Keeping Saltabari findable preserves the practical function of a historical synonym dictionary.

#### Places to read

[Alembrot](#CD0018). A purified preparation identified with salt of tartar and its magistery.

[Alembroth](#CD0019). A salt named through Mercury or the philosophers.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Saltabari; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Alembrot, Alembroth](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Alembrot](#CD0018); [Alembroth](#CD0019)

<a id="CD0582"></a>
### Saltz

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Brine identified under Saltz and Selenipum.

**In the book.** Compare Sal enixum, where the distinguishing condition is dissolution.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Saltz, saltz and Selenipum are brine. [^CDV012]

#### Meaning

The 1650 entry repeats Saltz before giving Selenipum. Brine identifies a salt-bearing liquid rather than a dry salt named only by its place of origin. The printed repetition is retained in the modernised definition instead of being turned silently into a third distinct name.

#### Use in the book

Compare Sal enixum, where the distinguishing condition is dissolution. The entries share a concern with a liquid condition, but the compiler does not expressly equate the names.

#### Places to read

[Sal enixum](#CD0571). Salt in a dissolved condition.

#### In this edition

The transcription aid changes the second printed saltz to sultz. Sultz is available here as an editorial search variant, not presented as a separately attested spelling in this printed entry.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Saltz; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sal enixum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sal enixum](#CD0571)

<a id="CD0583"></a>
### Samech

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical synonym for tartar.

**In the book.** The present synonym does not select between those contextual senses.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Samech is tartar.

#### Meaning

The short entry sends the reader to a material with a fuller definition under Tartarum. There tartar is a hard, saltish deposit on wine vessels and can also mean stones or gravel in human bodies.

#### Use in the book

The present synonym does not select between those contextual senses. A passage about wine vessels or about the body supplies the necessary distinction.

#### Places to read

[Sal taberzet](#CD0577). A tartar distinguished by its exceptional whiteness.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Samech; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Sal taberzet, Tartarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Sal taberzet](#CD0577); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0586"></a>
### Saphirea materia

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A liquid defined through purity achieved by separation.

**In the book.** Compare Quintessentia and Spagirus: both emphasize separating what is pure from what is impure.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Saphirea materia is a liquor in which there is no impurity or corruption, the pure having been separated from the impure.

#### Meaning

Liquor means liquid here. The definition gives neither a gemstone nor a color, despite the suggestive headword. Its stated property is the absence of impurity and corruption after separation.

#### Use in the book

Compare Quintessentia and Spagirus: both emphasize separating what is pure from what is impure. The relation is methodological. The articles do not establish that their resulting materials are identical.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Saphirea materia; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Quintessentia, Spagirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Spagirus](#CD0615)

<a id="CD0587"></a>
### Sapo sapientiæ

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for prepared common salt.

**In the book.** The entry gives no preparation details.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sapo sapientiæ is common salt prepared.

#### Meaning

The compound headword is glossed through a familiar starting material qualified by preparation. That qualification matters: the sentence does not equate the name with every unprepared sample of common salt.

#### Use in the book

The entry gives no preparation details. It belongs to a sequence in which salts can be distinguished by source, condition or treatment. The gloss should remain the reader’s first guide.

#### Places to read

[Sal enixum](#CD0571). Salt in a dissolved condition.

[Sal practicum](#CD0575). A named mixture of saltpetre and sal ammoniac.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sapo sapientiæ; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Sal enixum, Sal practicum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Sal enixum](#CD0571); [Sal practicum](#CD0575)

<a id="CD0603"></a>
### Simus

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name equated with the historical term gilla.

**In the book.** The sentence gives no preparation, material origin or effect.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Simus is gilla.

#### Meaning

The source sends the reader to another technical name. Keeping gilla visible preserves the identification actually supplied, rather than replacing it with a modern guess.

#### Use in the book

The sentence gives no preparation, material origin or effect. Further identification needs the related entry and the passage where the name is encountered.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Simus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

<a id="CD0617"></a>
### Sperma aquæ fortis

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The dregs of aqua fortis under a seed name.

**In the book.** This is one of several entries in which an evocative name has a direct material equivalent.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Sperma aquæ fortis is its dregs.

#### Meaning

The possessive its points back to aqua fortis. The word sperma belongs to the compound headword, but the gloss identifies the matter as dregs. The local definition should guide the reading before a broader theory of seed is imported.

#### Use in the book

This is one of several entries in which an evocative name has a direct material equivalent. The complete expression remains searchable so that its qualification is not lost.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sperma aquæ fortis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

<a id="CD0638"></a>
### Tartarum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**In the book.** The passage offers a clear example of the dictionary’s movement between natural and medical vocabularies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Tartarum is a hard, saltish deposit adhering to the sides of wine vessels; it is also often used for stones or gravel in human bodies.

#### Meaning

The definition begins with a material described through texture, taste, place and adherence. It is hard and saltish, and it sticks to the sides of wine vessels. The second clause then records an extended bodily use. Often is a usage marker, not a declaration that every bodily stone has exactly the same material composition as the deposit in a wine vessel.

#### Use in the book

The passage offers a clear example of the dictionary’s movement between natural and medical vocabularies. The shared name helps explain the analogy, while the named sites remain different. A reader should establish whether the surrounding discussion concerns wine, a prepared material, or the human body before deciding which sense is active.

Several cross-references sharpen the distinction. Samech is simply referred to tartar, so that short synonym leaves the contextual choice open. Sal taberzet is the whitest tartar, adding a particular quality within the category. Saxifraga and Serpheta describe agents by effects attributed to them on stone or gravel; those therapeutic claims do not make their materials themselves tartar.

Realgar supplies another explicit extension between domains. There the dictionary calls the bodily application metaphorical. Here it says the name is often taken for bodily deposits. The different wording should be respected: the parallel helps explain a habit of language without proving that the compiler intended precisely the same kind of relation in both entries.

#### Places to read

[Realgar](#CD0548). A mineral term extended metaphorically to harmful bodily matter.

[Sal taberzet](#CD0577). A tartar distinguished by its exceptional whiteness.

[Samech](#CD0583). A historical synonym for tartar.

#### In this edition

Tartar modernises the English form while the Latin headword remains findable. Hard, saltish and adhering are retained because they are the source’s identifying features. The medical use is explained as historical vocabulary, with no new diagnosis or treatment inferred from it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Tartarum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Realgar, Sal taberzet, Samech, Saxifraga, Serpheta](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Realgar](#CD0548); [Sal taberzet](#CD0577); [Samech](#CD0583); [Saxifraga](#CD0588); [Serpheta](#CD0599)

<a id="CD0646"></a>
### Terra Hispanica

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical earth name for vitriol.

**In the book.** Compare Zoraba, another vitriol name, and the qualified entries Vitriolatum and Vitriolum Novum.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Terra Hispanica is vitriol.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a material identification without specifying a geographical origin. The place-like qualifier in the headword should not by itself be turned into evidence for where a particular sample was obtained.

#### Use in the book

Compare Zoraba, another vitriol name, and the qualified entries Vitriolatum and Vitriolum Novum. The dictionary preserves names, conditions and varieties at different levels of detail.

#### Places to read

[Vitriolatum](#CD0675). A vitriol characterized by a persistently liquid condition.

[Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676). A vitriol identified by its white appearance.

[Zoraba](#CD0702). A direct vitriol synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Terra Hispanica; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Vitriolatum, Vitriolum Novum, Zoraba](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Vitriolatum](#CD0675); [Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676); [Zoraba](#CD0702)

<a id="CD0652"></a>
### Tinkar

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name equated with borax.

**In the book.** Anticar is also directly identified as borax.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Tinkar is borax.

#### Meaning

The dictionary gives a direct equivalent. The name remains independently searchable because it may be the form encountered in the author being read.

#### Use in the book

Anticar is also directly identified as borax. Linking the two names makes the dictionary easier to use across different spellings and authorial vocabularies. Neither short entry adds a particular grade, source or preparation; such qualifications belong to the passage where the material is used.

#### Places to read

[Anticar](#CD0034). A name identified with borax.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Tinkar; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Anticar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Anticar](#CD0034)

<a id="CD0667"></a>
### Vinum correctum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A wine preparation referred to alcohol of wine.

**In the book.** Sal Mercurii is also identified with spirit of wine, characterized there through drunkenness.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Vinum correctum is the alcohol of wine.

#### Meaning

The full qualification of wine is essential. The dictionary separately gives a powder sense under Alcohol, while Alcool vini refers to rectified spirit of wine. The present entry belongs with the wine-qualified expression.

#### Use in the book

Sal Mercurii is also identified with spirit of wine, characterized there through drunkenness. These compound names demonstrate that the local gloss, rather than an isolated familiar word, establishes the useful connection.

#### Places to read

[Sal Mercurii](#CD0572). A salt name locally identified with intoxicating spirit of wine.

[Alcol](#CD0015). A term for extreme fineness of powder, not necessarily a liquid.

[Alcool vini](#CD0016). The wine-qualified term for rectified spirit.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vinum correctum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Sal Mercurii, Alcol, Alcool vini](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Sal Mercurii](#CD0572); [Alcol](#CD0015); [Alcool vini](#CD0016)

<a id="CD0668"></a>
### Vinum essatum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Wine carrying the powers attributed to another material.

**In the book.** Vinum correctum has a different identification, the alcohol of wine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Vinum essatum is wine impregnated with the virtues of herbs or anything else.

#### Meaning

Impregnated describes wine receiving the virtues of something introduced into or communicated to it. Virtues means powers or effective qualities in the historical vocabulary. Herbs are an example, followed by the broader phrase anything else.

#### Use in the book

Vinum correctum has a different identification, the alcohol of wine. The present entry concerns what wine carries from another subject rather than simply its own rectification.

Cardonium offers a related herbal-wine term, defining a medicinal wine made from herbs. Vinum essatum is wider in its stated source, admitting herbs or anything else. The comparison distinguishes a particular herbal category from this broader account of wine receiving virtues.

#### Places to read

[Vinum correctum](#CD0667). A wine preparation referred to alcohol of wine.

[Vegetabilia](#CD0663). Growing things described through rootedness and branching.

[Cardonium](#CD0141). An herbal wine defined by its intended medicinal character.

#### In this edition

The broad wording is preserved. It does not authorize a particular medicinal mixture or establish the effect of an unspecified ingredient.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vinum essatum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Vinum correctum, Vegetabilia, Cardonium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Vinum correctum](#CD0667); [Vegetabilia](#CD0663); [Cardonium](#CD0141)

<a id="CD0669"></a>
### Viriditas salis

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt preparation described through greenness and an oily form.

**In the book.** The full phrase distinguishes it from the many dry and dissolved salt names in the dictionary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Viriditas salis is the green oil of salt.

#### Meaning

The gloss combines a source or material association with color and form. Oil is the historical identifying word, not an analysis of a substance’s molecular composition.

#### Use in the book

The full phrase distinguishes it from the many dry and dissolved salt names in the dictionary. Sal enixum identifies dissolved salt, while the present entry specifically names a green oil.

#### Places to read

[Sal enixum](#CD0571). Salt in a dissolved condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Viriditas salis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Sal enixum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Sal enixum](#CD0571)

<a id="CD0673"></a>
### Viscus secundæ generationis

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A salt-associated material described as blood.

**In the book.** Unqualified Viscus is properly pitch from tree tops.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Viscus secundæ generationis is blood dropping from salts.

#### Meaning

The complete expression is qualified as of the second generation. Its gloss gives blood and a relation to salts. The sentence does not supply a red color, an animal source or a preparation beyond that wording.

#### Use in the book

Unqualified Viscus is properly pitch from tree tops. The difference illustrates the importance of retaining a full compound headword when interpreting a historical material name.

#### Places to read

[Viscus](#CD0672). A pitch identified through its vegetable source and preparation.

[Viriditas salis](#CD0669). A salt preparation described through greenness and an oily form.

#### In this edition

The description is preserved without forcing blood to name an anatomical substance or replacing it with an unverified modern chemical identity.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Viscus secundæ generationis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Viscus, Viriditas salis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Viscus](#CD0672); [Viriditas salis](#CD0669)

<a id="CD0675"></a>
### Vitriolatum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vitriol characterized by a persistently liquid condition.

**In the book.** Vitriolum Novum is identified by whiteness, while Sulphur vitriolatum is a sulphur extracted from vitriol and floating on water.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Vitriolatum is vitriol that is liquid and can never be coagulated.

#### Meaning

The definition makes state and resistance to a further change the distinguishing features. Liquid is followed by the stronger claim that it can never be coagulated. Both belong to the historical description.

#### Use in the book

Vitriolum Novum is identified by whiteness, while Sulphur vitriolatum is a sulphur extracted from vitriol and floating on water. The shared word family requires attention to the full expression.

#### Places to read

[Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628). A vitriol-derived sulphur described as floating on water.

[Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676). A vitriol identified by its white appearance.

[Zoraba](#CD0702). A direct vitriol synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vitriolatum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Sulphur vitriolatum, Vitriolum Novum, Zoraba, Coagulatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628); [Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676); [Zoraba](#CD0702); [Coagulatio](#CD0177)

<a id="CD0676"></a>
### Vitriolum Novum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vitriol identified by its white appearance.

**In the book.** Compare Vitriolatum, characterized by a liquid condition, and the broader vitriol aliases Terra Hispanica and Zoraba.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Vitriolum Novum is white vitriol.

#### Meaning

The local equivalent is a color-qualified material. The word Novum remains in the headword, while the definition directs the reader to white vitriol.

#### Use in the book

Compare Vitriolatum, characterized by a liquid condition, and the broader vitriol aliases Terra Hispanica and Zoraba. These definitions operate at different degrees of specificity.

#### Places to read

[Terra Hispanica](#CD0646). A historical earth name for vitriol.

[Vitriolatum](#CD0675). A vitriol characterized by a persistently liquid condition.

[Zoraba](#CD0702). A direct vitriol synonym.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vitriolum Novum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Terra Hispanica, Vitriolatum, Zoraba](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Terra Hispanica](#CD0646); [Vitriolatum](#CD0675); [Zoraba](#CD0702)

<a id="CD0686"></a>
### Vrina vini

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A wine-qualified name with vinegar and bodily senses.

**In the book.** Xisinum is directly equated with vinegar, while Vinum correctum is referred to alcohol of wine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vrina vini is vinegar; sometimes it is used for the urine of a person who always drinks wine.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies two possibilities and marks the second with sometimes. In one use the compound name means vinegar; in another it refers to urine from a habitual wine drinker. These senses should not be merged into one material preparation.

#### Use in the book

Xisinum is directly equated with vinegar, while Vinum correctum is referred to alcohol of wine. The wider wine vocabulary therefore includes an ordinary acidic liquid, a prepared spirit and a bodily relation. The complete expression and surrounding passage establish the relevant sense.

#### Places to read

[Vinum correctum](#CD0667). A wine preparation referred to alcohol of wine.

[Xisinum](#CD0694). An unqualified vinegar name.

#### In this edition

The initial V is preserved in the historical heading, with Urina vini as an editorial search form. Both the primary equivalence and the qualified alternative remain in the modernised definition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vrina vini; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Vinum correctum, Xisinum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Vinum correctum](#CD0667); [Xisinum](#CD0694)

<a id="CD0690"></a>
### Warnus

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name referred to philosophical vinegar.

**In the book.** Acetum Philosophorum describes a mercurial water also called Virgin’s Milk, in which metals are said to dissolve.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Warnus is the vinegar of philosophers.

#### Meaning

The qualification of philosophers is central to the gloss. It directs the reader toward the dictionary’s philosophical solvent vocabulary rather than establishing identity with every ordinary vinegar.

#### Use in the book

Acetum Philosophorum describes a mercurial water also called Virgin’s Milk, in which metals are said to dissolve. That fuller entry supplies the appropriate route for understanding the present synonym.

#### Places to read

[Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001). A philosophical solvent described as a mercurial water and Virgin’s Milk.

[Xisinum](#CD0694). An unqualified vinegar name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Warnus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Acetum Philosophorum, Xisinum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001); [Xisinum](#CD0694)

<a id="CD0694"></a>
### Xisinum

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An unqualified vinegar name.

**In the book.** Warnus refers specifically to the vinegar of philosophers, while Vrina vini has vinegar and bodily senses.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Xisinum is vinegar.

#### Meaning

The definition gives the ordinary English equivalent without a further philosophical or material qualifier. That brevity is useful when comparing the different vinegar names in the dictionary.

#### Use in the book

Warnus refers specifically to the vinegar of philosophers, while Vrina vini has vinegar and bodily senses. The present entry supplies no additional restriction of that kind.

#### Places to read

[Warnus](#CD0690). A name referred to philosophical vinegar.

[Vrina vini](#CD0686). A wine-qualified name with vinegar and bodily senses.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Xisinum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Warnus, Vrina vini](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Warnus](#CD0690); [Vrina vini](#CD0686)

<a id="CD0702"></a>
### Zoraba

*Salts solvents and liquid preparations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A direct vitriol synonym.

**In the book.** Vitriolatum and Vitriolum Novum receive further distinguishing descriptions.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Zoraba is vitriol.

#### Meaning

The supplied equivalent is unqualified vitriol. Terra Hispanica gives the same short identification under another compound name.

#### Use in the book

Vitriolatum and Vitriolum Novum receive further distinguishing descriptions. Linking these articles helps readers move from a synonym to condition- and color-qualified forms without assuming they are all the same preparation.

#### Places to read

[Terra Hispanica](#CD0646). A historical earth name for vitriol.

[Vitriolatum](#CD0675). A vitriol characterized by a persistently liquid condition.

[Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676). A vitriol identified by its white appearance.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Zoraba; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Terra Hispanica, Vitriolatum, Vitriolum Novum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Terra Hispanica](#CD0646); [Vitriolatum](#CD0675); [Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676)

<a id="category_5b532bdb99bb"></a>
## Operations instruments and practitioners

<a id="CD0007"></a>
### Æstphara

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The reduction of flesh or bodily substance to ash by burning.

**In the book.** Compare Cinificatum, the dictionary’s more general ash vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Æstphara is the burning of flesh, or the substance of the body, into ashes.

#### Meaning

This is an operation term defined by both its starting material and its result. Flesh or bodily substance is the object; ash is the endpoint. The wording concerns an actual change in material condition within the historical account, rather than supplying a metaphorical meaning by itself. When encountered in a symbolic passage, any additional interpretation must come from that passage.

#### Use in the book

Compare Cinificatum, the dictionary’s more general ash vocabulary. Æstphara is narrower because it specifies bodily material.

#### Places to read

[Cinificatum](#CD0170). A material reduced to ash by burning.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Æstphara ; compare Cinificatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Cinificatum](#CD0170)

<a id="CD0013"></a>
### Alchymia

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Alchemy defined as a work of separating impurity.

**In the book.** Chymia expands the same formulation by adding the making of essences.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Alchymia is the separation of what is impure from a purer substance.

#### Meaning

This definition makes separation the organizing action of the art. It does not begin with the production of gold, a catalogue of apparatus, or a promise of universal knowledge. The object of the work is a relation between impurity and a purer substance. That wording lets the definition encompass more than one material and more than one kind of preparation.

The comparative “purer” is important. It directs attention to an improvement or distinction in condition, without necessarily asserting that the resulting substance is absolutely pure. A reader should therefore inspect what a particular author calls impurity, what is retained, and what is rejected. Those decisions carry much of the meaning of an operation. The dictionary’s one sentence leaves their details to the passages being interpreted.

Separation is also a useful way to organize apparently different operations. A writer may describe a liquid rising while a residue remains, a prepared portion being removed from a mixture, or a substance being freed from an unwanted associate. Whether those cases instantiate Alchymia depends on their stated purpose and result. The definition supplies a broad aim rather than a universal sequence of laboratory steps.

#### Use in the book

Chymia expands the same formulation by adding the making of essences. Spagiria provides another entry point into the named art, while Spagirus concerns its practitioner. Reading these related entries together reveals a vocabulary of action, product and expertise. It does not establish that every writer uses every word with exactly the same boundaries.

Several material entries show how purification is expressed locally. Alcali is identified by extraction from ash or calx. Caput mortuum names what remains after distillation or sublimation. Alembrot purified is a qualified form distinguished from the nearby Alembroth. Such entries help a reader trace what happens to a material instead of treating its name as unchanged throughout the work.

Cautela adds a further dimension: habitual skill makes labor easier and operations more effective in the dictionary’s account. The art therefore appears here not only as a set of nouns, but as a practice requiring judgment. This connection helps explain why a dictionary can clarify terms while still leaving the successful conduct of an operation dependent on experience.

#### Places to read

[Chymia](#CD0165). An art defined through separation and the production of essences.

[Spagiria](#CD0614). A name commonly used for alchemy.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

#### In this edition

When using this edition, begin with the historical sentence, then follow the particular operation or substance named in the passage before you. If an author links purification to medicine, metalworking or a philosophical account of nature, that application should be stated with its own evidence. The short definition itself does not settle all those fields.

Likewise, “pure” and “impure” should be read first as the historical author’s classifications. They can concern the portion thought valuable or effective within a preparation. Our explanatory notes distinguish that historical evaluation from a modern claim about chemical composition. The most useful question is what distinction the text is making and how its described work is meant to produce it.

A useful reading note can therefore distinguish four roles: the art’s aim, the operation performed, the product sought and the practitioner’s skill. The related entries distribute those roles across different names. Keeping them separate makes a philosophical definition easier to apply to an actual passage.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alchymia ; compare Chymia, Spagiria, Spagirus, Alcali, Caput mortuum, Alembrot, Alembroth, Cautela](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Chymia](#CD0165); [Spagiria](#CD0614); [Spagirus](#CD0615); [Alcali](#CD0012); [Caput mortuum](#CD0138); [Alembrot](#CD0018); [Alembroth](#CD0019); [Cautela](#CD0147)

<a id="CD0023"></a>
### Amalgama

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The formation of a metal paste with quicksilver.

**In the book.** The entry is also useful beside the philosophical Mercury vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Amalgama is the making of gold, silver or another metal into a paste with quicksilver.

#### Meaning

This entry defines an action through its materials and the condition produced. Gold and silver are examples rather than an exhaustive list; quicksilver is the common participant; a paste is the named result. The wording is therefore more informative than a bare equation between Amalgama and a single metal mixture. It records what the practitioner is doing to the metal.

In a historical passage, distinguish the forming of this paste from later operations performed upon it. A writer may retain the same material name while describing a changed condition, but the dictionary’s definition covers the act of combining into the stated form. It does not give proportions, temperature or a complete sequence.

#### Use in the book

The entry is also useful beside the philosophical Mercury vocabulary. Here the account explicitly joins quicksilver to familiar metals and a recognizable material texture. A passage concerning Anima or Aquila Philosophorum may operate with a wider or differently qualified Mercury concept.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

[Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063). The philosophers’ eagle explained as metallic first matter.

[Anima](#CD0040). A designation of “our Mercury” through the language of soul.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Amalgama ; compare Mercurius Crudus, Aquila Philosophorum, Anima](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445); [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Anima](#CD0040)

<a id="CD0051"></a>
### Anthonor

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two furnace names with a deliberately broad definition.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Anthonor, or Athonar, is a furnace.

#### Meaning

The entry names apparatus without specifying its form or fuel. It is consequently useful as a recognition aid, but insufficient for reconstructing a furnace. The nearby Athanor entry offers a fuller discussion within the spagyrical art; its resemblance in name invites comparison without erasing the exact spellings preserved here.

A reader should distinguish a general furnace reference from a named heating arrangement. Balneum Mariæ, for example, introduces water as part of its arrangement, while Reverberatorium names another apparatus family. Such qualifications matter more to the described work than a modern reader’s expectation that every furnace name denotes one standardized design.

#### Places to read

[Athanor](#CD0085). A spagyrical furnace whose use is not confined to one function.

[Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098). A water bath used to warm vessels for several kinds of work.

[Reverberatorium](#CD0561). A furnace defined by flame calcination.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anthonor ; compare Athanor, Balneum Mariæ, Reverberatorium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Athanor](#CD0085); [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098); [Reverberatorium](#CD0561)

<a id="CD0085"></a>
### Athanor

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spagyrical furnace whose use is not confined to one function.

**In the book.** Anthonor supplies a brief furnace gloss, and Reverberatorium gives another route into the specific apparatus vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336.

#### Historical definition

Athanor, or Athanar, is a furnace in the spagyrical art, especially a reverberatory furnace, though it is sometimes used otherwise as the craftsman chooses.

#### Meaning

The dictionary supplies a principal association and then explicitly permits variation. It particularly connects the name with a reverberatory, while allowing the craftsman to employ it otherwise. A modern illustration of one furnace should therefore not be treated as the only possible historical referent. The stated flexibility belongs to the definition itself.

For reading, separate the apparatus name from the use described in a particular operation. The same named furnace may be employed differently, and a passage’s account of heating, vessel placement or intended result can supply the relevant distinction. The entry alone does not reconstruct the furnace’s dimensions or fuel arrangement.

#### Use in the book

Anthonor supplies a brief furnace gloss, and Reverberatorium gives another route into the specific apparatus vocabulary. Balneum Mariæ describes a water-mediated arrangement. These connections are useful for comparing kinds of heating without treating every furnace as identical.

#### Places to read

[Anthonor](#CD0051). Two furnace names with a deliberately broad definition.

[Reverberatorium](#CD0561). A furnace defined by flame calcination.

[Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098). A water bath used to warm vessels for several kinds of work.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Athanor ; compare Anthonor, Reverberatorium, Balneum Mariæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**See also.** [Anthonor](#CD0051); [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098)

<a id="CD0088"></a>
### Augurista

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A diviner defined by media, bird signs and a hostile evaluation.

**In the book.** Berillus and Berillistica provide related mirror or crystal vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336.

#### Historical definition

Augurista is a superstitious practitioner who works with looking-glasses, crystals and waters, and especially with the singing and flight of birds, to foretell events. The practitioner also observes other rites for the same purpose.

#### Meaning

The entry does two things: it describes practices and judges them superstitious. Its media include reflective or transparent objects and water, while bird song and flight receive particular emphasis. Those concrete details identify the kind of practitioner intended more clearly than a general replacement such as “magician.”

The judgement belongs to the historical dictionary’s voice. Our explanation preserves it as evidence of how the author separates accepted from rejected kinds of knowledge. A term can be technically informative and polemical at the same time. The dictionary does not present a neutral taxonomy of every practitioner it names.

#### Use in the book

Berillus and Berillistica provide related mirror or crystal vocabulary. Divinatio and Sortilegium open neighbouring categories of foretelling. Their comparison can reveal the differences among media, methods and evaluations within the book.

#### Places to read

[Berillus](#CD0106). A divinatory looking-glass described with a critical judgement.

[Berillistica](#CD0105). A practice of viewing visions in the glasses described under Berillus.

[Divinatio](#CD0237). A general term for foretelling.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Augurista ; compare Berillus, Berillistica, Divinatio, Sortilegium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**See also.** [Berillus](#CD0106); [Berillistica](#CD0105); [Divinatio](#CD0237); [Sortilegium](#CD0613)

<a id="CD0098"></a>
### Balneum Mariæ

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A water bath used to warm vessels for several kinds of work.

**In the book.** Balneum roris changes the relation between the vessels and water by describing a vapour arrangement.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338.

#### Historical definition

Balneum Mariæ, or Maris as many call it, is a distilling furnace containing water. Chemical vessels are placed in the warm water for putrefying the matter they contain, for separation, and for operations involving such moist ascents.

#### Meaning

The arrangement distinguishes the water that transmits warmth from the matter inside the chemical vessels. The vessels are placed in warm water; their contents undergo the intended process. Confusing those levels would turn an apparatus description into an instruction to mix water directly with the matter.

The entry lists several purposes, including putrefaction and separation, rather than making the bath the name of one operation. “Moist ascents” belongs to the description of the work carried on in that arrangement. The dictionary gives a configuration and a range of uses, not a single standardized temperature or vessel design.

#### Use in the book

Balneum roris changes the relation between the vessels and water by describing a vapour arrangement. Comparing the two entries makes their spatial differences visible and helps a reader follow a historical heating description.

#### Places to read

[Balneum roris](#CD0099). A vapour-heated arrangement distinguished from the water bath.

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Cucurbita](#CD0215). A gourd-shaped vessel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Balneum Mariæ ; compare Balneum roris, Digestio, Cucurbita](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**See also.** [Balneum roris](#CD0099); [Digestio](#CD0233); [Cucurbita](#CD0215)

<a id="CD0099"></a>
### Balneum roris

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vapour-heated arrangement distinguished from the water bath.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338.

#### Historical definition

Balneum roris is a furnace in which the distillation vessels are placed over the water’s vapour alone, so that the vapour does not touch the body. It is also called a vaporous furnace.

#### Meaning

The definition’s spatial relations matter: the vessels are over vapour, and the vapour is said not to touch the body. “Body” here belongs to the material being worked rather than necessarily to the outside of the apparatus. The historical sentence is compressed, so a diagram or a more detailed passage would be needed before reconstructing every part of the arrangement.

Compare Balneum Mariæ, where the chemical vessels are placed in warm water. The distinction concerns how warmth reaches the vessel and its contents. Neither name should be read simply as a synonym for any bath or furnace. The alternative name “vaporous furnace” is useful in following different descriptions of the same stated arrangement.

#### Places to read

[Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098). A water bath used to warm vessels for several kinds of work.

[Cucurbita](#CD0215). A gourd-shaped vessel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Balneum roris ; compare Balneum Mariæ, Cucurbita](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**See also.** [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098); [Cucurbita](#CD0215)

<a id="CD0106"></a>
### Berillus

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A divinatory looking-glass described with a critical judgement.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Berillus is a crystalline looking-glass superstitiously consecrated by augurs.

#### Meaning

The definition combines the object’s character, its consecration and its users. The glass is described as crystalline, and the augurs’ treatment of it is called superstitious. The entry is therefore more than a neutral material description. The evaluative word tells us how the dictionary positions this use of the object.

It does not give enough information to reconstruct the glass’s shape or to identify one modern optical instrument. Berillistica supplies the associated act of observing visions, while Augurista describes a practitioner. Those links are more secure than an unsupported reconstruction based on the name alone.

#### Places to read

[Berillistica](#CD0105). A practice of viewing visions in the glasses described under Berillus.

[Augurista](#CD0088). A diviner defined by media, bird signs and a hostile evaluation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Berillus ; compare Berillistica, Augurista](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**See also.** [Berillistica](#CD0105); [Augurista](#CD0088)

<a id="CD0138"></a>
### Caput mortuum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The material left behind by distillation or sublimation.

**In the book.** Chymus supplies feces or residue vocabulary, while Sublimatio gives one of the named processes.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Caput mortuum is the residue remaining after distillation and sublimation.

#### Meaning

The term defines a material by its position in an operation: it is what remains after the named process. That is different from identifying a fixed ingredient before the work begins. Its particular composition therefore depends on the starting matter and treatment, which the entry does not specify.

The head-expression is figurative, but the definition gives a concrete operational role. A reader can follow what rises or is removed and what is left. The residue need not have one universal appearance merely because different authors call it Caput mortuum.

#### Use in the book

Chymus supplies feces or residue vocabulary, while Sublimatio gives one of the named processes. Read them together to distinguish the operation from the portion left by it. Caput corvi, by contrast, is directly glossed as antimony and should remain separate.

#### Places to read

[Chymus](#CD0168). A residue term rather than the name of one fixed material.

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

[Caput corvi](#CD0137). A raven-head expression identified with antimony.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Caput mortuum ; compare Chymus, Sublimatio, Caput corvi](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Chymus](#CD0168); [Sublimatio](#CD0626); [Caput corvi](#CD0137)

<a id="CD0147"></a>
### Cautela

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Practised judgement and dexterity acquired through repeated work.

**In the book.** Alchymia and Chymia name the art through separation and the making of essences, while Spagirus names a practitioner capable of distinguishing and separating.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cautela in the spagyrical art is a skill acquired through habit, by which practitioners more easily perform their labours and perfect their operations.

#### Meaning

The entry explains competence as something acquired through habit. Its subject is not a substance or a hidden recipe, but a quality of practice that makes work easier and operations more effective. The historical word “industry” is therefore best clarified through skill and application, rather than a modern economic meaning.

The result is also twofold: reduced difficulty in labour and improvement in the operations themselves. A reader should preserve both. The dictionary presents a practitioner’s experience as relevant to the work’s outcome, not merely to speed. This helps explain why the same named procedure may require judgement rather than mechanical repetition.

#### Use in the book

Alchymia and Chymia name the art through separation and the making of essences, while Spagirus names a practitioner capable of distinguishing and separating. Cautela adds the acquired practical capacity that connects the art’s stated aims with its conduct.

#### Places to read

[Alchymia](#CD0013). Alchemy defined as a work of separating impurity.

[Chymia](#CD0165). An art defined through separation and the production of essences.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cautela ; compare Alchymia, Chymia, Spagirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Alchymia](#CD0013); [Chymia](#CD0165); [Spagirus](#CD0615)

<a id="CD0148"></a>
### Cauterium

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name shared by a burning instrument and a medicine credited with a similar effect.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cauterium is a surgical instrument that opens the skin by burning. It is also a medicine said to produce the same effect without pain.

#### Meaning

The definition explicitly offers two kinds of agent: an instrument and a medicinal preparation. Their common point is the opening of the skin, but their described means differ. A reader must identify which kind the passage concerns before deciding what object or material is intended.

The painless effect attributed to the medicine is a claim of the historical entry, not a verified promise. The dictionary gives no formula or method for it. Preserving the two senses makes the passage clearer without turning an old gloss into an instruction for present-day treatment.

#### Places to read

[Escara](#CD0256). Dead flesh described as the result of a caustic action.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cauterium ; compare Escara](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Escara](#CD0256)

<a id="CD0150"></a>
### Cementum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dry metal-working operation using salts or similar materials.

**In the book.** Cineritium and Regale provide related cement vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cementum is a dry corrosion in which a metallic body is calcined with salts or other drying materials.

#### Meaning

The definition explains the term through a process, even though the name may look like an ordinary material noun. A metallic body is acted upon; salts or other drying things participate; calcination and dry corrosion describe the change. The distinction between the metal and the assisting materials should remain visible.

“Dry” is significant beside the dictionary’s corrosive-liquor vocabulary. The entry does not define every corrosion as a liquid treatment. Nor does it name a single metal or mixture that must always be used. A historical recipe must supply those details.

#### Use in the book

Cineritium and Regale provide related cement vocabulary. Aqua corrodens supplies a useful contrasting entry for corrosive liquids. Together they help the reader distinguish a broad action from particular materials and arrangements used to produce it.

#### Places to read

[Cineritium](#CD0169). A cement associated with gold or silver, also named Regale.

[Regale](#CD0554). A cement used in the purification of gold.

[Aqua corrodens](#CD0055). A liquid category defined by corrosive action, including vinegar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cementum ; compare Cineritium, Regale, Aqua corrodens](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Cineritium](#CD0169); [Regale](#CD0554); [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055)

<a id="CD0151"></a>
### Cenigdam

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A skull-opening instrument named in a historical surgical context.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cenigdam, or Ceningotam, is a surgical instrument used to open the skull during fits of epilepsy.

#### Meaning

The definition gives the object, its action and the condition in which it was said to be employed. It does not supply an instrument design or establish that the intervention was effective. The final clause is evidence for the source’s historical account of treatment, not a present-day recommendation.

Both spellings should be preserved in the index. A reader can then recognize the term as an instrument rather than search for a medicine or material with a similar name. The exact action described—opening the skull—is necessary to distinguish it from surgical tools generally.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cenigdam](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

<a id="CD0165"></a>
### Chymia

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An art defined through separation and the production of essences.

**In the book.** Alchymia gives the closely related separation formula, while Spagiria names the art in common usage and Spagirus describes its practitioner.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Chymia is the art of separating pure from impure and making essences.

#### Meaning

The definition combines an operation with a kind of result. Separation distinguishes pure from impure; making essences describes a further aim of the art. Both clauses matter. A summary concerned only with metallic transmutation would omit the purposes explicitly stated here.

The entry leaves purity and essence to be specified by particular works. A reader should ask what is removed, what is retained and what the author calls the essence obtained. These questions make the definition useful across different materials without converting it into one universal recipe.

#### Use in the book

Alchymia gives the closely related separation formula, while Spagiria names the art in common usage and Spagirus describes its practitioner. Essentia quinta and Quintessentia offer further routes into essence vocabulary. Together they connect the art’s names with its actions and desired products.

#### Places to read

[Alchymia](#CD0013). Alchemy defined as a work of separating impurity.

[Spagiria](#CD0614). A name commonly used for alchemy.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chymia ; compare Alchymia, Spagiria, Spagirus, Essentia quinta, Quintessentia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Alchymia](#CD0013); [Spagiria](#CD0614); [Spagirus](#CD0615); [Essentia quinta](#CD0260); [Quintessentia](#CD0544)

<a id="CD0168"></a>
### Chymus

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A residue term rather than the name of one fixed material.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Chymus is feces or residue.

#### Meaning

The historical identifying word concerns matter left or rejected in a process. The entry does not specify the starting substance or operation, so a precise composition cannot be inferred from the headword alone. The surrounding passage must identify what remains and what has been removed.

Caput mortuum gives a more operationally qualified example: residue after distillation or sublimation. Caseus præparatus describes a viscous settled residue in a dairy setting. These comparisons show why a general residue word can apply to materially different things without making them interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Caput mortuum](#CD0138). The material left behind by distillation or sublimation.

[Caseus præparatus](#CD0143). A dairy residue identified by consistency and where it settles.

[Excrementa](#CD0266). Superfluities described through expulsion by Nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chymus ; compare Caput mortuum, Caseus præparatus, Excrementa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Caput mortuum](#CD0138); [Caseus præparatus](#CD0143); [Excrementa](#CD0266)

<a id="CD0169"></a>
### Cineritium

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A cement associated with gold or silver, also named Regale.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cineritium is cement of gold or silver, which some call Regale.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a preparation through the metals involved and records an alternative name used by some authors. That qualification should remain: it does not establish that Regale has only this sense everywhere. The entry also does not state which metal or accompanying materials a particular passage intends.

Cementum supplies the related description of dry corrosion and calcination with salts or drying things. Read the process entry beside this material name, while preserving the difference between a named cement and the broader action. Gold and silver are alternatives in the historical definition, not a requirement that both always be present.

#### Places to read

[Cementum](#CD0150). A dry metal-working operation using salts or similar materials.

[Regale](#CD0554). A cement used in the purification of gold.

[Chrysos](#CD0167). A direct name equivalence for gold.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cineritium ; compare Cementum, Regale, Chrysos, Luna](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Cementum](#CD0150); [Regale](#CD0554); [Chrysos](#CD0167); [Luna](#CD0413)

<a id="CD0170"></a>
### Cinificatum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A material reduced to ash by burning.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cinificatum is the same as Calcinatum: that is, burnt to ashes.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies an operation and endpoint. It can therefore identify the condition of a material rather than one substance with a fixed composition. What has been burnt remains important to understanding the resulting ash.

The broad equation with Calcinatum should be read alongside the qualified Calcinatum majus and minus entries, which organize their subjects through sweetness and art. Qualifiers can substantially alter the explanation. Calx lignorum provides a straightforward material example, wood ash, while Æstphara specifies the burning of bodily substance.

#### Places to read

[Calx lignorum](#CD0127). A direct identification of a calx as ash from wood.

[Æstphara](#CD0007). The reduction of flesh or bodily substance to ash by burning.

[Calcinatum majus](#CD0120). An art-produced sweetness contrasted with natural sweetness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cinificatum ; compare Calx lignorum, Æstphara, Calcinatum majus, Calcinatum minus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Calx lignorum](#CD0127); [Æstphara](#CD0007); [Calcinatum majus](#CD0120); [Calcinatum minus](#CD0121)

<a id="CD0177"></a>
### Coagulatio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A change from a thinner to a thicker condition.

**In the book.** Congelativa and Colliquation provide neighbouring vocabulary for changes of condition, while Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus explicitly places coagulation in a qualified Mercury name.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Coagulatio is the making of a thin thing thick.

#### Meaning

The definition is deliberately broad. It describes a change in consistency rather than naming a single starting material or a particular modern chemical reaction. A reader should therefore identify what is becoming thicker and what the author calls thin in that setting. The word need not imply that every case produces the same kind of solid.

The form of the definition also makes Coagulatio an action term. It is not simply the name of the resulting product. A passage can distinguish the material before the change, the act of thickening and what remains afterward. Preserving those stages prevents the name of an operation from being mistaken for an ingredient.

#### Use in the book

Congelativa and Colliquation provide neighbouring vocabulary for changes of condition, while Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus explicitly places coagulation in a qualified Mercury name. The connection demonstrates that the same broad action can be described through natural agency or through a particular material context. The source passage must establish the mechanism and result in each case.

#### Places to read

[Congelativa](#CD0194). Medicines classified by stopping a bodily flow.

[Colliquation](#CD0188). Melting understood through the example of metals.

[Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](#CD0443). Mercury coagulated by Nature is defined broadly as a solid metal.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Coagulatio ; compare Congelativa, Colliquation, Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Congelativa](#CD0194); [Colliquation](#CD0188); [Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](#CD0443)

<a id="CD0180"></a>
### Cœlum Spagiricum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The upper region of a vessel named as a spagyrical heaven.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cœlum Spagiricum is the upper part of a philosophical vessel.

#### Meaning

The definition locates the term in apparatus. The heaven is the vessel’s upper part, not necessarily the celestial sky or the universal medicine of Cœlum Philosophorum. This spatial gloss is particularly useful when a passage describes matter rising, condensing or returning within a vessel: the immediate setting may be the apparatus rather than the cosmos. Such an application must still be confirmed by the passage.

The entry gives no vessel shape or specified component. It identifies a region, leaving the particular arrangement open. Ovum Philosophicum and Cucurbita supply related vessel vocabulary, while the other Cœlum entries make the alternative uses of heaven-language visible.

#### Places to read

[Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179). The philosophers’ heaven explained through quintessence and universal medicine.

[Cœli planetarum](#CD0178). The planets’ own orbs and spheres.

[Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511). An egg-shaped glass vessel for philosophical operations.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cœlum Spagiricum ; compare Cœlum Philosophorum, Cœli planetarum, Ovum Philosophicum, Cucurbita](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179); [Cœli planetarum](#CD0178); [Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511); [Cucurbita](#CD0215)

<a id="CD0181"></a>
### Cohobatio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Repeated distillation involving the return of the drawn liquid to its source body.

**In the book.** Cohopb and Cohop are explicit alternative names for this operation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cohobatio is the repeated drawing off of a liquid from its body, with the liquid repeatedly poured back upon it.

#### Meaning

Repetition gives this operation its identity. A liquid is drawn from a body, returned to that body, and drawn off again. The definition therefore names a relation between the collected liquid and the matter from which it came; simply collecting several portions of a distillate would not express the whole description. “Body” means the material subject of the work and does not restrict it to an animal body.

The entry provides an outline of an operation, without saying what substance undergoes it or what product results. Nor does it specify how many repetitions are required. Those details must come from the passage in which the term occurs. The return of the liquid is an essential part of the meaning, while a particular apparatus or number of cycles is left open.

#### Use in the book

Cohopb and Cohop are explicit alternative names for this operation. Compare Diota, a circulating vessel: that entry identifies equipment through the movement it enables, whereas Cohobatio identifies the repeated treatment itself. Digestio provides a different account of preparation, framed through the separation of pure from impure. These terms can occur within one work without becoming synonyms.

#### Places to read

[Cohopb](#CD0182). Two alternative names for cohobation.

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Diota](#CD0234). A vessel identified by circulation.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition makes the return of the liquid explicit because “being oft put upon it” can be easy to overlook. It does not turn the description into a laboratory protocol or supply conditions absent from the historical text.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cohobatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Cohopb](#CD0182); [Digestio](#CD0233); [Diota](#CD0234)

<a id="CD0182"></a>
### Cohopb

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two alternative names for cohobation.

**In the book.** Read the detailed entry before interpreting either form in a passage.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cohopb, or Cohop, is the same as cohobation.

#### Meaning

The entry is a cross-reference rather than a second account of the process. Its two spellings lead to Cohobatio, where a liquid is repeatedly drawn from a body and returned to it. The unusual final b in Cohopb belongs to the printed headword; it should remain searchable alongside the shorter Cohop.

#### Use in the book

Read the detailed entry before interpreting either form in a passage. The dictionary supplies no separate substance, vessel or product under this heading, so the variant spelling does not justify creating an additional operation.

#### Places to read

[Cohobatio](#CD0181). Repeated distillation involving the return of the drawn liquid to its source body.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cohopb](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Cohobatio](#CD0181)

<a id="CD0188"></a>
### Colliquation

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Melting understood through the example of metals.

**In the book.** Fusio is the close parallel: it means melting or making something flow in fire.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Colliquation is melting, as metals are melted.

#### Meaning

The metal example fixes the sense of a word that might otherwise be mistaken for any passage into a liquid condition. It describes melting, rather than the dictionary’s distinct account of dissolving a coagulated body in a cold place.

#### Use in the book

Fusio is the close parallel: it means melting or making something flow in fire. Deliquium names cold dissolution. Read together, the entries encourage attention to how a material becomes liquid, without supplying temperatures or a universal scheme of physical states.

#### Places to read

[Deliquium](#CD0221). Dissolution of a coagulated body in a cold setting.

[Fusio](#CD0296). An operation defined by melting and flow in fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Colliquation](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Deliquium](#CD0221); [Fusio](#CD0296)

<a id="CD0205"></a>
### Cornu cervi

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name shared by a part of distilling equipment and a wound-related herb.

**In the book.** Cucurbita and Cyphantum also belong to the vocabulary of distillation, but name vessels.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cornu cervi, among chymists, is the nose of a still; in Paracelsus it is a vulnerary herb.

#### Meaning

This entry explicitly divides its senses by usage. Among chymists it denotes the nose of a still, a part of apparatus. In Paracelsus it denotes an herb characterised as vulnerary, or associated with wounds. The compiler’s two attributions are the guide to disambiguation.

A reader should consequently begin with what the sentence is doing. A reference to equipment and the passage of liquid may support the first sense; a botanical or medical discussion may support the second. Neither setting can be assumed from the headword in isolation. The entry does not tell us which herb the second sense identifies.

#### Use in the book

Cucurbita and Cyphantum also belong to the vocabulary of distillation, but name vessels. Consolidativa describes a surgical class in which healing wounds is part of the stated purpose. These comparisons illuminate the two contexts while leaving the compiler’s specific botanical identification open.

#### Places to read

[Consolidativa](#CD0197). External surgical preparations classified by healing and drying.

[Cucurbita](#CD0215). A gourd-shaped vessel.

[Cyphantum](#CD0218). A name that can denote equipment or the art performed with it.

#### In this edition

Both senses appear in the modernised definition. Choosing one as the main meaning and treating the other as an incidental curiosity would conceal the entry’s principal lesson about context-dependent terminology.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cornu cervi](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Consolidativa](#CD0197); [Cucurbita](#CD0215); [Cyphantum](#CD0218)

<a id="CD0215"></a>
### Cucurbita

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A gourd-shaped vessel.

**In the book.** Cyphantum names a distilling vessel or the art itself; Diota a circulating vessel.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cucurbita is a vessel shaped like a gourd.

#### Meaning

Shape supplies the definition. The entry does not specify the material from which the vessel is made, its dimensions, or the particular work performed in it. A reader can recognise the general form while taking those further details from the passage or illustration in view.

#### Use in the book

Cyphantum names a distilling vessel or the art itself; Diota a circulating vessel. These terms describe equipment through different features: shape, purpose or movement. They should not be treated as interchangeable labels for every vessel used in a chymical work.

#### Places to read

[Cyphantum](#CD0218). A name that can denote equipment or the art performed with it.

[Diota](#CD0234). A vessel identified by circulation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cucurbita](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Cyphantum](#CD0218); [Diota](#CD0234)

<a id="CD0218"></a>
### Cyphantum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name that can denote equipment or the art performed with it.

**In the book.** Cucurbita names a vessel through its gourd-like shape, Diota through circulation, and Cohobatio through repeated treatment of liquid and body.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Cyphantum is a distilling vessel, or the art of distillation itself.

#### Meaning

The two senses cross the distinction between an object and an activity. Cyphantum can name a vessel used in distillation or the art itself. The surrounding sentence must decide whether an author is referring to equipment or to a practice.

This explicit alternative is worth preserving in translation. A mechanical replacement by “still” everywhere could make an author’s discussion of an art sound like a description of an object. Conversely, an abstract translation would obscure references to the vessel.

#### Use in the book

Cucurbita names a vessel through its gourd-like shape, Diota through circulation, and Cohobatio through repeated treatment of liquid and body. Together they provide several scales of description within a work: an object, a kind of vessel and an operation. Cyphantum is distinctive because its definition expressly permits both equipment and art.

#### Places to read

[Cohobatio](#CD0181). Repeated distillation involving the return of the drawn liquid to its source body.

[Cucurbita](#CD0215). A gourd-shaped vessel.

[Diota](#CD0234). A vessel identified by circulation.

#### In this edition

The source does not specify a design. The edition therefore does not supply a diagram or a modern apparatus equivalent merely from this definition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cyphantum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Cohobatio](#CD0181); [Cucurbita](#CD0215); [Diota](#CD0234)

<a id="CD0221"></a>
### Deliquium

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Dissolution of a coagulated body in a cold setting.

**In the book.** Grilla describes vitriol dissolved of its own accord into water.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Deliquium is a cold descent: coagulated bodies are dissolved into a liquid in a cold place.

#### Meaning

Coldness distinguishes this description from melting through fire. The starting subject is a coagulated body, and the reported result is a liquid. “Descent” is retained because it is part of the historical classification; the entry does not explain a universal physical mechanism by which the change occurs.

Read the definition as an account of a condition and a transformation, rather than as a list of materials that necessarily undergo it. The word “coagulated” also carries the dictionary’s broad language of forming a body, rather than a single modern biological sense.

#### Use in the book

Grilla describes vitriol dissolved of its own accord into water. Gravus concerns a stone used like marble to dissolve things in the cold. Colliquation and Fusio instead describe melting. These comparisons show why simply translating every operation as liquefaction would lose distinctions the compiler makes.

#### Places to read

[Colliquation](#CD0188). Melting understood through the example of metals.

[Fusio](#CD0296). An operation defined by melting and flow in fire.

[Gravus](#CD0314). A stone identified through a name and a use in cold dissolution.

#### In this edition

The definition supplies no temperature, duration or preparation. The edition keeps the contrast between cold dissolution and melting without converting the short gloss into an experimental instruction.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Deliquium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Colliquation](#CD0188); [Fusio](#CD0296); [Gravus](#CD0314); [Grilla](#CD0315)

<a id="CD0224"></a>
### Descensorium

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A furnace characterised by downward separation of liquid.

**In the book.** Cohobatio concerns repeated drawing off and returning of liquid, while Diota names a circulating vessel.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Descensorium is a chymical furnace in which liquid falls downward from the gross matter.

#### Meaning

Direction supplies the defining feature. Liquid falls downward from the grosser matter within the arrangement described. The term therefore concerns equipment through the movement it allows, rather than through a particular furnace shape or material.

The dictionary does not state what subject is treated or what the descending liquid contains. Nor does it provide a drawing from which a complete design could be reconstructed.

#### Use in the book

Cohobatio concerns repeated drawing off and returning of liquid, while Diota names a circulating vessel. Cucurbita identifies a gourd-shaped vessel. Such entries give different clues about apparatus and operations: direction, repetition, circulation and shape. Keeping those clues separate is useful when reading a text that mentions several pieces of equipment.

#### Places to read

[Cohobatio](#CD0181). Repeated distillation involving the return of the drawn liquid to its source body.

[Cucurbita](#CD0215). A gourd-shaped vessel.

[Diota](#CD0234). A vessel identified by circulation.

#### In this edition

The phrase “gross matter” is retained as the historical contrast to the separated liquid. It is not an analytical specification of a residue.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Descensorium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Cohobatio](#CD0181); [Cucurbita](#CD0215); [Diota](#CD0234)

<a id="CD0233"></a>
### Digestio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

**In the book.** Fimus equinus broadens the practical vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Digestio is a chymical operation compared with the digestion of a human stomach: the matter is prepared through decoction into a separation of pure from impure.

#### Meaning

The dictionary explains an operation by analogy with a human stomach. That analogy supplies an intelligible model of preparing matter, while the stated result is a separation of pure from impure. The entry consequently connects a bodily activity with chymical work without saying that the materials or conditions of the two are identical.

The word decoction belongs to the description of preparation. In this short definition it does not carry a prescribed duration, vessel or degree of heat. The subject is simply “the matter.” A particular passage must identify that subject and explain what is counted pure or impure in the work.

The order of ideas is useful. Digestion is not merely waiting for something to change; it is an operation whose description includes preparation and discrimination. At the same time, the definition gives no universal visible sign by which successful separation can be recognised. The reader should resist supplying such a sign from a different work.

#### Use in the book

Fimus equinus broadens the practical vocabulary. It describes a digestion made in different ways, including horse dung, warm ashes or water. The point of that entry is the range of means under one operational term, rather than an assertion that the name always requires horse dung. Mensis Philosophicus gives forty days as the full time of digestion in its particular gloss. That number should remain attached to the defined philosophical month rather than being applied automatically to every occurrence of Digestio.

Other entries use digestion to locate a material within a sequence. Cruor salis is salt separated through a fault in the second digestion. Cohobatio describes repeated drawing off and return of a liquid; Compositum names an unseparated body; Extractum names what is taken from bodily concretion while grossness remains behind. Together these entries help readers follow the relation between the subject, its treatment and selected products.

These relationships also clarify why a chymical operation can be described with language familiar from living bodies. The stomach analogy makes transformation and separation thinkable within one vocabulary. It does not establish that the author is describing a modern digestive process in every substance.

#### Places to read

[Cohobatio](#CD0181). Repeated distillation involving the return of the drawn liquid to its source body.

[Compositum](#CD0191). A compound body considered before separation.

[Cruor salis](#CD0214). A salt distinguished by separation and an unsuccessful second digestion.

#### In this edition

“Prepared through decoction” is used in the modernised definition to preserve the historical process without pretending that one English verb settles every instance of the operation. The commentary keeps attention on the comparison the source actually makes.

In reading an extended passage, identify the matter first, then the means and purpose assigned to digestion there. Distinguish those explicit details from this dictionary’s short general account. Doing so makes the term useful across different texts while preventing an isolated gloss from becoming a reconstructed procedure.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Digestio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Cohobatio](#CD0181); [Compositum](#CD0191); [Cruor salis](#CD0214); [Extractum](#CD0269); [Fimus equinus](#CD0283); [Mensis Philosophicus](#CD0442)

<a id="CD0234"></a>
### Diota

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vessel identified by circulation.

**In the book.** Cucurbita supplies a shape-based vessel name, whereas Cyphantum can mean a distilling vessel or the art itself.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Diota is a circulating vessel.

#### Meaning

The vessel is named through a movement or relation associated with its use. The definition gives no drawing, material, size or arrangement of its parts. It is consequently enough to recognise the functional category without inventing a design.

#### Use in the book

Cucurbita supplies a shape-based vessel name, whereas Cyphantum can mean a distilling vessel or the art itself. Cohobatio concerns repeatedly drawing off and returning a liquid. These related terms can help interpret an apparatus passage, but the dictionary does not say that every circulating vessel performs precisely the same work.

#### Places to read

[Cohobatio](#CD0181). Repeated distillation involving the return of the drawn liquid to its source body.

[Cucurbita](#CD0215). A gourd-shaped vessel.

[Cyphantum](#CD0218). A name that can denote equipment or the art performed with it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Diota](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Cohobatio](#CD0181); [Cucurbita](#CD0215); [Cyphantum](#CD0218)

<a id="CD0244"></a>
### Edelphus

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A practitioner of foretelling by the elements.

**In the book.** Divinatio names foretelling in general.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Edelphus is someone who prognosticates through the nature of the elements.

#### Meaning

The word names a person through an attributed activity. The source of prognostication is the nature of the elements; the entry does not identify an instrument, rule or particular event to be foretold. Its scope is broader than a single elemental medium.

#### Use in the book

Divinatio names foretelling in general. Hydromancy concerns signs associated with water, while Pyromancy concerns fire. Those narrower headings clarify how an elemental setting can enter the dictionary’s account of prognostication, without supplying a complete method under Edelphus.

#### Places to read

[Divinatio](#CD0237). A general term for foretelling.

[Hydromancy](#CD0334). Foretelling through manifestations associated with water.

[Pyromancy](#CD0541). Divination through the signs of fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Edelphus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Divinatio](#CD0237); [Hydromancy](#CD0334); [Pyromancy](#CD0541)

<a id="CD0249"></a>
### Elevation

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An operation defined as subtilising a subject.

**In the book.** Exaltatio is likewise defined through subtilising.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Elevation is making a thing subtle.

#### Meaning

The definition concerns a change in the condition of a thing. “Subtle” is retained because the entry does not reduce that condition to one measurable feature. It gives no subject, instrument or prescribed sequence.

#### Use in the book

Exaltatio is likewise defined through subtilising. Sublimatio, however, gives the more specific description of dry matter forced upward by heat. Their proximity in vocabulary does not make every elevation a sublimation. Read the particular action described by the surrounding author before choosing a narrower operational meaning.

#### Places to read

[Exaltatio](#CD0265). An operation defined through subtilisation.

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Elevation](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Exaltatio](#CD0265); [Sublimatio](#CD0626)

<a id="CD0265"></a>
### Exaltatio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An operation defined through subtilisation.

**In the book.** Elevation has essentially the same short explanation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Exaltatio is the subtilising of a thing.

#### Meaning

The definition describes a change in a subject’s condition while leaving the subject open. It gives no apparatus, material or number of treatments. “Subtilising” is retained because replacing it with a particular physical operation would narrow the source without evidence.

#### Use in the book

Elevation has essentially the same short explanation. Sublimatio instead describes dry matter forced upward by heat. These related terms help a reader recognise a family of operational language while preserving the more specific features stated under a particular heading.

#### Places to read

[Elevation](#CD0249). An operation defined as subtilising a subject.

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Exaltatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Elevation](#CD0249); [Sublimatio](#CD0626)

<a id="CD0268"></a>
### Exorcista

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A practitioner of spirit-calling, condemned as superstitious by the dictionary.

**In the book.** Necromancy and Nigromancy receive fuller and disapproving descriptions elsewhere.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Exorcista is a superstitious practitioner who calls up spirits.

#### Meaning

The compiler’s judgement is part of the gloss. The practitioner is called superstitious and defined through calling up spirits. The entry supplies no ceremony, intention or description of the beings called.

#### Use in the book

Necromancy and Nigromancy receive fuller and disapproving descriptions elsewhere. Magia is divided into a lawful natural wisdom and an unlawful diabolical kind. These entries show that the dictionary evaluates practices as well as naming them. Exorcista should be read within that historical classification rather than as an endorsement.

#### Places to read

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

[Necromancy](#CD0477). A condemned art defined by the appearance and interrogation of the dead.

[Nigromancy](#CD0480). Apparent command of spirits, condemned as harmful to those who exercise it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Exorcista](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Magia](#CD0418); [Necromancy](#CD0477); [Nigromancy](#CD0480)

<a id="CD0269"></a>
### Extractum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A selected product distinguished from bodily concretion and its gross remainder.

**In the book.** Corpus is the subject in which virtues lie hidden.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Extractum is what is extracted from a corporeal concretion, with the grossness left behind.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a product through separation. Something is taken from a bodily concretion, while what is described as gross remains behind. It does not state that the starting body disappears or that the remainder has no further significance.

“Grossness” is a relative description within the work. The entry gives no measurement or analytical criterion for it. Similarly, “corporeal concretion” describes a formed bodily subject without restricting it to an anatomical body. A mineral or vegetable passage may employ the same vocabulary if the author’s context supports it.

#### Use in the book

Corpus is the subject in which virtues lie hidden. Compositum is a body not separated. Essentia quinta adds a stronger account of extracted matter purified from impurity and corruption into incorruptibility. These comparisons distinguish the subject, its unseparated state, and particular kinds of selected product. Not every Extractum is explicitly called a quintessence by this dictionary.

#### Places to read

[Compositum](#CD0191). A compound body considered before separation.

[Corpus](#CD0208). A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

[Essentia quinta](#CD0260). Quintessence described through extraction, purification and claimed incorruptibility.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition does not add a solvent or technique. Its interpretive value lies in following what is taken, what is left and how the surrounding author evaluates the difference.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Extractum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Compositum](#CD0191); [Corpus](#CD0208); [Essentia quinta](#CD0260)

<a id="CD0281"></a>
### Filtratio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Separation by straining through a named medium.

**In the book.** Extractum names what is taken from a bodily concretion while grossness remains behind.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Filtratio is straining a thing through woollen cloth, paper, or the like.

#### Meaning

The entry defines the operation through the action of straining and gives woollen cloth and paper as examples of its medium. The closing “and the like” leaves room for other materials serving that function. It does not specify what is strained or which portion an author intends to retain.

That last distinction matters in reading an operational passage. A separation can draw attention to what passes through, what stays behind, or both. The dictionary’s short gloss does not decide the value of either part for every work.

#### Use in the book

Extractum names what is taken from a bodily concretion while grossness remains behind. Digestio also concerns a separation of pure from impure, but through a different explanatory model. These comparisons show a shared interest in discrimination without making straining equivalent to every form of extraction or purification.

#### Places to read

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Extractum](#CD0269). A selected product distinguished from bodily concretion and its gross remainder.

#### In this edition

The edition retains the stated media and leaves mesh, grade and apparatus unspecified. Those details would belong to a particular historical description, not this general definition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Filtratio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Digestio](#CD0233); [Extractum](#CD0269)

<a id="CD0283"></a>
### Fimus equinus

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A digestion term whose listed means extend beyond horse dung.

**In the book.** Digestio explains the operation through the analogy of a stomach and separation of pure from impure.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fimus equinus is a digestion carried out in any manner, whether by horse dung, warm ashes, or water.

#### Meaning

The definition deliberately broadens the range suggested by its name. Horse dung is one means of digestion, but warm ashes and water are also included. It would therefore be too narrow to translate every occurrence as a statement that the work is actually performed in horse dung.

The common feature is digestion, not an identical material setting. The entry supplies alternatives without giving temperatures, durations or equipment for any of them.

#### Use in the book

Digestio explains the operation through the analogy of a stomach and separation of pure from impure. Mensis Philosophicus gives a particular time associated with digestion. Those entries provide an account of purpose and a separate measure of time; the listed means here do not make that time universal.

#### Places to read

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Mensis Philosophicus](#CD0442). A philosophical month measured as forty days of digestion.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition preserves all three examples. Its purpose is to clarify terminology, not to turn the examples into interchangeable procedures.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fimus equinus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Digestio](#CD0233); [Mensis Philosophicus](#CD0442)

<a id="CD0284"></a>
### Fixatio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An operation defined through resistance to loss or flight in fire.

**In the book.** Fermentum calls its subject fixed and attributes to it the power of bringing another matter to its own nature and fixedness.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fixatio is making something that flies in fire endure the fire.

#### Meaning

The definition establishes a before and after. Something initially flies in fire, and the work makes it endure the fire instead. The language concerns a change in the subject’s behaviour, without naming the subject or the operation’s means.

“Flies” is kept as the source’s image of departing or being carried away. The related entry Volatile describes a light matter carried upward. The connection is useful, but Fixatio itself does not classify the precise manner of flight or define a modern physical transformation.

“Endure” is equally important. The resulting subject is described in relation to fire, rather than as simply harder, heavier or different in colour. A passage that names fixation may therefore be concerned with resistance under a particular treatment, not just with an object’s ordinary solidity.

#### Use in the book

Fermentum calls its subject fixed and attributes to it the power of bringing another matter to its own nature and fixedness. Elixir gives the related account of a small part acting upon a whole mass. These connections make fixedness part of the dictionary’s explanation of an agent’s efficacy, rather than an isolated descriptive adjective.

Compositum is an unseparated body, while Coagulatio is making a thin thing thick. Those definitions should not be substituted for fixation. The dictionary supplies different operative distinctions: separation, thickening and enduring fire are not presented as the same condition. A material could be described through more than one distinction, but a reader needs the author’s own account to establish the relationship.

Volatile provides the close contrast, yet the pair should not be forced into a complete scheme unsupported by the entries. The dictionary tells us what a volatile matter does and what fixation is said to accomplish. It does not identify all substances that can be fixed or guarantee that one method applies to them all.

#### Places to read

[Coagulatio](#CD0177). A change from a thinner to a thicker condition.

[Compositum](#CD0191). A compound body considered before separation.

[Elixir](#CD0250). A transformative ferment, or a thing’s essence.

#### In this edition

The edition preserves the relative form of the explanation: what flies is made to endure. That is more faithful than supplying a modern numerical test or equating fixedness with one composition.

When following a historical argument, distinguish the starting subject, the change claimed for it and the evidence the author gives of endurance. The dictionary defines the goal in broad language; a longer passage must supply the further conditions. This keeps an important operational idea available without reconstructing an unmentioned recipe.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fixatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Coagulatio](#CD0177); [Compositum](#CD0191); [Elixir](#CD0250); [Fermentum](#CD0276); [Volatile](#CD0685)

<a id="CD0289"></a>
### Fons philosophorum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A philosophical fountain name referred to a bath term.

**In the book.** The link is a useful reminder that an apparently evocative name can lead to apparatus vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Fons philosophorum is Balneum Maris.

#### Meaning

The definition points to another named entry rather than describing a literal spring. Balneum Mariæ includes Maris as a form used by many writers and describes a furnace arrangement containing water. That cross-reference supplies the stated interpretive route.

#### Use in the book

The link is a useful reminder that an apparently evocative name can lead to apparatus vocabulary. It should not be expanded into an independent philosophical solvent or natural water source merely from the word fountain. Follow the explicit bath identification before deciding what a passage intends.

#### Places to read

[Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098). A water bath used to warm vessels for several kinds of work.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fons philosophorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098)

<a id="CD0295"></a>
### Fumigatio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Calcination described through the action of a corrosive fume.

**In the book.** Colcothar names a calcined material, whereas Fumigatio names an operation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Fumigatio is calcining a thing with a sharp, corrosive fume.

#### Meaning

The means of treatment is essential: the matter is calcined with a sharp, corrosive fume. The definition therefore gives more than a general reference to smoke or scent. It identifies a reported action upon a subject, while leaving both the subject and the source of the fume unstated.

The adjectives describe the historical agent’s activity. They do not specify a particular gas or modern reagent, and the entry gives no apparatus, quantity or duration.

#### Use in the book

Colcothar names a calcined material, whereas Fumigatio names an operation. Corrosiva is a medical class defined through an eating-away action. Fusio concerns melting in fire. These distinctions help readers follow whether a passage is naming the treatment, its product or a different type of change.

#### Places to read

[Colcothar](#CD0184). Vitriol named through calcination or through the residue of its oil.

[Corrosiva](#CD0210). Surgical preparations classified by removal of excess flesh.

[Fusio](#CD0296). An operation defined by melting and flow in fire.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition retains fume and corrosion without supplying a practical reconstruction. A specific preparation needs evidence from the author’s actual account.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fumigatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Colcothar](#CD0184); [Corrosiva](#CD0210); [Fusio](#CD0296)

<a id="CD0296"></a>
### Fusio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An operation defined by melting and flow in fire.

**In the book.** Colliquation gives melting through the example of metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Fusio is melting, or making a thing flow in fire.

#### Meaning

The second clause explains the first through a subject’s behaviour in fire. The entry names a change of condition rather than a particular product. It does not state a material, temperature or vessel.

“Flow” is useful when reading a passage whose interest is the resulting mobility of a substance. It should remain distinct from a description of a thing dissolved by another liquid or made to descend from gross matter.

#### Use in the book

Colliquation gives melting through the example of metals. Deliquium describes cold dissolution of coagulated bodies, while Descensorium concerns equipment in which liquid falls downward from gross matter. These comparisons clarify why becoming liquid can be described through several operations without the words being universal synonyms.

#### Places to read

[Colliquation](#CD0188). Melting understood through the example of metals.

[Deliquium](#CD0221). Dissolution of a coagulated body in a cold setting.

[Descensorium](#CD0224). A furnace characterised by downward separation of liquid.

#### In this edition

The edition keeps the entry’s simple operational description. It does not impose a modern classification of the subject’s composition or a measured melting point.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fusio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Colliquation](#CD0188); [Deliquium](#CD0221); [Descensorium](#CD0224)

<a id="CD0301"></a>
### Gladialis

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A claimed stellar art of forging exceptionally powerful swords.

**In the book.** Constellatio concerns impressions of higher stars upon lower bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 23, 24; facsimile PDF pages 351, 352.

#### Historical definition

Gladialis is an art in which swords are forged according to the course of the starry firmament so that anvils cannot resist them; it is also called Incusma.

#### Meaning

The definition links a craft action with a celestial ordering. Swords are forged according to the course of the starry firmament, and extraordinary resistance or power is claimed for them. Incusma is supplied as another name for the art.

The sentence describes an attributed result without giving a forging procedure or a rule for selecting a time. The reader should preserve that difference between a claim about an art and a usable account of its practice. The anvils are part of the description of the swords’ exceptional power, rather than a separate material identification.

#### Use in the book

Constellatio concerns impressions of higher stars upon lower bodies. Formæ rerum describes celestial influences received by lower bodies. Those entries provide the philosophical vocabulary within which a craft might be understood through stellar efficacy. Magia’s distinction between natural and diabolical kinds shows that the compiler also evaluates arts, but the short Gladialis entry does not itself repeat that division.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition retains the extraordinary claim as historical wording. The commentary supplies no metallurgical explanation for the asserted result or astrological instructions absent from the source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 23, 24; facsimile PDF pages 351, 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gladialis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290); [Magia](#CD0418)

<a id="CD0339"></a>
### Idiotæ

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A polemical name for those who reject true arts while practising false ones.

**In the book.** Sophistæ likewise allows both masters of an art and deceivers as uses of a term.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Idiotæ are people who despise true arts, although they are skilled practitioners of false ones.

#### Meaning

The entry judges a relation to arts rather than measuring a person’s intellectual capacity. Its contrast is between despising what the compiler calls true and skilfully professing what the compiler calls false. The concession of skill is part of the point.

#### Use in the book

Sophistæ likewise allows both masters of an art and deceivers as uses of a term. Magia distinguishes lawful natural wisdom from an unlawful kind. These comparisons show that the dictionary preserves evaluative vocabulary as well as material names. Its judgements should be recognised as historical classifications.

#### Places to read

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

[Sophistæ](#CD0612). A name that can praise expertise or condemn deception.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Idiotæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Magia](#CD0418); [Sophistæ](#CD0612)

<a id="CD0397"></a>
### Lethargius

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name defined through finding mines.

**In the book.** Marcasita and Kachimia describe unripe metallic matter; Lethargius concerns finding the mine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Lethargius is a finder of mines.

#### Meaning

The finder’s function is the whole explanation provided. The entry does not say whether the immediate referent is a person, an instrument or a power invoked in a particular account. Selecting one of those possibilities would go beyond its wording.

#### Use in the book

Marcasita and Kachimia describe unripe metallic matter; Lethargius concerns finding the mine. This distinction keeps an agent or means of discovery separate from the material discovered.

#### Places to read

[Kachimia](#CD0368). Metallic ore described as unripe and at its beginning.

[Marcasita](#CD0431). A varied category of metallic matter understood as unripe.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Lethargius](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Kachimia](#CD0368); [Marcasita](#CD0431)

<a id="CD0420"></a>
### Magisterium

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An extracted secret defined by a qualified kind of separation.

**In the book.** Menstruum names a liquid used in dissolution or digestion, while Liquor herbarum specifies pounding, pressing and digestion.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359.

#### Historical definition

Magisterium in Paracelsus is any secret extracted from natural things without an elemental separation, with which other things are commonly prepared; only other things are added, from which what has been extracted is separated.

#### Meaning

This compact definition is syntactically difficult, but its principal distinction is clear enough to retain: the extraction is said to occur without an elemental separation. It also allows the addition of other things and the subsequent separation of the extracted subject from them. Those clauses prevent the first qualification from being mistaken for a prohibition of every act of separating.

The word secret names the extracted product or power in this usage. The entry does not give the complete preparation, identify an added material, or establish one universal formula for every magistery. It describes a category of extracted things and the relation of that category to other preparations.

#### Use in the book

Menstruum names a liquid used in dissolution or digestion, while Liquor herbarum specifies pounding, pressing and digestion. These more particular definitions help readers ask which operation a passage describes, rather than assuming that every extraction must have the same meaning.

#### Places to read

[Liquor herbarum](#CD0403). An herbal liquor identified through three preparatory actions.

[Menstruum](#CD0452). The liquid medium of dissolution or digestion.

#### In this edition

The qualification in Paracelsus is preserved. The final clause remains explicit because omitting it would make the definition simpler at the cost of changing its account of addition and separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 359, Magisterium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**See also.** [Liquor herbarum](#CD0403); [Menstruum](#CD0452)

<a id="CD0429"></a>
### Mangonaria

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An art defined through the handling or alteration of heaviness.

**In the book.** Mechanopeotica and Organopeotica also classify practical arts by their ends: water-works and warlike instruments.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Mangonaria is an art employed with weights, by which what has been made heavy is readily made light.

#### Meaning

The definition describes what the art achieves, not the device by which it works. It leaves open whether a particular passage concerns an arrangement of weights, a way of moving a burden, or another application. The reader should not supply an unmentioned mechanism as part of the dictionary’s statement.

#### Use in the book

Mechanopeotica and Organopeotica also classify practical arts by their ends: water-works and warlike instruments. This family of definitions gives a field of activity without necessarily explaining its engineering.

#### Places to read

[Mechanopeotica](#CD0438). An inventive art exemplified by raising and conveying water.

[Organopeotica](#CD0504). The invention of warlike instruments.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Mangonaria](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Mechanopeotica](#CD0438); [Organopeotica](#CD0504)

<a id="CD0438"></a>
### Mechanopeotica

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An inventive art exemplified by raising and conveying water.

**In the book.** Mangonaria is concerned with weights, while Organopeotica finds out warlike instruments.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Mechanopeotica is the invention of water-works that carry water through pipes to high places, or of similar devices.

#### Meaning

The example identifies an engineering purpose: water is carried through pipes into a higher place. The concluding allowance for similar devices broadens the art beyond one installation, but the definition does not provide a particular pump or mechanism.

#### Use in the book

Mangonaria is concerned with weights, while Organopeotica finds out warlike instruments. Read together, these names classify arts through the practical works they devise rather than explaining every device in detail.

#### Places to read

[Mangonaria](#CD0429). An art defined through the handling or alteration of heaviness.

[Organopeotica](#CD0504). The invention of warlike instruments.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Mechanopeotica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Mangonaria](#CD0429); [Organopeotica](#CD0504)

<a id="CD0474"></a>
### Neboch

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An instrument identified by its use in a named art.

**In the book.** Necromancy receives a fuller, explicitly condemnatory definition elsewhere.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Neboch is an instrument used in necromancy.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a purpose without a description of shape or construction. Neboch is not itself defined as a spirit, an apparition or a separate branch of knowledge. Its relation to necromancy is instrumental.

#### Use in the book

Necromancy receives a fuller, explicitly condemnatory definition elsewhere. Reading the two entries together supplies the art’s stated aims, while leaving the particular form and operation of the instrument unresolved.

#### Places to read

[Necromancy](#CD0477). A condemned art defined by the appearance and interrogation of the dead.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Neboch](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Necromancy](#CD0477)

<a id="CD0481"></a>
### Nitriales

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Things classified by their burning action in aid of calcination.

**In the book.** Nitrum is given the particular equivalent saltpetre.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nitriales are all burning things that assist calcination.

#### Meaning

The operative use defines the class. The entry does not identify a single material called nitriales; it gathers burning things insofar as they contribute to calcination. The connection is therefore between an agent and an operation.

#### Use in the book

Nitrum is given the particular equivalent saltpetre. Despite the similar word-form, the Nitriales definition is broader and functional. Reading the full gloss prevents a plural class from being silently replaced by one named salt.

#### Places to read

[Nitrum](#CD0482). A name for saltpetre.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nitriales](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Nitrum](#CD0482)

<a id="CD0504"></a>
### Organopeotica

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The invention of warlike instruments.

**In the book.** Thamatica concerns engines moved by air and water, while Mangonaria concerns an art employed with weights.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Organopeotica is an art of devising instruments of war.

#### Meaning

Finding out means devising or inventing in this sentence. The entry concerns an art directed toward a particular class of instruments, rather than a single device or a material preparation.

#### Use in the book

Thamatica concerns engines moved by air and water, while Mangonaria concerns an art employed with weights. These comparisons show the breadth of mechanical and practical arts included in the dictionary.

#### Places to read

[Mangonaria](#CD0429). An art defined through the handling or alteration of heaviness.

[Thamatica](#CD0649). The design of devices driven by air and water.

[Mechanopeotica](#CD0438). An inventive art exemplified by raising and conveying water.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Organopeotica; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Mangonaria, Thamatica, Mechanopeotica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Mangonaria](#CD0429); [Thamatica](#CD0649); [Mechanopeotica](#CD0438)

<a id="CD0511"></a>
### Ovum Philosophicum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An egg-shaped glass vessel for philosophical operations.

**In the book.** Pelicanus supplies another vessel name, defined through circulation, while Pyramis is defined through a pyramidal form.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Ovum Philosophicum is an egg-shaped glass used by philosophers in their operations.

#### Meaning

The name is explained through the vessel’s form. The glass is shaped like an egg; the definition does not identify a biological egg as the material of the operation.

#### Use in the book

Pelicanus supplies another vessel name, defined through circulation, while Pyramis is defined through a pyramidal form. The comparisons distinguish a shape, an operative role and another shape without requiring a single standard vessel design.

#### Places to read

[Pelicanus](#CD0517). A vessel defined through circulation.

[Phiala](#CD0526). A glass bottle or vial.

[Pyramis](#CD0540). A vessel identified through its pyramidal form.

#### In this edition

The egg image is grounded in the explicit description. Further symbolic readings would need a particular author’s passage; they are not established by this brief instrument gloss alone.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ovum Philosophicum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Pelicanus, Phiala, Pyramis, Cœlum Spagiricum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Pelicanus](#CD0517); [Phiala](#CD0526); [Pyramis](#CD0540); [Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180)

<a id="CD0517"></a>
### Pelicanus

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vessel defined through circulation.

**In the book.** Ovum Philosophicum is identified through an egg shape, Phiala as a glass bottle, and Pyramis through a pyramidal form.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pelicanus is a circulatory or circulating vessel.

#### Meaning

The definition gives the vessel’s operative role. Circulatory and circulating are paired equivalents, making circulation central to the identification. No dimensions or arrangement of parts is supplied here.

#### Use in the book

Ovum Philosophicum is identified through an egg shape, Phiala as a glass bottle, and Pyramis through a pyramidal form. Read together, the instrument entries show that some names describe what a vessel does and others how it is shaped.

Diota is also expressly described as a circulating vessel. The connection supplies a direct operational parallel. The dictionary does not provide enough construction detail in either short definition to establish a single standard vessel design.

#### Places to read

[Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511). An egg-shaped glass vessel for philosophical operations.

[Phiala](#CD0526). A glass bottle or vial.

[Pyramis](#CD0540). A vessel identified through its pyramidal form.

#### In this edition

The article does not supply an unverified diagram from the headword’s animal resemblance. A particular illustration or construction would need its own source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pelicanus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Ovum Philosophicum, Phiala, Pyramis, Diota](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511); [Phiala](#CD0526); [Pyramis](#CD0540); [Diota](#CD0234)

<a id="CD0526"></a>
### Phiala

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A glass bottle or vial.

**In the book.** Ovum Philosophicum adds an egg shape, Pelicanus a circulating function, and Pyramis a pyramidal shape.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Phiala is a vial or glass bottle.

#### Meaning

The identification names a familiar kind of vessel. It does not specify a specialized shape or an operation such as circulation.

#### Use in the book

Ovum Philosophicum adds an egg shape, Pelicanus a circulating function, and Pyramis a pyramidal shape. Their relationship makes a practical instrument vocabulary without treating every glass container as interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511). An egg-shaped glass vessel for philosophical operations.

[Pelicanus](#CD0517). A vessel defined through circulation.

[Pyramis](#CD0540). A vessel identified through its pyramidal form.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Phiala; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Ovum Philosophicum, Pelicanus, Pyramis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511); [Pelicanus](#CD0517); [Pyramis](#CD0540)

<a id="CD0538"></a>
### Pusta

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Digestion qualified by the condition of its matter.

**In the book.** Digestio supplies the dictionary’s fuller chemical explanation: matter is worked through decoction toward a separation of pure from impure, in an analogy with the stomach’s digestion.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pusta is the digestion of corrupt matter.

#### Meaning

The subject undergoing digestion is expressly called corrupt. The definition names a process and its material condition, without identifying a particular vessel, duration or final product.

#### Use in the book

Digestio supplies the dictionary’s fuller chemical explanation: matter is worked through decoction toward a separation of pure from impure, in an analogy with the stomach’s digestion. Pusta adds the qualification that its matter is corrupt. The general process and this material condition should both remain visible.

#### Places to read

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pusta; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Sublimatio, Spagirus, Digestio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Sublimatio](#CD0626); [Spagirus](#CD0615); [Digestio](#CD0233)

<a id="CD0540"></a>
### Pyramis

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A vessel identified through its pyramidal form.

**In the book.** Ovum Philosophicum is identified through an egg shape, while Pelicanus is defined through circulation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pyramis is a vessel made in the shape of a pyramid.

#### Meaning

The definition concerns an instrument’s shape. It does not specify what the vessel contains or which operation is performed in it.

#### Use in the book

Ovum Philosophicum is identified through an egg shape, while Pelicanus is defined through circulation. The contrasts show how vessel names can preserve either form or function as their chief finding feature.

#### Places to read

[Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511). An egg-shaped glass vessel for philosophical operations.

[Pelicanus](#CD0517). A vessel defined through circulation.

[Phiala](#CD0526). A glass bottle or vial.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pyramis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Ovum Philosophicum, Pelicanus, Phiala](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511); [Pelicanus](#CD0517); [Phiala](#CD0526)

<a id="CD0543"></a>
### Quartatio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A gold assay described through the separation of silver from gold.

**In the book.** The numerical ratio belongs to the historical account and is retained exactly.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367.

#### Historical definition

Quartatio or Quartura is the highest trial of gold, performed in this way: nine parts of silver are mixed with one part of gold by melting in the fire. Both are then dissolved with aqua fortis. All the silver turns into water, and the gold settles at the bottom like a dark powder.

#### Meaning

Trial means testing or assaying. The entry identifies a procedure by the different behavior attributed to two metals in a dissolving liquid. Silver passes into the liquid, while the gold is described as a dark residue. The color of that residue matters: a metal need not retain its familiar polished appearance throughout an assay.

#### Use in the book

The numerical ratio belongs to the historical account and is retained exactly. The article’s name alone should not be used to silently change nine parts to a different proportion. This dictionary is evidence for the wording of this particular description.

#### In this edition

This is a historical description of an assay. Its language of turning into water denotes dissolution within the account; it does not claim that silver becomes the element water. References to powder, solution and metal should be followed through the stated stages before identifying the resulting material.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Quartatio; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 367](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

<a id="CD0553"></a>
### Redue

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A powder associated with melting calcined metallic matter.

**In the book.** Compare Regulus, which names a purified metallic part, and Regale, which names a cement for purifying gold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Redue is a powder by which calcined metals and minerals are melted.

#### Meaning

The powder is defined through its use with matter that has already undergone calcination. The order matters: the entry starts from a calx or calcined material and describes its subsequent melting. It does not supply the powder’s ingredients.

#### Use in the book

Compare Regulus, which names a purified metallic part, and Regale, which names a cement for purifying gold. These terms distinguish an assisting material, a purifying medium and a separated product.

#### Places to read

[Regale](#CD0554). A cement used in the purification of gold.

[Regulus](#CD0555). The purified metallic or mineral portion after separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Redue; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Regale, Regulus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Regale](#CD0554); [Regulus](#CD0555)

<a id="CD0554"></a>
### Regale

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A cement used in the purification of gold.

**In the book.** Compare Quartatio, an assay described at greater length, and Regulus, the pure metallic part after separation of dregs.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Regale is a cement by which gold is purified.

#### Meaning

Cement names a material employed in a refining operation. The definition concerns its function toward gold, rather than a building material or an adhesive. No composition is specified here.

#### Use in the book

Compare Quartatio, an assay described at greater length, and Regulus, the pure metallic part after separation of dregs. Their shared concern with purity does not make the processes interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Quartatio](#CD0543). A gold assay described through the separation of silver from gold.

[Regulus](#CD0555). The purified metallic or mineral portion after separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Regale; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Quartatio, Regulus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Quartatio](#CD0543); [Regulus](#CD0555)

<a id="CD0561"></a>
### Reverberatorium

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A furnace defined by flame calcination.

**In the book.** Compare Vulcanus, the name given simply to fire, and Vulcanii, workers continually occupied about it.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Reverberatorium is a furnace in which matter is calcined by a flame.

#### Meaning

This is an instrument entry. The action performed in the furnace, calcination, distinguishes it from a generic source of warmth. The definition does not provide dimensions, fuel, temperature or a plan for construction.

#### Use in the book

Compare Vulcanus, the name given simply to fire, and Vulcanii, workers continually occupied about it. Together these entries distinguish the agent, the practitioner and a particular instrument.

#### Places to read

[Vulcanii](#CD0687). Names for practitioners habitually occupied with fire.

[Vulcanus](#CD0688). A name directly equated with fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Reverberatorium; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Vulcanii, Vulcanus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Vulcanii](#CD0687); [Vulcanus](#CD0688)

<a id="CD0562"></a>
### Rillus

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A goldsmith’s instrument associated with casting metal into long forms.

**In the book.** The process described is casting, rather than the earlier stages of finding an ore or separating its metallic portion.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Rillus is an instrument used by goldsmiths to pour their melted metals into long forms; it is called an ingot.

#### Meaning

The sentence begins by naming an instrument, then connects it with pouring molten metal into a long form. Its final English equivalent is preserved because it belongs to the witness, even though the relation between the instrument and the resulting ingot can be easy to blur.

#### Use in the book

The process described is casting, rather than the earlier stages of finding an ore or separating its metallic portion. Compare Regulus for the purified metallic material.

#### Places to read

[Regulus](#CD0555). The purified metallic or mineral portion after separation.

#### In this edition

Ingot modernises the historical spelling Jngat. The explanation follows the complete sentence and does not silently replace its instrument with a finished bar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Rillus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Regulus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Regulus](#CD0555)

<a id="CD0612"></a>
### Sophistæ

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name that can praise expertise or condemn deception.

**In the book.** The distinction matters in works that contrast competent art with fraudulent practice.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Sophistæ sometimes means masters of an art, or the wisest in an art; at other times it means sophisters, that is, deceivers or mountebanks.

#### Meaning

The definition explicitly records contrary evaluations. A sophist can be an expert or a deceptive pretender. Sometimes and at other times preserve the fact that the context determines which judgment is intended.

#### Use in the book

The distinction matters in works that contrast competent art with fraudulent practice. An isolated occurrence cannot be translated as deceiver merely because that sense is familiar. Nor should the flattering sense erase an author’s criticism when the surrounding passage supplies it.

Compare Spagirus, defined through the ability to distinguish good from bad and pure from impure. Both entries concern the identity of an artist, but Sophistæ records the instability of a name, while Spagirus gives an account of a valued discriminating skill.

#### Places to read

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

#### In this edition

Both favorable and unfavorable meanings are retained. Their opposition belongs to the historical definition and should remain easy for a reader to see.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sophistæ; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Spagirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Spagirus](#CD0615)

<a id="CD0614"></a>
### Spagiria

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name commonly used for alchemy.

**In the book.** Spagirus describes a person who distinguishes good from bad and separates pure from impure.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Spagiria is commonly taken to mean alchemy.

#### Meaning

Commonly marks a usage rather than an exact account of every possible occurrence. The entry establishes the ordinary equivalence with alchemy and leaves its more particular activity to the neighboring practitioner term.

#### Use in the book

Spagirus describes a person who distinguishes good from bad and separates pure from impure. Read together, the two entries supply both a name for the art and a description of the competence associated with its practitioner. Separation is consequently a useful starting point for following this vocabulary.

The dictionary’s alchemical language extends across herbs, animal materials, minerals, medicines and philosophical principles. The general equivalence here does not mean that every named operation aims at making metallic gold. The subject and purpose supplied by each passage remain decisive.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

[Ysopus](#CD0696). Alchemy described through separation of pure and impure.

#### In this edition

The historical spelling is retained as a searchable form. Related English forms can lead to this article, while their connection is treated as an editorial finding aid. No reconstructed derivation is required to understand the usage actually stated in the witness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Spagiria; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Quintessentia, Spagirus, Ysopus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Spagirus](#CD0615); [Ysopus](#CD0696)

<a id="CD0615"></a>
### Spagirus

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

**In the book.** The entry therefore supplies more than a label for a person who owns apparatus.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Spagirus or spagiricus is someone who knows how to distinguish good from bad and separate pure from impure: a chemist or alchemist.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a competence before it supplies the occupational equivalents. Knowing how to distinguish and separate identifies the practitioner. Good and bad are paired with pure and impure, connecting judgment with the handling of materials.

#### Use in the book

The entry therefore supplies more than a label for a person who owns apparatus. It makes the success of the art depend on recognizing what should be retained and what should be removed. This is especially useful beside Quintessentia, where purity is raised by separation, and Regulus, where the pure metallic portion remains after dregs are removed.

The parallels should preserve their subjects. Quintessence is described through living things; regulus through metals or minerals. Spagirus names the artist’s discriminating skill across such operations, without declaring all resulting products identical. Saphirea materia offers another connection: its liquid is free of corruption because the pure has been separated from the impure.

Good and bad can also describe the valuation of practitioners. Sophistæ sometimes praises a master of an art and sometimes condemns a deceiver. That neighboring distinction helps readers see why the dictionary’s occupational vocabulary needs attention to both ability and evaluation.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Regulus](#CD0555). The purified metallic or mineral portion after separation.

[Saphirea materia](#CD0586). A liquid defined through purity achieved by separation.

#### In this edition

Chemist modernises Chymist in the historical definition. Its meaning is governed by the seventeenth-century gloss and should not be read as a claim that the practitioner occupies a present-day scientific profession. The article retains alchemist alongside it because the source gives both. The forms Spagirus and spagiricus remain directly findable.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Spagirus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Quintessentia, Regulus, Saphirea materia, Sophistæ, Spagiria, Ysopus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Regulus](#CD0555); [Saphirea materia](#CD0586); [Sophistæ](#CD0612); [Spagiria](#CD0614); [Ysopus](#CD0696)

<a id="CD0626"></a>
### Sublimatio

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

**In the book.** Volatile names the general capacity of light matter to be carried upward.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Sublimatio is when any dry matter is forced upward by the heat of fire.

#### Meaning

The definition coordinates material, cause and direction. The subject is dry matter; heat supplies the force; upward movement distinguishes the operation. It does not describe every case in which a liquid rises during distillation.

#### Use in the book

Volatile names the general capacity of light matter to be carried upward. Sublimatio names a particular event or operation in which dry matter is forced upward by heat. Keeping these two grammatical roles separate helps readers distinguish a property of a material from an action performed upon it.

Several preparations in the dictionary are qualified as sublimed. Resina terræ potabilis begins with sublimed sulphur before bringing it into a liquid, balsam or oil. The qualification records an earlier stage and should not be dropped merely because the resulting preparation is liquid. A material can acquire its final form through more than one operation.

Reverberatorium, by contrast, names an instrument for calcination by flame. Its relation to fire does not make calcination and sublimation interchangeable. The first question should be what the passage says the matter does: rises, remains, dissolves, or changes its consistency.

#### Places to read

[Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560). A liquid preparation of sublimed sulphur.

[Reverberatorium](#CD0561). A furnace defined by flame calcination.

[Volatile](#CD0685). A general upward-moving or upward-carried condition of light matter.

#### In this edition

Sublimation is a useful modern English rendering, but this article explains the historical definition on its own terms. It does not silently replace it with a present-day technical definition involving specified phases and pressure. The source’s broad dry matter and direction of movement remain available to the reader.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sublimatio; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Resina terræ potabilis, Reverberatorium, Volatile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560); [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Volatile](#CD0685)

<a id="CD0649"></a>
### Thamatica

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The design of devices driven by air and water.

**In the book.** This broad chemical dictionary includes mechanical arts alongside materials and medicines.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Thamatica is an art of devising engines moved by air and water.

#### Meaning

Engines means constructed devices or mechanisms. The definition identifies their moving powers as air and water. It concerns an art of invention, rather than a single named vessel.

#### Use in the book

This broad chemical dictionary includes mechanical arts alongside materials and medicines. Compare Reverberatorium for a specific furnace and Viltrum philosophorum for an instrument whose identity changes with its qualification.

#### Places to read

[Reverberatorium](#CD0561). A furnace defined by flame calcination.

[Viltrum philosophorum](#CD0666). An instrument name whose qualifier changes its identification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Thamatica; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Reverberatorium, Viltrum philosophorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Viltrum philosophorum](#CD0666)

<a id="CD0666"></a>
### Viltrum philosophorum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An instrument name whose qualifier changes its identification.

**In the book.** The example makes the dictionary’s contextual method particularly clear.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Viltrum philosophorum is an alembic; taken without qualification, viltrum is a strainer.

#### Meaning

The definition distinguishes the philosophical compound from the unqualified word. Philosophorum gives an alembic; the word taken absolutely gives a strainer. Absolutely here means without that qualification, rather than with exceptional certainty.

#### Use in the book

The example makes the dictionary’s contextual method particularly clear. The full expression must be read before choosing an instrument. An alembic and a strainer both participate in separating or handling matter, but the entry does not treat them as the same piece of apparatus.

Compare Reverberatorium, whose instrument is identified through calcination by flame. Its operative function is explicit, while the present article hinges on a change of lexical qualification. Both relations can help a reader understand what an author is asking an instrument to do.

#### Places to read

[Reverberatorium](#CD0561). A furnace defined by flame calcination.

[Thamatica](#CD0649). The design of devices driven by air and water.

#### In this edition

The form Viltrum is retained as the historical headword. The two glosses remain visibly attached to their respective expressions so that search and translation do not erase the distinction.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Viltrum philosophorum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Reverberatorium, Thamatica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Thamatica](#CD0649)

<a id="CD0670"></a>
### Virgulta fossorum

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Rods associated with the historical search for mines.

**In the book.** Thisma names mineral veins and Tracksat metal still in its mine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Virgulta fossorum are certain rods used by miners to discover mines.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies an instrument through its users and attributed purpose. The users are miners; the aim is discovering mines. It does not specify the rods’ material, shape or a physical mechanism.

#### Use in the book

Thisma names mineral veins and Tracksat metal still in its mine. These entries provide a useful route from the searching instrument to the natural places and materials being sought.

#### Places to read

[Thisma](#CD0651). A name for mineral veins.

[Tracksat](#CD0655). Metal considered before removal from its natural mine.

#### In this edition

The definition records a historical practice and its claimed purpose. No account of demonstrated efficacy is added to the source’s wording.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Virgulta fossorum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Thisma, Tracksat](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Thisma](#CD0651); [Tracksat](#CD0655)

<a id="CD0687"></a>
### Vulcanii

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Names for practitioners habitually occupied with fire.

**In the book.** Vulcanus supplies the corresponding direct fire name.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vulcanii or Vulcanici are those who continually work about fire.

#### Meaning

The subject is people and their activity. Continually describes their characteristic occupation. The entry does not itself identify them as spirits dwelling within fire.

#### Use in the book

Vulcanus supplies the corresponding direct fire name. Salamandri, by contrast, are spirits or fiery men dwelling in fire. Preserving the verbs, working about and dwelling in, prevents different kinds of beings and practitioners from being confused.

#### Places to read

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Reverberatorium](#CD0561). A furnace defined by flame calcination.

[Vulcanus](#CD0688). A name directly equated with fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vulcanii; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Salamandri, Reverberatorium, Vulcanus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Vulcanus](#CD0688)

<a id="CD0696"></a>
### Ysopus

*Operations instruments and practitioners · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Alchemy described through separation of pure and impure.

**In the book.** Spagiria is commonly equated with alchemy, while Spagirus describes the practitioner’s ability to distinguish and separate.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Ysopus is the art of alchemy: separating pure from impure.

#### Meaning

The definition names an art and states its characteristic activity. The separation of pure from impure is the interpretive center of the sentence. The headword is not here given as a plant identification.

#### Use in the book

Spagiria is commonly equated with alchemy, while Spagirus describes the practitioner’s ability to distinguish and separate. Read together, these entries supply an art name, an occupational name and a common operative emphasis.

Quintessentia describes an extracted spiritual matter raised toward purity through separation. Regulus concerns a pure metallic portion freed from dregs. These examples show how the general language of separation receives a different material subject in particular entries.

#### Places to read

[Spagiria](#CD0614). A name commonly used for alchemy.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

#### In this edition

The historical headword is retained so that a reader does not substitute a familiar botanical-looking equivalent. Its actual gloss, the alchemical art and its separating action, remains explicit.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ysopus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Spagiria, Spagirus, Quintessentia, Regulus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Spagiria](#CD0614); [Spagirus](#CD0615); [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Regulus](#CD0555)

<a id="category_44d44d476014"></a>
## Plants animals and natural materials

<a id="CD0010"></a>
### Alandahal

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two names identified with coloquintida.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Alandahal, or Alhandal, is coloquintida.

#### Meaning

The entry is a name equivalence, not a description of preparation or action. Both spellings lead to the same historical identification, so neither should disappear from an index. A passage using one of them may still qualify the plant material by part, preparation or purpose; the dictionary’s short equation does not settle those further questions. This edition preserves coloquintida as the historical identifying name rather than adding an unsupported species-level determination.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alandahal](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

<a id="CD0022"></a>
### Alusar

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name identified with manna.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Alusar is manna.

#### Meaning

The definition provides an equivalence without identifying a source, locality or preparation. Its proper use is as a route into Manna, where the dictionary gives further context. Do not infer a particular plant product or atmospheric substance from this name alone: the short entry has not made that distinction. Retaining Alusar in the spelling index allows a reader to find the related discussion without silently replacing the historical word in a quoted text.

#### Places to read

[Manna](#CD0430). An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alusar ; compare Manna](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Manna](#CD0430)

<a id="CD0025"></a>
### Amidum

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A flour preparation described through whiteness and sun exposure.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Amidum, or Amilum, is the whitest flour made into bread in the sun.

#### Meaning

This unusually compressed definition joins a material, an appearance and a mode of preparation. Both Amidum and Amilum belong in the index. The wording should be retained even where it is unfamiliar: silently substituting a familiar modern product would conceal what the printed source actually says. A passage using the term may make the process clearer, but this entry alone gives neither a complete recipe nor the exact intended consistency of its “bread.”

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Amidum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

<a id="CD0033"></a>
### Anthos

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term whose sense changes between vegetable and metallic contexts.

**In the book.** Cheiri offers a closely related lesson: its sense also changes with the vegetable or mineral subject, while a qualified flower expression names an elixir.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anthos, in vegetable matters, means rosemary flowers; in metals, it means the elixir or quintessence of gold.

#### Meaning

This is an explicit two-domain definition. In a passage about plants, the indicated referent is rosemary flowers. In one about metals, the term points instead toward gold’s elixir or quintessence. The reader should identify the domain before substituting a familiar material. The entry does not say that rosemary flowers and the golden elixir are materially identical.

The pair is also an example of the dictionary’s controlled use of flower vocabulary. A name can describe a plant part in one setting and a specially valued preparation in another. The context supplies the distinction that the isolated headword cannot.

#### Use in the book

Cheiri offers a closely related lesson: its sense also changes with the vegetable or mineral subject, while a qualified flower expression names an elixir. Read the whole expression and its subject together. Elixir and Quintessentia provide the next level of explanation for the metallic sense.

#### Places to read

[Cheiri](#CD0157). A term whose sense depends on both subject matter and qualification.

[Elixir](#CD0250). A transformative ferment, or a thing’s essence.

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anthos ; compare Cheiri, Elixir, Quintessentia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Cheiri](#CD0157); [Elixir](#CD0250); [Quintessentia](#CD0544)

<a id="CD0064"></a>
### Arbor Maris

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Coral named through the image of a sea shrub.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 6; facsimile PDF page 334.

#### Historical definition

Arbor Maris is coral, which grows like a shrub in the sea.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies both a material identification and the resemblance behind its descriptive name. The shrub comparison concerns growth or form in the sea; it should not be silently converted into a modern biological classification. The historical account calls the substance coral.

This is a useful example of an image that the dictionary itself decodes. A reader encountering a sea-tree expression can first test the coral identification against the passage. It is more restrained to begin with that explicit explanation than to supply a broader symbolic meaning unsupported by the text.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 6; facsimile PDF page 334 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=334)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Arbor Maris](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=334)

<a id="CD0070"></a>
### Arles crudum

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** June droplets described by comparison with May dew.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Arles crudum is drops falling in June, like May dew.

#### Meaning

The definition is seasonal and comparative. June fixes the time mentioned; May dew supplies the resemblance. The entry itself does not say what produces the drops or describe how they are collected. It is therefore best read as a naming clue for a historical natural material, not a complete account of its origin.

The word crudum may tempt a reader to supply an elaborate theory of an unprepared substance, but the definition here remains brief. Any such theory must be traced to the passage using the term. Preserve the stated months and comparison before adding a broader interpretation.

#### Places to read

[Manna](#CD0430). An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

[Pruina](#CD0536). A name for the hot, burning ulcer defined under Ignis Persicus.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Arles crudum ; compare Manna, Pruina](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Manna](#CD0430); [Pruina](#CD0536)

<a id="CD0072"></a>
### Aroph

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name identifying mandrake.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Aroph is mandrake.

#### Meaning

The entry gives a plant identification without specifying the part employed or a preparation. It should therefore function as a route to the named plant, not as an unstated account of its powers. A passage may concern a root, a prepared product or another feature, but the dictionary has not decided among those possibilities. Preserving Aroph as a searchable name makes the original vocabulary usable while avoiding the addition of unsupported medicinal or legendary claims.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aroph](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

<a id="CD0080"></a>
### Assala

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name for nutmeg.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Assala is a nutmeg.

#### Meaning

The identification is direct, but its simplicity should not be mistaken for a complete recipe. A passage may employ the whole material, a separated part or a preparation; this entry only resolves the unfamiliar name. The edition keeps Assala in the index so the historical wording remains traceable. It does not add an unverified botanical determination, medicinal purpose or trade origin to the short equation supplied by the source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Assala](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

<a id="CD0081"></a>
### Assaliæ vermes

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Wood-associated worms, also called Teredones.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 7, 8; facsimile PDF pages 335, 336.

#### Historical definition

Assaliæ vermes are worms breeding in wood or between two boards; they are called Teredones.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies the creatures through their place of occurrence. Wood and the space between boards supply its practical recognition clues; Teredones supplies an alternative name. It does not distinguish a modern species, life stage or kind of wood. A historically accurate explanation should therefore preserve the observed setting rather than replace the entry with a narrow zoological identification.

The word vermes names the creatures in this account. It need not carry the same scope as a precise present-day biological category. In a passage, note whether the author concerns the animal, damage to wood or an analogy drawn from it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 7, 8; facsimile PDF pages 335, 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Assaliæ vermes](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

<a id="CD0110"></a>
### Botin

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name for turpentine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Botin is turpentine.

#### Meaning

This entry serves as an uncomplicated name bridge. The unqualified term identifies turpentine, while Balsamum specifies a turpentine that has been digested without being subjected to fire. Reading the two together shows why preparation qualifiers matter even when the starting name is familiar.

A passage using Botin may later describe a treatment or product. The dictionary’s brief equation should not erase that subsequent change, and it should not import the special balsam condition where the passage has not stated it.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum](#CD0100). A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

[Ardentia](#CD0068). Materials described as combustible by their own nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Botin ; compare Balsamum, Ardentia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**See also.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Ardentia](#CD0068)

<a id="CD0111"></a>
### Brassadella

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two names identified with adder’s-tongue.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Brassadella, or Brassatella, is adder’s-tongue.

#### Meaning

The principal help is lexical: the two historical spellings lead to one identifying plant name. The entry does not specify a part, locality or preparation, so those details should remain open until supplied by the passage being read. Nor does the name alone authorize a medicinal or symbolic interpretation.

Keeping both forms in the index makes the short definition more usable without adding unsupported matter. Where a text describes an extraction, an application or a resemblance, its own evidence can then be discussed separately from this basic identification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Brassadella](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

<a id="CD0118"></a>
### Cafa

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name identifying camphor.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Cafa is camphor.

#### Meaning

The short entry resolves an unfamiliar name without adding a preparation. A passage employing Cafa may qualify the material or describe something made from it; those details should be read as additions supplied by that passage. The dictionary does not establish a source plant, place of trade or therapeutic purpose here.

For a reader’s edition, keeping both the historical headword and the familiar identifying name findable is more useful than replacing one completely with the other. That preserves traceability while allowing straightforward recognition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cafa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

<a id="CD0125"></a>
### Calliette

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fungal-looking growth identified by colour and host.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calliette are yellow mushrooms on juniper trees.

#### Meaning

The historical description combines three recognition clues: a mushroom form, yellow colour and occurrence on juniper. It supplies no further distinction among growths. A modern species identification would therefore require evidence beyond the brief dictionary entry.

In a passage using Calliette, first check whether those same descriptive features are present. If an author employs the growth in a preparation, its attributed action is a separate claim. The entry resolves the material name through appearance and setting without validating any medicinal or philosophical use.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calliette](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

<a id="CD0127"></a>
### Calx lignorum

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A direct identification of a calx as ash from wood.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx lignorum is wood ash.

#### Meaning

The starting material is explicit, making this a useful anchor within the broad Calx vocabulary. Here the term does concern ash, whereas other compounds in the dictionary identify spirits, precipitates or different prepared materials. Read the complete expression rather than assume one meaning for every Calx.

Alcali provides the next operational connection: salts can be extracted from ashes or calx in its account. The ash and the salt obtained from it remain distinct materials or stages, even when one leads to the other.

#### Places to read

[Alcali](#CD0012). Salt defined through extraction from ash or calx.

[Cinificatum](#CD0170). A material reduced to ash by burning.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx lignorum ; compare Alcali, Cinificatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Alcali](#CD0012); [Cinificatum](#CD0170)

<a id="CD0143"></a>
### Caseus præparatus

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dairy residue identified by consistency and where it settles.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Caseus præparatus is the viscous residue remaining at the bottom of the milk that runs from the cheese.

#### Meaning

The description concerns what remains in liquid associated with cheese, not simply the solid cheese itself. Viscosity and settling at the bottom are the recognition clues. The preparation is therefore best understood through the relation of liquid, separated material and residue.

The historical wording is compact and does not identify a modern standardized dairy product. Preserving its sequence is more accurate than replacing it with a guessed name. If a recipe describes further processing, that account may clarify what is collected and how it is used.

#### Places to read

[Chymus](#CD0168). A residue term rather than the name of one fixed material.

[Excrementa](#CD0266). Superfluities described through expulsion by Nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Caseus præparatus ; compare Chymus, Excrementa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Chymus](#CD0168); [Excrementa](#CD0266)

<a id="CD0161"></a>
### Cherva

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant name identified through Cataputia and spurge.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Cherva is Cataputia: that is, the herb spurge.

#### Meaning

The definition gives two linked identifying names. Cataputia is immediately explained by spurge, so the reader does not need to treat it as a second unexplained ingredient. Both names should remain findable beside Cherva.

The entry supplies no plant part, preparation or purpose. In a passage, those distinctions must be taken from the author’s actual description. A historical name family can include more than one practical form of a material, and this brief gloss does not support a precise botanical determination beyond the name it provides.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cherva](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

<a id="CD0172"></a>
### Citrinula

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant name with an attributed blister-producing effect.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Citrinula is a blistering herb called crowfoot.

#### Meaning

The identifying name and the reported effect both belong to the definition. Crowfoot supplies the plant vocabulary; “blistering” characterizes what the historical author attributes to it. The entry gives no species, plant part or preparation that would justify a narrower botanical determination.

The spelling must also be kept distinct from Citrinulum and Citrinulus. Those neighbouring terms are defined as a salt and a crystal, respectively. Their similar appearance is a lookup difficulty, not evidence that they name the same substance.

#### Places to read

[Citrinulum](#CD0173). A vitriol-derived salt identified through transparency and preparation.

[Citrinulus](#CD0174). A crystal identified through a pale appearance.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Citrinula ; compare Citrinulum, Citrinulus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Citrinulum](#CD0173); [Citrinulus](#CD0174)

<a id="CD0175"></a>
### Claretta

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name for the white of an egg.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Claretta is egg white.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies a specific portion of an egg rather than the shell or whole egg. That distinction matters in preparations: Annora, for example, includes egg-derived ash in a different material family. A reader should preserve the stated part rather than substitute eggs generally.

No further treatment is specified here. If a passage describes beating, separation or another preparation, that information belongs to its own account. The dictionary’s concise contribution is to decode the unfamiliar name into a recognizable starting material.

#### Places to read

[Annora](#CD0042). A name with two ash- or lime-associated identifications.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Claretta ; compare Annora](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Annora](#CD0042)

<a id="CD0187"></a>
### Collatenna

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant name and a medicine classified by a restraining property.

**In the book.** Constrictiva and Stiptica also use the styptic category, while Diapensia gives a different plant identification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Collatenna is an herb called lion’s-foot, or a certain styptic medicine.

#### Meaning

The word has a botanical identification and a medicinal use in this definition. The first calls it lion’s-foot; the second allows a particular styptic medicine. The compiler does not explain whether the medicine is always made from that herb. The two senses should therefore remain visible.

#### Use in the book

Constrictiva and Stiptica also use the styptic category, while Diapensia gives a different plant identification. These comparisons help distinguish naming a plant from naming a class of preparations by their reported action. They do not provide a reliable modern species identification for lion’s-foot.

#### Places to read

[Constrictiva](#CD0199). A surgical class defined through a styptic action.

[Diapensia](#CD0227). A plant glossed through Alchamilla and lady’s-mantle.

[Stiptica](#CD0624). A therapeutic class identified by drying.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Collatenna](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Constrictiva](#CD0199); [Diapensia](#CD0227); [Stiptica](#CD0624)

<a id="CD0212"></a>
### Coruscus

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant identified by the common name mouse-ear.

**In the book.** Dracunculus is glossed as adder’s-tongue, another common plant name drawing on an animal comparison.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Coruscus is mouse-ear.

#### Meaning

The definition is a short identification by a common plant name. It provides neither a description of the plant nor a distinction among plants that another historical author might call mouse-ear. Preserve the common name when a more precise identification has not been established.

#### Use in the book

Dracunculus is glossed as adder’s-tongue, another common plant name drawing on an animal comparison. The dictionary preserves such names as aids to recognition. It does not give the descriptive evidence needed to settle every modern botanical identification under Coruscus.

#### Places to read

[Dracunculus](#CD0238). A plant name linked with Brassatella and adder’s-tongue.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Coruscus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Dracunculus](#CD0238)

<a id="CD0220"></a>
### Daura

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for hellebore.

**In the book.** Hellebria is more specific within the dictionary: it names a kind of black hellebore bearing red flowers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Daura is hellebore.

#### Meaning

The gloss identifies the name by hellebore without describing a particular variety. It provides no part of the plant, preparation or purpose. Those omissions should remain open when the name appears without further context.

#### Use in the book

Hellebria is more specific within the dictionary: it names a kind of black hellebore bearing red flowers. Mandella identifies the seed of black hellebore. These entries show that a plant, a kind of that plant and its seed receive distinct labels. Daura should not automatically inherit every qualification from the other two.

#### Places to read

[Hellebria](#CD0325). Black hellebore distinguished by red flowers.

[Mandella](#CD0427). A name for the seed rather than the whole plant.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Daura](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Hellebria](#CD0325); [Mandella](#CD0427)

<a id="CD0227"></a>
### Diapensia

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant glossed through Alchamilla and lady’s-mantle.

**In the book.** Collatenna gives lion’s-foot or a particular styptic medicine; Coruscus gives mouse-ear.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Diapensia is Alchamilla, that is, lady’s-mantle.

#### Meaning

Two naming levels appear in the definition: Alchamilla and the familiar English lady’s-mantle. The entry identifies the name but gives no botanical description, medical action or preparation. Its function is recognition within a text.

#### Use in the book

Collatenna gives lion’s-foot or a particular styptic medicine; Coruscus gives mouse-ear. These common-name glosses are useful historical evidence, but none supplies the descriptive detail required to settle every modern species question. The modernised definition therefore retains lady’s-mantle without adding a scientific name.

#### Places to read

[Collatenna](#CD0187). A plant name and a medicine classified by a restraining property.

[Coruscus](#CD0212). A plant identified by the common name mouse-ear.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Diapensia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Collatenna](#CD0187); [Coruscus](#CD0212)

<a id="CD0238"></a>
### Dracunculus

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant name linked with Brassatella and adder’s-tongue.

**In the book.** Brassadella is itself glossed with an alternative spelling and adder’s-tongue.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Dracunculus is Brassatella, that is, adder’s-tongue.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a chain of names rather than a description. Brassatella is the printed intermediary here; the related headword elsewhere is Brassadella. Preserving that small difference makes the historical cross-reference visible without silently harmonising the book.

#### Use in the book

Brassadella is itself glossed with an alternative spelling and adder’s-tongue. The two entries strongly connect the names within this dictionary. They do not add the botanical features that would be needed to resolve every possible use of the English common name in other texts.

#### Places to read

[Brassadella](#CD0111). Two names identified with adder’s-tongue.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Dracunculus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Brassadella](#CD0111)

<a id="CD0272"></a>
### Fabiola

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name glossed through beans and flower.

**In the book.** Faba is a measure, despite its closely related-looking name, while Amygdale is an anatomical term in the dictionary’s surgical usage.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fabiola is the flower of beans.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a brief plant-related identification without describing a preparation or use. The historical wording is retained rather than expanded into a particular bean species or a medicinal action.

#### Use in the book

Faba is a measure, despite its closely related-looking name, while Amygdale is an anatomical term in the dictionary’s surgical usage. These examples reinforce the need to follow the supplied definition rather than infer a meaning solely from a familiar-looking word. Fabiola receives only the short bean-related gloss here.

#### Places to read

[Amygdale](#CD0027). A surgical term for an outgrowth at the tongue’s root.

[Faba](#CD0271). A fractional quantity measured against a scruple.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fabiola](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Amygdale](#CD0027); [Faba](#CD0271)

<a id="CD0273"></a>
### Fædula

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An unspecified kind of mushroom.

**In the book.** Calliette is more descriptive, identifying yellow mushrooms on juniper trees.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Fædula is a kind of mushroom.

#### Meaning

The compiler places the subject in a broad group but does not give the features that distinguish the kind. No shape, colour, habitat or use is stated. The definition therefore supports recognition of the general category without settling a more exact identification.

#### Use in the book

Calliette is more descriptive, identifying yellow mushrooms on juniper trees. Those additional features belong to Calliette and cannot be transferred to Fædula. The comparison shows the difference between a broad kind-name and a more particular historical description.

#### Places to read

[Calliette](#CD0125). A fungal-looking growth identified by colour and host.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fædula](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Calliette](#CD0125)

<a id="CD0287"></a>
### Flos sectarum Croe

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A flower name with two reported identifications.

**In the book.** Anthos similarly gives different senses in vegetables and metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Flos sectarum Croe is the flower of nutmeg, or, according to some, of saffron.

#### Meaning

The wording records disagreement: nutmeg is named first, while saffron is attributed to others. Both possibilities should remain visible. The compiler supplies no descriptive feature that resolves the difference.

#### Use in the book

Anthos similarly gives different senses in vegetables and metals. This entry is narrower in naming plant-related alternatives, but it still requires context. The edition retains the unusual headword and the attributed second opinion instead of choosing one identification as certain or adding a modern species name.

#### Places to read

[Anthos](#CD0033). A term whose sense changes between vegetable and metallic contexts.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Flos sectarum Croe](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Anthos](#CD0033)

<a id="CD0302"></a>
### Gelion

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for a leaf.

**In the book.** Folia daure uses leaf language for gold, while Gelion itself is given only the unqualified leaf gloss.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gelion is a leaf.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a general plant part without a species, condition or application. It should not be expanded into a preparation merely because it appears in a chymical dictionary.

#### Use in the book

Folia daure uses leaf language for gold, while Gelion itself is given only the unqualified leaf gloss. The contrast reminds readers that a shared English noun can serve different material settings. The relevant subject must come from the particular entry or the passage in which the name occurs.

#### Places to read

[Folia daure](#CD0288). Gold described in leaf form.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gelion](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Folia daure](#CD0288)

<a id="CD0303"></a>
### Geluta

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant identified by the historical name Chameleon.

**In the book.** Coruscus and Haro likewise identify plants through short names, mouse-ear and a kind of fern.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Geluta is the herb called Chameleon.

#### Meaning

The entry is botanical in its wording: it calls the subject an herb. The name should therefore not be assigned to an animal merely from its familiar appearance. No description, part or medical action is provided.

#### Use in the book

Coruscus and Haro likewise identify plants through short names, mouse-ear and a kind of fern. Such identifications are useful guides to historical vocabulary, but they do not automatically settle modern species. Geluta’s stated information remains the herb and its supplied common name.

#### Places to read

[Coruscus](#CD0212). A plant identified by the common name mouse-ear.

[Haro](#CD0323). An unspecified kind of fern.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Geluta](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Coruscus](#CD0212); [Haro](#CD0323)

<a id="CD0305"></a>
### Genula

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant described through a claimed change in a transplanted parsnip.

**In the book.** Dardo concerns successive generation by propagation, whereas Genula gives a particular claimed alteration of a plant.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Genula is a plant produced by the degeneration of a transplanted parsnip.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies the plant by an origin story rather than by visible features. A parsnip is transplanted, and the named plant is described as a degeneration from it. The dictionary does not state the conditions or describe what changes.

#### Use in the book

Dardo concerns successive generation by propagation, whereas Genula gives a particular claimed alteration of a plant. The comparison helps distinguish a general account of generation from a specific botanical assertion. The edition retains that assertion as historical evidence without supplying a modern species identification or endorsing the proposed transformation.

#### Places to read

[Dardo](#CD0219). Generation understood as a continuing succession through propagation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Genula](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Dardo](#CD0219)

<a id="CD0318"></a>
### Gumicula

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant name directly referred to valerian.

**In the book.** Hinicula explicitly includes genicula and gumicula among its alternative names and likewise identifies valerian.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gumicula is valerian.

#### Meaning

The identification gives no part of the plant, preparation or medical action. Its scope is recognition of a name rather than explanation of a remedy.

#### Use in the book

Hinicula explicitly includes genicula and gumicula among its alternative names and likewise identifies valerian. That gives this entry a direct internal cross-reference. The modernised wording preserves the common plant name without adding a modern species or a use that neither definition supplies.

#### Places to read

[Hinicula](#CD0329). Three explicit names referred to valerian.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gumicula](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Hinicula](#CD0329)

<a id="CD0322"></a>
### Harmel

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant product specifically identified as seed.

**In the book.** Mandella is similarly defined as the seed of black hellebore, while Daura names hellebore without a plant part.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Harmel is the seed of wild rue.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a part of the plant, not the whole herb. The seed qualification should remain visible in a modernised reading and in any comparison with another plant name. No preparation or application is given.

#### Use in the book

Mandella is similarly defined as the seed of black hellebore, while Daura names hellebore without a plant part. These examples show why a short botanical entry can still make an important material distinction. Harmel should not automatically be expanded into a remedy or a modern botanical species.

#### Places to read

[Daura](#CD0220). A dictionary name for hellebore.

[Mandella](#CD0427). A name for the seed rather than the whole plant.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Harmel](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Daura](#CD0220); [Mandella](#CD0427)

<a id="CD0323"></a>
### Haro

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An unspecified kind of fern.

**In the book.** Fædula is similarly described only as a kind of mushroom, whereas Calliette includes colour and habitat.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Haro is a kind of fern.

#### Meaning

The dictionary supplies a broad botanical group but no features distinguishing the kind. It gives no part, habitat, preparation or medical action. The definition supports recognition of the general category while leaving a more precise identification open.

#### Use in the book

Fædula is similarly described only as a kind of mushroom, whereas Calliette includes colour and habitat. That contrast shows how different levels of descriptive detail occur in the dictionary. Haro has no equivalent detail from which to infer a particular modern species.

#### Places to read

[Calliette](#CD0125). A fungal-looking growth identified by colour and host.

[Fædula](#CD0273). An unspecified kind of mushroom.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Haro](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Calliette](#CD0125); [Fædula](#CD0273)

<a id="CD0324"></a>
### Hel

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dictionary name for honey.

**In the book.** Manna can mean a sweet matter extracted from anything, and Tereniabin is connected with manna or wood-honey.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Hel is honey.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a direct identification. It adds no distinction between a natural material and a preparation made from it, nor any particular medical purpose.

#### Use in the book

Manna can mean a sweet matter extracted from anything, and Tereniabin is connected with manna or wood-honey. Those related sweet-material terms have broader or different descriptions. Hel’s short gloss should not inherit their origins or claims simply because they share the language of sweetness.

#### Places to read

[Manna](#CD0430). An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

[Tereniabin](#CD0642). A manna or wood-honey material described through richness and season.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Hel](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Manna](#CD0430); [Tereniabin](#CD0642)

<a id="CD0325"></a>
### Hellebria

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Black hellebore distinguished by red flowers.

**In the book.** Mandella identifies the seed of black hellebore.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Hellebria is a kind of black hellebore bearing red flowers.

#### Meaning

The colour of the flowers is part of the identification. Unlike the unqualified Daura gloss, this entry describes a kind of black hellebore and adds a visible feature. It does not give an account of its preparation or use.

#### Use in the book

Mandella identifies the seed of black hellebore. The two entries therefore distinguish a plant description from a plant part. The modernised definition preserves the historical common name and the red flowers without deciding that the description fixes a single modern botanical species.

#### Places to read

[Daura](#CD0220). A dictionary name for hellebore.

[Mandella](#CD0427). A name for the seed rather than the whole plant.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Hellebria](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Daura](#CD0220); [Mandella](#CD0427)

<a id="CD0329"></a>
### Hinicula

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Three explicit names referred to valerian.

**In the book.** Gumicula has its own short entry with the same valerian identification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Hinicula, genicula, or gumicula is valerian.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies alternative forms and a direct plant identification. No part of the plant, preparation or medicinal use is stated, so the three names should remain naming aids rather than descriptions of three different remedies.

#### Use in the book

Gumicula has its own short entry with the same valerian identification. That internal duplication supports the relationship among the names. It should remain searchable without suppressing the other headword or adding a modern species that the dictionary does not specify.

#### Places to read

[Gumicula](#CD0318). A plant name directly referred to valerian.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Hinicula](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Gumicula](#CD0318)

<a id="CD0333"></a>
### Hydri

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name with juices and fruits as stated meanings.

**In the book.** Liquor herbarum is more specific, naming a product of pounded, pressed and digested herbs.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Hydri are juices or fruits.

#### Meaning

The definition permits two related but distinct categories. It does not identify a plant, a part of an animal or a particular prepared liquid. Both juices and fruits should remain available when the term is encountered.

#### Use in the book

Liquor herbarum is more specific, naming a product of pounded, pressed and digested herbs. Hydri does not include those preparative conditions. The contrast helps readers separate a broad naming gloss from a description that actually states how a particular liquor is made.

#### Places to read

[Liquor herbarum](#CD0403). An herbal liquor identified through three preparatory actions.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Hydri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Liquor herbarum](#CD0403)

<a id="CD0335"></a>
### Hydropiper

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant described through red spotting.

**In the book.** Hellebria similarly adds a colour feature to a plant name, specifying red flowers on a kind of black hellebore.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Hydropiper is arsmart marked with red specks or spots.

#### Meaning

The common name and visible marks form the identification. The entry does not give a location, preparation or medicinal action. The red specks should remain part of the description instead of being discarded as an incidental detail.

#### Use in the book

Hellebria similarly adds a colour feature to a plant name, specifying red flowers on a kind of black hellebore. Haro gives only a kind of fern. These comparisons show the varying precision of the dictionary’s botanical descriptions. Hydropiper’s stated marks support recognition without establishing a modern species by themselves.

#### Places to read

[Haro](#CD0323). An unspecified kind of fern.

[Hellebria](#CD0325). Black hellebore distinguished by red flowers.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Hydropiper](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Haro](#CD0323); [Hellebria](#CD0325)

<a id="CD0336"></a>
### Iassa

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant identified by a historical devotional name.

**In the book.** Diapensia gives lady’s-mantle through another name, while Geluta is the herb called Chameleon.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Iassa is the herb of the Trinity.

#### Meaning

The entry gives a name rather than a botanical description. It does not identify the features, habitat or use of the herb. The reference to the Trinity should therefore be preserved as the supplied name without inventing an explanation of how a particular plant represents it.

#### Use in the book

Diapensia gives lady’s-mantle through another name, while Geluta is the herb called Chameleon. Such entries preserve historical naming practices with different kinds of associations. Iassa receives no additional evidence from which this edition can securely assign a modern species.

#### Places to read

[Diapensia](#CD0227). A plant glossed through Alchamilla and lady’s-mantle.

[Geluta](#CD0303). A plant identified by the historical name Chameleon.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Iassa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Diapensia](#CD0227); [Geluta](#CD0303)

<a id="CD0366"></a>
### Iumnizum

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for leaven or ferment.

**In the book.** Kamir is another direct name for ferment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Iumnizum is leaven or ferment.

#### Meaning

The pairing of leaven and ferment gives the reader two routes to the same technical category. Neither word requires the referent to be a loaf or a familiar baking ingredient. The fuller Fermentum entry defines a fixed matter through its power to bring another matter to its own nature and fixity.

#### Use in the book

Kamir is another direct name for ferment. Read these short entries with Fermentum rather than assigning a different substance to each unfamiliar spelling.

#### Places to read

[Fermentum](#CD0276). A fixed agent credited with communicating its nature and fixedness.

[Kamir](#CD0371). Another name for ferment.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Iumnizum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Fermentum](#CD0276); [Kamir](#CD0371)

<a id="CD0374"></a>
### Karlina

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant name equated here with wild dill.

**In the book.** Laudina and Peucedamum likewise use familiar herb names as equivalents.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Karlina is wild dill.

#### Meaning

The dictionary gives a vernacular botanical equivalent. It supplies no description of leaves, flowers or habitat by which a specimen could be identified independently. The name should be preserved as a historical identification rather than expanded into a botanical description absent from the source.

#### Use in the book

Laudina and Peucedamum likewise use familiar herb names as equivalents. Their brevity shows the compiler’s expectation that a reader will recognise a plant through an already known name.

#### Places to read

[Laudina](#CD0389). A herb name equated with angelica.

[Peucedamum](#CD0524). A plant identified through the English angelica name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Karlina](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Laudina](#CD0389); [Peucedamum](#CD0524)

<a id="CD0380"></a>
### Kyram

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for snow.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kyram is snow.

#### Meaning

The definition gives snow as the complete equivalent. It does not direct the reader to a philosophical preparation, a special colour-stage or a mineral. Any such qualified use would have to be established from the text where the word occurs.

#### In this edition

The name remains searchable in its historical spelling. A brief equivalent is more faithful here than an invented account of the term’s origin.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kyram](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

<a id="CD0389"></a>
### Laudina

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A herb name equated with angelica.

**In the book.** Peucedamum is identified more specifically as English angelica.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Laudina is angelica.

#### Meaning

The compiler provides a name by which the plant can be recognised, but no description or species-level determination. The equivalent belongs to this historical vocabulary of herbs.

#### Use in the book

Peucedamum is identified more specifically as English angelica. Its added geographical word should be retained rather than imported into the shorter Laudina definition.

#### Places to read

[Peucedamum](#CD0524). A plant identified through the English angelica name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Laudina](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Peucedamum](#CD0524)

<a id="CD0409"></a>
### Locustæ

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Tender green branch tips, rather than insects, are meant here.

**In the book.** The book also gives animal names, such as Macha for a flying worm.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Locustæ are the tips of tree branches while still tender and green.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a plant part at a stage of growth. Tenderness and greenness qualify the branch tips, so an old woody end of a branch would omit part of the stated meaning. The plural headword should not be read through the familiar English insect-name locust.

#### Use in the book

The book also gives animal names, such as Macha for a flying worm. Keeping the assigned definition beside an unfamiliar Latin form prevents a plausible-looking name from moving the reader into the wrong natural category.

#### Places to read

[Macha](#CD0417). A creature defined by flight and the broad name worm.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Locustæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Macha](#CD0417)

<a id="CD0412"></a>
### Lumbrici Nitri

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Earth- or mud-dwelling worms whose name is explained by slipperiness.

**In the book.** Nitrum is separately equated with saltpetre.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Lumbrici Nitri are worms found in earth or mud, so called because of their slipperiness.

#### Meaning

The explanation names a place where the creatures are found and a property said to account for their designation. It does not describe them as particles of nitre or establish a mineral composition from the word Nitri.

#### Use in the book

Nitrum is separately equated with saltpetre. The two entries demonstrate why an attached word cannot always be interpreted by importing the dictionary’s definition of a superficially similar independent headword.

#### Places to read

[Nitrum](#CD0482). A name for saltpetre.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Lumbrici Nitri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Nitrum](#CD0482)

<a id="CD0416"></a>
### Lustrum

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for milk’s cream.

**In the book.** Compare Lac Virginis, whose milky name is assigned to mercurial water.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Lustrum is the cream of milk.

#### Meaning

The dictionary identifies the particular portion of milk intended. It does not use the headword here for a span of years or a ceremonial act, meanings that a reader might bring from another context. The material equivalent is the whole local explanation.

#### Use in the book

Compare Lac Virginis, whose milky name is assigned to mercurial water. One entry actually concerns a dairy substance; the other employs milk-language for a different material. Similar naming does not establish a shared source.

#### Places to read

[Lac Virginis](#CD0382). Virgin’s milk as a name for mercurial water.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Lustrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Lac Virginis](#CD0382)

<a id="CD0417"></a>
### Macha

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A creature defined by flight and the broad name worm.

**In the book.** Melaones supplies a much fuller account of a flying creature, including colour, smell, place and season.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359.

#### Historical definition

Macha is a flying worm.

#### Meaning

The old category worm is wider than a modern reader may initially expect, and the added capacity to fly is essential to this definition. The entry gives no further features from which to determine a species.

#### Use in the book

Melaones supplies a much fuller account of a flying creature, including colour, smell, place and season. That contrast shows what information this shorter entry leaves unresolved.

#### Places to read

[Melaones](#CD0439). Flying beetles described through colour, smell, habitat and season.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 359, Macha](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**See also.** [Melaones](#CD0439)

<a id="CD0427"></a>
### Mandella

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for the seed rather than the whole plant.

**In the book.** Locustæ similarly names a particular plant part in a particular state, tender branch tips.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Mandella is the seed of black hellebore.

#### Meaning

The plant and the part are both specified. Black hellebore is the source; its seed is the immediate material named. Replacing Mandella simply with hellebore would lose the limitation to a part of that plant.

#### Use in the book

Locustæ similarly names a particular plant part in a particular state, tender branch tips. Such entries show how much a short botanical equivalent can depend on retaining a small qualification.

#### Places to read

[Locustæ](#CD0409). Tender green branch tips, rather than insects, are meant here.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Mandella](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Locustæ](#CD0409)

<a id="CD0430"></a>
### Manna

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

**In the book.** Melissa is an alchemical name for Manna from the best herbs, while Mumia transmarina is directly equated with Manna.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Manna is not only a dew fallen from heaven, a kind of balm or fruit of the air, but also any sweet matter extracted from anything.

#### Meaning

The opening not only prevents the reader from stopping at a single familiar sense. The first account concerns something descending from heaven and characterised as an aerial balm or fruit. The second concerns extraction and extends to sweet matter drawn from any subject. The shared name can therefore belong to a natural occurrence or to the product of preparation.

Sweetness is explicit in the wider extracted sense. The definition does not, however, state that every sweet thing is Manna without regard to the relation it describes. Nor does it confine the name to one herb or one place of origin.

#### Use in the book

Melissa is an alchemical name for Manna from the best herbs, while Mumia transmarina is directly equated with Manna. Nuba names a red kind reported to fall in Ireland. These compounds and particular accounts develop the range which the general entry announces.

#### Places to read

[Melissa](#CD0441). An alchemical use of Melissa for an herbal extraction.

[Mumia transmarina](#CD0463). A Paracelsian Mumia compound equated with Manna.

[Nuba](#CD0485). A red kind of Manna reported in an Irish setting.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Manna](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Melissa](#CD0441); [Mumia transmarina](#CD0463); [Nuba](#CD0485)

<a id="CD0439"></a>
### Melaones

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Flying beetles described through colour, smell, habitat and season.

**In the book.** Macha gives only a flying worm, whereas Lumbrici Nitri adds an earthy or muddy habitat and slipperiness.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Melaones, or Meloes, are flying beetles of a golden colour which give a sweet smell when rubbed; they are commonly found in meadows in May.

#### Meaning

This is one of the dictionary’s more descriptive animal entries. Its several marks belong together: flight, a golden colour, a smell released by rubbing, meadows and the month of May. Omitting the sensory or seasonal details would reduce the means of recognition supplied to the historical reader.

#### Use in the book

Macha gives only a flying worm, whereas Lumbrici Nitri adds an earthy or muddy habitat and slipperiness. The contrast shows the varying amount of descriptive evidence behind the book’s animal names.

#### Places to read

[Macha](#CD0417). A creature defined by flight and the broad name worm.

[Lumbrici Nitri](#CD0412). Earth- or mud-dwelling worms whose name is explained by slipperiness.

#### In this edition

The historical description is preserved without assigning a modern species merely from the form Meloes.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Melaones](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Macha](#CD0417); [Lumbrici Nitri](#CD0412)

<a id="CD0441"></a>
### Melissa

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alchemical use of Melissa for an herbal extraction.

**In the book.** Manna includes sweet matter extracted from any subject as well as an aerial dew.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Melissa in alchemy is used for Manna extracted from the best herbs.

#### Meaning

The scope marker in alchemy is essential. Here Melissa does not simply supply the name of a plant: it denotes Manna extracted from herbs judged best for the purpose. The definition gives neither a list of those herbs nor the method by which the extract is obtained.

#### Use in the book

Manna includes sweet matter extracted from any subject as well as an aerial dew. Melissa selects the herbal side of that wider range. Liquor herbarum specifies a different herbal preparation through pounding, pressing and digestion.

#### Places to read

[Manna](#CD0430). An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

[Liquor herbarum](#CD0403). An herbal liquor identified through three preparatory actions.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Melissa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Manna](#CD0430); [Liquor herbarum](#CD0403)

<a id="CD0458"></a>
### Monstra

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An animal category covering unusual origin as well as deficiency or excess.

**In the book.** Pygmeæ combines artificial human beings and subterranean spirits within another compact definition.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Monstra are animals which either have no proper parents and are not born from things like themselves, or have some defect or excess in Nature; for more on this, see the first book of the preceding treatise.

#### Meaning

The definition gives alternatives. One concerns parentage and generation from unlike things; the other concerns a defect or excess in Nature. A reader should not reduce the whole category to bodily deformity, since that would omit the first branch of the account.

The entry also points beyond the dictionary. Its preceding treatise is part of the historical volume’s arrangement, not an unspecified modern discussion. The direction is evidence that the short gloss expects a fuller account elsewhere.

#### Use in the book

Pygmeæ combines artificial human beings and subterranean spirits within another compact definition. Comparing the headings can help readers see that the book’s categories are not limited to ordinary reproductive and bodily descriptions.

#### Places to read

[Pygmeæ](#CD0539). A name used for artificial people and, sometimes, underground spirits.

#### In this edition

The historical word Monstra is retained as a headword. The commentary describes the compiler’s classification rather than using the category as an editorial judgement about people.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Monstra](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Pygmeæ](#CD0539)

<a id="CD0463"></a>
### Mumia transmarina

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A Paracelsian Mumia compound equated with Manna.

**In the book.** Manna itself includes an aerial dew and sweet matter extracted from things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Mumia transmarina in Paracelsus is Manna.

#### Meaning

The dictionary’s equivalent should govern the reading before an ordinary interpretation of transmarina as something from overseas is allowed to supply a material. The entry says Manna and attributes this usage to Paracelsus.

#### Use in the book

Manna itself includes an aerial dew and sweet matter extracted from things. Melissa selects an herbal form of that extracted material. The short Mumia compound does not choose among all those further qualifications on its own.

#### Places to read

[Manna](#CD0430). An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

[Melissa](#CD0441). An alchemical use of Melissa for an herbal extraction.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Mumia transmarina](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Manna](#CD0430); [Melissa](#CD0441)

<a id="CD0484"></a>
### Nostoch

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A jelly-like substance connected with the popular name falling star.

**In the book.** Calcinatum minus includes Nostock among naturally sweet things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nostoch is what we call a falling star: a kind of jelly or slime often found in fields and meadows in summer.

#### Meaning

The compiler’s what we call introduces a name familiar to his readers, then describes something found on the ground. Jelly or slime, summer, fields and meadows supply the material and setting actually stated. The definition does not describe a witnessed trajectory from the sky or explain how the substance arrives there.

#### Use in the book

Calcinatum minus includes Nostock among naturally sweet things. The name therefore occurs in more than one classificatory setting: here as a described natural occurrence, there among materials grouped through a quality. Nuba offers another account of a substance said to fall, but gives a different colour, name and location.

#### Places to read

[Calcinatum minus](#CD0121). A class of naturally sweet substances credited with healing power.

[Nuba](#CD0485). A red kind of Manna reported in an Irish setting.

#### In this edition

The popular falling-star designation is retained alongside the terrestrial description; it is neither silently converted into a modern identification nor treated as proof of celestial origin.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nostoch](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Calcinatum minus](#CD0121); [Nuba](#CD0485)

<a id="CD0485"></a>
### Nuba

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A red kind of Manna reported in an Irish setting.

**In the book.** Manna itself includes an aerial dew as well as sweet extracted material.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nuba is a kind of red Manna that falls in Ireland.

#### Meaning

The definition qualifies Manna by colour and place, and says that it falls. It does not identify a plant source, an extraction or a particular season. Those details should not be invented from the wider range of things called Manna.

#### Use in the book

Manna itself includes an aerial dew as well as sweet extracted material. Nuba belongs to a more particular account within that vocabulary. Melissa, by contrast, explicitly names an herbal extraction.

#### Places to read

[Manna](#CD0430). An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

[Melissa](#CD0441). An alchemical use of Melissa for an herbal extraction.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nuba](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Manna](#CD0430); [Melissa](#CD0441)

<a id="CD0521"></a>
### Perdetæ

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A material identified through the older name rapes and two descriptive qualities.

**In the book.** The short gloss gives no further description, part, habitat or preparation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Perdetæ are small, yellow rapes.

#### Meaning

The definition’s useful details are smallness and yellow color. The older English name rapes is retained rather than silently assigned to one exact modern species or variety.

#### Use in the book

The short gloss gives no further description, part, habitat or preparation. Those limits matter when a historical material name cannot be securely resolved from this witness alone.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Perdetæ; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

<a id="CD0524"></a>
### Peucedamum

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant identified through the English angelica name.

**In the book.** Laudina is also identified as Angelica, without the present qualifier.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Peucedamum is English angelica.

#### Meaning

The qualifier English is part of the supplied identification. It should remain visible when comparing other historical plant names equated with angelica.

#### Use in the book

Laudina is also identified as Angelica, without the present qualifier. The shared name gives a useful route for comparison while leaving the different specificity of the glosses intact.

#### Places to read

[Laudina](#CD0389). A herb name equated with angelica.

[Vegetabilia](#CD0663). Growing things described through rootedness and branching.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Peucedamum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Laudina, Vegetabilia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Laudina](#CD0389); [Vegetabilia](#CD0663)

<a id="CD0531"></a>
### Porosa

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant name directly equated with St John’s wort.

**In the book.** Relloleum uses St John’s wort to distinguish a virtue associated with heat from another accidental and hidden virtue.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Porosa is St John’s wort.

#### Meaning

The identification supplies an English plant name without a preparation or therapeutic purpose.

#### Use in the book

Relloleum uses St John’s wort to distinguish a virtue associated with heat from another accidental and hidden virtue. That fuller discussion belongs to the corresponding conceptual entry, while Porosa supplies the short lexical identification.

#### Places to read

[Relloleum](#CD0556). A distinction between a manifest quality and an occult virtue.

[Vegetabilia](#CD0663). Growing things described through rootedness and branching.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Porosa; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Relloleum, Vegetabilia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Relloleum](#CD0556); [Vegetabilia](#CD0663)

<a id="CD0545"></a>
### Quintum esse cujuslibet Elementi per se solum

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A living being said to arise from one element by itself.

**In the book.** Sagani groups spirits by the four elements, while Salamandri and Terrelati supply particular elemental dwellings.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367.

#### Historical definition

Quintum esse cujuslibet Elementi per se solum is an animal produced from that element alone.

#### Meaning

The full Latin expression is important because the short definition supplies a relation of origin. The animal is characterized by production from a single element. Animal here means a living creature; the entry gives no species, shape or anatomy.

#### Use in the book

Sagani groups spirits by the four elements, while Salamandri and Terrelati supply particular elemental dwellings. Those entries provide a useful route for comparison, although the present sentence does not explicitly equate its animal with any one named spirit.

#### Places to read

[Sagani](#CD0565). A collective name for elemental spirits.

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Terrelati](#CD0647). Bodily spirits associated with residence in earth.

#### In this edition

The wording is retained without supplying a missing species or turning the statement into a modern biological classification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Quintum esse cujuslibet Elementi per se solum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 367; compare Sagani, Salamandri, Terrelati](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**See also.** [Sagani](#CD0565); [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Terrelati](#CD0647)

<a id="CD0592"></a>
### Scirona

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A seasonal name for autumn dew.

**In the book.** Tronus offers a particularly useful comparison: it names celestial dew made of air and also a sweet kind of manna.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Scirona is the dew of autumn.

#### Meaning

The season is the identifying qualifier. Dew in other entries can be connected with celestial origin or given a different name, so the autumn reference should remain visible.

#### Use in the book

Tronus offers a particularly useful comparison: it names celestial dew made of air and also a sweet kind of manna. The present entry supplies only the seasonal identification.

#### Places to read

[Tronus](#CD0659). A dew name with airy and manna identifications.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Scirona; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Tronus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Tronus](#CD0659)

<a id="CD0610"></a>
### Sonath

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name referred to anthos.

**In the book.** Anthos has expressly different vegetable and metallic senses: rosemary flowers in one context, and the elixir or quintessence of gold in the other.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Sonath is anthos.

#### Meaning

The compiler supplies an equivalence with another headword. The target term must remain visible because its own contextual distinctions carry the fuller explanation.

#### Use in the book

Anthos has expressly different vegetable and metallic senses: rosemary flowers in one context, and the elixir or quintessence of gold in the other. The present synonym does not decide between them. Follow the subject of the passage and the target entry before choosing a sense.

#### Places to read

[Anthos](#CD0033). A term whose sense changes between vegetable and metallic contexts.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sonath; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Anthos](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Anthos](#CD0033)

<a id="CD0611"></a>
### Sophia herba

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant identified as a particularly valued kind of bonewort.

**In the book.** The historical plant name is retained.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Sophia herba is the best kind of bonewort.

#### Meaning

The gloss supplies a plant name and a ranking within its kind. Best records the compiler’s valuation without explaining the criterion, such as strength, appearance or therapeutic use.

#### Use in the book

The historical plant name is retained. The entry gives no specimen description that would securely establish a single modern botanical species.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sophia herba; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

<a id="CD0618"></a>
### Sperniolum

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A frog-associated liquid described by its mucilaginous consistency.

**In the book.** The description belongs to the animal materials included in this wide chemical vocabulary.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Sperniolum is a mucilaginous liquor of frogs.

#### Meaning

Liquor means liquid; mucilaginous describes a slimy or mucus-like condition. The entry supplies an animal association and a texture, without specifying which part of the animal yields the material.

#### Use in the book

The description belongs to the animal materials included in this wide chemical vocabulary. Retaining the limitation of frogs avoids extending the name to every viscous liquid.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sperniolum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

<a id="CD0637"></a>
### Tassus

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A short animal identification.

**In the book.** The entry’s practical function is lexical: a reader encountering Tassus is directed to a familiar animal category while remaining aware of the definition’s limited specificity.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Tassus is a worm.

#### Meaning

The compiler gives only a broad kind of creature. Worm is retained at that level because the sentence supplies no shape, habitat, host or preparation that would support a narrower identification.

#### Use in the book

The entry’s practical function is lexical: a reader encountering Tassus is directed to a familiar animal category while remaining aware of the definition’s limited specificity.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Tassus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

<a id="CD0642"></a>
### Tereniabin

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A manna or wood-honey material described through richness and season.

**In the book.** Tronus also associates a dew name with manna, but describes celestial dew made of air and a particularly sweet kind.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Tereniabin is the fatness of manna, or wood honey, found in good quantity in June, July and August.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies alternative descriptive names and a seasonal occurrence. Fatness indicates the material’s rich or unctuous aspect within the historical account; it does not establish a modern compositional analysis.

#### Use in the book

Tronus also associates a dew name with manna, but describes celestial dew made of air and a particularly sweet kind. The present entry is distinguished by wood honey and its summer months.

#### Places to read

[Tronus](#CD0659). A dew name with airy and manna identifications.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Tereniabin; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Tronus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Tronus](#CD0659)

<a id="CD0659"></a>
### Tronus

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A dew name with airy and manna identifications.

**In the book.** Scirona names autumn dew, while Tereniabin identifies the fatness of manna or wood honey and adds summer months.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Tronus or Tronossa is celestial dew made of air, or the sweetest kind of manna.

#### Meaning

The definition gives two descriptions connected by or. One concerns celestial dew and its origin in air; the other a superlatively sweet kind of manna. Both belong to the transmitted range of the term.

#### Use in the book

Scirona names autumn dew, while Tereniabin identifies the fatness of manna or wood honey and adds summer months. These comparisons show that dew and manna names can be distinguished through season, source and qualities.

#### Places to read

[Scirona](#CD0592). A seasonal name for autumn dew.

[Tereniabin](#CD0642). A manna or wood-honey material described through richness and season.

#### In this edition

The two forms Tronus and Tronossa lead to the same article. The gloss does not establish that every historical dew name refers to one material.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Tronus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Scirona, Tereniabin](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Scirona](#CD0592); [Tereniabin](#CD0642)

<a id="CD0663"></a>
### Vegetabilia

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Growing things described through rootedness and branching.

**In the book.** This is a broad account of a natural kingdom.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Vegetabilia are things that grow with a root fixed in earth and a stem and branches in air, such as herbs, plants and trees.

#### Meaning

The definition organizes the vegetable category through a relation to earth and air. A fixed root and an exposed stem and branches give the structural description. The examples are herbs, plants and trees.

#### Use in the book

This is a broad account of a natural kingdom. It need not imply that every plant discussed by an author displays the same conspicuous trunk or branches. The text’s own examples establish the scope intended by the compiler.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Sophia herba](#CD0611). A plant identified as a particularly valued kind of bonewort.

#### In this edition

Vegetable is used in its historical sense of growing plant life, rather than restricted to the modern culinary category. The Latin heading preserves that wider use.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vegetabilia; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Quintessentia, Sophia herba](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Sophia herba](#CD0611)

<a id="CD0671"></a>
### Viscaleus

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A plant name equated with mistletoe.

**In the book.** The entry gives no preparation or medicinal action.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Viscaleus is mistletoe.

#### Meaning

The compiler supplies an English plant equivalent. The historical spelling Misleto is modernised to mistletoe while the headword remains available as a separate search term.

#### Use in the book

The entry gives no preparation or medicinal action. Its contribution is identification within the dictionary’s vegetable vocabulary.

#### Places to read

[Vegetabilia](#CD0663). Growing things described through rootedness and branching.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Viscaleus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Vegetabilia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Vegetabilia](#CD0663)

<a id="CD0672"></a>
### Viscus

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A pitch identified through its vegetable source and preparation.

**In the book.** Viscus secundæ generationis is separately defined through blood dropping from salts.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Viscus is properly pitch boiled from the tender tops of trees.

#### Meaning

Properly marks the sense the compiler regards as primary. The entry specifies tender tree tops and boiling as the relation between the starting material and the pitch.

#### Use in the book

Viscus secundæ generationis is separately defined through blood dropping from salts. The shared name therefore does not make the two materials interchangeable. The qualifying expression changes the gloss.

#### Places to read

[Viscus secundæ generationis](#CD0673). A salt-associated material described as blood.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Viscus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Viscus secundæ generationis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Viscus secundæ generationis](#CD0673)

<a id="CD0681"></a>
### Vndosa

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A collective animal-excrement name.

**In the book.** Rebis is locally identified with excrement of the belly.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vndosa are the excrements of any animals.

#### Meaning

Any animals makes the gloss broader than a product from one species. The definition supplies a material category without describing an operation or a use.

#### Use in the book

Rebis is locally identified with excrement of the belly. The related glosses are useful to compare while preserving the present entry’s wider animal qualification.

#### Places to read

[Rebis](#CD0549). Rebis in this dictionary denotes bodily excrement.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vndosa; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Rebis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Rebis](#CD0549)

<a id="CD0695"></a>
### Yrcus

*Plants animals and natural materials · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A male goat named with an attributed power of its blood.

**In the book.** The entry connects an animal material with hard mineral substances.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Yrcus is a male goat whose blood is said to soften glass and flints, and the like.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies the animal and then reports an effect said to belong to its blood. Is said preserves the original qualification; the effect is a claim transmitted by the compiler.

#### Use in the book

The entry connects an animal material with hard mineral substances. It does not give a preparation or specify the conditions under which the attributed softening would occur.

#### Places to read

[Sperniolum](#CD0618). A frog-associated liquid described by its mucilaginous consistency.

[Vegetabilia](#CD0663). Growing things described through rootedness and branching.

#### In this edition

The claim is retained as historical material lore, with no experimental result invented to confirm it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Yrcus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Sperniolum, Vegetabilia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Sperniolum](#CD0618); [Vegetabilia](#CD0663)

<a id="category_2126df623a92"></a>
## Body disease and historical medicine

<a id="CD0027"></a>
### Amygdale

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A surgical term for an outgrowth at the tongue’s root.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Amygdale, among surgeons, is the superfluous flesh growing at the root of the tongue.

#### Meaning

The qualification “among surgeons” places the word within a particular field of use. Its description is anatomical and evaluative: the tissue is regarded as superfluous. The entry does not identify a cause, specify a normal structure or provide a diagnosis. For that reason, it is more accurate to retain the described location and condition than to substitute a modern medical name. In a passage about surgery, this term points to what is observed and where, not by itself to how it should be treated.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Amygdale](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

<a id="CD0030"></a>
### Anatomia Essata

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A compressed expression naming a source or origin of disease.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anatomia Essata is the mother of diseases.

#### Meaning

The explanation works through the metaphor of a mother: the term is associated with the generation or source of diseases. It gives no description of anatomy as dissection and no list of individual illnesses. A reader should therefore resist replacing the unfamiliar phrase with the familiar modern discipline merely because the words resemble one another. The entry is most useful as a signal to examine how the surrounding author explains the arising of disease. Its brevity leaves the exact technical mechanism unresolved.

#### Places to read

[Essatum essentiale](#CD0258). An essential power attributed to vegetable and mineral subjects.

[Matrices rerum](#CD0436). The elements considered as matrices of things.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anatomia Essata ; compare Essatum essentiale, Matrices rerum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Essatum essentiale](#CD0258); [Matrices rerum](#CD0436)

<a id="CD0045"></a>
### Anodus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bodily product defined through renal separation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anodus is what the kidneys separate from nourishment.

#### Meaning

The definition organizes the body through an act of separation: nourishment enters the account, the kidneys act, and something is removed from it. It identifies Anodus by origin and agency rather than by colour or composition. The short sentence gives no warrant for expanding it into a particular modern biochemical substance. In historical medical prose, attend to whether the writer is describing the separated material, the organ’s action or a failure of that action. Those are related but distinct subjects.

#### Places to read

[Baul](#CD0103). A historical name identifying urine.

[Excrementa](#CD0266). Superfluities described through expulsion by Nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anodus ; compare Baul, Excrementa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Baul](#CD0103); [Excrementa](#CD0266)

<a id="CD0046"></a>
### Anodyna

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A class of medicines grouped by their intended sleep-producing effect.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Anodyna are medicines that induce sleep.

#### Meaning

This is an effect-based category rather than the name of a single ingredient. The plural matters: different preparations may be gathered under the same intended action. The dictionary records how the historical medicines were classified, without identifying their constituents or establishing their effectiveness.

Compare Narcotica and Sedativa when an author distinguishes sleep, stupor or calming. The existence of neighbouring effect terms is a reason to follow the particular author’s description rather than assume that all such medicines are equivalent. A modern therapeutic recommendation cannot be inferred from this historical gloss.

#### Places to read

[Narcotica](#CD0472). Medicines classified through a sleep-producing effect.

[Sedativa](#CD0594). Remedies classified by relief of pain.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anodyna ; compare Narcotica, Sedativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Narcotica](#CD0472); [Sedativa](#CD0594)

<a id="CD0049"></a>
### Antera

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name used both for a medicine and for yellow material in flowers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Antera is a medicine extracted from hyacinths; it is also the yellow material growing in the middle of lilies and similar flowers.

#### Meaning

The two clauses must be kept separate. One concerns an extracted medicine named through hyacinths; the other identifies yellow material in the centre of lilies and comparable flowers. The shared headword does not prove that both clauses describe the same preparation. Nor does this brief wording settle every possible meaning of “hyacinths” in historical technical usage.

For interpretation, first decide whether the passage is describing an extraction or a visible flower part. The difference is between a prepared product and something identified in its growing form. Adding a modern species or medicinal action would require more evidence than the dictionary supplies.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Antera](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

<a id="CD0069"></a>
### Aridura

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bodily condition described as complete consumption or wasting.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Aridura is the total wasting away of the body and its parts.

#### Meaning

The word “consumption” in the historical wording concerns wasting away. It should not automatically be replaced by the name of a particular modern disease. The entry’s emphasis is extent: the whole body and its parts are involved. It supplies no cause, symptom sequence or therapeutic preparation.

In medical prose, this term may therefore describe a condition or outcome rather than identify an agent producing it. Keeping that distinction visible helps a reader follow an argument about bodily decline without adding a diagnosis that the source has not made.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aridura](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

<a id="CD0075"></a>
### Artetiscus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A descriptive term for a person missing a body part.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Artetiscus is a person who lacks a bodily member.

#### Meaning

This entry names a person through a bodily condition. It does not identify the absent member or say whether the condition was present from birth or followed an injury. The wording should be explained without supplying a causal history that the source has not given.

Its presence also reminds the reader that the dictionary covers more than substances and operations. Human conditions, professions and evaluative names occur beside material terms. Recognizing the grammatical role of a headword can resolve a difficult sentence before any further technical identification is needed.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Artetiscus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

<a id="CD0077"></a>
### Asaphatum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical skin condition described through itching and thread-like matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Asaphatum is an itch arising between skin and flesh, like worms; if the skin is pressed, long threads with black heads come out.

#### Meaning

The entry gives a reported appearance and an action associated with it. Its “like worms” wording is a comparison and should remain one. The sentence does not identify a particular organism through evidence available to modern diagnosis. Replacing the whole description with a disease name would therefore claim more than the source establishes.

For reading historical medicine, preserve the relation among location, sensation and observed matter. The dictionary’s purpose here is to make a difficult term recognizable within that account. It is not supplying a general test or treatment for a present-day skin condition.

#### Places to read

[Sirones](#CD0605). Pustules or wheals particularly associated with the hands.

[Formicæ](#CD0291). Small bodily swellings described by comparison with warts.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Asaphatum ; compare Sirones, Formicæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Sirones](#CD0605); [Formicæ](#CD0291)

<a id="CD0082"></a>
### Asthma

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical lung condition characterized by difficult breathing.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336.

#### Historical definition

Asthma is a disease of the lungs causing difficulty in breathing.

#### Meaning

The definition gives an affected part and a principal effect. Those two features explain its use within the dictionary, but they do not establish that every historical case corresponds to one modern diagnostic category. A modern reader recognizes the name easily; the apparent familiarity makes attention to the historical description especially important.

If a passage adds causes, signs or remedies, those are further claims belonging to that author. The dictionary’s short gloss should not be enlarged by assuming them. It helps identify the subject of an argument without validating a particular treatment or retrospectively diagnosing a patient.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Asthma](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

<a id="CD0086"></a>
### Attractiva

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Medicines classified by a claimed power of attraction.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336.

#### Historical definition

Attractiva are magnetic medicines with the power to draw to themselves things composed of similar attractives.

#### Meaning

The definition explains attraction through likeness between the attracting medicine and what is drawn. “Magnetic” therefore belongs to an account of affinity and action, rather than identifying an ordinary magnet as the sole ingredient. The plural names a class of medicines, not one preparation.

When reading a therapeutic passage, distinguish the attributed drawing power, its object and the substance said to exercise it. The dictionary supplies the relation but no verified treatment outcome. A material’s inclusion in this category records a historical explanation of efficacy. It does not establish that the attractive action occurred as claimed.

#### Places to read

[Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423). A bodily stone described by hardness and a spongy structure.

[Repercussiva](#CD0557). Medicines classified by their supposed action of driving a flow back.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Attractiva ; compare Magneticus tartarus, Repercussiva](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**See also.** [Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423); [Repercussiva](#CD0557)

<a id="CD0095"></a>
### Axungia de Mumia

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two expressions identifying bone marrow.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337.

#### Historical definition

Axungia de Mumia, or Mumia de Medullis, is the marrow of bones.

#### Meaning

The alternative names belong together in a finding index. Their definition is anatomical: the substance is the marrow within bones. The Mumia vocabulary can look more mysterious than this particular identification warrants, so the plain material gloss is especially helpful.

Elsewhere the dictionary uses Mumia in several qualified expressions. The existence of that wider family does not make all of them bone marrow. Here the complete terms supply the specific sense. Preserve the qualification when following a preparation or comparing passages.

#### Places to read

[Mumia](#CD0461). Balmed flesh, expressly extending beyond human flesh.

[Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405). A Mumia compound explicitly identified as human fat.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Axungia de Mumia ; compare Mumia, Liquor Mumiæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**See also.** [Mumia](#CD0461); [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405)

<a id="CD0100"></a>
### Balsamum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

**In the book.** The qualified Balsamum entries concern flesh and the external elements, while Botin supplies a direct turpentine name.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338.

#### Historical definition

Balsamum is a bodily substance preserving things from putrefaction. It is internal and external. Internally in a human being, it is a certain temperate substance, neither bitter, sweet nor sour; not mineral salt, but the salt of liquor, which strongly preserves the body from putrefaction. Externally it is turpentine that has never been subjected to fire, but has been digested.

#### Meaning

The opening statement defines Balsamum by its attributed action: preserving against putrefaction. The entry then divides the account into internal and external forms. These are not decorative subdivisions. The internal substance is described through bodily preservation, temperateness, excluded tastes and a distinction between mineral salt and salt of liquor. The external form is identified instead with a particular condition of turpentine.

The external qualification is unusually precise: it has been digested, but not subjected to fire. A reader should preserve that difference rather than equate every heated turpentine preparation with the balsam intended here. The dictionary supplies a defining history of treatment, though not a complete account of how that digestion is conducted.

#### Use in the book

The qualified Balsamum entries concern flesh and the external elements, while Botin supplies a direct turpentine name. Read the group with the internal/external distinction in view. A common headword does not make every balsam one material, and the preservation attributed to the internal form is a historical explanation of life rather than a modern physiological identification.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum de Mumiis](#CD0101). A balsam defined through extraction from flesh.

[Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102). An external elemental balsam explained through Mercury, Mumia and firmamental essence.

[Botin](#CD0110). A historical name for turpentine.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Balsamum ; compare Balsamum de Mumiis, Balsamum Elementorum externum, Botin, Digestio, Preservativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**See also.** [Balsamum de Mumiis](#CD0101); [Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102); [Botin](#CD0110); [Digestio](#CD0233); [Preservativa](#CD0533)

<a id="CD0101"></a>
### Balsamum de Mumiis

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A balsam defined through extraction from flesh.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338.

#### Historical definition

Balsamum de Mumiis is what is extracted from flesh.

#### Meaning

This qualified name identifies its source rather than repeating the whole account under Balsamum. Flesh is the stated starting material, and extraction is the action. The entry gives no particular body, solvent or resulting form. It therefore cannot support a narrower recipe without another passage.

The general balsam entry concerns preservation and distinguishes internal from external forms. That context helps locate the name within the dictionary, but the present sentence only states the extraction from flesh. Mumia-related expressions must be read with their qualifications: elsewhere they can identify bone marrow or other bodily preparations.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum](#CD0100). A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

[Mumia](#CD0461). Balmed flesh, expressly extending beyond human flesh.

[Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095). Two expressions identifying bone marrow.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Balsamum de Mumiis ; compare Balsamum, Mumia, Axungia de Mumia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**See also.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Mumia](#CD0461); [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095)

<a id="CD0103"></a>
### Baul

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name identifying urine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338.

#### Historical definition

Baul is urine.

#### Meaning

The equation is straightforward and should remain so. Its chief editorial value is to make an unfamiliar name recognizable in a passage about bodily materials. The entry says nothing about the person or animal producing it, its condition, or whether it has been further treated. Those details should be taken from the particular passage rather than added to the headword.

Compare Anodus for an account of what the kidneys separate from nourishment. The relation is bodily and thematic; it does not make every separated substance identical with Baul.

#### Places to read

[Anodus](#CD0045). A bodily product defined through renal separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 10; facsimile PDF page 338 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Baul ; compare Anodus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=338)

**See also.** [Anodus](#CD0045)

<a id="CD0109"></a>
### Bothor

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A skin-condition term with two stated descriptive equivalents.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Bothor are wheals or pustules.

#### Meaning

The dictionary gives a pair of visible skin descriptions rather than a cause or a named systemic illness. Both alternatives should remain in the modernised definition. A historical author may use the word broadly or qualify the lesions more closely; this entry alone does not supply that distinction.

The form is plural, which may help a reader recognize the word’s role in a list of signs. Its function is descriptive. A modern diagnosis, organism or treatment should not be inferred simply because one present-day skin condition can also involve pustules.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Bothor](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

<a id="CD0112"></a>
### Brunus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A condition identified through the historical name St Anthony’s fire.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Brunus is St Anthony’s fire.

#### Meaning

The dictionary resolves one unfamiliar word through another historical disease name. That is useful, but it is not the same as a present-day diagnosis. The entry provides no symptoms or cause with which to establish a unique correspondence. This edition therefore preserves the historical identification and leaves any more precise medical interpretation to a cited account of the actual case.

In a text, distinguish the disease name from references to ordinary fire or a furnace. The short entry concerns a condition, despite the fire language in its identifying name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Brunus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

<a id="CD0117"></a>
### Calcedonium tartarum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bodily tartar explained through failed expulsion.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calcedonium tartarum is harmful matter in the human body, arising because the expulsive faculty fails to expel what has been separated.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies a causal account within the historical physiology: separation has occurred, but expulsion fails, leaving harmful matter. The distinction between those two acts is the point. It is not enough that material be separated from nourishment or another bodily process; in this account it must also be removed.

The term is a bodily use of tartar vocabulary. It should not automatically be read as the same material found in a wine vessel. Tartarum provides the broader family, while Anodus and Excrementa offer comparisons for separated or rejected matter. The historical explanation gives no unique modern pathological identification, and the edition does not supply one by conjecture.

#### Places to read

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

[Anodus](#CD0045). A bodily product defined through renal separation.

[Excrementa](#CD0266). Superfluities described through expulsion by Nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calcedonium tartarum ; compare Tartarum, Anodus, Excrementa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Anodus](#CD0045); [Excrementa](#CD0266)

<a id="CD0120"></a>
### Calcinatum majus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An art-produced sweetness contrasted with natural sweetness.

**In the book.** Calcinatum minus provides the necessary contrast: there the substances are naturally sweet.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calcinatum majus is anything made sweet by the spagyrical art that was not sweet by nature, such as the sweetness of Mercury, lead, salt and similar things. This is also called their soul and is said quickly to close any wound.

#### Meaning

The main distinction is between a quality gained through art and one present naturally. Mercury, lead and salt serve as examples. The category is therefore wider than one calcined material: the defining feature is the historically attributed transformation into sweetness. The added soul vocabulary gives that prepared quality a philosophical name.

The closing claim concerns the rapid closing or consolidation of wounds. It belongs to the historical definition and should remain attributed as a promised effect, rather than being converted into present-day advice. The entry supplies no preparation, dose or evidence for that efficacy.

#### Use in the book

Calcinatum minus provides the necessary contrast: there the substances are naturally sweet. Anima Saturni and Altey plumbi connect the sweetness and soul vocabulary specifically with lead. These cross-references make the major/minor distinction useful without confusing it with a simple scale of temperature or amount of burning.

#### Places to read

[Calcinatum minus](#CD0121). A class of naturally sweet substances credited with healing power.

[Anima Saturni](#CD0041). The “soul of Saturn” identified with lead’s sweetness.

[Altey plumbi](#CD0021). A lead preparation characterized as sweet.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calcinatum majus ; compare Calcinatum minus, Anima Saturni, Altey plumbi, Consolidativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Calcinatum minus](#CD0121); [Anima Saturni](#CD0041); [Altey plumbi](#CD0021); [Consolidativa](#CD0197)

<a id="CD0121"></a>
### Calcinatum minus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A class of naturally sweet substances credited with healing power.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calcinatum minus is anything naturally sweet and very healing, such as sugar, manna, honey of the wood, Nostock and similar things.

#### Meaning

The entry’s key distinction is natural sweetness. Sugar, manna, honey of the wood and Nostock are examples within an open category. The historical author groups them through sweetness and an attributed healing virtue rather than through one shared material origin. The statement of efficacy should be reported as that author’s claim.

Calcinatum majus defines the contrasting case: sweetness produced by spagyrical art in what was not naturally sweet. Reading the pair together makes the distinction intelligible. Minus does not simply mean that the same substance has undergone less heating; the definitions distinguish the source of the quality itself.

#### Places to read

[Calcinatum majus](#CD0120). An art-produced sweetness contrasted with natural sweetness.

[Manna](#CD0430). An aerial dew and, more broadly, sweet extracted matter.

[Nostoch](#CD0484). A jelly-like substance connected with the popular name falling star.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calcinatum minus ; compare Calcinatum majus, Manna, Nostoch](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Calcinatum majus](#CD0120); [Manna](#CD0430); [Nostoch](#CD0484)

<a id="CD0136"></a>
### Cambuca

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A localized condition described through an abscess or ulcer.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cambuca is an abscess or ulcer in the groin.

#### Meaning

The location is part of the identification, not an optional detail. The entry gives alternative lesion descriptions but does not state their cause, course or remedy. A modernisation should therefore preserve the groin reference and the alternatives without assigning a specific modern infection or diagnosis.

Compare Carbunculus, where the dictionary again gives an abscess or ulcer description with a different qualification. Similar lesion vocabulary can recur in distinct entries; the additional words help the reader avoid merging them.

#### Places to read

[Carbunculus](#CD0140). A historical lesion term with a pestilential qualification.

[Exitura](#CD0267). An abscess characterised by discharging matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cambuca ; compare Carbunculus, Exitura](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Carbunculus](#CD0140); [Exitura](#CD0267)

<a id="CD0140"></a>
### Carbunculus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical lesion term with a pestilential qualification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Carbunculus is an abscess or pestilential ulcer.

#### Meaning

The entry offers two related descriptions, one general and one qualified by pestilential character. It supplies no unique cause or diagnostic criterion. The historical adjective should remain visible without being converted automatically into the name of one present-day disease.

Cambuca gives a similar pair of lesion words but specifies the groin instead. Reading the entries together shows why qualifiers and locations matter in historical medical vocabulary. An editor can clarify the descriptive language while leaving a precise retrospective diagnosis unresolved.

#### Places to read

[Cambuca](#CD0136). A localized condition described through an abscess or ulcer.

[Exitura](#CD0267). An abscess characterised by discharging matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Carbunculus ; compare Cambuca, Exitura](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Cambuca](#CD0136); [Exitura](#CD0267)

<a id="CD0144"></a>
### Cassatum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Blood described as ineffective and obstructive within a historical bodily account.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cassatum is weak and dead blood in the veins that obstructs the movement of good blood.

#### Meaning

The definition distinguishes two conditions of blood and assigns one an obstructive role. “Dead” describes the historical classification of the blood, not merely the death of the whole person. The account makes its condition consequential because it impedes the movement of what is called good blood.

This is an explanation within the source’s physiology. It does not supply the evidence needed to identify one modern vascular disorder or blood product. For reading, retain the contrast between the two kinds of blood and the claimed obstruction; further medical interpretation requires the particulars of the passage.

#### Places to read

[Oppilativa](#CD0499). A class of medicines defined by stopping a flow.

[Cruor salis](#CD0214). A salt distinguished by separation and an unsuccessful second digestion.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cassatum ; compare Oppilativa, Cruor salis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Oppilativa](#CD0499); [Cruor salis](#CD0214)

<a id="CD0152"></a>
### Ceniotemium

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicinal Mercury preparation named through its intended use.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Ceniotemium is Mercury prepared for venereal disease.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a prepared material and the condition it was intended to address. It does not describe how the Mercury was treated or what precise preparation resulted. That missing distinction is important because the dictionary separately names many Mercury forms. A purpose-based name does not establish their interchangeability.

The therapeutic relationship belongs to the historical account. It does not demonstrate success or safety, and the short gloss provides no basis for reconstructing a treatment. For reading, keep the three elements separate: Mercury as source material, preparation as an unstated process, and the disease as the intended object of treatment.

#### Places to read

[Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445). Mercury described before separation from its mineral source.

[Calx Mercurii](#CD0130). Mercury identified in a precipitated condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ceniotemium ; compare Mercurius Crudus, Calx Mercurii](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445); [Calx Mercurii](#CD0130)

<a id="CD0153"></a>
### Cerviculæ

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spirit preparation identified through a particular animal material.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Cerviculæ is the spirit made from the bone in a hart’s heart.

#### Meaning

The definition gives an animal source, an anatomical location and a prepared form. It describes a bone said to be in a hart’s heart and a spirit made from it. The animal and the location should not be lost in a vague summary such as animal spirit, because they are the entry’s principal identifying details.

Scacurcula provides a closely matching account: the spirit of a bone in a hart’s heart. This direct parallel identifies the same anatomical source. Neither short entry supplies a complete preparation or establishes an attributed efficacy, so the shared wording should not be expanded into an unstated recipe.

#### Places to read

[Scacurcula](#CD0590). A spirit associated with a bone in a deer’s heart.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cerviculæ ; compare Scacurcula](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Scacurcula](#CD0590)

<a id="CD0183"></a>
### Cohos

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The contents of the body considered within the boundary of its skin.

**In the book.** Corpus gives another general word for a bodily or material subject, while Excrementa identifies things expelled as superfluous.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cohos is everything contained by the skin throughout the whole body.

#### Meaning

The definition takes the skin as a boundary and gathers what it contains into a single term. It is broader than the name of one organ, fluid or tissue. “Everything” is important: replacing Cohos with a particular internal substance would narrow the definition beyond what the compiler says.

#### Use in the book

Corpus gives another general word for a bodily or material subject, while Excrementa identifies things expelled as superfluous. Cohos describes inclusion within a boundary; Excrementa describes the book’s account of removal. Their contrast can help a reader follow changes between the body as a whole and particular products of its activity.

#### Places to read

[Corpus](#CD0208). A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

[Excrementa](#CD0266). Superfluities described through expulsion by Nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cohos](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Corpus](#CD0208); [Excrementa](#CD0266)

<a id="CD0186"></a>
### Colica

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bowel disorder explained through the historical category of tartar.

**In the book.** Duelech also places tartar within the human body and associates it with dangerous stone-like matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Colica is tartar dissolved in the bowels, or a fixed disease in the colon.

#### Meaning

The entry offers two formulations: a process involving tartar in the bowels and a disease located in the colon. Its first clause belongs to the dictionary’s account of bodily materials and their transformations. “Tartar” here is a historical explanatory category; the wording should not be read as a modern laboratory finding.

The adjective “fixed” is retained because the definition does not explain whether it describes persistence, localisation or a particular material state. Removing it would lose a distinction the text makes, while expanding it into a contemporary diagnosis would supply information that it does not provide.

#### Use in the book

Duelech also places tartar within the human body and associates it with dangerous stone-like matter. Tartarum itself extends from the dregs in wine vessels to stones or gravel in people. Together these entries show how a substance name can organise an account of disease across different bodily sites.

#### Places to read

[Duelech](#CD0240). Bodily tartar associated with a dangerous stone-like formation.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition reports the historical account. It is not a diagnosis of present-day abdominal symptoms, and the entry supplies no treatment.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Colica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Duelech](#CD0240); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0193"></a>
### Confortativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Medicines classified by their claimed strengthening action.

**In the book.** Conservativa is defined through preserving Nature from putrefaction.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Confortativa, or Confortantia, are medicines that comfort the heart and strengthen Nature.

#### Meaning

The two names designate a medical class through its reported effect on the heart and on Nature. “Comfort” carries a sense of support or strengthening here, made explicit by the second clause. It is wider than offering emotional reassurance and should not be restricted to that modern everyday use.

The entry supplies no ingredients. Its category can gather different preparations under a common claimed action, rather than identify one substance. “Nature” likewise belongs to the historical explanation of the body’s activity and capacity; it is not a named ingredient in the medicine.

#### Use in the book

Conservativa is defined through preserving Nature from putrefaction. Mitigativa is another effect-based class, concerned with allaying pain. Reading these alongside Confortativa shows how the dictionary classifies remedies by the kind of assistance they are said to provide, rather than by a single modern mechanism.

#### Places to read

[Conservativa](#CD0196). Preserving medicines explained through astral virtue.

[Mitigativa](#CD0457). A class of surgical medicines defined by easing pain.

#### In this edition

The definition reports how the historical book organises medicines. It does not substantiate a claim that a preparation strengthens a present-day patient’s heart.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Confortativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Conservativa](#CD0196); [Mitigativa](#CD0457)

<a id="CD0194"></a>
### Congelativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Medicines classified by stopping a bodily flow.

**In the book.** Constrictiva and Stiptica provide related categories of restraining or drying medicines.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Congelativa are medicines that stop any flux.

#### Meaning

The defining property is the stopping of a flux, a flow or discharge. The entry gives no ingredients and makes no distinction among the different flows that another medical passage might discuss. Its broad wording should remain visible instead of being narrowed to one modern symptom.

#### Use in the book

Constrictiva and Stiptica provide related categories of restraining or drying medicines. Repercussiva is also defined through driving back a flux. These are useful historical comparisons, but the dictionary does not say that every member of one class belongs to all the others.

#### Places to read

[Constrictiva](#CD0199). A surgical class defined through a styptic action.

[Repercussiva](#CD0557). Medicines classified by their supposed action of driving a flow back.

[Stiptica](#CD0624). A therapeutic class identified by drying.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Congelativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Constrictiva](#CD0199); [Repercussiva](#CD0557); [Stiptica](#CD0624)

<a id="CD0196"></a>
### Conservativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Preserving medicines explained through astral virtue.

**In the book.** Balsamum is also associated with preservation from putrefaction, but names a substance rather than a plural class of medicines.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Conservativa are medicines that preserve Nature from putrefaction, being full of astral virtue.

#### Meaning

Preservation is the claimed action, and astral virtue is the historical explanation given for it. The definition therefore links a medical class to the book’s larger account of celestial efficacy. Removing the second clause would leave an ordinary description of keeping things sound while losing what the compiler says makes these medicines distinctive.

No specific preparation is named. The entry should be read as a category within historical medicine, whose members would have to be identified from the surrounding author. Neither “astral” nor “putrefaction” supplies a measurable test by itself.

#### Use in the book

Balsamum is also associated with preservation from putrefaction, but names a substance rather than a plural class of medicines. Confortativa concerns strengthening Nature; Balsamum Elementorum externum connects a preserving liquor with external elements. These links help explain the dictionary’s recurring treatment of preservation as an expression of a thing’s active virtue.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum](#CD0100). A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

[Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102). An external elemental balsam explained through Mercury, Mumia and firmamental essence.

[Confortativa](#CD0193). Medicines classified by their claimed strengthening action.

#### In this edition

The modernised wording preserves the author’s explanatory claim. It does not convert astral virtue into a verified medical property or recommend any preparation for use.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Conservativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102); [Confortativa](#CD0193)

<a id="CD0197"></a>
### Consolidativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** External surgical preparations classified by healing and drying.

**In the book.** Corrosiva is another class used by surgeons, but its reported action is eating away excess flesh.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Consolidativa are external medicines used by surgeons in healing and drying wounds and ulcers.

#### Meaning

The entry states where the medicines are applied and what they are said to do. “External” distinguishes them from preparations taken inwardly; healing and drying are the paired actions through which the class is described. Neither action identifies a particular ingredient.

The historical word surgeon marks a field of use in the definition. It should not be taken as evidence that any preparation bearing the name meets present clinical standards. The entry is most useful for understanding a remedy’s intended place in a medical text.

#### Use in the book

Corrosiva is another class used by surgeons, but its reported action is eating away excess flesh. Constrictiva gives a styptic class, and Incarnativa is associated with producing flesh and skin in wounds. The different actions prevent these surgical labels from being treated as interchangeable general words for healing.

#### Places to read

[Constrictiva](#CD0199). A surgical class defined through a styptic action.

[Corrosiva](#CD0210). Surgical preparations classified by removal of excess flesh.

[Incarnativa](#CD0361). A surgical class defined by the formation of new flesh and skin.

#### In this edition

“Consolidation” may suggest bringing parts together, but the edition keeps to the definition’s actual description of healing and drying instead of adding an unmentioned mechanism.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Consolidativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Constrictiva](#CD0199); [Corrosiva](#CD0210); [Incarnativa](#CD0361)

<a id="CD0199"></a>
### Constrictiva

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A surgical class defined through a styptic action.

**In the book.** Stiptica is directly glossed as drying medicines.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Constrictiva are styptic medicines used by surgeons.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a class of medicines and a field of practice. “Styptic” is retained because it is the compiler’s operative category; the entry does not name a drug or explain its preparation. The word should be understood through related definitions rather than turned into a recommendation.

#### Use in the book

Stiptica is directly glossed as drying medicines. Consolidativa and Congelativa name neighbouring actions, respectively healing and drying wounds, and stopping flows. These comparisons make the practical vocabulary more legible while keeping the dictionary’s individual classifications distinct.

#### Places to read

[Congelativa](#CD0194). Medicines classified by stopping a bodily flow.

[Consolidativa](#CD0197). External surgical preparations classified by healing and drying.

[Stiptica](#CD0624). A therapeutic class identified by drying.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Constrictiva](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Congelativa](#CD0194); [Consolidativa](#CD0197); [Stiptica](#CD0624)

<a id="CD0200"></a>
### Contorsio

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Severe suffering located in the bowels.

**In the book.** Colica also concerns the bowels but adds a historical explanation involving tartar and the colon.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Contorsio is a torment of the bowels.

#### Meaning

The definition gives an affected region and a description of suffering. It does not identify a cause, specify an anatomical lesion, or offer a treatment. The older word “torment” conveys the character of the complaint without establishing a modern diagnosis.

#### Use in the book

Colica also concerns the bowels but adds a historical explanation involving tartar and the colon. Contractio describes weakness and drawing together of members. Keep those additional features attached to their own entries; they are not supplied by the brief definition of Contorsio.

#### Places to read

[Colica](#CD0186). A bowel disorder explained through the historical category of tartar.

[Contractio](#CD0201). Weakness accompanied by a drawing together of bodily members.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Contorsio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Colica](#CD0186); [Contractio](#CD0201)

<a id="CD0201"></a>
### Contractio

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Weakness accompanied by a drawing together of bodily members.

**In the book.** Contorsio locates torment in the bowels; Contractio describes a different combination of weakness and drawing together.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Contractio is a weakness of the members and a drawing of them together.

#### Meaning

The historical definition joins weakness to contraction rather than offering contraction as an isolated motion. “Members” is a general bodily term here. Nothing in the entry limits it to one limb or assigns a particular cause.

#### Use in the book

Contorsio locates torment in the bowels; Contractio describes a different combination of weakness and drawing together. Preserving those distinctions helps readers avoid assigning one modern condition to several short historical labels merely because their sounds or symptoms seem related.

#### Places to read

[Contorsio](#CD0200). Severe suffering located in the bowels.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Contractio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Contorsio](#CD0200)

<a id="CD0202"></a>
### Coostrum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A particular part of the diaphragm.

**In the book.** Cohos gives a comprehensive term for what the skin contains, whereas Coostrum points to one bodily location.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Coostrum is the middle part of the diaphragm.

#### Meaning

The gloss is anatomical and narrowly locational: it specifies a middle part. It gives no further division of that structure and attributes no separate function to it. The headword should therefore be kept at the scope of the original description.

#### Use in the book

Cohos gives a comprehensive term for what the skin contains, whereas Coostrum points to one bodily location. The contrast illustrates how the dictionary moves between whole-body vocabulary and names for parts. No additional bodily identification can be recovered from the similarity of the two words alone.

#### Places to read

[Cohos](#CD0183). The contents of the body considered within the boundary of its skin.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Coostrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Cohos](#CD0183)

<a id="CD0210"></a>
### Corrosiva

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Surgical preparations classified by removal of excess flesh.

**In the book.** Consolidativa is associated with healing and drying wounds and ulcers; Incarnativa with breeding flesh and skin.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Corrosiva are medicines used by surgeons to eat away superfluous flesh.

#### Meaning

The reported action is removal: the medicines eat away flesh described as superfluous. The entry gives the historical field of use, surgery, but identifies no ingredient or preparation. Its place in the dictionary is therefore that of an effect-based class rather than a recipe.

“Superfluous” expresses the historical judgement made about the tissue. The commentary retains that qualification rather than expanding the definition into a rule about which bodily tissue should be removed.

#### Use in the book

Consolidativa is associated with healing and drying wounds and ulcers; Incarnativa with breeding flesh and skin. These contrasting actions help explain why a historical surgical passage may distinguish removal, drying and production of tissue. Coleritium and Aqua corrodens show that corrosive language can also describe material preparations outside this specific surgical class.

#### Places to read

[Aqua corrodens](#CD0055). A liquid category defined by corrosive action, including vinegar.

[Coleritium](#CD0185). A compound liquid characterised by metallic materials and corrosive action.

[Consolidativa](#CD0197). External surgical preparations classified by healing and drying.

#### In this edition

The entry supplies terminology for reading historical practice. It gives no operational conditions or criteria for applying a corrosive preparation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Corrosiva](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055); [Coleritium](#CD0185); [Consolidativa](#CD0197); [Incarnativa](#CD0361)

<a id="CD0222"></a>
### Demotinus lapsus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for sudden death.

**In the book.** Lapsus Demotinus reverses the order of the words and adds that the sudden death is more dangerous than an apoplexy.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Demotinus lapsus is sudden death.

#### Meaning

The gloss describes suddenness without assigning a cause. It does not identify a particular disorder or explain how death is recognised. That limited scope is important when the term appears among more detailed medical labels.

#### Use in the book

Lapsus Demotinus reverses the order of the words and adds that the sudden death is more dangerous than an apoplexy. The two entries make a clear naming relationship, but the additional comparison belongs to that other definition. It should not be silently inserted into the wording printed here.

#### Places to read

[Lapsus Demotinus](#CD0385). Sudden death named by comparison with apoplexy.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Demotinus lapsus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Lapsus Demotinus](#CD0385)

<a id="CD0225"></a>
### Diaceltatesson

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fever remedy named without a composition.

**In the book.** Opopopyron Laudani is another named medicine associated with stopping fevers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Diaceltatesson is a particular remedy against fevers.

#### Meaning

The entry gives the intended use of a preparation, rather than its ingredients. “Particular” preserves the sense of the source’s “speciall”; the definition does not identify the kinds of fever or state how the remedy is prepared.

#### Use in the book

Opopopyron Laudani is another named medicine associated with stopping fevers. The shared application does not prove that the two names designate the same preparation. A reading of either term needs the surrounding author’s description if the substance or procedure is at issue.

#### Places to read

[Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501). A medicine attributed to Paracelsus and defined by its use against fever.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Diaceltatesson](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501)

<a id="CD0229"></a>
### Diaphoreticum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine classified by its reported production of sweat.

**In the book.** Anodyna and Mitigativa illustrate other effect-based medical classes, associated respectively with sleep and the allaying of pain.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Diaphoreticum is a sweating medicine.

#### Meaning

The defining feature is a bodily effect, not an ingredient. The entry places the medicine in a class through sweating, without naming the preparation or stating which condition it is meant to address.

#### Use in the book

Anodyna and Mitigativa illustrate other effect-based medical classes, associated respectively with sleep and the allaying of pain. The comparison helps readers understand the organisation of the vocabulary: a remedy can be named by a reported action without the dictionary telling us its composition or establishing its efficacy.

#### Places to read

[Anodyna](#CD0046). A class of medicines grouped by their intended sleep-producing effect.

[Mitigativa](#CD0457). A class of surgical medicines defined by easing pain.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Diaphoreticum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Anodyna](#CD0046); [Mitigativa](#CD0457)

<a id="CD0230"></a>
### Diasatyrion

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A confection classified by a claimed sexual effect.

**In the book.** Laudanum is also presented as a compound medicine, but receives a very different description of its contents.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Diasatyrion is a confection that provokes lust.

#### Meaning

The historical noun confection identifies a prepared compound, while the rest of the sentence gives its claimed effect. The dictionary does not list ingredients, state a quantity or explain a mechanism. Those details cannot be inferred from the suggestive name.

#### Use in the book

Laudanum is also presented as a compound medicine, but receives a very different description of its contents. Reading these entries together helps distinguish the broad category of a prepared medicine from the particular purpose attributed to it. Diasatyrion remains a historical naming claim rather than a recipe.

#### Places to read

[Laudanum](#CD0388). A Paracelsian compound defined here through gold, coral and pearl.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Diasatyrion](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Laudanum](#CD0388)

<a id="CD0239"></a>
### Dubelech

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The cavity within a historical imposteme or abscess.

**In the book.** Duelech, despite its similar spelling, concerns a kind of tartar or a dangerous spongy stone-like formation in the body.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Dubelech is the cavity of an abscess.

#### Meaning

The word names a cavity, rather than the entire swelling or the material it contains. “Abscess” makes the older imposteme more legible here while preserving the locational character of the definition. The entry assigns no cause or treatment.

#### Use in the book

Duelech, despite its similar spelling, concerns a kind of tartar or a dangerous spongy stone-like formation in the body. The juxtaposition makes exact spelling especially important. Dubelech’s cavity should not inherit the material identification supplied under Duelech.

#### Places to read

[Duelech](#CD0240). Bodily tartar associated with a dangerous stone-like formation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Dubelech](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Duelech](#CD0240)

<a id="CD0240"></a>
### Duelech

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Bodily tartar associated with a dangerous stone-like formation.

**In the book.** Tartarum connects the dregs in wine vessels with stones or gravel in human bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Duelech is a kind of tartar in the human body, or a dangerous, spongy stone in the bladder or another part.

#### Meaning

The entry combines a material category with a bodily location and a description. Tartar is the general category; the bladder is one stated site, but not the only one allowed. The formation is described as spongy and dangerous. Those features should remain together rather than being reduced to a modern name for a bladder stone.

The alternative phrasing permits a kind of tartar or a stone-like condition, without explaining precisely how the two are related. It gives neither an account of chemical composition nor a description of the body’s production of the material.

#### Use in the book

Tartarum connects the dregs in wine vessels with stones or gravel in human bodies. Colica also applies tartar language to a bowel disorder. Gemma tartarea gives another account of a stone generated from tartar, but without the bodily location stated here. These comparisons show a wide historical category rather than one uniform modern substance.

#### Places to read

[Colica](#CD0186). A bowel disorder explained through the historical category of tartar.

[Dubelech](#CD0239). The cavity within a historical imposteme or abscess.

[Gemma tartarea](#CD0304). A stone described through the clarity and origin of its tartar.

#### In this edition

Dubelech names a cavity of an abscess and should remain distinct despite its near-identical spelling. The edition uses that comparison to guard against a particularly easy confusion in searching or transcription.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Duelech](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Colica](#CD0186); [Dubelech](#CD0239); [Gemma tartarea](#CD0304); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0251"></a>
### Emunctorium

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bodily place identified through expulsion.

**In the book.** Excrementa supplies that general account of ejected superfluities.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Emunctorium is the place from which an excrement is expelled.

#### Meaning

The definition names a place through its function. Excrement is used in the dictionary’s broader sense of superfluous matter ejected by Nature, rather than being confined here to one familiar bodily product. The entry does not identify a particular organ or outlet.

#### Use in the book

Excrementa supplies that general account of ejected superfluities. Anodus instead names what is separated from nutriment by the kidneys. The distinction helps separate a place of expulsion from a particular separated material. Emunctorium itself should remain a locational term.

#### Places to read

[Anodus](#CD0045). A bodily product defined through renal separation.

[Excrementa](#CD0266). Superfluities described through expulsion by Nature.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Emunctorium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Anodus](#CD0045); [Excrementa](#CD0266)

<a id="CD0256"></a>
### Escara

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Dead flesh described as the result of a caustic action.

**In the book.** Corrosiva concerns surgical medicines that eat away superfluous flesh; Cauterium includes an instrument that opens skin by burning and a medicine said to produce the effect without pain.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Escara, or Estphara, is black, dead flesh caused by a caustic, commonly called an eschar.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies the appearance and the reported cause together. The flesh is black and dead, and a caustic is said to have caused its condition. The modern word eschar clarifies the old closing form Escar without adding a procedure.

#### Use in the book

Corrosiva concerns surgical medicines that eat away superfluous flesh; Cauterium includes an instrument that opens skin by burning and a medicine said to produce the effect without pain. These comparisons explain the historical action vocabulary surrounding Escara. The entry names the resulting condition rather than prescribing how to produce it.

#### Places to read

[Cauterium](#CD0148). A name shared by a burning instrument and a medicine credited with a similar effect.

[Corrosiva](#CD0210). Surgical preparations classified by removal of excess flesh.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Escara](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Cauterium](#CD0148); [Corrosiva](#CD0210)

<a id="CD0257"></a>
### Essaræ

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A short identification with wheals.

**In the book.** Sirones is described as pustules or wheals, especially in the hands.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Essaræ are wheals.

#### Meaning

The definition is confined to a name for a bodily appearance. It provides no cause, duration, distribution or remedy. It should consequently remain a historical gloss rather than being expanded into a particular contemporary diagnosis.

#### Use in the book

Sirones is described as pustules or wheals, especially in the hands. That entry adds a location that Essaræ lacks. The comparison helps readers notice how much, or how little, each short medical name specifies. The broader Essaræ definition should not silently inherit the more particular location.

#### Places to read

[Sirones](#CD0605). Pustules or wheals particularly associated with the hands.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Essaræ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Sirones](#CD0605)

<a id="CD0261"></a>
### Essila

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bodily colouring attributed to the heat of the sun.

**In the book.** Tinctura defines what tinges a body with its colour, while Gutta rosacea describes a facial redness through a different comparison.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Essila is a tincture made by the sun’s heat in the face or another part of the body.

#### Meaning

Tincture is used here for a colouring or tint in a bodily setting. The subject is the face or another part of the body, and the heat of the sun is given as its cause. The word does not necessarily denote a prepared liquid in this entry.

#### Use in the book

Tinctura defines what tinges a body with its colour, while Gutta rosacea describes a facial redness through a different comparison. These entries illustrate the range of colouring language across materials and bodies. Essila’s particular solar explanation should remain distinct from the other description.

#### Places to read

[Gutta rosacea](#CD0319). A facial redness described through a historical comparison.

[Tinctura](#CD0653). An agent defined by imparting color to another body.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Essila](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Gutta rosacea](#CD0319); [Tinctura](#CD0653)

<a id="CD0263"></a>
### Esthionemus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A destructive bodily condition described through a wolf comparison.

**In the book.** Vlcus æstiomenum is similarly described as an aposteme feeding upon its location.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Esthionemus is a deeply corrupted abscess that feeds upon the whole member like a wolf.

#### Meaning

The description joins corruption with an image of feeding upon a member. “Like a wolf” expresses the destructive character attributed to the condition; it is not a separate identification of an animal or an ingredient. The entry does not name a cause or treatment.

#### Use in the book

Vlcus æstiomenum is similarly described as an aposteme feeding upon its location. Dubelech instead names the cavity of an abscess. These comparisons help separate the condition’s destructive action from a location within it. They do not establish a particular modern diagnosis.

#### Places to read

[Dubelech](#CD0239). The cavity within a historical imposteme or abscess.

[Vlcus æstiomenum](#CD0677). A destructive swelling described through its action on its site.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Esthionemus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Dubelech](#CD0239); [Vlcus æstiomenum](#CD0677)

<a id="CD0266"></a>
### Excrementa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Superfluities described through expulsion by Nature.

**In the book.** Emunctorium names the place of expulsion, while Anodus is what is separated from nutriment by the kidneys.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Excrementa are all superfluous things expelled by Nature.

#### Meaning

The definition is deliberately broad: all superfluous things, not only one bodily product. Nature is the agent of expulsion in the account. The term consequently names a relation between what is judged surplus and the activity that casts it out.

This breadth matters when reading a passage about preparation or the body. The familiar modern noun can suggest a narrower meaning than the dictionary gives. The material intended must be identified from the surrounding discussion rather than presumed from the headword.

#### Use in the book

Emunctorium names the place of expulsion, while Anodus is what is separated from nutriment by the kidneys. Impurum alcali concerns scum removed when alkali is purified. These entries provide different forms of location and separation, without making every removed residue the same kind of thing.

#### Places to read

[Anodus](#CD0045). A bodily product defined through renal separation.

[Emunctorium](#CD0251). A bodily place identified through expulsion.

[Impurum alcali](#CD0358). A residue distinguished through the purification of alkali.

#### In this edition

The edition keeps “Nature” and “superfluous” because both express the historical explanation. It does not decide independently what a body or preparation ought to expel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Excrementa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Anodus](#CD0045); [Emunctorium](#CD0251); [Impurum alcali](#CD0358)

<a id="CD0267"></a>
### Exitura

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An abscess characterised by discharging matter.

**In the book.** Dubelech names the cavity of an abscess; Esthionemus describes a destructive one through a wolf comparison.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Exitura is any abscess that casts out matter.

#### Meaning

The feature supplied is the casting out of matter. The definition does not describe the kind of matter, its cause or the body part affected. The general word “any” should not be lost by substituting a particular diagnostic label.

#### Use in the book

Dubelech names the cavity of an abscess; Esthionemus describes a destructive one through a wolf comparison. These short glosses focus on different aspects, respectively a space, an action and a discharge. Reading them together helps preserve the distinctions rather than treating every historical swelling term as equivalent.

#### Places to read

[Dubelech](#CD0239). The cavity within a historical imposteme or abscess.

[Esthionemus](#CD0263). A destructive bodily condition described through a wolf comparison.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Exitura](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Dubelech](#CD0239); [Esthionemus](#CD0263)

<a id="CD0277"></a>
### Ficus cutis

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bodily growth named with an additional historical medicinal use.

**In the book.** Formicæ describes small wart-like swellings, and Laudanum is another medicine whose ingredients are more fully named.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Ficus cutis is a wart growing on the skin of a horse’s legs, and a medicine to help diseases of the matrix.

#### Meaning

The entry first identifies a wart on a horse’s legs and then attributes a medicinal use concerning the matrix. Both clauses belong to the source. The second should not be allowed to obscure the bodily origin stated in the first.

#### Use in the book

Formicæ describes small wart-like swellings, and Laudanum is another medicine whose ingredients are more fully named. These comparisons help distinguish a description of a bodily growth from a claim about its use as a remedy. This entry gives no preparation or conditions for that claimed application.

#### Places to read

[Formicæ](#CD0291). Small bodily swellings described by comparison with warts.

[Laudanum](#CD0388). A Paracelsian compound defined here through gold, coral and pearl.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ficus cutis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Formicæ](#CD0291); [Laudanum](#CD0388)

<a id="CD0291"></a>
### Formicæ

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Small bodily swellings described by comparison with warts.

**In the book.** Ficus cutis specifically names a wart on the skin of a horse’s legs.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Formicæ are small abscesses like warts.

#### Meaning

The comparison supplies an appearance rather than a cause. The entry calls the swellings small and like warts; it does not declare that they are the same thing as every wart or give a location.

#### Use in the book

Ficus cutis specifically names a wart on the skin of a horse’s legs. Essaræ identifies wheals. These parallels show how short historical descriptions can focus on size, resemblance or location. The added details in another entry should not be used to manufacture a more exact diagnosis under Formicæ.

#### Places to read

[Essaræ](#CD0257). A short identification with wheals.

[Ficus cutis](#CD0277). A bodily growth named with an additional historical medicinal use.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Formicæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Essaræ](#CD0257); [Ficus cutis](#CD0277)

<a id="CD0292"></a>
### Fugile

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An abscess named through its location in the ears.

**In the book.** Dubelech identifies the cavity of an abscess, while Exitura describes one that discharges matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Fugile is an abscess in the ears.

#### Meaning

The location is the defining feature. The entry does not state whether it concerns an outer or inner part of the ear, what causes the condition, or how it is treated. Its specificity should remain anatomical rather than diagnostic.

#### Use in the book

Dubelech identifies the cavity of an abscess, while Exitura describes one that discharges matter. Those are different features from the location supplied here. A reader may recognise a shared medical vocabulary without treating all three headwords as names for one condition.

#### Places to read

[Dubelech](#CD0239). The cavity within a historical imposteme or abscess.

[Exitura](#CD0267). An abscess characterised by discharging matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Fugile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Dubelech](#CD0239); [Exitura](#CD0267)

<a id="CD0307"></a>
### Gibar

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine characterised only as metallic.

**In the book.** Laudanum receives a more particular list of materials, whereas Gibar does not.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gibar is a metallic medicine.

#### Meaning

The adjective gives a material field without identifying an ingredient or preparation. The entry does not say which metal is involved or what condition the medicine addresses. It therefore remains a broad historical classification.

#### Use in the book

Laudanum receives a more particular list of materials, whereas Gibar does not. Edir and Corbatum directly identify metals rather than medicines. These contrasts help readers preserve the distinction between naming a material, describing a compound remedy and merely calling a medicine metallic.

#### Places to read

[Corbatum](#CD0204). A dictionary name for copper.

[Edir](#CD0245). A name covering steel and iron.

[Laudanum](#CD0388). A Paracelsian compound defined here through gold, coral and pearl.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gibar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Corbatum](#CD0204); [Edir](#CD0245); [Laudanum](#CD0388)

<a id="CD0308"></a>
### Gigantes

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Human figures described as exceeding natural bounds.

**In the book.** Homunculus describes an artificially made human being and also admits an image sense.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gigantes are human beings exceeding the bounds of Nature.

#### Meaning

The definition is relational: the subjects exceed what the compiler calls the bounds of Nature. It does not quantify their size or identify the cause of the excess. The entry should not be turned into an anatomical measurement.

#### Use in the book

Homunculus describes an artificially made human being and also admits an image sense. Gnomi includes small beings or corporeal spirits. The comparison reveals a vocabulary of human-like forms, size and origin, but the brief Gigantes definition does not state that every such category is produced by the same means.

#### Places to read

[Gnomi](#CD0312). Subterranean beings described through several related formulations.

[Homunculus](#CD0330). An artificial human being, with an additional image sense.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gigantes](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Gnomi](#CD0312); [Homunculus](#CD0330)

<a id="CD0310"></a>
### Gluten

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Bodily viscous matter given a role in persistent disease.

**In the book.** Congluten is matter made viscous through putrefaction.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gluten is viscous matter in the body from which many obstinate diseases proceed.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies a bodily material and a causal claim. The material is viscous, and many obstinate diseases are said to proceed from it. The dictionary does not identify a single fluid or tissue, nor explain the process by which a disease arises.

“Obstinate” describes the historical judgement about the diseases’ persistence. It is not a modern classification of a named illness. The entry remains general even though its claim about disease is broad.

#### Use in the book

Congluten is matter made viscous through putrefaction. Gluta names the efficacy of tenacious pitch, and Glutinis tenacitas identifies mineral resin. These links show how adhesion and viscosity organise several names across bodily and material settings, without making them one substance.

#### Places to read

[Congluten](#CD0195). Viscous matter described as the product of putrefaction.

[Gluta](#CD0309). The power attributed to strongly adhering pitch.

[Glutinis tenacitas](#CD0311). A phrase directly identified as mineral resin.

#### In this edition

The edition reports the historical causal statement while leaving its material identification open. A modern diagnostic label would add a specificity absent from the source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gluten](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Congluten](#CD0195); [Gluta](#CD0309); [Glutinis tenacitas](#CD0311)

<a id="CD0319"></a>
### Gutta rosacea

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A facial redness described through a historical comparison.

**In the book.** Essila describes a tint produced by the sun’s heat in the face or another bodily part.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Gutta rosacea is a redness, especially of the face, like the tincture seen at the beginning of leprosy.

#### Meaning

The definition gives an appearance and a comparison, not an equation. Redness is the main feature, especially on the face, and the compiler compares it with a tincture at the beginning of leprosy. The word “like” should remain visible: it does not say the two are identical conditions.

The historical use of tincture here concerns colouring. It differs from a passage in which tincture names a prepared material or a power of tinging another body.

#### Use in the book

Essila describes a tint produced by the sun’s heat in the face or another bodily part. Tinctura gives the broad action of tinging with colour. These comparisons explain the colour vocabulary while leaving the different causes and medical descriptions attached to their own entries.

#### Places to read

[Essila](#CD0261). A bodily colouring attributed to the heat of the sun.

[Tinctura](#CD0653). An agent defined by imparting color to another body.

#### In this edition

The familiar-looking headword is retained as historical terminology. The edition does not assign it a present-day diagnosis or transform its comparison into a clinical test.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gutta rosacea](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Essila](#CD0261); [Tinctura](#CD0653)

<a id="CD0326"></a>
### Heliotropium

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A balm name attributed to Paracelsian usage.

**In the book.** Balsamum is a substance credited with preserving things from putrefaction.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Heliotropium is Paracelsus’s balm.

#### Meaning

The attribution controls the gloss. The entry does not simply identify a plant by a familiar-looking name; it calls Heliotropium Paracelsus’s balm. No ingredients or further description are supplied here.

#### Use in the book

Balsamum is a substance credited with preserving things from putrefaction. Helismidan is a balsamic mummy. These comparisons provide the dictionary’s general balm vocabulary, but neither gives a recipe for Heliotropium. The particular author’s use must be consulted before assigning it the composition of another named balm.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum](#CD0100). A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

[Helismidan](#CD0327). A mummy preparation qualified through balsamic character.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Heliotropium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Helismidan](#CD0327)

<a id="CD0327"></a>
### Helismidan

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mummy preparation qualified through balsamic character.

**In the book.** Mumia is defined broadly as human flesh seasoned with balsam or other flesh so prepared.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Helismidan is a balsamic mummy.

#### Meaning

The adjective and noun belong together. The entry gives a balsamic mummy without naming the material’s origin or explaining a preparation. The unfamiliar phrase should not be reduced automatically to an embalmed human body.

#### Use in the book

Mumia is defined broadly as human flesh seasoned with balsam or other flesh so prepared. Mumia Elementorum extends the vocabulary to a balsam of external elements. Those entries show why the material intended under a mummy term requires context. Helismidan itself supplies only the balsamic qualification.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum](#CD0100). A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

[Mumia](#CD0461). Balmed flesh, expressly extending beyond human flesh.

[Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462). Mumia-language applied to a balm of external elements.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Helismidan](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Mumia](#CD0461); [Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462)

<a id="CD0330"></a>
### Homunculus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An artificial human being, with an additional image sense.

**In the book.** In the 1650 compilation, “the preceding treatise” is the separately titled Of the Nature of Things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Homunculus, in Paracelsus, is an artificially made human being, whose process is described at length on page eight of the preceding treatise; sometimes the term means superstitious images.

#### Meaning

The definition gives two distinct uses. The first is an artificially made human being and includes a reference to an earlier text. The second concerns superstitious images. A modern reader who takes the word only as a name for a small human form will miss the compiler’s actual distinctions of origin and use.

“Artificially made” is the historical claim. The dictionary does not present evidence that such a being was successfully produced, nor does this short entry itself give the process. It sends the reader elsewhere. The reference is consequently a bibliographical feature as well as part of the definition.

The image sense is explicitly qualified as superstitious. That judgement belongs to the compiler’s vocabulary of evaluated practices, much as Exorcista and Græca Magia receive disapproving classifications. It should not be extended into a judgement about every image or every artificial object discussed in the dictionary.

#### Use in the book

In the 1650 compilation, “the preceding treatise” is the separately titled Of the Nature of Things. Its first book discusses generation, and the reference to page eight leads to the artificial-human passage there. The dictionary was originally printed after that work, so the pointer made sense within the bound compilation. In a standalone edition it needs this explanation, because the preceding pages no longer contain the treatise.

That placement does not make the entire compilation a single work by Sendivogius. The dictionary belongs to the lexicographical material based on Dorn, while Of the Nature of Things was printed under Paracelsus’s name. Modern research treats that Paracelsian work as a composite text of disputed authenticity. The reference should therefore be described as a pointer to a work attributed to Paracelsus, rather than independent proof that Paracelsus personally composed every part of it.

The dictionary’s related beings remain distinct. Gnomi are described through several formulations, including corporeal spirits living under the earth and Pygmies a cubit long. Inanimati is directly glossed as Pygmies. Gigantes are human beings exceeding the bounds of Nature. None of those definitions says, merely by resemblance of form or size, that its subject has the artificial origin claimed under Homunculus.

This distinction is especially useful in reading a historical account that moves between a story of generation, a class of spirits and a manufactured image. The dictionary does not warrant substituting one for all the others.

#### Places to read

[Exorcista](#CD0268). A practitioner of spirit-calling, condemned as superstitious by the dictionary.

[Gigantes](#CD0308). Human figures described as exceeding natural bounds.

[Gnomi](#CD0312). Subterranean beings described through several related formulations.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition retains both meanings and preserves the original page reference while identifying its destination in the commentary. This keeps the historical text complete without reproducing a practical process inside the new explanatory entry.

The commentary treats the passage as evidence for a historical claim and for the transmission of a name. It does not invent a successful experiment, supply missing stages or treat the attributed process as a demonstrated account of human generation. The important editorial task is to make the reference, the two senses and the limits of the attribution visible.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [Of the Nature of Things, first book, in the 1650 compilation, Book I, printed page 8; the artificial-human discussion](https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61112/61112-h/61112-h.htm); [Urs Leo Gantenbein, Real or Fake? New Light on the Paracelsian De natura rerum (2020), Research abstract on the text’s composite and disputed authorship](https://doi.org/10.1080/00026980.2020.1720339)

**See also.** [Exorcista](#CD0268); [Gigantes](#CD0308); [Gnomi](#CD0312); [Græca Magia](#CD0313); [Inanimati](#CD0359)

<a id="CD0332"></a>
### Humor vitæ

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A life-related term identified with radical moisture.

**In the book.** Iliaster primus includes the life itself or balsam of life in a person.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Humor vitæ is the radical moisture.

#### Meaning

The definition gives an internal naming relation and no account of a particular visible liquid. “Radical” is retained because it qualifies the moisture in a way the short entry does not independently explain. The phrase should not be replaced by a modern bodily fluid from the headword alone.

#### Use in the book

Iliaster primus includes the life itself or balsam of life in a person. Balsamum is associated with preservation from putrefaction. These connections provide a vocabulary of life, moisture and preservation, while leaving the precise subject of radical moisture to the author’s wider account.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum](#CD0100). A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

[Iliaster primus](#CD0351). The first human Iliaster described through life and its balsam.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Humor vitæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351)

<a id="CD0337"></a>
### Icteritia rubea

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medical name directly identified with erysipelas.

**In the book.** Rosea gives the same erysipelas identification under another headword.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Icteritia rubea is erysipelas.

#### Meaning

The dictionary provides an identification without symptoms, causes or treatment. The modernised spelling makes the supplied term legible but does not turn the short gloss into a diagnostic description.

#### Use in the book

Rosea gives the same erysipelas identification under another headword. Gutta rosacea, despite a resemblance in wording, is separately described as a facial redness through a comparison with another condition. The edition keeps the direct synonym pair distinct from that differently framed description.

#### Places to read

[Gutta rosacea](#CD0319). A facial redness described through a historical comparison.

[Rosea](#CD0563). A historical disease name equated with erysipelas.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Icteritia rubea](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Gutta rosacea](#CD0319); [Rosea](#CD0563)

<a id="CD0342"></a>
### Ignis Persicus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medical condition named through burning heat.

**In the book.** Ignis leonis names the element of fire itself, while Pruina is referred directly to Ignis Persicus.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Ignis Persicus is a hot, burning ulcer.

#### Meaning

The definition uses fire language to identify an ulcer characterised as hot and burning. It supplies no cause or treatment. The bodily subject controls the sense of the expression.

#### Use in the book

Ignis leonis names the element of fire itself, while Pruina is referred directly to Ignis Persicus. Those cross-references help distinguish an elemental use from a medical name and recognise an alternative name for the latter. The modernised definition keeps the historical description rather than assigning a particular contemporary diagnosis.

#### Places to read

[Ignis leonis](#CD0341). A fire name directly identified with the element.

[Pruina](#CD0536). A name for the hot, burning ulcer defined under Ignis Persicus.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ignis Persicus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Ignis leonis](#CD0341); [Pruina](#CD0536)

<a id="CD0351"></a>
### Iliaster primus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The first human Iliaster described through life and its balsam.

**In the book.** Balsamum is associated with preserving bodies from putrefaction.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Iliaster primus is the term of life, life itself, or the balsam of life in a human being.

#### Meaning

The definition offers three related expressions rather than only one. The term of life, life itself, and its balsam describe the first Iliaster from different angles. “Term” is retained because the source does not explain whether a limit, duration or appointed course is intended in every use.

The human setting is explicit. This entry belongs with the four human Iliastri announced under the first Iliaster definition.

#### Use in the book

Balsamum is associated with preserving bodies from putrefaction. Iliaster secundus turns to life through elements, tertius to life through quintessence, and magnus or quartus to the mind or soul caught into another world. Those differences give the sequence its structure; primus should not be assigned the whole fourfold account by itself.

#### Places to read

[Balsamum](#CD0100). A preservative substance described in both bodily and external forms.

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Iliaster secundus](#CD0352). The second human Iliaster associated with elemental life.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition keeps all three expressions and leaves their relation open to the author’s fuller discussion.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Iliaster primus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353); [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

<a id="CD0352"></a>
### Iliaster secundus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The second human Iliaster associated with elemental life.

**In the book.** Iliaster primus gives life itself or its balsam.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Iliaster secundus is the term of the balsam and of the life received through the elements and elemented things.

#### Meaning

The distinctive feature is life received through elements and through things constituted by elements. The older word elementated is rendered as elemented, preserving that relation without naming a particular food, medicine or material.

The definition speaks of a term of balsam and life. It does not describe a substance that can simply be separated as a second fraction from the first Iliaster.

#### Use in the book

Iliaster primus gives life itself or its balsam. Iliaster tertius concerns life through quintessence, and the fourth entry concerns the mind or soul caught into another world. The contrasts show different accounts of life within a sequence. They should remain distinct from the separate fourfold division into elemental chaoses under the first Iliaster definition.

#### Places to read

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Iliaster primus](#CD0351). The first human Iliaster described through life and its balsam.

#### In this edition

The edition retains the elemental qualification and does not replace it with an unmentioned correspondence to one specific element.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Iliaster secundus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Elementum](#CD0247); [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353); [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

<a id="CD0353"></a>
### Iliaster tertius

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The third human Iliaster associated with life through quintessence.

**In the book.** Essentia quinta explains quintessence through extraction, purification and claimed incorruptibility.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Iliaster tertius is the term of the balsam, or the life received through the quintessence of things.

#### Meaning

Quintessence distinguishes the third entry from the second. The source describes a term of balsam or life received through the quintessence of things, without identifying the things or explaining a practical preparation within this gloss.

The sequence therefore should not be read as a series of four ingredients. Its entries concern descriptions or sources of life and then a different relation of the soul or mind.

#### Use in the book

Essentia quinta explains quintessence through extraction, purification and claimed incorruptibility. Iliaster secundus concerns life through elements and elemented things, while magnus or quartus names the fourth human branch. These cross-references preserve the contrast actually stated rather than treating quintessence as another ordinary element.

#### Places to read

[Essentia quinta](#CD0260). Quintessence described through extraction, purification and claimed incorruptibility.

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Iliaster secundus](#CD0352). The second human Iliaster associated with elemental life.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition supplies the grammatical “is” omitted in the compressed original sentence. The substance of the historical claim remains unchanged.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Iliaster tertius](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Essentia quinta](#CD0260); [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

<a id="CD0361"></a>
### Incarnativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A surgical class defined by the formation of new flesh and skin.

**In the book.** Consolidativa describes external medicines through healing and drying; Mundificativa through cleansing.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 27, 28; facsimile PDF pages 355, 356.

#### Historical definition

Incarnativa are surgeons’ medicines that generate flesh and skin in wounds or ulcers.

#### Meaning

The effect, rather than an ingredient, defines this plural class. A preparation belongs here because the compiler credits it with generating flesh and skin where a wound or ulcer has left a breach. The entry therefore concerns repair of a surface and its tissues, rather than the general nourishment of the entire body.

#### Use in the book

Consolidativa describes external medicines through healing and drying; Mundificativa through cleansing. Incarnativa identifies another task within the treatment of a wound. Keeping the verbs distinct preserves the dictionary’s classification of medicines by the work they are intended to perform.

#### Places to read

[Consolidativa](#CD0197). External surgical preparations classified by healing and drying.

[Mundificativa](#CD0467). A therapeutic class defined by cleansing.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 27, 28; facsimile PDF pages 355, 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF pages 355–356, Incarnativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Consolidativa](#CD0197); [Mundificativa](#CD0467)

<a id="CD0365"></a>
### Ios

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name directing the reader to poison.

**In the book.** Contrast Oleitas rerum, which names sulphur as a principle present in things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Ios is poison.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies a broad equivalent, without identifying a particular poisonous material. Its brevity is useful: encountering Ios alone does not establish an ingredient, dose or means of preparation. A surrounding passage may supply those particulars, but the dictionary does not.

#### Use in the book

Contrast Oleitas rerum, which names sulphur as a principle present in things. Ios identifies a harmful category rather than one of the general principles by which the book explains their composition.

#### Places to read

[Oleitas rerum](#CD0492). Oiliness of things interpreted through their sulphur.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Ios](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Oleitas rerum](#CD0492)

<a id="CD0385"></a>
### Lapsus Demotinus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Sudden death named by comparison with apoplexy.

**In the book.** Periodus names the term or span of life, whereas Lapsus Demotinus concerns its sudden ending.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Lapsus Demotinus is a sudden death, more dangerous than apoplexy.

#### Meaning

The entry gives abruptness and extreme danger as its identifying features. It is a historical comparison between named conditions, without an account of cause, symptoms or an examination by which they could be distinguished.

#### Use in the book

Periodus names the term or span of life, whereas Lapsus Demotinus concerns its sudden ending. The connection is one of subject matter rather than a statement that every death at life’s term has this name.

#### Places to read

[Periodus](#CD0523). The limit or duration of life.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Lapsus Demotinus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Periodus](#CD0523)

<a id="CD0388"></a>
### Laudanum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A Paracelsian compound defined here through gold, coral and pearl.

**In the book.** Opopopyron Laudani is another named medicine attributed to Paracelsus, defined through stopping fevers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Laudanum is a compound medicine made by Paracelsus from gold, coral, pearl and other things.

#### Meaning

The ingredients and attribution supplied by this dictionary should govern the first reading of Laudanum. It is explicitly a compound, and the list is not exhaustive: the historical et cetera is preserved as other things. No proportions or method accompany the list.

#### Use in the book

Opopopyron Laudani is another named medicine attributed to Paracelsus, defined through stopping fevers. The shared name-element invites comparison, but does not establish that the two entries describe an identical compound.

#### Places to read

[Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501). A medicine attributed to Paracelsus and defined by its use against fever.

#### In this edition

A later familiar use of laudanum must not replace this stated composition. The entry’s gold, coral and pearl are part of its meaning, even though they do not amount to a complete recipe.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Laudanum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501)

<a id="CD0391"></a>
### Laxativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Medicines classified through upward and downward action.

**In the book.** Compare Oppilativa, defined through stopping fluxes.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Laxativa are medicines that work upwards and downwards.

#### Meaning

The direction of action, rather than a named ingredient, marks this therapeutic class. The plural description includes action upwards as well as downwards, so the narrower modern expectation attached to the word laxative would omit part of the definition.

#### Use in the book

Compare Oppilativa, defined through stopping fluxes. The two headings give different intended effects upon bodily movement. They are classes of medicines, not names of a single preparation.

#### Places to read

[Oppilativa](#CD0499). A class of medicines defined by stopping a flow.

#### In this edition

Both directions are kept. The edition does not silently narrow the historical class to bowel evacuation alone.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Laxativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Oppilativa](#CD0499)

<a id="CD0402"></a>
### Liquor essentialis

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An assimilable humour described through its becoming flesh and blood.

**In the book.** Liquor salis is described through preservation from putrefaction, and Liquor Mercurii through healing power.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquor essentialis is the humour that is converted into flesh and blood.

#### Meaning

Essentialis does not here mean a fragrant essential oil. The liquid is defined by what happens to it in the living body: it becomes flesh and blood. The entry therefore concerns the material of nourishment and bodily formation, rather than a general label for any highly purified extract.

#### Use in the book

Liquor salis is described through preservation from putrefaction, and Liquor Mercurii through healing power. Those qualifications distinguish different roles within the book’s accounts of the living body.

#### Places to read

[Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404). A mercurial liquor defined as the seat of healing power.

[Liquor salis](#CD0407). A saline liquor understood through its preservative action.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquor essentialis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404); [Liquor salis](#CD0407)

<a id="CD0404"></a>
### Liquor Mercurii

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mercurial liquor defined as the seat of healing power.

**In the book.** Liquor salis is called Nature’s balm and is assigned a preservative action.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquor Mercurii is the balm of things, in which the power of curing or healing resides.

#### Meaning

The explanation gives a role rather than a recipe. Balm names what carries the curative power of things; it does not identify one starting ingredient or specify a physical consistency. The possessive Mercurii must therefore be read alongside this functional account, rather than treated as sufficient proof of ordinary mercury.

#### Use in the book

Liquor salis is called Nature’s balm and is assigned a preservative action. Together the entries show balm-language organising claims about the maintenance or restoration of bodies, while the attached names distinguish particular expressions.

#### Places to read

[Liquor salis](#CD0407). A saline liquor understood through its preservative action.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquor Mercurii](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Liquor salis](#CD0407)

<a id="CD0405"></a>
### Liquor Mumiæ

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A Mumia compound explicitly identified as human fat.

**In the book.** Mumia concerns flesh prepared with balm, while Axungia de Mumia points to bone marrow.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquor Mumiæ is human fat.

#### Meaning

The source is explicit about both the material and its human origin. The heading does not itself describe a distillation, a solvent or an elaborate process. Its definition should therefore not be expanded from the name alone into a particular recipe.

#### Use in the book

Mumia concerns flesh prepared with balm, while Axungia de Mumia points to bone marrow. The compound names identify distinct bodily materials within the larger vocabulary; they are not all equivalents for the same prepared substance.

#### Places to read

[Mumia](#CD0461). Balmed flesh, expressly extending beyond human flesh.

[Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095). Two expressions identifying bone marrow.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquor Mumiæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Mumia](#CD0461); [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095)

<a id="CD0407"></a>
### Liquor salis

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A saline liquor understood through its preservative action.

**In the book.** Preservativa names medicines through the same broad aim of preventing corruption.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquor salis is Nature’s balm, by which the body is preserved from putrefaction.

#### Meaning

The historical account makes preservation the defining action. Nature’s balm sustains a body against putrefaction; the entry does not specify a particular salt, concentration or way of preparing the liquor. Its bodily effect is the explanation supplied.

#### Use in the book

Preservativa names medicines through the same broad aim of preventing corruption. Liquor Mercurii concerns a balm in which healing power resides. The relation between preservation and healing helps organise these names without making their qualifying words interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404). A mercurial liquor defined as the seat of healing power.

[Preservativa](#CD0533). Remedies classified through preservation from corruption.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquor salis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404); [Preservativa](#CD0533)

<a id="CD0411"></a>
### Ludus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine identified by dissolving a bodily stone.

**In the book.** Magneticus tartarus and Marmoreus tartarus describe stones within the human body through their hardness or structure.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Ludus is a medicine that cures the stone by dissolving it.

#### Meaning

The action specified is dissolution, not simply the removal of pain or the expulsion of an intact stone. The headword gives a claimed therapeutic effect without naming the material from which the medicine is made.

#### Use in the book

Magneticus tartarus and Marmoreus tartarus describe stones within the human body through their hardness or structure. These entries give readers the setting in which stone-language can be medical, rather than referring only to minerals outside the body.

#### Places to read

[Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423). A bodily stone described by hardness and a spongy structure.

[Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432). A bodily stone distinguished through a comparison with marble.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Ludus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423); [Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432)

<a id="CD0423"></a>
### Magneticus tartarus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bodily stone described by hardness and a spongy structure.

**In the book.** Marmoreus tartarus uses marble as its comparison of hardness.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359.

#### Historical definition

Magneticus tartarus is a stone in a human being, as hard as a lodestone and spongy.

#### Meaning

The comparison with a lodestone concerns hardness in the sentence actually supplied. The entry does not expressly say that the bodily stone attracts iron. Its additional sponginess describes structure, so the two features must be read together rather than allowing the magnetic name to determine every property.

#### Use in the book

Marmoreus tartarus uses marble as its comparison of hardness. Tartarum gives a broader range including bodily stones and gravel. These are differentiated descriptions of material within the body, rather than statements that the body contains ordinary pieces of the compared rocks.

#### Places to read

[Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432). A bodily stone distinguished through a comparison with marble.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 359, Magneticus tartarus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**See also.** [Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0424"></a>
### Magoreum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine or secret designated as magical.

**In the book.** Magia separates lawful natural wisdom from a condemned kind, while Magia Metaphysica is expressly lawful for Christians.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Magoreum is a magical medicine or secret.

#### Meaning

The entry identifies a medicinal or secret preparation without giving its ingredients or procedure. The adjective magical must be read within the distinctions of the book, rather than automatically assigned the illicit meaning of necromancy.

#### Use in the book

Magia separates lawful natural wisdom from a condemned kind, while Magia Metaphysica is expressly lawful for Christians. Those definitions offer the relevant framework, but do not by themselves disclose a recipe or settle the precise application of Magoreum.

#### Places to read

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

[Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419). The discovery of occult secrets explicitly placed within a lawful Christian art.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Magoreum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Magia](#CD0418); [Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419)

<a id="CD0428"></a>
### Mandibularum liquor

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A qualified liquor identified as an oil of bones.

**In the book.** Liquor explains that the word can mean oil when the name of a material is added.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Mandibularum liquor is oil of jawbones.

#### Meaning

The genitive identifies the material from which the oil is named. The definition gives no account of obtaining it and does not state that an ordinary liquid is present in the bones in the same prepared form.

#### Use in the book

Liquor explains that the word can mean oil when the name of a material is added. Liquor Mumiæ and Axungia de Mumia identify human fat and bone marrow respectively. The bodily source connects the entries, while their material equivalents keep them distinct.

#### Places to read

[Liquor](#CD0400). A naming rule by which a qualified liquor can mean an oil.

[Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405). A Mumia compound explicitly identified as human fat.

[Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095). Two expressions identifying bone marrow.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Mandibularum liquor](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Liquor](#CD0400); [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405); [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095)

<a id="CD0432"></a>
### Marmoreus tartarus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A bodily stone distinguished through a comparison with marble.

**In the book.** Magneticus tartarus uses another hard material, the lodestone, and adds sponginess.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Marmoreus tartarus is a stone in a human being as hard as marble.

#### Meaning

Marble supplies the comparison of hardness, while the location is the human body. The wording should not be read as a claim that an ordinary block of marble has entered the body. Nor does it give a cause or an anatomical location beyond that general setting.

#### Use in the book

Magneticus tartarus uses another hard material, the lodestone, and adds sponginess. The two descriptions differentiate kinds of bodily stone through properties and comparisons within the book’s account of tartar.

#### Places to read

[Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423). A bodily stone described by hardness and a spongy structure.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Marmoreus tartarus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0437"></a>
### Maturativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A surgical class directed towards the ripening of a swelling.

**In the book.** Incarnativa concerns generating flesh and skin, Mitigativa allaying pain, and Mundificativa cleansing.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360.

#### Historical definition

Maturativa are medicines used by surgeons to ripen an aposteme.

#### Meaning

The agricultural verb ripen describes the intended development of the aposteme. The entry names a therapeutic aim, rather than one ingredient, and does not say that every medicine applied to a swelling performs that aim.

#### Use in the book

Incarnativa concerns generating flesh and skin, Mitigativa allaying pain, and Mundificativa cleansing. The differing verbs distinguish the purposes for which surgeons’ medicines are grouped in the dictionary.

#### Places to read

[Incarnativa](#CD0361). A surgical class defined by the formation of new flesh and skin.

[Mitigativa](#CD0457). A class of surgical medicines defined by easing pain.

[Mundificativa](#CD0467). A therapeutic class defined by cleansing.

#### In this edition

Aposteme is retained as the historical category of a swelling. The short definition does not warrant replacing it with one narrowly diagnosed modern condition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 32; facsimile PDF page 360 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 360, Maturativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=360)

**See also.** [Incarnativa](#CD0361); [Mitigativa](#CD0457); [Mundificativa](#CD0467)

<a id="CD0454"></a>
### Microcosmus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The human being named as a little world.

**In the book.** Limbus presents the great world as man’s seed and first matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Microcosmus is a little world, or man.

#### Meaning

The definition is an identification through scale. Man is called a little world, not merely a small object placed somewhere in the larger one. This vocabulary enables writers to relate the organisation of human life to the constitution and powers of the surrounding universe. The entry states the correspondence in its briefest form; it does not itself enumerate a full set of bodily and celestial matches.

The two equivalents therefore belong together. Translating the word only as little world would leave its human referent unstated, while replacing it simply with man would conceal the comparison which makes the technical term useful.

#### Use in the book

Limbus presents the great world as man’s seed and first matter. Locus vitæ locates the seat of mind or soul, and Olympicus spiritus speaks of a star in man. These entries show different ways in which the human being can be described through a larger account of life and the world.

#### Places to read

[Limbus](#CD0398). The universal world considered as the human being’s seed and first matter.

[Locus vitæ](#CD0408). The place of life understood as the mind’s or soul’s seat.

[Olympicus spiritus](#CD0497). An inward star associated with a person’s shadow.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Microcosmus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Limbus](#CD0398); [Locus vitæ](#CD0408); [Olympicus spiritus](#CD0497)

<a id="CD0457"></a>
### Mitigativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A class of surgical medicines defined by easing pain.

**In the book.** Incarnativa concerns the growth of flesh and skin; Maturativa the ripening of an aposteme; Mundificativa cleansing.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mitigativa are surgical medicines that allay pain.

#### Meaning

The intended action identifies the class. No particular ingredient, bodily location or preparation is specified, so the heading cannot be read as a complete medicinal formula. Its place in the surgical vocabulary is nevertheless explicit.

#### Use in the book

Incarnativa concerns the growth of flesh and skin; Maturativa the ripening of an aposteme; Mundificativa cleansing. Mitigativa sets pain-relief alongside these other purposes without claiming that every member performs all of them.

#### Places to read

[Incarnativa](#CD0361). A surgical class defined by the formation of new flesh and skin.

[Maturativa](#CD0437). A surgical class directed towards the ripening of a swelling.

[Mundificativa](#CD0467). A therapeutic class defined by cleansing.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mitigativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Incarnativa](#CD0361); [Maturativa](#CD0437); [Mundificativa](#CD0467)

<a id="CD0459"></a>
### Morus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A swelling recognised through a mulberry comparison.

**In the book.** Ordoleum is compared to a barley grain, while Pandalitium identifies an aposteme through its position at the finger ends.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Morus is an aposteme like a mulberry.

#### Meaning

The comparison gives the reader a form by which to recognise the named swelling. It does not state that the mulberry is an ingredient or a remedy. The equivalent therefore needs to retain both the medical category aposteme and the likeness used to distinguish it.

#### Use in the book

Ordoleum is compared to a barley grain, while Pandalitium identifies an aposteme through its position at the finger ends. These entries use different identifying marks within the vocabulary of swellings.

#### Places to read

[Ordoleum](#CD0502). A small swelling identified through a grain comparison.

[Pandalitium](#CD0513). Three names for a swelling at the ends of the fingers.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Morus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Ordoleum](#CD0502); [Pandalitium](#CD0513)

<a id="CD0460"></a>
### Mulæ

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Pustules defined through two alternative causes.

**In the book.** Morus uses a visual comparison to identify an aposteme; Nodi uses hardness and the joints as location.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mulæ are pustules arising from heat or cold.

#### Meaning

The definition attributes the appearance of these pustules to heat or cold. It does not resolve the alternatives by specifying which circumstances produce each, and it gives no further description of their shape or distribution.

#### Use in the book

Morus uses a visual comparison to identify an aposteme; Nodi uses hardness and the joints as location. Mulæ instead supplies a brief causal description, illustrating the different sorts of explanation grouped within the dictionary’s medical vocabulary.

#### Places to read

[Morus](#CD0459). A swelling recognised through a mulberry comparison.

[Nodi](#CD0483). Hard swellings distinguished by their location at the joints.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mulæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Morus](#CD0459); [Nodi](#CD0483)

<a id="CD0461"></a>
### Mumia

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Balmed flesh, expressly extending beyond human flesh.

**In the book.** Liquor Mumiæ is defined as human fat, and Axungia de Mumia as marrow of bones.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Mumia is not only human flesh prepared with balm, but any other flesh prepared in the same way.

#### Meaning

The first branch is familiar within the book’s bodily vocabulary, but the second prevents a restriction to human material. What binds the category together is preparation with balm. The entry does not give the balm’s composition or describe every step of that preparation.

The extension matters when the term appears without a named animal source. A reader cannot infer human flesh solely from Mumia, even though several related compounds explicitly concern human materials.

#### Use in the book

Liquor Mumiæ is defined as human fat, and Axungia de Mumia as marrow of bones. Mumia Elementorum, by contrast, applies balm-language to external elements. The complete compounds distinguish materials and scales which the shared name alone cannot settle.

#### Places to read

[Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405). A Mumia compound explicitly identified as human fat.

[Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095). Two expressions identifying bone marrow.

[Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462). Mumia-language applied to a balm of external elements.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Mumia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405); [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095); [Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462)

<a id="CD0464"></a>
### Mumia versa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A Mumia compound identified as a liquor.

**In the book.** Liquor Mumiæ is separately equated with human fat, while Liquor Mumiæ de gummi is oil of gum.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Mumia versa is the liquor of mummy.

#### Meaning

This short gloss directs the reader from the compounded name to a liquid expression associated with mummy. It gives no means of preparation and does not state that the word versa alone identifies a particular ingredient.

#### Use in the book

Liquor Mumiæ is separately equated with human fat, while Liquor Mumiæ de gummi is oil of gum. These definitions should be consulted with the full compounds in view; the shared Mumia vocabulary does not erase their different equivalents.

#### Places to read

[Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405). A Mumia compound explicitly identified as human fat.

[Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](#CD0406). A Mumia compound whose stated material is gum oil.

[Mumia](#CD0461). Balmed flesh, expressly extending beyond human flesh.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Mumia versa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405); [Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](#CD0406); [Mumia](#CD0461)

<a id="CD0467"></a>
### Mundificativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A therapeutic class defined by cleansing.

**In the book.** Incarnativa, Maturativa and Mitigativa name other surgical purposes: generating flesh, ripening a swelling and allaying pain.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Mundificativa are cleansing medicines.

#### Meaning

The action of cleansing, rather than one named substance, brings these medicines together. The brevity of the definition leaves the material cleansed and the means of cleansing to a fuller medical context.

#### Use in the book

Incarnativa, Maturativa and Mitigativa name other surgical purposes: generating flesh, ripening a swelling and allaying pain. Read the verbs together to see the functional distinctions behind the compiler’s classes.

#### Places to read

[Incarnativa](#CD0361). A surgical class defined by the formation of new flesh and skin.

[Maturativa](#CD0437). A surgical class directed towards the ripening of a swelling.

[Mitigativa](#CD0457). A class of surgical medicines defined by easing pain.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Mundificativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Incarnativa](#CD0361); [Maturativa](#CD0437); [Mitigativa](#CD0457)

<a id="CD0468"></a>
### Mustus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A urinary material identified as a white calx.

**In the book.** Sal crystallinum is a salt made from human urine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Mustus is the white calx in urine.

#### Meaning

The dictionary gives a bodily location and a colour, together with the technical category calx. It does not use Mustus here simply for the familiar beverage-name a reader may expect. Nor does it explain whether the material has undergone a separate artificial calcination.

#### Use in the book

Sal crystallinum is a salt made from human urine. The shared source gives a useful comparison, but Mustus names a calx in urine, whereas the salt entry explicitly names something made from it.

#### Places to read

[Sal crystallinum](#CD0568). A salt preparation identified by its human source.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Mustus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Sal crystallinum](#CD0568)

<a id="CD0471"></a>
### Nacta

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A swelling identified by its position at the breast.

**In the book.** Morus identifies an aposteme through resemblance to a mulberry; Ordoleum through a barley-grain comparison.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Nacta is an aposteme of the breast.

#### Meaning

Location supplies the main distinction. The entry does not describe a shape, identify an internal cause, or supply enough features to equate the historical term with one particular modern diagnosis.

#### Use in the book

Morus identifies an aposteme through resemblance to a mulberry; Ordoleum through a barley-grain comparison. The contrast shows how a location-name and a form-name can perform different work within the book’s medical terminology.

#### Places to read

[Morus](#CD0459). A swelling recognised through a mulberry comparison.

[Ordoleum](#CD0502). A small swelling identified through a grain comparison.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Nacta](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Morus](#CD0459); [Ordoleum](#CD0502)

<a id="CD0472"></a>
### Narcotica

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Medicines classified through a sleep-producing effect.

**In the book.** Mitigativa are defined through allaying pain.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Narcotica are medicines that cause sleep.

#### Meaning

The intended effect defines the class. No ingredient, preparation or duration of sleep is specified. The heading therefore covers a therapeutic category rather than one named compound.

#### Use in the book

Mitigativa are defined through allaying pain. The two effects may appear together in a medical discussion, but the dictionary does not make their respective classes identical. Laudanum is a particular compound with stated ingredients, a different kind of definition again.

#### Places to read

[Mitigativa](#CD0457). A class of surgical medicines defined by easing pain.

[Laudanum](#CD0388). A Paracelsian compound defined here through gold, coral and pearl.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Narcotica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Mitigativa](#CD0457); [Laudanum](#CD0388)

<a id="CD0473"></a>
### Nasda

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Two names for a bodily lump located in the back.

**In the book.** Nodi similarly names hard tumours, but locates them at the joints.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Nasda, or Natta, is a lump in the back.

#### Meaning

The old word bunch is modernised as lump. The anatomical location is the identifying detail; the entry does not describe tissue, colour, cause or a course of development.

#### Use in the book

Nodi similarly names hard tumours, but locates them at the joints. Retaining these differences prevents the reader from converting every short swelling-name into a single undifferentiated condition.

#### Places to read

[Nodi](#CD0483). Hard swellings distinguished by their location at the joints.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Nasda](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Nodi](#CD0483)

<a id="CD0476"></a>
### Necrolica

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicinal class expressed through the strong claim of resisting death.

**In the book.** Preservativa concerns keeping bodies from corruption, while Periodus names the term of life.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Necrolica are medicines that repel death and preserve life.

#### Meaning

The compiler defines these medicines by the power claimed for them, not by composition. Expelling or repelling death intensifies the language of preservation; the entry provides no separate explanation of how that result is achieved.

#### Use in the book

Preservativa concerns keeping bodies from corruption, while Periodus names the term of life. Reading those headings beside Necrolica helps distinguish a medicine’s claimed preserving action from a statement about the duration of life itself.

#### Places to read

[Preservativa](#CD0533). Remedies classified through preservation from corruption.

[Periodus](#CD0523). The limit or duration of life.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Necrolica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Preservativa](#CD0533); [Periodus](#CD0523)

<a id="CD0479"></a>
### Neutha

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A skin-like covering described in infants.

**In the book.** Nasda and Nodi identify other bodily changes through location.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Neutha, or Neuta, is a little skin growing over the ears or eyes of infants, and sometimes covering the whole body.

#### Meaning

The definition includes a range of extent. The covering may involve the ears or eyes, or may extend over the entire body. It does not explain its origin or give enough clinical detail to determine a single modern condition.

#### Use in the book

Nasda and Nodi identify other bodily changes through location. Here infancy and the description as a little skin are additional marks which should not be lost in a generic paraphrase such as growth.

#### Places to read

[Nasda](#CD0473). Two names for a bodily lump located in the back.

[Nodi](#CD0483). Hard swellings distinguished by their location at the joints.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Neutha](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Nasda](#CD0473); [Nodi](#CD0483)

<a id="CD0483"></a>
### Nodi

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Hard swellings distinguished by their location at the joints.

**In the book.** Marmoreus tartarus describes a bodily stone through marble-like hardness, while Nasda locates a lump in the back.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nodi are hard tumours of the joints.

#### Meaning

Hardness and place work together as the identifying marks. The definition does not give a cause, a particular joint or a test distinguishing this historical category from every other swelling.

#### Use in the book

Marmoreus tartarus describes a bodily stone through marble-like hardness, while Nasda locates a lump in the back. Their shared concern with bodily formations does not erase the specific features by which each is defined.

#### Places to read

[Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432). A bodily stone distinguished through a comparison with marble.

[Nasda](#CD0473). Two names for a bodily lump located in the back.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nodi](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432); [Nasda](#CD0473)

<a id="CD0491"></a>
### Odorifera

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Medicines grouped through the action attributed to their odour.

**In the book.** Narcotica are grouped by causing sleep and Mitigativa by easing pain.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Odorifera are medicines which expel diseases through their smell, whether pleasant or unpleasant.

#### Meaning

The pleasantness of the smell is not the criterion. The definition expressly includes good and bad odours, assigning medicinal action to either. It does not specify whether a particular preparation is inhaled, applied or otherwise used.

#### Use in the book

Narcotica are grouped by causing sleep and Mitigativa by easing pain. Odorifera differs by naming a sensible property through which an action is said to occur. The distinction concerns the compiler’s classification of medicines, rather than a list of common ingredients.

#### Places to read

[Narcotica](#CD0472). Medicines classified through a sleep-producing effect.

[Mitigativa](#CD0457). A class of surgical medicines defined by easing pain.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 364, Odorifera](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Narcotica](#CD0472); [Mitigativa](#CD0457)

<a id="CD0501"></a>
### Opopopyron Laudani

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine attributed to Paracelsus and defined by its use against fever.

**In the book.** Laudanum receives a different, ingredient-based definition elsewhere in this dictionary.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Opopopyron Laudani is Paracelsus’s medicine for stopping fevers. [^CDV009]

#### Meaning

The definition supplies an attribution and an intended effect. It does not give the medicine’s composition. Laudani belongs to the full compound name and should remain visible when locating the entry.

#### Use in the book

Laudanum receives a different, ingredient-based definition elsewhere in this dictionary. A resemblance of names is a useful reason to compare the articles; it does not by itself establish that both expressions name an identical preparation. The present entry supplies only its relation to Paracelsus and the stopping of fevers.

#### Places to read

[Laudanum](#CD0388). A Paracelsian compound defined here through gold, coral and pearl.

[Oppodeltoch](#CD0500). An ointment name attributed to Paracelsian usage.

#### In this edition

The printed headword is Opopopyron Laudani. The transcription aid shortens it to Opopyron Laudani. This edition retains the witnessed spelling and makes the shortened form available as an editorial finding form. The therapeutic effect remains a historical claim, without an added clinical identification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Opopopyron Laudani; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Laudanum, Oppodeltoch](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Laudanum](#CD0388); [Oppodeltoch](#CD0500)

<a id="CD0499"></a>
### Oppilativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A class of medicines defined by stopping a flow.

**In the book.** Repercussiva drives a flow back, while Sedativa eases pain.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Oppilativa are medicines that stop flows.

#### Meaning

The action word identifies a therapeutic class. The entry gives no particular ingredient and does not specify the bodily flow under discussion.

#### Use in the book

Repercussiva drives a flow back, while Sedativa eases pain. Comparing those verbs makes the historical classifications more precise: stopping, driving back and easing name different attributed effects.

Congelativa is a close parallel, likewise defined as medicines that stop a flow. That explicit action connects the two names more directly than an assumption drawn from either headword alone.

#### Places to read

[Repercussiva](#CD0557). Medicines classified by their supposed action of driving a flow back.

[Sedativa](#CD0594). Remedies classified by relief of pain.

[Congelativa](#CD0194). Medicines classified by stopping a bodily flow.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Oppilativa; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Repercussiva, Sedativa, Congelativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Repercussiva](#CD0557); [Sedativa](#CD0594); [Congelativa](#CD0194)

<a id="CD0500"></a>
### Oppodeltoch

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An ointment name attributed to Paracelsian usage.

**In the book.** The source’s attribution is retained as an attribution.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Oppodeltoch in Paracelsus is an ointment.

#### Meaning

In Paracelsus locates the gloss within a named author’s vocabulary. The definition supplies a form of preparation, ointment, rather than a list of ingredients or a therapeutic effect.

#### Use in the book

The source’s attribution is retained as an attribution. The entry alone does not identify a specific work or verify a recipe under this spelling.

#### Places to read

[Laudanum](#CD0388). A Paracelsian compound defined here through gold, coral and pearl.

[Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501). A medicine attributed to Paracelsus and defined by its use against fever.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Oppodeltoch; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Laudanum, Opopopyron Laudani](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Laudanum](#CD0388); [Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501)

<a id="CD0502"></a>
### Ordoleum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A small swelling identified through a grain comparison.

**In the book.** Compare Rana and Sephirus, defined through bodily place or qualities.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Ordoleum is a small swelling or abscess like a barley grain.

#### Meaning

The comparison supplies scale or shape rather than a material ingredient. The swelling is like a barley grain; the definition does not say that barley is present within it.

#### Use in the book

Compare Rana and Sephirus, defined through bodily place or qualities. These short medical entries use different descriptive features to help a reader identify the intended historical condition.

#### Places to read

[Rana](#CD0547). A swelling identified by its position beneath the tongue.

[Sephirus](#CD0597). A swelling characterized by hardness and dryness.

[Pandalitium](#CD0513). Three names for a swelling at the ends of the fingers.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ordoleum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Rana, Sephirus, Pandalitium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Rana](#CD0547); [Sephirus](#CD0597); [Pandalitium](#CD0513)

<a id="CD0503"></a>
### Orexis

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A heat attributed to tartarous matter.

**In the book.** Tartarum provides the fuller vocabulary of hard deposits in wine vessels and stones or gravel in human bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Orexis is a heat caused by tartarous matter.

#### Meaning

The sentence supplies a cause as well as a condition. The material described as tartarous is said to produce heat. The term should not be identified from a familiar meaning in another language while disregarding this local gloss.

#### Use in the book

Tartarum provides the fuller vocabulary of hard deposits in wine vessels and stones or gravel in human bodies. That connection helps explain the adjective while leaving the present definition’s account of heat visible.

#### Places to read

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Orexis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Tartarum, Qualitas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Qualitas](#CD0542)

<a id="CD0510"></a>
### Ossa paraleli

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine described as universal in relation to gout.

**In the book.** The dictionary gives no composition or particular source of the preparation in this sentence.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Ossa paraleli are a universal medicine for gout.

#### Meaning

The scope of the claim is governed by for gout. The word universal should remain attached to that named purpose, rather than being expanded into a statement that the medicine cures every possible illness.

#### Use in the book

The dictionary gives no composition or particular source of the preparation in this sentence. The old therapeutic description is retained as the compiler’s claim.

#### Places to read

[Percipiolum](#CD0520). A medicine defined through approval.

[Preservativa](#CD0533). Remedies classified through preservation from corruption.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ossa paraleli; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Percipiolum, Preservativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Percipiolum](#CD0520); [Preservativa](#CD0533)

<a id="CD0513"></a>
### Pandalitium

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Three names for a swelling at the ends of the fingers.

**In the book.** Ordoleum identifies a swelling through a barley-grain comparison; Rana locates one beneath the tongue.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Pandalitium, Paneritium or Passa is a swelling or abscess at the ends of the fingers, called a white flaw.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a bodily location and supplies another historical name, white flaw. All three headword forms share the one gloss. The phrase ends of the fingers should remain part of the description.

#### Use in the book

Ordoleum identifies a swelling through a barley-grain comparison; Rana locates one beneath the tongue. These articles show how the compiler combines familiar names with brief descriptive features.

#### Places to read

[Ordoleum](#CD0502). A small swelling identified through a grain comparison.

[Rana](#CD0547). A swelling identified by its position beneath the tongue.

[Sephirus](#CD0597). A swelling characterized by hardness and dryness.

#### In this edition

The older English white flaw is retained as a finding expression. The source does not provide enough clinical detail to make this a modern differential diagnosis.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pandalitium; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Ordoleum, Rana, Sephirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Ordoleum](#CD0502); [Rana](#CD0547); [Sephirus](#CD0597)

<a id="CD0514"></a>
### Panna

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spot described as natural.

**In the book.** Natural is therefore retained without silently adding a particular kind of mark.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Panna is a natural spot.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies a broad descriptive term and a qualification of origin or character. It does not specify a bodily site, color, size or cause.

#### Use in the book

Natural is therefore retained without silently adding a particular kind of mark. Its meaning in a passage must be established from the thing or person being described.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Panna; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

<a id="CD0520"></a>
### Percipiolum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine defined through approval.

**In the book.** The word should not be read as a claim of approval by a present-day regulator.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Percipiolum is any approved medicine.

#### Meaning

The sentence supplies a status, approved, without naming the person or institution granting approval. Any makes the description a category rather than the identification of a single preparation.

#### Use in the book

The word should not be read as a claim of approval by a present-day regulator. The historical definition itself gives no ingredients, indication or formal procedure of assessment.

#### Places to read

[Ossa paraleli](#CD0510). A medicine described as universal in relation to gout.

[Preservativa](#CD0533). Remedies classified through preservation from corruption.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Percipiolum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Ossa paraleli, Preservativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Ossa paraleli](#CD0510); [Preservativa](#CD0533)

<a id="CD0533"></a>
### Preservativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Remedies classified through preservation from corruption.

**In the book.** Liquor salis is likewise described through preservation from putrefaction.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Preservativa are medicines that preserve bodies from corruption.

#### Meaning

The definition describes an attributed action toward bodies. Corruption concerns deterioration or loss of the body’s condition within the historical vocabulary. It is not restricted in this sentence to a moral fault.

#### Use in the book

Liquor salis is likewise described through preservation from putrefaction. Sedativa and Oppilativa classify remedies through different actions, easing pain and stopping flows. Comparing the verbs helps preserve the intended therapeutic classes.

Conservativa likewise concerns preservation from putrefaction, but its entry specifically speaks of preserving Nature and attributes astral virtue to the medicines. The present definition gives bodies and corruption without that additional account.

#### Places to read

[Liquor salis](#CD0407). A saline liquor understood through its preservative action.

[Sedativa](#CD0594). Remedies classified by relief of pain.

[Oppilativa](#CD0499). A class of medicines defined by stopping a flow.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Preservativa; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Liquor salis, Sedativa, Oppilativa, Conservativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Liquor salis](#CD0407); [Sedativa](#CD0594); [Oppilativa](#CD0499); [Conservativa](#CD0196)

<a id="CD0536"></a>
### Pruina

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name for the hot, burning ulcer defined under Ignis Persicus.

**In the book.** Pruinum is separately defined as the first kind of tartar.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pruina is Ignis Persicus.

#### Meaning

Ignis Persicus is expressly defined as a hot, burning ulcer. Following that target resolves this unfamiliar name into a historical bodily description without assigning a modern diagnosis. The transmitted target phrase remains visible in the modernised definition.

#### Use in the book

Pruinum is separately defined as the first kind of tartar. A nearly identical headword does not justify transferring that material gloss to Pruina.

#### Places to read

[Pruinum](#CD0535). A variety placed first within a tartar classification.

[Ignis Persicus](#CD0342). A medical condition named through burning heat.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pruina; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Pruinum, Ignis Persicus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Pruinum](#CD0535); [Ignis Persicus](#CD0342)

<a id="CD0537"></a>
### Pulpezia

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A sudden bodily change attributed to stellar agency.

**In the book.** Somnia similarly attributes operations in a sleeper to the stars, while Primales concerns deceptive bodies put before the eyes.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pulpezia is a sudden astonishment or change in a person’s body caused by the stars.

#### Meaning

The sentence offers two descriptions, astonishment or change, and supplies the stars as their cause. Astonishment is retained as part of the older bodily vocabulary rather than automatically reduced to an ordinary feeling of surprise.

#### Use in the book

Somnia similarly attributes operations in a sleeper to the stars, while Primales concerns deceptive bodies put before the eyes. The comparisons locate several kinds of stellar action without making them one condition.

#### Places to read

[Somnia](#CD0609). Dreams explained through stellar operations in the sleeper.

[Primales](#CD0534). Bodies described as deceptive appearances caused by stars.

#### In this edition

The historical cause remains an attributed explanation. The source does not give enough clinical detail for a secure modern diagnosis.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pulpezia; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Somnia, Primales](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Somnia](#CD0609); [Primales](#CD0534)

<a id="CD0546"></a>
### Ragadiæ

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical name for swellings of the genitals.

**In the book.** Compare Rana, defined by a swelling beneath the tongue, and Sephirus, characterized as hard and dry.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367.

#### Historical definition

Ragadiæ are swellings or abscesses of the private parts.

#### Meaning

The location distinguishes this entry from other short definitions of apostemes. Aposteme is rendered as swelling or abscess so that the older diagnostic vocabulary remains understandable. The entry does not distinguish different causes or clinical courses.

#### Use in the book

Compare Rana, defined by a swelling beneath the tongue, and Sephirus, characterized as hard and dry. The compiler can organize disease names by bodily site, visible form or felt quality.

#### Places to read

[Rana](#CD0547). A swelling identified by its position beneath the tongue.

[Sephirus](#CD0597). A swelling characterized by hardness and dryness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ragadiæ; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 367; compare Rana, Sephirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**See also.** [Rana](#CD0547); [Sephirus](#CD0597)

<a id="CD0547"></a>
### Rana

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A swelling identified by its position beneath the tongue.

**In the book.** Other aposteme entries use a different combination of place and qualities.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367.

#### Historical definition

Rana is a swelling or abscess beneath the tongue.

#### Meaning

The definition makes bodily location the essential identifying feature. It supplies no further account of the swelling’s cause, contents or treatment. Its brevity should be preserved when assessing how specifically the historical name can be identified.

#### Use in the book

Other aposteme entries use a different combination of place and qualities. Ragadiæ names another bodily site; Sephirus adds hardness and dryness. These comparisons clarify the compiler’s descriptive habits without assigning the present term a modern diagnosis.

#### Places to read

[Ragadiæ](#CD0546). A historical name for swellings of the genitals.

[Sephirus](#CD0597). A swelling characterized by hardness and dryness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Rana; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 367; compare Ragadiæ, Sephirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**See also.** [Ragadiæ](#CD0546); [Sephirus](#CD0597)

<a id="CD0549"></a>
### Rebis

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Rebis in this dictionary denotes bodily excrement.

**In the book.** The adjacent Rebus means the last matter of things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Rebis is the excrement of the belly.

#### Meaning

The entire definition is a bodily identification. The spelling can attract interpretations drawn from other alchemical works, but this witness supplies a precise local gloss: excrement of the belly.

#### Use in the book

The adjacent Rebus means the last matter of things. Keeping the two headwords and definitions separate is essential; their resemblance on the page is not sufficient evidence that the compiler intended one sense.

#### Places to read

[Rebus](#CD0552). The final matter or resulting condition of things.

[Vndosa](#CD0681). A collective animal-excrement name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Rebis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Rebus, Vndosa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Rebus](#CD0552); [Vndosa](#CD0681)

<a id="CD0550"></a>
### Rebisola

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A urine described as a secret remedy for jaundice.

**In the book.** Compare Vrina vini, where urine appears in one of two different identifications.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Rebisola is a secret urine against jaundice.

#### Meaning

Secret qualifies the historical remedy. The sentence names its material and attributed purpose while leaving its preparation unexplained. Against jaundice records the compiler’s therapeutic claim.

#### Use in the book

Compare Vrina vini, where urine appears in one of two different identifications. These brief definitions do not establish that all occurrences of urine refer to the same preparation.

#### Places to read

[Vrina vini](#CD0686). A wine-qualified name with vinegar and bodily senses.

#### In this edition

The obscure headword is retained. The entry’s therapeutic purpose is reported historically; no ingredients or preparation have been added to fill the gap.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Rebisola; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Vrina vini](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Vrina vini](#CD0686)

<a id="CD0551"></a>
### Rebona

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name referred to mummy.

**In the book.** Mumia defines the category through flesh seasoned with balsam, including not only human flesh but other flesh prepared in that way.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Rebona is the same as mummy.

#### Meaning

This is an equivalence entry. It sends the reader to a better-known category within the vocabulary of the period and supplies no preparation or origin of its own.

#### Use in the book

Mumia defines the category through flesh seasoned with balsam, including not only human flesh but other flesh prepared in that way. The present equivalence gives no additional source or preparation of its own. A passage using Rebona should therefore be read with that fuller entry and its actual material qualifications.

#### Places to read

[Mumia](#CD0461). Balmed flesh, expressly extending beyond human flesh.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Rebona; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Mumia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Mumia](#CD0461)

<a id="CD0557"></a>
### Repercussiva

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Medicines classified by their supposed action of driving a flow back.

**In the book.** Staraphaxat also receives a repercussive or restraining virtue, while Sedativa is defined by the easing of pain.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Repercussiva are medicines that drive back any flow.

#### Meaning

The name describes direction of action. A flow is said to be checked or driven back, rather than merely removed. The definition supplies a therapeutic class without listing particular medicines.

#### Use in the book

Staraphaxat also receives a repercussive or restraining virtue, while Sedativa is defined by the easing of pain. Such entries classify historical remedies by attributed action.

#### Places to read

[Sedativa](#CD0594). Remedies classified by relief of pain.

[Staraphaxat](#CD0621). A power characterized by restraint or driving back.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Repercussiva; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Sedativa, Staraphaxat](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Sedativa](#CD0594); [Staraphaxat](#CD0621)

<a id="CD0563"></a>
### Rosea

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical disease name equated with erysipelas.

**In the book.** The headword remains independently searchable so that a reader encountering Rosea can find the supplied English identification.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Rosea is the same as erysipelas.

#### Meaning

The compiler supplies a synonym, without adding a description of the skin, the course of illness or its cause. The equivalence records historical terminology rather than a full diagnostic account.

#### Use in the book

The headword remains independently searchable so that a reader encountering Rosea can find the supplied English identification. The brevity of the source limits how much further identification this entry can support.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Rosea; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

<a id="CD0588"></a>
### Saxifraga

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A therapeutic class defined by the breaking of stone or gravel.

**In the book.** Saxifragus, the neighboring headword, receives a different gloss: pale crystal.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Saxifraga are all things that break the stone or gravel.

#### Meaning

All such things makes this a class of agents defined by an attributed effect. It is not, in this entry, the identification of one particular plant. Stone and gravel belong to the historical medical vocabulary also used under Tartarum.

#### Use in the book

Saxifragus, the neighboring headword, receives a different gloss: pale crystal. The slight difference in ending should not be ignored when consulting the dictionary.

#### Places to read

[Saxifragus](#CD0589). A mineral identification distinct from Saxifraga.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Saxifraga; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Saxifragus, Tartarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Saxifragus](#CD0589); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0590"></a>
### Scacurcula

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spirit associated with a bone in a deer’s heart.

**In the book.** The sentence does not say that the headword names the whole animal, its blood, or every substance obtained from it.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Scacurcula is the spirit of a bone in the heart of a hart.

#### Meaning

Hart means a male deer. The definition relates a spirit to a particular bodily material and location: a bone in the hart’s heart. Cerviculæ gives a closely matching description, explicitly calling its subject a spirit made from that bone. This comparison is more secure than assigning an unstated modern composition to the spirit.

#### Use in the book

The sentence does not say that the headword names the whole animal, its blood, or every substance obtained from it. Preserving the chain of relations makes this unusual definition easier to read.

#### Places to read

[Cerviculæ](#CD0153). A spirit preparation identified through a particular animal material.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Scacurcula; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Cerviculæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Cerviculæ](#CD0153)

<a id="CD0594"></a>
### Sedativa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Remedies classified by relief of pain.

**In the book.** Compare Repercussiva for medicines defined by driving a flow back and Stiptica for drying medicines.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sedativa are medicines that ease pain.

#### Meaning

The historical definition uses an effect to identify a class. The modernised word ease preserves allay without adding a particular cause of pain, drug or mode of action.

#### Use in the book

Compare Repercussiva for medicines defined by driving a flow back and Stiptica for drying medicines. Their different action words organize the compiler’s therapeutic vocabulary.

#### Places to read

[Repercussiva](#CD0557). Medicines classified by their supposed action of driving a flow back.

[Stiptica](#CD0624). A therapeutic class identified by drying.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sedativa; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Repercussiva, Stiptica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Repercussiva](#CD0557); [Stiptica](#CD0624)

<a id="CD0597"></a>
### Sephirus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A swelling characterized by hardness and dryness.

**In the book.** Compare Rana beneath the tongue and Ragadiæ in the private parts.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sephirus is a hard and dry swelling or abscess.

#### Meaning

The descriptive qualities distinguish this aposteme from entries identified by location. Hard and dry are both retained because they are the specific information the compiler supplies.

#### Use in the book

Compare Rana beneath the tongue and Ragadiæ in the private parts. These neighboring medical glosses show that the dictionary may classify a condition through appearance, feel, quality or bodily site.

#### Places to read

[Ragadiæ](#CD0546). A historical name for swellings of the genitals.

[Rana](#CD0547). A swelling identified by its position beneath the tongue.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sephirus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Ragadiæ, Rana](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Ragadiæ](#CD0546); [Rana](#CD0547)

<a id="CD0599"></a>
### Serpheta

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A remedy defined by its supposed dissolving effect on stone.

**In the book.** Compare Saxifraga, a class of things said to break stone or gravel.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Serpheta is a medicine that melts a stone.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies an attributed action rather than a composition. Stone belongs to the historical medical vocabulary of hard deposits; the sentence does not identify a particular drug or preparation.

#### Use in the book

Compare Saxifraga, a class of things said to break stone or gravel. The two definitions use different verbs, melting and breaking, which should remain visible in translation.

#### Places to read

[Saxifraga](#CD0588). A therapeutic class defined by the breaking of stone or gravel.

[Tartarum](#CD0638). A wine-vessel deposit whose name also serves for bodily stones or gravel.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Serpheta; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Saxifraga, Tartarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Saxifraga](#CD0588); [Tartarum](#CD0638)

<a id="CD0604"></a>
### Sinonia

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A white joint-associated substance described as glue.

**In the book.** The English term glue helps convey the account of consistency and binding.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sinonia is the white glue of the joints.

#### Meaning

The descriptive phrase combines color, bodily location and a comparison with glue. It should be read as a historical material gloss, without assuming that the compiler has isolated one modern anatomical substance.

#### Use in the book

The English term glue helps convey the account of consistency and binding. It does not by itself supply a modern analysis of the material’s composition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sinonia; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

<a id="CD0605"></a>
### Sirones

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Pustules or wheals particularly associated with the hands.

**In the book.** The source supplies two descriptive equivalents, and both are retained.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sirones are pustules or wheals, especially on the hands.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies visible skin features and adds a usual location. Especially preserves the qualification: the hands are emphasized without being made the only possible site.

#### Use in the book

The source supplies two descriptive equivalents, and both are retained. Assigning one present-day disease to the headword would narrow the historical description beyond the evidence given here.

#### Places to read

[Sephirus](#CD0597). A swelling characterized by hardness and dryness.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sirones; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Sephirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Sephirus](#CD0597)

<a id="CD0606"></a>
### Sirza

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name referred to eschara.

**In the book.** The entry does not provide a cause or a treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sirza is eschara.

#### Meaning

This is a compact synonym entry. Its useful information is the historical target form, which should be followed in the surrounding text before further identifying the material or condition.

#### Use in the book

The entry does not provide a cause or a treatment. Retaining a separate searchable record prevents the less familiar spelling from disappearing inside the better-known headword.

Compare Escara, also given as Estphara, where the dictionary describes black and dead flesh caused by a caustic. That is a useful related entry to consult when following the target form eschara; the original spelling in the present definition remains visible.

#### Places to read

[Escara](#CD0256). Dead flesh described as the result of a caustic action.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sirza; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Escara](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Escara](#CD0256)

<a id="CD0607"></a>
### Sol in homine

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An inward solar fire related to the celestial sun.

**In the book.** This is a cosmological account of life.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 42, 43; facsimile PDF pages 370, 371.

#### Historical definition

Sol in homine is the invisible fire flowing from the celestial sun, preserving and nourishing the natural fire in a human being.

#### Meaning

The expression distinguishes a celestial source from an invisible fire in a person. The relation between them is described through flowing, preservation and nourishment. Natural fire is already present in the human being and is sustained by the solar influence.

#### Use in the book

This is a cosmological account of life. It does not say that visible sunlight and ordinary flame are identical substances. The modifiers celestial, invisible and natural carry the distinctions within the sentence.

Compare Spiritus Animalis, which relates a power of the soul to the heavens, and Soladini, spirits dwelling in invisible fire. The recurrence of heavenly and invisible language makes comparison useful, but each entry assigns a different relation: nourishment, likeness or dwelling.

#### Places to read

[Soladini](#CD0608). Corporeal spirits whose dwelling is invisible fire.

[Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619). A power of the soul described through likeness to the heavens.

[Vulcanus](#CD0688). A name directly equated with fire.

#### In this edition

The English phrase solar fire can orient the reader, while the full historical headword remains available for searching. The explanation preserves the text’s account of influence without converting it into a modern account of bodily energy.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition pages 42, 43; facsimile PDF pages 370, 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sol in homine; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370, 371; compare Soladini, Spiritus Animalis, Vulcanus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Soladini](#CD0608); [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619); [Vulcanus](#CD0688)

<a id="CD0624"></a>
### Stiptica

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A therapeutic class identified by drying.

**In the book.** Compare Sedativa, defined by easing pain, and Repercussiva, by driving a flow back.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Stiptica are drying medicines.

#### Meaning

Drying names the action attributed to these medicines in the definition. The entry does not describe a physical drying process used to manufacture them.

#### Use in the book

Compare Sedativa, defined by easing pain, and Repercussiva, by driving a flow back. These neighboring classifications turn on the attributed action of the remedy rather than a shared ingredient.

#### Places to read

[Repercussiva](#CD0557). Medicines classified by their supposed action of driving a flow back.

[Sedativa](#CD0594). Remedies classified by relief of pain.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Stiptica; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Repercussiva, Sedativa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Repercussiva](#CD0557); [Sedativa](#CD0594)

<a id="CD0625"></a>
### Struma

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name equated with butium.

**In the book.** The sentence alone supplies no bodily location, appearance or cause.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Struma is butium.

#### Meaning

The source gives a synonym rather than a descriptive account. Its target form is retained so that the historical chain of identification remains visible.

#### Use in the book

The sentence alone supplies no bodily location, appearance or cause. This edition therefore keeps the term searchable while leaving further identification to an explicitly cited context.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Struma; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

<a id="CD0634"></a>
### Syphita prava

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A historical disease name equated with St Vitus’s dance.

**In the book.** Syphita stricta is separately defined through the spirit of sleepwalkers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Syphita prava is a disease called St Vitus’s dance.

#### Meaning

The identification is with another historical disease name. The entry does not specify the movements, their causes or the course of the condition.

#### Use in the book

Syphita stricta is separately defined through the spirit of sleepwalkers. The different qualifier changes the gloss, so the two expressions should be retained in full.

#### Places to read

[Syphita stricta](#CD0635). A spirit associated with sleepwalking.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Syphita prava; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Syphita stricta](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Syphita stricta](#CD0635)

<a id="CD0648"></a>
### Testa

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A headword locally identified with human skin.

**In the book.** The local identification is retained without substituting another object suggested by a familiar Latin or technical use.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Testa is the skin of the human body.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies a precise bodily subject. Whatever other uses the word may have elsewhere, this witness directs the reader to the skin of a person.

#### Use in the book

The local identification is retained without substituting another object suggested by a familiar Latin or technical use. The entry is a finding aid for the dictionary’s own vocabulary.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Testa; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

<a id="CD0650"></a>
### Thaphneus

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine characterized by cleanliness and purification.

**In the book.** Purity is also central to Quintessentia and Saphirea materia.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Thaphneus is a clean, purified medicine.

#### Meaning

The definition describes a condition achieved or possessed by a medicine. It does not identify one particular ingredient or a therapeutic use.

#### Use in the book

Purity is also central to Quintessentia and Saphirea materia. Those entries specify other subjects or relations of separation; the recurrence of the value does not establish that their products are the same medicine.

#### Places to read

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

[Saphirea materia](#CD0586). A liquid defined through purity achieved by separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Thaphneus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Quintessentia, Saphirea materia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Saphirea materia](#CD0586)

<a id="CD0677"></a>
### Vlcus æstiomenum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A destructive swelling described through its action on its site.

**In the book.** Other aposteme entries are identified by hardness, dryness or bodily location.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Vlcus æstiomenum is a cancerous swelling that eats into the place.

#### Meaning

The source combines a disease description with a visible or attributed process: the swelling feeds upon the place where it occurs. Eats into conveys that historical wording without assigning a precise modern diagnosis.

#### Use in the book

Other aposteme entries are identified by hardness, dryness or bodily location. Here destruction at the site is the distinguishing feature.

#### Places to read

[Sephirus](#CD0597). A swelling characterized by hardness and dryness.

#### In this edition

The initial V is retained in the historical form and can also be found through the editorial U spelling. The adjective cancerous is reported as part of the old description.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vlcus æstiomenum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Sephirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Sephirus](#CD0597)

<a id="CD0692"></a>
### Xenectum

*Body disease and historical medicine · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A protective medicine worn externally about the body.

**In the book.** This article is useful for distinguishing a mode of wearing a remedy from the action classes named Sedativa or Repercussiva.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Xenectum is any external medicine hung about the body as a protection against plague.

#### Meaning

The description specifies placement and attributed purpose. The medicine is hung about the body, rather than explicitly swallowed or applied to a wound. Any makes the category broad; no ingredient is listed.

#### Use in the book

This article is useful for distinguishing a mode of wearing a remedy from the action classes named Sedativa or Repercussiva. The source records protection against plague as its historical purpose, without supplying evidence of that protection.

#### Places to read

[Sedativa](#CD0594). Remedies classified by relief of pain.

[Repercussiva](#CD0557). Medicines classified by their supposed action of driving a flow back.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Xenectum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Sedativa, Repercussiva](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Sedativa](#CD0594); [Repercussiva](#CD0557)

<a id="category_565599305ff5"></a>
## Mind soul and inward powers

<a id="CD0004"></a>
### Adech

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The inward person who conceives the forms subsequently fashioned by the outward person.

**In the book.** Idea, Imaginatio and Formæ rerum provide related vocabulary for representation and form.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Adech is our inner and invisible person, who represents the forms of all things in our mind; afterward our outward person fashions and imitates them with the hands. Both work according to their nature.

#### Meaning

This account joins mental representation to making. The inner person presents forms to the mind; the outer person realizes or imitates them through manual work. “Invisible” therefore belongs to a distinction between inward and outward activity. The definition does not describe a small anatomical being hidden inside the body.

For a reader of technical or philosophical prose, the sequence matters: a form is mentally present before its outward imitation is fashioned. The final sentence also assigns a nature to both participants. It does not say that thought alone produces a finished material object.

#### Use in the book

Idea, Imaginatio and Formæ rerum provide related vocabulary for representation and form. They should be compared without making them automatic synonyms for Adech. Adech names a figure or agent in this account, whereas the other terms may name an activity or what that activity apprehends.

#### Places to read

[Idea](#CD0338). A conceived figure understood as an enduring pattern.

[Imaginatio](#CD0355). Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Adech ; compare Idea, Imaginatio, Formæ rerum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Idea](#CD0338); [Imaginatio](#CD0355); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290)

<a id="CD0038"></a>
### Aniadum

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The inward celestial or regenerated person described in sacramental terms.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Aniadum is a celestial body planted in us Christians by the Holy Spirit through the holy sacraments; or it is the spiritual person regenerated in us.

#### Meaning

This entry expressly locates its account within Christian belief. The celestial body is said to be implanted through the Holy Spirit and the sacraments, and the alternative formulation calls it the regenerated spiritual person. These are the historical author’s descriptions of inward renewal, not an anatomical specification. Both the sacramental agency and the alternative wording are necessary to its meaning.

The inward character may invite comparison with Adech, but the two definitions emphasize different things. Adech concerns mental representation and outward making; Aniadum concerns regeneration. The comparison is useful precisely because it prevents a broad category such as “inner person” from erasing the particular function of each term.

#### Places to read

[Aniada](#CD0036). A term linking heavenly gifts, Christian sacraments and life-preserving celestial influence.

[Aniaday](#CD0037). An expression for everlasting renewal and the world to come.

[Adech](#CD0004). The inward person who conceives the forms subsequently fashioned by the outward person.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aniadum ; compare Aniada, Aniaday, Adech](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Aniaday](#CD0037); [Adech](#CD0004)

<a id="CD0149"></a>
### Cedurini

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An evaluative name for people judged slow of understanding.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Cedurini are dull-witted people.

#### Meaning

This is a judgement about people, not a material ingredient or an illness defined by symptoms. Its usefulness lies in recognizing the polemical or evaluative register of a sentence. A writer who applies it is characterizing someone’s understanding rather than supplying a technical diagnosis.

The dictionary includes many such person-names beside substance entries. Identifying that grammatical role can remove an apparent mystery before the reader searches for a chemical equivalent. The edition retains the meaning while attributing the evaluation to the historical speaker.

#### Places to read

[Idiotæ](#CD0339). A polemical name for those who reject true arts while practising false ones.

[Sophistæ](#CD0612). A name that can praise expertise or condemn deception.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cedurini ; compare Idiotæ, Sophistæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Idiotæ](#CD0339); [Sophistæ](#CD0612)

<a id="CD0156"></a>
### Character veneris

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Love described as a protective character or sign.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Character veneris is love, serving as a shield against danger.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies love and explains its protective function through a shield comparison. It does not identify a metal simply because Venus vocabulary appears in the phrase. Calx Veneris, by contrast, is expressly glossed as verdigris. The complete expression and its supplied definition must govern the reading.

The protective claim belongs to the historical account. The entry gives no particular inscription, object or rite, so a material talisman should not be reconstructed from the word “character” alone. Its secure content is the connection among love, protection and the shield image.

#### Places to read

[Calx Veneris](#CD0135). A Venus-qualified calx identified as verdigris.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Character veneris ; compare Calx Veneris](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Calx Veneris](#CD0135)

<a id="CD0209"></a>
### Corpus invisibile

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The soul described through both bodily support and spiritual invisibility.

**In the book.** Corpus is a subject in which virtues lie hidden.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Corpus invisibile is the soul: corporeal in respect of its sustenance, and invisible because of its spirituality.

#### Meaning

The definition does not simply oppose body and soul. It explicitly calls the soul corporeal in one respect and invisible in another. “Sustenance” preserves the older word sustentation without deciding exactly what kind of support the author intends. The second clause attributes invisibility to spirituality.

These qualifications matter because removing either would produce a simpler doctrine than the text states. Calling the entry merely “an invisible body” would omit its identification with the soul; calling it merely “the soul” would omit the reason for the unusual bodily phrase.

#### Use in the book

Corpus is a subject in which virtues lie hidden. Corpora supercœlestia are known by reason rather than sense, while Confirmamentum gives a human astral body. Together the entries demonstrate several different reasons for using bodily vocabulary beyond ordinary visible anatomy. They do not license treating every such term as another name for the soul.

#### Places to read

[Confirmamentum](#CD0192). A body described through an internal or human astral relation.

[Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207). Bodies distinguished by a rational mode of knowing.

[Corpus](#CD0208). A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

#### In this edition

The edition leaves the historical conjunction of corporeality and spirituality visible. It supplies no modern psychological, anatomical or physical equivalent for it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Corpus invisibile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Confirmamentum](#CD0192); [Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207); [Corpus](#CD0208)

<a id="CD0338"></a>
### Idea

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A conceived figure understood as an enduring pattern.

**In the book.** Imaginatio is described as a star in a person and as a celestial and supercelestial body.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Idea is a figure conceived in imagination as a perpetual being, or a pattern of all things of that nature.

#### Meaning

The definition connects a figure in imagination with a pattern extending to things of the same nature. It is broader than a passing casual thought. The phrase “perpetual being” gives the conceived figure an enduring character within this account, without explaining the manner of that endurance.

The alternative “or a pattern” is an important aid to reading. It directs attention from one imagined example to a form by which a kind of thing can be understood. The dictionary does not identify a particular figure or state how it is acquired.

#### Use in the book

Imaginatio is described as a star in a person and as a celestial and supercelestial body. Formæ rerum gives a different account of forms through celestial influences or virtues. These connections show a philosophical vocabulary of pattern, faculty and efficacy, but the entries should not be collapsed into one definition of a modern mental state.

#### Places to read

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

[Imaginatio](#CD0355). Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

#### In this edition

The edition retains the strong historical language of enduring being and pattern. It does not replace it with a claim that every personal image determines the nature of external objects.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Idea](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Formæ rerum](#CD0290); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

<a id="CD0354"></a>
### Iliaster magnus

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The fourth human Iliaster described through the translation of mind or soul.

**In the book.** The first Iliaster entry announces four human Iliastri concerning long life.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Iliaster magnus, or quartus, concerns the mind or soul caught up into another world, as Enoch and Elijah were.

#### Meaning

The definition changes the focus of the sequence. The first three entries discuss life, balsam, elements and quintessence; the fourth concerns the mind or soul caught into another world. Enoch and Elijah are the examples supplied by the source, and their presence gives the account an explicitly scriptural register.

The alternative name quartus makes the entry’s position clear. Magnus should not be detached from that fourth-place role or treated simply as an adjective increasing the strength of one of the earlier forms.

#### Use in the book

The first Iliaster entry announces four human Iliastri concerning long life. The separate primus, secundus and tertius entries spell out other members of that account. The second general Iliaster definition concerns an occult virtue of Nature through which things grow and flourish. The fourth human branch should remain distinct from both that general activity and the four elemental chaoses.

#### Places to read

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Iliaster](#CD0350). Nature’s hidden efficacy described through growth, nourishment and flourishing.

[Iliaster primus](#CD0351). The first human Iliaster described through life and its balsam.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition preserves the source’s mind-or-soul formulation. It does not expand the brief scriptural comparison into an additional esoteric practice or a process absent from the text.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Iliaster magnus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Iliaster](#CD0350); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353)

<a id="CD0355"></a>
### Imaginatio

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

**In the book.** Idea supplies one useful connection.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Imaginatio is a star in a human being, a celestial and supercelestial body.

#### Meaning

The definition is striking because it gives bodily and stellar language rather than a description of a casual mental image. Imaginatio is a star in a person, and is further described as a celestial and supercelestial body. All three qualifications belong to the source and should remain visible.

The entry does not explain the anatomy of that star or identify it as a visible object. Its terms belong to the dictionary’s wider account of human correspondences and efficacies. A reader needs that setting to understand why imagination can be treated with a vocabulary also applied to bodies, stars and powers.

The definition also does not state that every desired image becomes an external reality. Such a claim would require further evidence from a particular author. The short gloss establishes a category and relation, rather than a universal rule about the effects of thinking.

#### Use in the book

Idea supplies one useful connection. It is a figure conceived in imagination as a perpetual being or a pattern of things of that nature. That entry concerns the conceived figure, while Imaginatio names the faculty or power within the human being in astral terms. Keeping them distinct helps a reader separate an image or pattern from the account of what conceives it.

Confirmamentum gives the body of a star in a person, or an astral body. Ilech magnum compares higher stars in the firmament with lower stars in human beings. Ileidus is elemental air that, in people, is a spirit passing through the members. These entries show a sustained vocabulary of correspondences between larger natural relations and human life. They provide a setting for Imaginatio without proving that all the terms describe one entity.

Imagines offers another important distinction: metallic figures or effigies in which celestial powers operate. There the subject is a figure in a material medium. Here it is imagination in a person. Similar language of celestial power does not erase the change in subject.

Formæ rerum defines forms through celestial influences received by lower bodies or through the virtues of things. That broader account of efficacy helps explain why the dictionary’s imagination vocabulary reaches beyond the everyday contrast between an internal picture and an external object.

#### Places to read

[Confirmamentum](#CD0192). A body described through an internal or human astral relation.

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

[Idea](#CD0338). A conceived figure understood as an enduring pattern.

#### In this edition

The edition preserves the historical terms while explaining their relationships through the dictionary itself. It does not replace the star with a modern anatomical organ or claim that the gloss proves a particular contemporary psychological theory.

For reading a longer passage, distinguish the person who imagines, the figure conceived, and any effect the author attributes to that conception. The dictionary supplies different names relevant to those different questions. Its short definitions become more informative when those distinctions are kept available rather than compressed into a single modern sense of imagination.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Imaginatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Confirmamentum](#CD0192); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290); [Idea](#CD0338); [Ilech magnum](#CD0345); [Ileidus](#CD0348); [Imagines](#CD0356)

<a id="CD0408"></a>
### Locus vitæ

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The place of life understood as the mind’s or soul’s seat.

**In the book.** Microcosmus names man as a little world, while Liquor essentialis concerns material becoming flesh and blood.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Locus vitæ is the seat of the mind or soul.

#### Meaning

The definition locates life through the mind or soul without naming an anatomical organ. Seat marks a dwelling or position of activity, not necessarily a separate substance. A reader should therefore avoid replacing the expression automatically with the heart, brain or another bodily part.

#### Use in the book

Microcosmus names man as a little world, while Liquor essentialis concerns material becoming flesh and blood. The different entries show that life can be discussed through an organising seat, the whole human being, or a process of bodily formation.

#### Places to read

[Liquor essentialis](#CD0402). An assimilable humour described through its becoming flesh and blood.

[Microcosmus](#CD0454). The human being named as a little world.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Locus vitæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Liquor essentialis](#CD0402); [Microcosmus](#CD0454)

<a id="CD0497"></a>
### Olympicus spiritus

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An inward star associated with a person’s shadow.

**In the book.** Spiritus Animalis also relates an inward power to the heavens, while Vmbratiles names astral bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Olympicus spiritus is a star in a person that makes that person yield a shadow of themself.

#### Meaning

The definition places a star within the human being and attributes a shadow-producing action to it. Both star and shadow belong to the source’s description; the sentence gives no further account of the mechanism or the kind of shadow.

#### Use in the book

Spiritus Animalis also relates an inward power to the heavens, while Vmbratiles names astral bodies. These articles can orient a reader within the celestial vocabulary without supplying an identity that the present definition does not state.

Imaginatio is also called a star in the human being, but its entry names imagination rather than describing shadow-production. The shared inward-star language is useful precisely because the stated functions differ.

#### Places to read

[Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619). A power of the soul described through likeness to the heavens.

[Vmbratiles](#CD0679). Bodies qualified as astral.

[Imaginatio](#CD0355). Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

#### In this edition

The explanation keeps the source’s limited claim visible. It has not been expanded into a modern theory of perception or a particular later account of an astral double.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Olympicus spiritus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Spiritus Animalis, Vmbratiles, Imaginatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619); [Vmbratiles](#CD0679); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

<a id="CD0591"></a>
### Scaiolæ

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Four powers of the mind coordinated with the elements.

**In the book.** Compare Spiritus Animalis, where a power of the soul is described through likeness to the heavens.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Scaiolæ are the spiritual powers and faculties of the mind, four in number according to the four elements.

#### Meaning

The definition connects mental faculties with elemental number. Its fourfold division is explicit, but the individual faculties are not named in this sentence. The reader should distinguish the supplied number from a complete taxonomy.

#### Use in the book

Compare Spiritus Animalis, where a power of the soul is described through likeness to the heavens. Both entries connect an inward faculty with a wider natural order, although they do so through different relations.

#### Places to read

[Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619). A power of the soul described through likeness to the heavens.

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Scaiolæ; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Spiritus Animalis, Qualitas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619); [Qualitas](#CD0542)

<a id="CD0619"></a>
### Spiritus Animalis

*Mind soul and inward powers · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A power of the soul described through likeness to the heavens.

**In the book.** Scaiolæ offers a parallel coordination of inward powers with the wider natural order: the faculties of the mind are numbered according to the four elements.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Spiritus Animalis is a power of the soul by which it becomes like the heavens.

#### Meaning

The definition treats spiritus animalis as a power or faculty, and explains it through a relation of likeness. The soul is said to become like the heavens by this power. Animalis should therefore be read within the complete expression; the gloss is not a reference simply to a nonhuman animal.

#### Use in the book

Scaiolæ offers a parallel coordination of inward powers with the wider natural order: the faculties of the mind are numbered according to the four elements. Sol in homine gives a different relation, an invisible fire flowing from the celestial sun that preserves and nourishes natural fire in a person. These articles connect inward life with the cosmos without making the connections identical.

The distinction between likeness and influence is especially useful. Spiritus Animalis does not specify the same flowing movement that Sol in homine describes. Nor does it list four faculties as Scaiolæ does. Comparing the actual predicates keeps the reader close to what each definition says.

#### Places to read

[Scaiolæ](#CD0591). Four powers of the mind coordinated with the elements.

[Sol in homine](#CD0607). An inward solar fire related to the celestial sun.

#### In this edition

The English animal spirit can be retained as a finding phrase, with the historical Latin heading beside it. The explanation does not identify the power with a modern nerve signal, a chemical substance or a psychological trait; none of those identifications is supplied by this definition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Spiritus Animalis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Scaiolæ, Sol in homine](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Scaiolæ](#CD0591); [Sol in homine](#CD0607)

<a id="category_601f9006398c"></a>
## Spirits celestial influences and signs

<a id="CD0005"></a>
### Aerdadi

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Air-dwelling spirits described as corporeal.

**In the book.** Compare Anachmus, expressly called incorporeal, and the fire-associated Æthnici.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Aerdadi are corporeal spirits living in the air.

#### Meaning

The apparent tension between “spirits” and “corporeal” is part of the historical classification. The entry assigns these beings a dwelling place and a bodily character rather than treating every spirit as wholly without body. It is useful to retain both features. Replacing the expression simply with “air” would erase the beings described; replacing it with “incorporeal spirit” would reverse its stated qualification.

#### Use in the book

Compare Anachmus, expressly called incorporeal, and the fire-associated Æthnici. The contrasting descriptions show that the dictionary differentiates spirits by embodiment, appearance and habitat.

#### Places to read

[Anachmus](#CD0028). A spirit expressly described as without body.

[Æthnici](#CD0009). Fire-associated spirits described through visible forms and a mountain habitat.

[Sylphes](#CD0632). A spirit name locally equated with pygmies.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aerdadi ; compare Anachmus, Æthnici, Sylphes](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Anachmus](#CD0028); [Æthnici](#CD0009); [Sylphes](#CD0632)

<a id="CD0009"></a>
### Æthnici

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Fire-associated spirits described through visible forms and a mountain habitat.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Æthnici are fiery spirits, or spiritual people burning in fire, who appear in diverse forms and shapes, such as flames, firebrands and round balls of coals, especially in sulphurous mountains.

#### Meaning

The definition presents an account of appearances: flames, brands and glowing round forms are understood as manifestations of spirits or spiritual people. The phrase “especially in sulphurous mountains” locates these appearances within the same combustible landscape described under Æthna. It does not make the two entries identical: one names subterranean fire, the other the beings said to appear in it.

Notice also that the forms are multiple. A reader should not expect a single standard image or bodily shape. The entry belongs to the dictionary’s historical account of inhabited nature, in which places, materials and spiritual agents can be described together.

#### Places to read

[Æthna](#CD0008). An underground fire explained through sulphur, resin and bitumen.

[Aerdadi](#CD0005). Air-dwelling spirits described as corporeal.

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Æthnici ; compare Æthna, Aerdadi, Salamandri](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Æthna](#CD0008); [Aerdadi](#CD0005); [Salamandri](#CD0578)

<a id="CD0028"></a>
### Anachmus

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spirit expressly described as without body.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331.

#### Historical definition

Anachmus is an incorporeal spirit.

#### Meaning

The adjective supplies the entire distinction in this brief entry. It is especially useful beside Aerdadi, which are described as corporeal spirits. Together, the entries prevent us from assuming that the dictionary always gives “spirit” one consistent relation to embodiment. Anachmus itself supplies no habitat, appearance or individual name. Those features should not be borrowed from another spirit entry merely to make the description longer.

#### Places to read

[Aerdadi](#CD0005). Air-dwelling spirits described as corporeal.

[Æthnici](#CD0009). Fire-associated spirits described through visible forms and a mountain habitat.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 3; facsimile PDF page 331 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Anachmus ; compare Aerdadi, Æthnici](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=331)

**See also.** [Aerdadi](#CD0005); [Æthnici](#CD0009)

<a id="CD0036"></a>
### Aniada

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term linking heavenly gifts, Christian sacraments and life-preserving celestial influence.

**In the book.** Aniaday, Aniadum and Aniadus form a nearby group but are not interchangeable.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Aniada are the fruits and virtues of paradise and heaven, and also the sacraments of Christians. In natural philosophy the term means the astral and celestial virtues insofar as their influence contributes to long life.

#### Meaning

The definition deliberately spans more than one field. Its first meanings concern paradise, heaven and Christian sacraments. Its expressly philosophical meaning concerns astral or celestial virtues considered in relation to longevity. The transition is important: the entry records related senses without reducing the sacramental vocabulary to a single material preparation.

Here “virtues” concerns attributed powers or effective qualities. Reading it only as ethical goodness would obscure the natural-philosophical sentence. Equally, reducing the word to a modern measurable force would replace the historical explanation with another system. The dictionary describes an influence believed to contribute to long life; it does not demonstrate that effect.

#### Use in the book

Aniaday, Aniadum and Aniadus form a nearby group but are not interchangeable. Aniaday names an eternal spring or coming paradise; Aniadum concerns a regenerated spiritual person; Aniadus names efficacy. The group helps readers see the shared associations while keeping each grammatical and conceptual function distinct.

#### Places to read

[Aniaday](#CD0037). An expression for everlasting renewal and the world to come.

[Aniadum](#CD0038). The inward celestial or regenerated person described in sacramental terms.

[Aniadus](#CD0039). The effective power attributed to things.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aniada ; compare Aniaday, Aniadum, Aniadus, Annus Aniadin](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Aniaday](#CD0037); [Aniadum](#CD0038); [Aniadus](#CD0039); [Annus Aniadin](#CD0043)

<a id="CD0037"></a>
### Aniaday

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An expression for everlasting renewal and the world to come.

**In the book.** The neighbouring Aniada and Aniadum entries explicitly connect heavenly gifts with Christian language.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Aniaday means an eternal spring, a new world to come, or paradise.

#### Meaning

The three explanations belong together as images or names of an enduring, future condition. “Spring” is qualified by eternity rather than defined as an ordinary season in the calendar. The reference to a new world to come also gives the expression a prospective direction. It would be misleading to turn this brief entry into a formula for a physical spring or a measured period.

#### Use in the book

The neighbouring Aniada and Aniadum entries explicitly connect heavenly gifts with Christian language. They offer a context for reading this cluster while leaving Aniaday’s own threefold definition intact.

#### Places to read

[Aniada](#CD0036). A term linking heavenly gifts, Christian sacraments and life-preserving celestial influence.

[Aniadum](#CD0038). The inward celestial or regenerated person described in sacramental terms.

[Annus Aniadin](#CD0043). A lifespan expression rather than a fixed calendrical year.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aniaday ; compare Aniada, Aniadum, Annus Aniadin](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Aniadum](#CD0038); [Annus Aniadin](#CD0043)

<a id="CD0061"></a>
### Aquaster

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An apparent vision whose object need not be real.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aquaster is a vision presenting something to our eyes, sometimes something that does not truly exist but exists only in appearance.

#### Meaning

The entry separates appearing from existing. A thing can be presented to sight without the author accepting that its object truly exists. The qualifier “sometimes” is important: the dictionary does not define every Aquaster as false. It leaves room for different cases while making deceptive appearance part of the term’s range.

For a reader, the useful question is what status the surrounding passage gives the vision. Is it reporting something seen, discussing whether it is real, or explaining the production of an appearance? Those are separate claims. The entry names an experience or presentation, not a material water despite the word’s opening letters.

#### Places to read

[Visio](#CD0674). A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

[Imagines](#CD0356). Metallic images treated as subjects of celestial efficacy.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aquaster ; compare Visio, Imagines](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**See also.** [Visio](#CD0674); [Imagines](#CD0356)

<a id="CD0078"></a>
### Ascendentia signa

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An expression with stellar and spirit-related senses.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Ascendentia signa are either the stars of heaven’s firmament or sidereal spirits.

#### Meaning

The dictionary offers alternatives: visible heavenly stars and sidereal spirits. The relation to the heavens is shared, but the categories are not identical. A passage about positions or appearances may have a different subject from one about the agency of spirits. The complete argument must determine which reading is intended.

The term also belongs near Astrum, where the dictionary records a sense involving the power acquired by preparation. That neighbouring entry is a reminder that star vocabulary can extend beyond literal celestial bodies. Its technical sense should not, however, be imposed on this entry’s expressly stated alternatives.

#### Places to read

[Astrum](#CD0083). A “star” understood as a material’s enhanced power through preparation.

[Cœli planetarum](#CD0178). The planets’ own orbs and spheres.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ascendentia signa ; compare Astrum, Cœli planetarum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Astrum](#CD0083); [Cœli planetarum](#CD0178)

<a id="CD0093"></a>
### Austromantia

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Wind divination presented through a strongly critical description.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337.

#### Historical definition

Austromantia is an invented kind of superstition concerning the observation of winds. When the stars of winds break out with unusual violence, people who are more idle than rational pronounce a prediction of something to come. [^CDV004]

#### Meaning

The entry names a practice and supplies the author’s evaluation of it. Unusual violence in the winds is treated by its practitioners as a sign of future events; the dictionary dismisses their reasoning and character. Both the observed occasion and the criticism belong to the historical evidence.

This distinction helps the reader separate a report of unusual weather from a claim that it foretells an event. The dictionary’s objection is directed at the move from one to the other. Its polemical wording should be attributed rather than adopted as the editor’s own judgement of every historical observer of winds.

#### Places to read

[Chaomancy](#CD0154). Divination in which the air supplies the signs.

[Augurista](#CD0088). A diviner defined by media, bird signs and a hostile evaluation.

[Præsagium](#CD0532). A significant sign understood as pointing toward a future event.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 9; facsimile PDF page 337 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Austromantia ; compare Chaomancy, Augurista, Præsagium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=337)

**See also.** [Chaomancy](#CD0154); [Augurista](#CD0088); [Præsagium](#CD0532)

<a id="CD0105"></a>
### Berillistica

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A practice of viewing visions in the glasses described under Berillus.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Berillistica is the art of observing visions in such glasses.

#### Meaning

The phrase “such glasses” depends on the nearby apparatus term. Read with Berillus, the entry concerns a crystalline looking-glass used in divination. It names the practice of observation, not simply the material from which the glass is made. Keeping object and activity separate helps a reader follow a sentence in which both appear.

Augurista names a practitioner using looking-glasses, crystals and other media. Together the entries provide a small practical vocabulary of instrument, act and person. Their historical judgement of the practice should remain attributed to the dictionary.

#### Places to read

[Berillus](#CD0106). A divinatory looking-glass described with a critical judgement.

[Augurista](#CD0088). A diviner defined by media, bird signs and a hostile evaluation.

[Visio](#CD0674). A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Berillistica ; compare Berillus, Augurista, Visio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**See also.** [Berillus](#CD0106); [Augurista](#CD0088); [Visio](#CD0674)

<a id="CD0113"></a>
### Bruta

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A celestial influence said to become known through animal behaviour.

**In the book.** Compare Aniada and Influentia for the vocabulary of celestial virtue and influence.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339.

#### Historical definition

Bruta is the influence of a celestial virtue made known to people through brute animals: for example, the use of celandine through the swallow, and of salt for a clyster through the stork, with many other examples of this kind.

#### Meaning

The definition treats animals as mediators of knowledge. A celestial virtue is said to be manifested through their actions, and human beings recognize a useful material or practice by observing them. The swallow and stork examples belong to that historical explanatory pattern. They should be reported as the dictionary’s claims rather than presented as verified accounts of animal medicine.

The term therefore names more than animals as a category. Its stated subject is an influence and the way it is revealed. If a passage uses an animal story to explain how a remedy became known, Bruta offers a conceptual setting for that story.

#### Use in the book

Compare Aniada and Influentia for the vocabulary of celestial virtue and influence. These links clarify the proposed source of efficacy, while the animal examples show its supposed transmission into human knowledge. The entry does not provide a modern experimental basis for the practices it mentions.

#### Places to read

[Aniada](#CD0036). A term linking heavenly gifts, Christian sacraments and life-preserving celestial influence.

[Influentia](#CD0363). The causal action of superior bodies upon inferior bodies.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 11; facsimile PDF page 339 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Bruta ; compare Aniada, Influentia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=339)

**See also.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Influentia](#CD0363)

<a id="CD0116"></a>
### Caballi

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Ghosts or astral presences associated with untimely death.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 12; facsimile PDF page 340.

#### Historical definition

Caballi, or Cabales, are ghosts and astral stars of people who died before their time.

#### Meaning

The definition ties the beings to deceased people and specifically to death before its expected time. The astral-star description belongs to the author’s account of their form or condition. It should not be turned into an ordinary astronomical identification without considering the ghost clause.

The spelling resemblance to Cabela is a potential trap. That entry concerns a secret science and its transmission, whereas Caballi names beings related to the dead. Preserve both alternative forms here, but keep their distinct definition visible. A shared sequence of letters is not sufficient evidence of a shared technical sense.

#### Places to read

[Cabela](#CD0115). A polemical account of a secret inspired wisdom and its alleged corruption.

[Evestrum](#CD0264). A prophetic agency associated with signs preceding events.

[Lemures](#CD0394). Aerial spirits with a reported identification as the human dead.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 12; facsimile PDF page 340 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=340)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Caballi ; compare Cabela, Evestrum, Lemures](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=340)

**See also.** [Cabela](#CD0115); [Evestrum](#CD0264); [Lemures](#CD0394)

<a id="CD0115"></a>
### Cabela

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A polemical account of a secret inspired wisdom and its alleged corruption.

**In the book.** The entry then draws a boundary between true Magic and Necromancy or Nigromancy.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 12; facsimile PDF page 340.

#### Historical definition

Cabela, or Cabalia, is a most secret science, said to have been delivered by divine inspiration together with the law of Moses, as the Hebrew rabbis assert. The Persians diligently sought and practised this art, as appears from their name for their wise people. They call their priests wise and skilled in all secrets, as were the three who came from the East to worship Christ, rather than kings, as the ignorant common people believe. It was not written down but handed on by word of mouth. Later, superstitious people, like apes, began to defile it with their pens, until it degenerated into monstrous superstition. By this means Magic, the true wisdom received by divine inspiration, is now regarded as Necromancy and Nigromancy, so that it is an offence to be wise and anyone openly professing it puts himself in danger. Yet publicly teaching the foolishness of unbelievers is commended as a singular gift of wisdom, and none is judged wise except the greatest fool.

#### Meaning

This long entry offers a historical narrative and a defence, not a neutral one-line definition. It claims an inspired origin, oral transmission, diligent Persian study and later corruption through writing. It then argues that the resulting confusion has discredited true magic. The sequence is essential to understanding the author’s complaint. Without it, the closing attack on supposed wisdom would seem detached from its subject.

The opening appeal to the Hebrew rabbis attributes an origin claim. This edition retains that attribution rather than presenting the account as an established history of the many traditions subsequently associated with cabala or kabbalah. Likewise, the connection between Persian wise people and the visitors who worshipped Christ belongs to the dictionary’s argument. It is evidence for the author’s framing, not a critical reconstruction of all those communities.

The oral-versus-written contrast does important work. The author does not merely say that a secret was made public; he alleges that imitators damaged it through their writing. The animal comparison and the language of monstrous superstition make the allegation unmistakably polemical. A modernised definition should keep that force while making clear whose judgement it is.

#### Use in the book

The entry then draws a boundary between true Magic and Necromancy or Nigromancy. The desired wisdom is described as divinely inspired; the rejected identification exposes its practitioners to danger. Read this as a contest over names and authority within the historical text. It does not establish that all contemporary writers agreed about what counted as legitimate magic.

Compare Augurista, Berillus and Austromantia, where the dictionary itself condemns particular practices as superstitious. The book can defend one form of hidden wisdom while rejecting other practices that later readers might group beside it. Preserving those internal distinctions is more informative than summarizing every term under a single broad heading such as occultism.

Caballi appears immediately nearby but has its own ghost-related definition. The similarity of spelling should not pull that entry into the historical narrative here. This is another instance in which recognition of a familiar-looking word must be checked against the dictionary’s actual gloss.

#### Places to read

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

[Necromancy](#CD0477). A condemned art defined by the appearance and interrogation of the dead.

[Nigromancy](#CD0480). Apparent command of spirits, condemned as harmful to those who exercise it.

#### In this edition

The final sentences reverse public judgements: openly professed wisdom is said to be dangerous, while the foolishness of unbelievers is praised. The reversal is the culmination of the author’s complaint about corrupted names and values. It is rhetorical criticism, not a dispassionate social survey. The edition makes that role explicit so readers can distinguish description, attribution and invective.

For use in a passage, ask whether the word denotes a claimed science, a mode of transmission, an inspired authority or a disputed label. The historical definition moves through all four. An external account of a particular Jewish, Christian or other tradition would require its own sources. This entry’s value is to explain the particular conceptual and polemical position represented by the dictionary.

The most helpful annotation will identify the speaker’s claim before discussing its plausibility: who is said to transmit the science, who is accused of corrupting it, and which name has become discredited? Those distinctions preserve the argument’s structure without requiring the editor to endorse its historical narrative.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 12; facsimile PDF page 340 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=340)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cabela ; compare Magia, Necromancy, Nigromancy, Augurista, Berillus, Austromantia, Caballi](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=340)

**See also.** [Magia](#CD0418); [Necromancy](#CD0477); [Nigromancy](#CD0480); [Augurista](#CD0088); [Berillus](#CD0106); [Austromantia](#CD0093); [Caballi](#CD0116)

<a id="CD0154"></a>
### Chaomancy

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Divination in which the air supplies the signs.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Chaomancy is the art of foretelling through the air.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies the medium of the practice. It does not specify one kind of cloud, colour, wind or vision, so those distinctions must come from the passage being read. The subject is foretelling by signs, rather than a general study of the air’s material properties.

Austromantia narrows attention to winds and adds a strongly critical judgement, while Hydromancy and Pyromancy name neighbouring practices through water and fire. The set is useful for navigating the dictionary’s divination terms without assuming that all use the same signs or receive exactly the same evaluation.

#### Places to read

[Austromantia](#CD0093). Wind divination presented through a strongly critical description.

[Hydromancy](#CD0334). Foretelling through manifestations associated with water.

[Pyromancy](#CD0541). Divination through the signs of fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chaomancy ; compare Austromantia, Hydromancy, Pyromancy, Geomancy](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Austromantia](#CD0093); [Hydromancy](#CD0334); [Pyromancy](#CD0541); [Geomancy](#CD0306)

<a id="CD0160"></a>
### Cherubin

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A divine celestial influence described through descent and superior power.

**In the book.** Aniada and Influentia provide related vocabulary for heavenly powers and their relation to natural or human life.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Cherubin is a celestial virtue and influence, a dominion and power above all dominions and powers, proceeding from God and descending to earth and all people. Paracelsus speaks at length of this divine glory in his expositions of the Psalms of David.

#### Meaning

The definition locates the source in God and describes a movement of influence toward earth and humanity. Its vocabulary of dominion and power ranks the subject above other powers. This is a theological and celestial account, not a material ingredient identified by a familiar chemical name.

The final sentence is also a reading direction supplied by the historical dictionary. It points to Paracelsian expositions of the Psalms of David. This edition preserves that attribution without claiming, solely from the dictionary sentence, to have identified and collated the exact passage intended.

#### Use in the book

Aniada and Influentia provide related vocabulary for heavenly powers and their relation to natural or human life. The Cherubin entry makes divine origin particularly explicit. Comparing the terms can clarify how the dictionary moves between religious and natural-philosophical explanation, while keeping each term’s distinct role visible.

#### Places to read

[Aniada](#CD0036). A term linking heavenly gifts, Christian sacraments and life-preserving celestial influence.

[Influentia](#CD0363). The causal action of superior bodies upon inferior bodies.

[Seraphin](#CD0598). A heavenly power and, particularly, the assembly of angels.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cherubin ; compare Aniada, Influentia, Seraphin](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Influentia](#CD0363); [Seraphin](#CD0598)

<a id="CD0163"></a>
### Chiromancy

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A reading of bodily and natural forms extending beyond the hand.

**In the book.** Physiognomy and Signatures-related vocabulary offer useful comparisons for interpreting outward form.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Chiromancy, according to Paracelsus, concerns not only the lineaments of the hands but the whole body, and not only human beings but all natural things besides.

#### Meaning

The definition is built around two expansions of scope. First, it moves from the hands to the whole body. Second, it moves from human beings to natural things generally. Both qualifications are attributed to Paracelsus. Reducing the term simply to hand-reading would therefore omit the very features this entry emphasizes.

The lineaments remain the starting example, but they no longer delimit the field. In a passage about a plant, stone or other natural thing, the term may concern the reading of its form or signs within this broader historical account. The definition does not provide a method for every such reading or establish that its conclusions were correct.

#### Use in the book

Physiognomy and Signatures-related vocabulary offer useful comparisons for interpreting outward form. The link is thematic: the present entry specifically describes the enlarged reach of Chiromancy. It should not be treated as proof that all neighbouring arts had identical subjects, procedures or authority.

#### Places to read

[Physiognomy](#CD0529). An art of reading character from the face.

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Chiromancy ; compare Physiognomy, Formæ rerum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Physiognomy](#CD0529); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290)

<a id="CD0192"></a>
### Confirmamentum

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A body described through an internal or human astral relation.

**In the book.** Imaginatio is also described as a star in a person.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Confirmamentum is the body of a star in a human being, or an astral body.

#### Meaning

The definition gives two expressions for its subject: the body of a star in a person and an astral body. It places the term within the book’s account of celestial powers operating in human life. It does not identify an anatomical organ or describe a star physically lodged in the ordinary sense within the body.

The relation to a person is explicit. Compare a passage’s language of bodies, powers and stars before deciding whether it is speaking of the visible heavens, a human counterpart, or the efficacy attributed to either.

#### Use in the book

Imaginatio is also described as a star in a person. Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum calls astral virtues present in their matter “celestial bodies,” while Constellatio concerns the impression of higher stars upon lower bodies. The vocabulary consequently moves between body and virtue rather than observing the boundaries of a modern anatomical list.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206). Celestial bodies of the spagyrists understood as astral virtues in matter.

[Imaginatio](#CD0355). Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

#### In this edition

“Astral” is retained as the historical term. The entry offers no basis for replacing it with a psychological faculty or a contemporary model of bodily energy.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Confirmamentum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

<a id="CD0198"></a>
### Constellatio

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

**In the book.** Formæ rerum likewise defines forms through influences received from celestial bodies, or through the virtues of things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Constellatio is the impression of higher stars, or their virtues, upon lower bodies.

#### Meaning

The term describes a relation between higher and lower, with “impression” expressing what the stars or their virtues are said to communicate. It does not simply name a pattern of stars visible in the sky. Both celestial agents and the bodies receiving their effects are essential to this definition.

The alternative wording “or their virtues” is also significant. The dictionary allows an author to speak either of the stars or of the efficacy attributed to them. A reading that treats every celestial term as a statement about a visible material body will miss that flexibility.

#### Use in the book

Formæ rerum likewise defines forms through influences received from celestial bodies, or through the virtues of things. Impressiones names the resulting fruits of stars in lower things. Gamathei gives a special case in stones marked with characters and images. Together these terms describe transmission, reception and its supposed effects across the book’s natural world.

#### Places to read

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

[Gamathei](#CD0298). Stones bearing signs and images associated with celestial powers.

[Impressiones](#CD0357). Effects in lower subjects described as fruits of stars.

#### In this edition

The edition retains this historical relation without replacing it with a modern causal theory. “Higher” and “lower” belong to the text’s ordering of things; they are not measures of the worth of the subjects being described.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Constellatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Formæ rerum](#CD0290); [Gamathei](#CD0298); [Impressiones](#CD0357)

<a id="CD0206"></a>
### Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Celestial bodies of the spagyrists understood as astral virtues in matter.

**In the book.** Constellatio describes the impression of higher stars upon lower bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346.

#### Historical definition

Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum are astral virtues present in their matter.

#### Meaning

The gloss explains a phrase containing “bodies” by speaking of virtues and matter. What is celestial in this usage is not simply a visible object in the sky. The term identifies astral efficacy as present within a material subject, according to the dictionary’s philosophical account.

That wording is especially useful when a passage seems to move abruptly between the heavens and a prepared substance. The definition allows the reader to ask whether a celestial name is being used for an attributed virtue within the matter under discussion.

#### Use in the book

Constellatio describes the impression of higher stars upon lower bodies. Corpus names the subject in which virtues are hidden. The two entries supply the relationship condensed here: a material body can be described through powers that the author understands as celestial. Corpora supercœlestia introduces a different distinction, between what is known by sense and what is known by reason.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207). Bodies distinguished by a rational mode of knowing.

[Corpus](#CD0208). A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

#### In this edition

“Astral virtue” is retained to keep the historical explanation legible. It is not a substitute term for a specific modern physical property.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 18; facsimile PDF page 346 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=346)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207); [Corpus](#CD0208)

<a id="CD0232"></a>
### Dienez

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Spirits classified by their dwelling among hard stones.

**In the book.** Durdales inhabit trees; Terrelati live in the earth.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Dienez are spirits that dwell among hard stones.

#### Meaning

Place supplies the distinction. The spirits are situated among hard stones, without a separate account of their form, activity or relation to a particular stone. The entry belongs to the dictionary’s classification of inhabitants and powers within the natural world.

#### Use in the book

Durdales inhabit trees; Terrelati live in the earth. These comparisons show how dwelling places organise several spirit names. They should not be collapsed into a single class merely because all appear in a chymical dictionary. Dienez has its own stated environment.

#### Places to read

[Durdales](#CD0243). Tree-dwelling spirits described as corporeal.

[Terrelati](#CD0647). Bodily spirits associated with residence in earth.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Dienez](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Durdales](#CD0243); [Terrelati](#CD0647)

<a id="CD0237"></a>
### Divinatio

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A general term for foretelling.

**In the book.** Hydromancy concerns signs associated with water; Pyromancy concerns fire; Edelphus names someone who prognosticates through the nature of the elements.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Divinatio is prophesying or foretelling.

#### Meaning

The entry gives a broad activity without naming the medium from which a prediction is drawn. It therefore differs in scope from the dictionary’s more particular arts of presaging. Nothing here identifies a ritual, instrument or class of practitioner.

#### Use in the book

Hydromancy concerns signs associated with water; Pyromancy concerns fire; Edelphus names someone who prognosticates through the nature of the elements. These distinctions can help a reader move from the general activity to a particular historical account of how foretelling is said to occur.

#### Places to read

[Edelphus](#CD0244). A practitioner of foretelling by the elements.

[Hydromancy](#CD0334). Foretelling through manifestations associated with water.

[Pyromancy](#CD0541). Divination through the signs of fire.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Divinatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Edelphus](#CD0244); [Hydromancy](#CD0334); [Pyromancy](#CD0541)

<a id="CD0243"></a>
### Durdales

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Tree-dwelling spirits described as corporeal.

**In the book.** Dienez inhabit hard stones; Terrelati are corporeal spirits living in the earth.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348.

#### Historical definition

Durdales are corporeal spirits inhabiting trees.

#### Meaning

The definition combines a kind of being with a habitat. The adjective corporeal belongs to the historical account and should not disappear merely because “spirit” may suggest its opposite to a modern reader. The entry does not describe their appearance or activity.

#### Use in the book

Dienez inhabit hard stones; Terrelati are corporeal spirits living in the earth. Sylvestres introduces airy spirits or woodmen. These comparisons help distinguish several kinds of inhabitants rather than treating every nature-spirit term as interchangeable. Durdales specifically belongs to trees.

#### Places to read

[Dienez](#CD0232). Spirits classified by their dwelling among hard stones.

[Sylvestres](#CD0633). Names with airy-spirit and gigantic woodland senses.

[Terrelati](#CD0647). Bodily spirits associated with residence in earth.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 20; facsimile PDF page 348 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Durdales](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=348)

**See also.** [Dienez](#CD0232); [Sylvestres](#CD0633); [Terrelati](#CD0647)

<a id="CD0255"></a>
### Erodinium

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A sign understood as pointing towards a future event.

**In the book.** Essodinum is more specific about presaging by marks; Evestrum names a prophetic spirit associated with signs or something preceding an event.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Erodinium is the sign of something to come.

#### Meaning

The entry names a sign without specifying its medium or the event it foretells. Its meaning lies in the relation between a present indication and something expected to follow, rather than in a particular art of interpretation.

#### Use in the book

Essodinum is more specific about presaging by marks; Evestrum names a prophetic spirit associated with signs or something preceding an event. Comparing the entries separates a sign, an interpretation of marks and a supposed sign-bearing agency. Erodinium itself supplies only the general future-directed relation.

#### Places to read

[Essodinum](#CD0262). Foretelling by interpreting marks.

[Evestrum](#CD0264). A prophetic agency associated with signs preceding events.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Erodinium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Essodinum](#CD0262); [Evestrum](#CD0264)

<a id="CD0262"></a>
### Essodinum

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Foretelling by interpreting marks.

**In the book.** Erodinium names a sign of something to come, while Evestrum is a prophetic spirit associated with signs or something preceding an event.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Essodinum is a presage of things to come through their marks.

#### Meaning

Marks provide the stated means of presaging. The definition does not identify the marked subject, the event predicted or a set of rules for interpretation. Its scope is consequently broader than a particular art of reading hands, stones or weather.

#### Use in the book

Erodinium names a sign of something to come, while Evestrum is a prophetic spirit associated with signs or something preceding an event. The comparison distinguishes a sign, the act or account of presaging by marks, and an attributed agency. Their connection is useful without making them interchangeable.

#### Places to read

[Erodinium](#CD0255). A sign understood as pointing towards a future event.

[Evestrum](#CD0264). A prophetic agency associated with signs preceding events.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Essodinum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Erodinium](#CD0255); [Evestrum](#CD0264)

<a id="CD0264"></a>
### Evestrum

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A prophetic agency associated with signs preceding events.

**In the book.** Erodinium gives the general sign of a future event.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Evestrum is a prophetic spirit that presages through signs or through something that goes before.

#### Meaning

The entry names a spirit and describes how its prophetic character is expressed. Signs, or something preceding an event, provide the relation between what is present and what is to come. The definition supplies no appearance, dwelling place or means of calling the spirit.

“Something going before” is kept broadly. The compiler does not restrict it to a dream, an omen in a particular element or a visible apparition. A more specific reading would need to come from the passage using the word.

#### Use in the book

Erodinium gives the general sign of a future event. Essodinum concerns presaging by marks. Somnia describes operations made in a sleeping person by the stars. These entries provide several historical accounts of foretelling and signs, while Evestrum remains distinctive in naming a prophetic spirit as its subject.

#### Places to read

[Erodinium](#CD0255). A sign understood as pointing towards a future event.

[Essodinum](#CD0262). Foretelling by interpreting marks.

[Somnia](#CD0609). Dreams explained through stellar operations in the sleeper.

#### In this edition

The commentary reports the classification of the historical dictionary. It adds no practice for obtaining predictions and does not identify Evestrum with every other kind of spirit mentioned in the volume.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Evestrum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Erodinium](#CD0255); [Essodinum](#CD0262); [Somnia](#CD0609)

<a id="CD0285"></a>
### Flagæ

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Spirits distinguished by hidden knowledge of people.

**In the book.** Xeninephidei are said to disclose the secret properties of nature to people, while Evestrum is associated with prophetic signs.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Flagæ are spirits that know the occult secrets of human beings.

#### Meaning

The definition attributes a kind of knowledge rather than a particular habitat or appearance. The secrets belong to human beings and are called occult. The entry does not say that these spirits reveal that knowledge or explain how a person would encounter them.

#### Use in the book

Xeninephidei are said to disclose the secret properties of nature to people, while Evestrum is associated with prophetic signs. Those descriptions concern different kinds of knowing or disclosure. Flagæ should not inherit a revelatory or prophetic role that its own definition does not state.

#### Places to read

[Evestrum](#CD0264). A prophetic agency associated with signs preceding events.

[Xeninephidei](#CD0693). Spirits described as revealers of hidden natural properties.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Flagæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Evestrum](#CD0264); [Xeninephidei](#CD0693)

<a id="CD0290"></a>
### Formæ rerum

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

**In the book.** Constellatio defines an impression of higher stars or their virtues upon lower bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Formæ rerum are the influences of celestial bodies received by lower bodies, or the virtues of a thing.

#### Meaning

The definition offers two related formulations. Forms can mean influences received from celestial bodies, or the virtues of a thing. Neither formulation treats form only as external shape. The entry is concerned with an attributed efficacy and with its relation to a subject.

The direction of reception matters in the first sense. Lower bodies receive influences from celestial bodies; the definition does not present a relation of equal exchange. The second sense allows the word to refer directly to a thing’s virtues, without repeating the account of their celestial source.

#### Use in the book

Constellatio defines an impression of higher stars or their virtues upon lower bodies. Impressiones names fruits of stars in lower things. Corpus is the subject in which virtues lie hidden. These entries make a connected vocabulary of source, impression, reception and bodily subject.

Idea gives another kind of form-language: a figure conceived in imagination as a pattern of things of that nature. It should not simply replace Formæ rerum. One concerns a conceived pattern; this entry concerns influences or virtues. A historical passage may relate them, but the dictionary does not declare them identical.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Corpus](#CD0208). A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

[Idea](#CD0338). A conceived figure understood as an enduring pattern.

#### In this edition

The commentary uses efficacy to explain “virtue” while retaining the historical word where it matters. It does not reduce these forms to visible outlines or replace celestial influence with an unmentioned modern mechanism.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Formæ rerum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Corpus](#CD0208); [Idea](#CD0338); [Impressiones](#CD0357)

<a id="CD0297"></a>
### Gamahei

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Images attributed to an influence beyond the celestial.

**In the book.** Gamathei specifically names stones bearing celestial virtues, characters and images.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Gamahei are images impressed by a supercelestial influence.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies images through an attributed source of impression. It does not say what material bears them, how the influence acts, or what each image signifies. The term belongs to the dictionary’s account of impressions and powers, rather than to a description of one artistic technique.

#### Use in the book

Gamathei specifically names stones bearing celestial virtues, characters and images. Imagines describes metallic figures in which celestial powers operate. These parallels establish related vocabulary while preserving different subjects and qualifications. The brief Gamahei gloss should not silently inherit every feature of either longer description.

#### Places to read

[Gamathei](#CD0298). Stones bearing signs and images associated with celestial powers.

[Imagines](#CD0356). Metallic images treated as subjects of celestial efficacy.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gamahei](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Gamathei](#CD0298); [Imagines](#CD0356)

<a id="CD0298"></a>
### Gamathei

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Stones bearing signs and images associated with celestial powers.

**In the book.** Gamahei gives the broader description of images impressed by a supercelestial influence.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351.

#### Historical definition

Gamathei are stones impressed with celestial virtues and supernatural constellations, and marked with wonderful characters and images. [^CDV006]

#### Meaning

The entry joins a material subject, stones, to two kinds of description. Virtues and constellations are said to be impressed in them, and characters and images mark them. The visible marks are therefore related to attributed powers rather than offered merely as surface decoration.

The definition does not enumerate the images or state a method for interpreting them. Nor does it say that every marked stone belongs to this category. A particular passage must supply the features or judgement by which the name is applied.

#### Use in the book

Gamahei gives the broader description of images impressed by a supercelestial influence. Imagines concerns metallic figures in which celestial powers operate. Constellatio explains the impression of higher stars or their virtues upon lower bodies. Read together, these entries connect medium, mark and efficacy without making every figure or stone the same kind of object.

The original has the defective spelling supernaturll. The modernised definition supplies the expected supernatural while the original reading and the textual note remain available. That small correction does not alter the source’s substantive claim about the stones.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Gamahei](#CD0297). Images attributed to an influence beyond the celestial.

[Imagines](#CD0356). Metallic images treated as subjects of celestial efficacy.

#### In this edition

The commentary keeps the distinction between visible markings and the powers attributed to them. Recognising a historical claim of celestial efficacy is different from independently confirming that efficacy or supplying an unmentioned system of talismanic correspondences.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 23; facsimile PDF page 351 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gamathei](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=351)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Gamahei](#CD0297); [Imagines](#CD0356)

<a id="CD0306"></a>
### Geomancy

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Earthly signs interpreted through the language of stars and presages.

**In the book.** Hydromancy similarly relates signs to the stars of water, while Constellatio describes higher stars or their virtues impressing lower bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Geomancy is the best-known art of the earth; here it means the stars of the earth manifesting themselves to people and giving grounds for presaging.

#### Meaning

The definition first names a general art and then specifies the sense intended “in this place.” That qualification matters: the compiler is not claiming to describe every practice called geomancy. The selected sense concerns stars of the earth manifesting themselves to human observers, providing a basis for presaging.

The phrase “stars of the earth” should not simply be replaced with the visible stars overhead. The definition locates them through the earth and their manifestation. It gives no list of signs or procedure by which a prediction is drawn.

#### Use in the book

Hydromancy similarly relates signs to the stars of water, while Constellatio describes higher stars or their virtues impressing lower bodies. Essodinum concerns presaging through marks. The comparisons make the dictionary’s language of signs and attributed powers intelligible without turning the different arts into one method.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Essodinum](#CD0262). Foretelling by interpreting marks.

[Hydromancy](#CD0334). Foretelling through manifestations associated with water.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition preserves the local qualification and the historical star language. It does not introduce a familiar later diagramming system under a definition that does not mention one.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Geomancy](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Essodinum](#CD0262); [Hydromancy](#CD0334)

<a id="CD0312"></a>
### Gnomi

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Subterranean beings described through several related formulations.

**In the book.** Terrelati are corporeal spirits living in the earth.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gnomi are called homunciones, or rather corporeal spirits living under the earth, or Pygmies a cubit long.

#### Meaning

The definition gives more than one formulation and even marks a preference: homunciones, “or rather” corporeal spirits under the earth, or Pygmies a cubit long. The words should not be flattened into a single unqualified description. Habitat, bodily character and size each enter the account in a different way.

The cubit is the historical measure supplied. No modern conversion is necessary to understand that the passage describes small beings, and the dictionary gives no independent calibration here.

#### Use in the book

Terrelati are corporeal spirits living in the earth. Inanimati is directly glossed as Pygmies, while Homunculus has artificial-human and image senses. These comparisons clarify a connected vocabulary without proving that the compiler treats all the named beings as identical or gives them one origin.

#### Places to read

[Homunculus](#CD0330). An artificial human being, with an additional image sense.

[Inanimati](#CD0359). A term directly identified with Pygmies.

[Terrelati](#CD0647). Bodily spirits associated with residence in earth.

#### In this edition

The edition preserves the qualifying “or rather,” since it records the compiler’s own effort to distinguish descriptions within this brief entry.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gnomi](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Homunculus](#CD0330); [Inanimati](#CD0359); [Terrelati](#CD0647)

<a id="CD0313"></a>
### Græca Magia

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An illusion-producing art condemned as superstitious.

**In the book.** Magia’s general entry divides natural wisdom from an unlawful diabolical kind.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Græca Magia is a superstitious art invented by the Greeks, through which they made things appear that were did not really exist.

#### Meaning

The historical account combines an attribution, an action and a judgement. The art is attributed to the Greeks, is said to produce appearances without corresponding reality, and is called superstitious. Those are the compiler’s classifications, not independent conclusions supplied by this edition.

The appearance/reality contrast is the useful distinction for reading a passage. The definition does not describe a particular trick, instrument or ceremonial process.

#### Use in the book

Magia’s general entry divides natural wisdom from an unlawful diabolical kind. Sortilegium concerns a presage by spirits, while Imaginatio receives its own astral definition. These related subjects should not simply replace Græca Magia’s specific account of deceptive appearance.

#### Places to read

[Imaginatio](#CD0355). Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

[Sortilegium](#CD0613). Foretelling mediated by spirits.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition retains the historical attribution without turning it into a general judgement about Greek thought or the practices of every Greek author.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Græca Magia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Imaginatio](#CD0355); [Magia](#CD0418); [Sortilegium](#CD0613)

<a id="CD0316"></a>
### Guarini

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** People described through a sustaining heavenly influence.

**In the book.** Formæ rerum describes influences received from celestial bodies, while Confirmamentum gives a human astral body.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Guarini are human beings living by the influence of heaven.

#### Meaning

The definition attributes life to the influence of heaven but does not explain what distinguishes these people or how the influence acts. It should remain a historical description rather than being expanded into a particular rank, community or practice.

#### Use in the book

Formæ rerum describes influences received from celestial bodies, while Confirmamentum gives a human astral body. These comparisons provide the dictionary’s broader language of heavenly efficacy in human life. Guarini itself supplies no further classification or account of the persons named.

#### Places to read

[Confirmamentum](#CD0192). A body described through an internal or human astral relation.

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Guarini](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Confirmamentum](#CD0192); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290)

<a id="CD0334"></a>
### Hydromancy

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Foretelling through manifestations associated with water.

**In the book.** Geomancy gives the parallel language of stars of the earth manifesting themselves as grounds for presaging.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353.

#### Historical definition

Hydromancy is an art drawn from the stars of water when they manifest themselves to people, as in unusual inundations and similar events.

#### Meaning

The entry relates an art of interpretation to stars of water and their manifestations. Unusual inundations are an example, rather than an exhaustive list of signs. The subject is consequently a historical account of presaging through water, not simply the use of water in an operation.

“Stars of water” should remain visible. The definition does not replace them with an explanation of the physical causes of floods. Its interest lies in what a manifestation is taken to signify to a human observer.

#### Use in the book

Geomancy gives the parallel language of stars of the earth manifesting themselves as grounds for presaging. Pyromancy names an art of foretelling by fire. Essodinum concerns presaging through marks. These comparisons make clear how the dictionary groups signs through different media without supplying one complete system of divination.

#### Places to read

[Essodinum](#CD0262). Foretelling by interpreting marks.

[Geomancy](#CD0306). Earthly signs interpreted through the language of stars and presages.

[Pyromancy](#CD0541). Divination through the signs of fire.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition preserves the example and its unusual character. It does not turn an ordinary water event into an asserted prediction or add unmentioned rules for interpreting one.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 25; facsimile PDF page 353 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Hydromancy](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=353)

**See also.** [Essodinum](#CD0262); [Geomancy](#CD0306); [Pyromancy](#CD0541)

<a id="CD0345"></a>
### Ilech magnum

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medicine’s hidden star explained through a higher and lower correspondence.

**In the book.** Constellatio concerns the impression of higher stars or their virtues upon lower bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Ilech magnum is the ascendant or star of a medicine, taken together with it and hidden in it; as higher stars are in the firmament, so lower stars are in a human being.

#### Meaning

The definition relates a medicine to an ascendant or star hidden within it and taken with it. It then explains the relation through a comparison: higher stars in the firmament correspond to lower stars in a human being. The sentence therefore connects a preparation, a hidden efficacy and the human recipient within one historical account.

The compiler does not identify the star as a separately visible ingredient or say how it is located. The wording instead asks the reader to understand that something described in astral terms accompanies the medicine.

#### Use in the book

Constellatio concerns the impression of higher stars or their virtues upon lower bodies. Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum defines astral virtues present in their matter, and Ileidus gives an elemental air that in people is a spirit passing through the members. These comparisons illuminate the language of hidden activity and human correspondences without making every entry a synonym for a medicine’s star.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206). Celestial bodies of the spagyrists understood as astral virtues in matter.

[Ileidus](#CD0348). Elemental air given a human counterpart as a circulating or pervasive spirit.

#### In this edition

The modernised wording preserves the comparison and its direction. It supplies no additional planetary assignment or rule for preparing a medicine.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ilech magnum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206); [Ileidus](#CD0348)

<a id="CD0347"></a>
### Ilech supernaturale

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A conjunction involving several levels of stars and wine.

**In the book.** Ilech magnum relates a medicine’s hidden star to stars in the firmament and in a person.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Ilech supernaturale is a conjunction of supernatural and firmamental stars with the lower stars of terrestrial things, and with wine. [^CDV007]

#### Meaning

The definition brings together supernatural and firmamental stars, lower stars of terrestrial things, and wine. The conjunction is the defining relation. The entry does not explain a sequence of operations or identify how wine enters the account.

The levels of stars should remain distinct in the modernised wording. Reducing the whole phrase to ordinary astrology or to a preparation of wine would lose the several terms deliberately included by the compiler.

#### Use in the book

Ilech magnum relates a medicine’s hidden star to stars in the firmament and in a person. Constellatio describes impressions from higher upon lower bodies. These connections help the reader recognise a vocabulary of conjunction and correspondence, while leaving this entry’s particular inclusion of wine unexplained by the short gloss.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Ilech magnum](#CD0345). A medicine’s hidden star explained through a higher and lower correspondence.

#### In this edition

The source’s defective terrestrial spelling is regularised in the modernised definition; the original is preserved with its textual note. No unmentioned planetary correspondence or recipe is added.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Ilech supernaturale](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Ilech magnum](#CD0345)

<a id="CD0356"></a>
### Imagines

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Metallic images treated as subjects of celestial efficacy.

**In the book.** Gamahei are images impressed by supercelestial influence.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Imagines are metallic figures or effigies in which celestial powers operate.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies both a material medium and an attributed activity. The figures are metallic, and celestial powers are said to operate in them. Their shape is not described, and the entry supplies no means by which a power is attached to a particular image.

The term therefore concerns a relation between figure and efficacy rather than merely the visual resemblance of a representation to its subject. The source’s claim should remain legible without supplying an unmentioned system of planetary assignments.

#### Use in the book

Gamahei are images impressed by supercelestial influence. Gamathei are stones marked with characters and images and associated with celestial virtues. Imaginatio instead concerns a star in a person. These comparisons keep medium and subject clear: a metallic figure, a marked stone and imagination in a human being are related through vocabulary, but separately defined.

#### Places to read

[Gamahei](#CD0297). Images attributed to an influence beyond the celestial.

[Gamathei](#CD0298). Stones bearing signs and images associated with celestial powers.

[Imaginatio](#CD0355). Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition retains the asserted operation of powers as a historical account. It adds no construction procedure for such figures.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Imagines](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Gamahei](#CD0297); [Gamathei](#CD0298); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

<a id="CD0357"></a>
### Impressiones

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Effects in lower subjects described as fruits of stars.

**In the book.** Constellatio concerns the impression of higher stars or their virtues upon lower bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Impressiones are the fruits, as it were, of stars in lower things.

#### Meaning

The image of fruits presents what proceeds or results from stars in lower things. The qualifying “as” keeps the explanatory comparison visible. The entry does not name a particular star, subject or physical sign.

#### Use in the book

Constellatio concerns the impression of higher stars or their virtues upon lower bodies. Formæ rerum gives influences received from celestial bodies or the virtues of things. These entries connect the relation of influence with its supposed products. Impressiones is particularly useful for recognising that a passage may be discussing results rather than the celestial agent itself.

#### Places to read

[Constellatio](#CD0198). The influence of higher stars understood as an impression in lower things.

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Impressiones](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290)

<a id="CD0359"></a>
### Inanimati

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term directly identified with Pygmies.

**In the book.** Gnomi includes Pygmies a cubit long among its several formulations and also describes subterranean corporeal spirits.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Inanimati are Pygmies.

#### Meaning

The definition gives no account of the beings’ origin, habitat or size. It should not be expanded from the apparent ordinary sense of the headword into a general claim about everything inanimate. The compiler supplies a particular identification.

#### Use in the book

Gnomi includes Pygmies a cubit long among its several formulations and also describes subterranean corporeal spirits. Homunculus has different artificial-human and image senses. These comparisons help a reader recognise neighbouring categories while keeping the brief Inanimati gloss free of additional features that belong to the other definitions.

#### Places to read

[Gnomi](#CD0312). Subterranean beings described through several related formulations.

[Homunculus](#CD0330). An artificial human being, with an additional image sense.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Inanimati](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Gnomi](#CD0312); [Homunculus](#CD0330)

<a id="CD0362"></a>
### Incubus

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spirit described through deceptive sexual experience during sleep.

**In the book.** Compare Lemures and Phantasmata, which classify spirits through an element or a dwelling place.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Incubus is a nocturnal spirit that deceives women in their sleep, as though it were coupling with them.

#### Meaning

The compiler includes an experience of apparent bodily intercourse within his vocabulary of spirits. His wording makes deception essential: the sleeping woman experiences the encounter as though coupling were taking place. The definition does not explain how the appearance is produced or make the spirit an ordinary human visitor.

#### Use in the book

Compare Lemures and Phantasmata, which classify spirits through an element or a dwelling place. Incubus is instead identified by its nocturnal action and relation to a sleeper. These are different principles of classification within the same book.

#### Places to read

[Lemures](#CD0394). Aerial spirits with a reported identification as the human dead.

[Phantasmata](#CD0525). Spirits identified through secluded or obscure dwellings.

#### In this edition

The conditional phrase “as though” is retained. Replacing it with an unqualified report of intercourse would remove the distinction the historical definition makes between experience and the action attributed to it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Incubus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Lemures](#CD0394); [Phantasmata](#CD0525)

<a id="CD0363"></a>
### Influentia

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The causal action of superior bodies upon inferior bodies.

**In the book.** The entries on Microcosmus and Olympicus spiritus show why such vocabulary matters in accounts of the human being.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Influentia is the action of higher bodies upon lower ones.

#### Meaning

Influence here is an action passing through a hierarchy of bodies. Higher and lower are relational terms: the definition requires an acting body and a body acted upon. It does not merely describe the transmission of an opinion or the prestige of one person over another. Nor does it restrict this action to a single named star.

#### Use in the book

The entries on Microcosmus and Olympicus spiritus show why such vocabulary matters in accounts of the human being. A person can be considered a little world containing powers discussed through celestial language; Influentia supplies a general name for the downward action invoked in those accounts.

#### Places to read

[Microcosmus](#CD0454). The human being named as a little world.

[Olympicus spiritus](#CD0497). An inward star associated with a person’s shadow.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Influentia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**See also.** [Microcosmus](#CD0454); [Olympicus spiritus](#CD0497)

<a id="CD0394"></a>
### Lemures

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Aerial spirits with a reported identification as the human dead.

**In the book.** Nenufareni also dwell in air.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Lemures are spirits of the element of air, which pagans think to be the ghosts of departed human beings.

#### Meaning

Two voices are preserved in the definition. The compiler identifies elemental spirits, then reports an interpretation attributed to pagans: that these are ghosts of people who have died. The second statement is not simply repeated as the compiler’s own unqualified account of their origin.

#### Use in the book

Nenufareni also dwell in air. Nymphæ are associated with water, and Penates with fire. These comparisons reveal elemental classification while the report about departed humans supplies an additional, explicitly attributed interpretation.

#### Places to read

[Nenufareni](#CD0478). Spirits identified by their aerial dwelling.

[Nymphæ](#CD0486). Embodied spirits or spiritual persons associated with water.

[Penates](#CD0518). Fire-element spirits described as familiars.

#### In this edition

Heathen is modernised as pagans in this historical attribution. The distinction between what the entry states and what it says others believe remains intact.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Lemures](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Nenufareni](#CD0478); [Nymphæ](#CD0486); [Penates](#CD0518)

<a id="CD0418"></a>
### Magia

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

**In the book.** Magia Metaphysica is expressly permitted to Christians.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359.

#### Historical definition

Magia in general is wisdom, and it is twofold. Natural magic is lawful, the foundation of all true physic and the hidden wisdom of Nature, without which all human reasoning or knowledge is ignorance. The other kind is diabolical, superstitious and unlawful; it is called necromancy, through which people gain knowledge by the assistance of evil spirits.

#### Meaning

The compiler begins with wisdom, then divides the category according to the source and legitimacy of knowledge. Natural magic is not merely tolerated: the definition makes it the foundation of true physic and necessary to human understanding. The second kind obtains knowledge through the assistance of evil spirits and is condemned. These judgements belong to the historical scheme, rather than to a neutral modern classification.

The difference is therefore more precise than a contrast between an effective practice and an ineffective one. The text distinguishes the hidden wisdom of Nature from a forbidden mode of access, even though both claim knowledge of hidden things.

#### Use in the book

Magia Metaphysica is expressly permitted to Christians. Necromancy and Nigromancy give further accounts of illicit arts. Read them together to follow the book’s changing emphasis on the dead, spirits and the apparent obedience of devils, rather than assuming that every magic-name is treated alike.

#### Places to read

[Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419). The discovery of occult secrets explicitly placed within a lawful Christian art.

[Necromancy](#CD0477). A condemned art defined by the appearance and interrogation of the dead.

[Nigromancy](#CD0480). Apparent command of spirits, condemned as harmful to those who exercise it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 359, Magia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**See also.** [Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419); [Necromancy](#CD0477); [Nigromancy](#CD0480)

<a id="CD0419"></a>
### Magia Metaphysica

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The discovery of occult secrets explicitly placed within a lawful Christian art.

**In the book.** Magia supplies the wider distinction between natural and diabolical kinds.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359.

#### Historical definition

Magia Metaphysica is an art lawful for Christians to use, by which hidden secrets are discovered.

#### Meaning

The adjective metaphysical does not make this an automatic synonym for the unlawful magic condemned elsewhere. The compiler expressly allows Christians to use this art. Occult describes the secrets as hidden; it does not, by itself, assign their discovery to evil spirits.

#### Use in the book

Magia supplies the wider distinction between natural and diabolical kinds. Magoreum names a magical medicine or secret, but supplies no procedure. The three entries distinguish an account of knowledge, a permitted art, and a named medicinal secret.

#### Places to read

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

[Magoreum](#CD0424). A medicine or secret designated as magical.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 359, Magia Metaphysica](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**See also.** [Magia](#CD0418); [Magoreum](#CD0424)

<a id="CD0421"></a>
### Magnalia

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Works distinguished by their divine agency.

**In the book.** Magia Metaphysica describes a lawful art through which secrets are discovered.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359.

#### Historical definition

Magnalia are the special works of God.

#### Meaning

The equivalent assigns these works to God. It does not give a list of extraordinary substances, an operation available to the artist, or a test by which a work may be recognised. The governing feature is the agency named.

#### Use in the book

Magia Metaphysica describes a lawful art through which secrets are discovered. Magnalia names works rather than the human means of discovering them. The distinction prevents a shared concern with hidden or exceptional things from collapsing different kinds of action.

#### Places to read

[Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419). The discovery of occult secrets explicitly placed within a lawful Christian art.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 31; facsimile PDF page 359 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 359, Magnalia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=359)

**See also.** [Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419)

<a id="CD0477"></a>
### Necromancy

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A condemned art defined by the appearance and interrogation of the dead.

**In the book.** Magia places necromancy within its condemned branch, opposed to lawful natural wisdom.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362.

#### Historical definition

Necromancy is an unlawful art which in former times worked with the dead, as when the stars were manifested with the dead. A person is properly called a necromancer who can make the dead appear and draw words and answers from them.

#### Meaning

The source identifies both an apparition and a response. The dead are made to appear, and words or answers are obtained from them. The definition therefore concerns a claimed mode of access to knowledge as well as the production of an appearance. It expressly classifies the art as unlawful.

The clause about stars manifested with the dead is difficult and receives no explanation here. Its obscurity should be retained as a limit of the entry, rather than concealed by substituting a confident account of astrological procedure.

#### Use in the book

Magia places necromancy within its condemned branch, opposed to lawful natural wisdom. Nigromancy gives a related but distinct account centred on the apparent obedience of evil spirits, while Neboch names an instrument used in necromancy.

#### Places to read

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

[Nigromancy](#CD0480). Apparent command of spirits, condemned as harmful to those who exercise it.

[Neboch](#CD0474). An instrument identified by its use in a named art.

#### In this edition

The complete stellar clause is kept in the modernised definition. The commentary does not invent a technique to resolve its compressed wording.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 34; facsimile PDF page 362 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 362, Necromancy](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=362)

**See also.** [Magia](#CD0418); [Nigromancy](#CD0480); [Neboch](#CD0474)

<a id="CD0478"></a>
### Nenufareni

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Spirits identified by their aerial dwelling.

**In the book.** Lemures are also assigned to air, but receive an additional report about the pagan identification of them with departed human beings.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nenufareni are spirits dwelling in the air.

#### Meaning

The element or dwelling-place is the whole distinction supplied. The entry gives no account of their appearance, origin or relation to an individual human being.

#### Use in the book

Lemures are also assigned to air, but receive an additional report about the pagan identification of them with departed human beings. Nymphæ and Penates supply watery and fiery comparisons. Nenufareni should not automatically acquire every feature mentioned in those fuller definitions.

#### Places to read

[Lemures](#CD0394). Aerial spirits with a reported identification as the human dead.

[Nymphæ](#CD0486). Embodied spirits or spiritual persons associated with water.

[Penates](#CD0518). Fire-element spirits described as familiars.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nenufareni](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Lemures](#CD0394); [Nymphæ](#CD0486); [Penates](#CD0518)

<a id="CD0480"></a>
### Nigromancy

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Apparent command of spirits, condemned as harmful to those who exercise it.

**In the book.** Necromancy centres on bringing the dead into appearance and obtaining answers.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nigromancy is a wicked and execrable art in which devils and evil spirits allow themselves to be commanded by human beings and obey them, but only to their harm.

#### Meaning

The grammar gives the spirits an active role: they allow themselves to be commanded. Their obedience is therefore not presented as evidence that the practitioner has secured an unrestricted beneficial power. The final qualification makes the result harmful, within the compiler’s strongly condemnatory account.

#### Use in the book

Necromancy centres on bringing the dead into appearance and obtaining answers. Magia distinguishes a lawful natural branch from a diabolical one. The entries belong to a related moral classification, but their particular actions and objects are not identical.

#### Places to read

[Necromancy](#CD0477). A condemned art defined by the appearance and interrogation of the dead.

[Magia](#CD0418). Magic divided into lawful natural wisdom and forbidden knowledge through evil spirits.

#### In this edition

The historical judgement is preserved as the dictionary’s account. The edition does not neutralise the definition into a general name for any inquiry into hidden things.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nigromancy](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Necromancy](#CD0477); [Magia](#CD0418)

<a id="CD0486"></a>
### Nymphæ

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Embodied spirits or spiritual persons associated with water.

**In the book.** Nymphidica has an expressly metaphorical use for spirits of dissolving waters in spagyric art.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363.

#### Historical definition

Nymphæ, or Nymphidicæ, are spiritual men or women, or corporeal spirits dwelling in waters; Melusina was one such being.

#### Meaning

The definition deliberately holds bodily and spiritual language together. It includes men as well as women, and identifies the dwelling as waters. The category therefore cannot be reduced to the familiar image of an exclusively female poetic nymph without losing part of the compiler’s explanation.

Melusina supplies an example, not a further description of the whole class. The entry does not recount her history or establish that every being named here shares all the features of a separate narrative about her.

#### Use in the book

Nymphidica has an expressly metaphorical use for spirits of dissolving waters in spagyric art. Lemures and Penates locate other spirits within air and fire. Comparing these entries preserves the difference between an elemental dwelling, a named example and a technical metaphor.

#### Places to read

[Nymphidica](#CD0487). A stated metaphor applying water-spirit names within spagyric practice.

[Lemures](#CD0394). Aerial spirits with a reported identification as the human dead.

[Penates](#CD0518). Fire-element spirits described as familiars.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 35; facsimile PDF page 363 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 363, Nymphæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=363)

**See also.** [Nymphidica](#CD0487); [Lemures](#CD0394); [Penates](#CD0518)

<a id="CD0505"></a>
### Orizonæternitatis

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A power of things qualified as beyond the celestial order.

**In the book.** Seraphin likewise receives a description through heavenly power, but adds an assembly of angels.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364.

#### Historical definition

Orizonæternitatis is the supercelestial virtue of things.

#### Meaning

Virtue is used in the sense of power or efficacy. Supercelestial is part of the source’s qualification and marks a level beyond what is described simply as celestial. The sentence does not specify a particular material bearer.

#### Use in the book

Seraphin likewise receives a description through heavenly power, but adds an assembly of angels. The present entry concerns the virtue of things without giving that more particular identification.

#### Places to read

[Seraphin](#CD0598). A heavenly power and, particularly, the assembly of angels.

[Truphat](#CD0660). A hidden mineral power understood through its appointed end.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 36; facsimile PDF page 364 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Orizonæternitatis; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 364; compare Seraphin, Truphat](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=364)

**See also.** [Seraphin](#CD0598); [Truphat](#CD0660)

<a id="CD0518"></a>
### Penates

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Fire-element spirits described as familiars.

**In the book.** Salamandri and Trifertes also concern spirits dwelling in fire.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Penates are spirits of the element of fire, called familiars.

#### Meaning

The definition provides both an elemental association and another name. Called familiars records the relation between the names in this witness.

#### Use in the book

Salamandri and Trifertes also concern spirits dwelling in fire. Their related descriptions give a useful reading route, although the present entry does not explicitly equate all three names.

#### Places to read

[Sagani](#CD0565). A collective name for elemental spirits.

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Trifertes](#CD0657). A fire-dwelling spirit name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Penates; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Sagani, Salamandri, Trifertes](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Sagani](#CD0565); [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Trifertes](#CD0657)

<a id="CD0519"></a>
### Pentacula

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Engraved signs worn as protection against spirits and witchcraft.

**In the book.** The words are said retain the source’s manner of reporting the protective power.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365.

#### Historical definition

Pentacula are signs or designs engraved with extraordinary and strange letters and images. Hung about the neck, they are said to protect against evil spirits and witchcraft.

#### Meaning

The entry describes objects, their markings, their placement and an attributed effect. Delineaments is rendered as designs, preserving the visual character of the engravings. The letters and images are part of what distinguishes the objects.

#### Use in the book

The words are said retain the source’s manner of reporting the protective power. Wearing is also specific: the objects are hung about the neck. Xenectum describes an external medicine hung about the body for a different protective purpose, against plague. Their similarity lies in placement and an attributed protective role, while their named dangers and descriptions differ.

#### Places to read

[Xenectum](#CD0692). A protective medicine worn externally about the body.

[Penates](#CD0518). Fire-element spirits described as familiars.

#### In this edition

The article explains the historical function without supplying an invented design, sequence of letters or claim of effective protection. The definition can be read as evidence of the objects’ reported use.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 37; facsimile PDF page 365 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pentacula; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 365; compare Xenectum, Penates](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=365)

**See also.** [Xenectum](#CD0692); [Penates](#CD0518)

<a id="CD0525"></a>
### Phantasmata

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Spirits identified through secluded or obscure dwellings.

**In the book.** Sylvestres can include airy spirits or gigantic woodland men.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Phantasmata are spirits of the wood or desert that live in any obscure place.

#### Meaning

The source gives wood and desert as places, then broadens the description to any obscure place. The entry is about beings and their dwelling, rather than simply any misleading mental image.

#### Use in the book

Sylvestres can include airy spirits or gigantic woodland men. Visio concerns an apparition seen by people. The different definitions show why spirit, dwelling and appearance should be followed separately.

#### Places to read

[Sylvestres](#CD0633). Names with airy-spirit and gigantic woodland senses.

[Visio](#CD0674). A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Phantasmata; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Sylvestres, Visio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Sylvestres](#CD0633); [Visio](#CD0674)

<a id="CD0529"></a>
### Physiognomy

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An art of reading character from the face.

**In the book.** The article identifies what the historical art claims to do.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Physiognomy is an art by which people’s natures and dispositions are perceived through their faces.

#### Meaning

Conditions is rendered as dispositions in this account of people’s natures. The definition attributes an interpretive relation between facial appearance and inward character.

#### Use in the book

The article identifies what the historical art claims to do. It does not provide a rule for judging any particular face or establish the reliability of such a judgment.

Chiromancy, in the Paracelsian usage reported here, extends beyond the hand to the whole body and beyond human beings to natural things. The comparison is useful for scope: Physiognomy in this entry specifically concerns what is perceived through the face.

#### Places to read

[Præsagium](#CD0532). A significant sign understood as pointing toward a future event.

[Pyromancy](#CD0541). Divination through the signs of fire.

[Chiromancy](#CD0163). A reading of bodily and natural forms extending beyond the hand.

#### In this edition

The distinction between outward sign and inferred nature is central to the meaning. The entry should be read beside other sign practices with attention to the different object each claims to disclose.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Physiognomy; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Præsagium, Pyromancy, Chiromancy](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Præsagium](#CD0532); [Pyromancy](#CD0541); [Chiromancy](#CD0163)

<a id="CD0532"></a>
### Præsagium

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A significant sign understood as pointing toward a future event.

**In the book.** Pyromancy specifies fire as a medium of presaging, while Sortilegium specifies spirits.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Præsagium is a notable sign of something to come.

#### Meaning

The entry defines a relation in time: a present or observed sign points toward something not yet come. Notable marks its significance, without identifying a particular medium.

#### Use in the book

Pyromancy specifies fire as a medium of presaging, while Sortilegium specifies spirits. The general sign word can orient readers within those more particular accounts.

#### Places to read

[Pyromancy](#CD0541). Divination through the signs of fire.

[Sortilegium](#CD0613). Foretelling mediated by spirits.

[Turba magna](#CD0661). A multitude of stars and the presage associated with them.

#### In this edition

The definition records the historical notion of a presage. A sign described as such within a work remains the author’s interpretation of its relation to an event.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Præsagium; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Pyromancy, Sortilegium, Turba magna, Erodinium, Essodinum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Pyromancy](#CD0541); [Sortilegium](#CD0613); [Turba magna](#CD0661); [Erodinium](#CD0255); [Essodinum](#CD0262)

<a id="CD0534"></a>
### Primales

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Bodies described as deceptive appearances caused by stars.

**In the book.** Visio is an apparition of spirits seen by people, while Similitudines names celestial appearances.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Primales are deceptive bodies placed before our eyes by the stars.

#### Meaning

The definition assigns a source to the apparent bodies and characterizes them as deceptive. The stars place them before human eyes within the historical account. Neither their material constitution nor their duration is specified.

#### Use in the book

Visio is an apparition of spirits seen by people, while Similitudines names celestial appearances. The terms share a concern with appearing, but the present entry adds deception and stellar agency.

Aquaster also separates an appearance from what truly exists, sometimes describing a vision whose object is only apparent. The present entry adds stellar agency and expressly calls its bodies deceptive. These are related descriptions, not an equation of the two headwords.

#### Places to read

[Similitudines](#CD0602). Appearances described as celestial.

[Visio](#CD0674). A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

[Vmbratiles](#CD0679). Bodies qualified as astral.

#### In this edition

The account is kept attributed to the dictionary. It does not serve as a diagnosis of a modern visual experience.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Primales; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Similitudines, Visio, Vmbratiles, Aquaster](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Similitudines](#CD0602); [Visio](#CD0674); [Vmbratiles](#CD0679); [Aquaster](#CD0061)

<a id="CD0539"></a>
### Pygmeæ

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name used for artificial people and, sometimes, underground spirits.

**In the book.** Sylphes and Vmbragines are referred to pygmies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pygmeæ are called artificial people, and sometimes subterranean spirits.

#### Meaning

The definition records two ranges, with sometimes qualifying the second. Artificial people and subterranean spirits should therefore both remain accessible without being forced into a single description.

#### Use in the book

Sylphes and Vmbragines are referred to pygmies. Those short cross-references can lead to this fuller entry, which gives the range missing from an isolated English equivalent. Homunculus, elsewhere in the dictionary, also concerns artificial humanity and receives its own qualifications.

#### Places to read

[Sylphes](#CD0632). A spirit name locally equated with pygmies.

[Vmbragines](#CD0678). Another name referred to pygmies.

[Homunculus](#CD0330). An artificial human being, with an additional image sense.

#### In this edition

The wording is presented as historical classification. The article does not claim that artificial people were actually produced, nor does it assume one modern folklore scheme governs every named spirit.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pygmeæ; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Sylphes, Vmbragines, Homunculus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Sylphes](#CD0632); [Vmbragines](#CD0678); [Homunculus](#CD0330)

<a id="CD0541"></a>
### Pyromancy

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Divination through the signs of fire.

**In the book.** The neighboring divinatory terms classify practices by the medium through which a sign appears.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pyromancy is an art of foretelling by fire.

#### Meaning

Fire is treated here as a source of signs. The entry names a way of interpreting appearances, rather than a method for transforming a substance. Its place in a chemical dictionary shows how widely the compiler understands the vocabulary required for reading these authors.

#### Use in the book

The neighboring divinatory terms classify practices by the medium through which a sign appears. Compare Sortilegium, where spirits supply the presage, and Somnia, where the stars are said to operate during sleep. These are the dictionary’s historical classifications.

#### Places to read

[Somnia](#CD0609). Dreams explained through stellar operations in the sleeper.

[Sortilegium](#CD0613). Foretelling mediated by spirits.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pyromancy; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Somnia, Sortilegium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Somnia](#CD0609); [Sortilegium](#CD0613)

<a id="CD0565"></a>
### Sagani

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A collective name for elemental spirits.

**In the book.** The more particular entries supply names and dwellings: Salamandri belong to fire and Terrelati to earth.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Sagani are spirits of the four elements.

#### Meaning

The definition groups spirits according to the four elements. It does not name an additional fifth element or specify whether each spirit belongs to one element or shares them all.

#### Use in the book

The more particular entries supply names and dwellings: Salamandri belong to fire and Terrelati to earth. Such comparisons help the reader navigate the vocabulary without turning every neighboring spirit name into a synonym.

#### Places to read

[Quintum esse cujuslibet Elementi per se solum](#CD0545). A living being said to arise from one element by itself.

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Terrelati](#CD0647). Bodily spirits associated with residence in earth.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sagani; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Quintum esse cujuslibet Elementi per se solum, Salamandri, Terrelati, Vndæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Quintum esse cujuslibet Elementi per se solum](#CD0545); [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Terrelati](#CD0647); [Vndæ](#CD0680)

<a id="CD0578"></a>
### Salamandri

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

**In the book.** Sagani supplies a collective elemental class.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Salamandri are spirits dwelling in fire, or fiery men.

#### Meaning

The gloss gives a dwelling and two ways of naming its inhabitants. Its fiery men belong to the dictionary’s account of spirits, rather than to its account of workers who tend a furnace. The distinction matters because another entry, Vulcanii, concerns those continually occupied about fire.

#### Use in the book

Sagani supplies a collective elemental class. Saldini is expressly equated with Salamandri, while Trifertes is also described through dwelling in fire. The comparisons show overlapping descriptions; only Saldini is explicitly presented here as the same name.

#### Places to read

[Sagani](#CD0565). A collective name for elemental spirits.

[Saldini](#CD0579). An alternative name for the fire-dwelling Salamandri.

[Trifertes](#CD0657). A fire-dwelling spirit name.

#### In this edition

The plural forms are retained so that the names remain recognizable in the historical text. The article follows the reported kind of being without supplying an anatomy or a modern zoological identity.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Salamandri; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Sagani, Saldini, Trifertes, Vulcanii](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Sagani](#CD0565); [Saldini](#CD0579); [Trifertes](#CD0657); [Vulcanii](#CD0687)

<a id="CD0579"></a>
### Saldini

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An alternative name for the fire-dwelling Salamandri.

**In the book.** This name receives its own searchable entry while sharing the explanation of its explicitly named equivalent.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369.

#### Historical definition

Saldini are the same as Salamandri.

#### Meaning

The source supplies a direct cross-reference. Its meaning is therefore best read with Salamandri, where the beings are called spirits dwelling in fire or fiery men.

#### Use in the book

This name receives its own searchable entry while sharing the explanation of its explicitly named equivalent. Other fire-spirit names have related descriptions, but are not all made synonyms by this sentence.

#### Places to read

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Trifertes](#CD0657). A fire-dwelling spirit name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 41; facsimile PDF page 369 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Saldini; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 369; compare Salamandri, Trifertes](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=369)

**See also.** [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Trifertes](#CD0657)

<a id="CD0598"></a>
### Seraphin

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A heavenly power and, particularly, the assembly of angels.

**In the book.** Virtue here means a power or efficacy.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Seraphin is an unutterable virtue, an infinite power of heaven, and especially the assembly of angels.

#### Meaning

The entry moves from an inexpressible virtue to an infinite heavenly power and then to an assembly of angels. Especially marks the final identification as a more particular application. The wording therefore contains a range rather than one material equivalent.

#### Use in the book

Virtue here means a power or efficacy. The theological register differs from the more concrete material action of a salt or furnace, although the same broad vocabulary of effective power appears across the dictionary.

Cherubin supplies a useful comparison: it is described as a celestial virtue and influence proceeding from God and descending to earth and people. Both entries speak of heavenly power, but Seraphin particularly names the assembly of angels.

#### Places to read

[Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619). A power of the soul described through likeness to the heavens.

[Truphat](#CD0660). A hidden mineral power understood through its appointed end.

[Cherubin](#CD0160). A divine celestial influence described through descent and superior power.

#### In this edition

The original form is retained without deciding that every use refers to a chemical preparation or a human mental faculty.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Seraphin; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Spiritus Animalis, Truphat, Cherubin](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619); [Truphat](#CD0660); [Cherubin](#CD0160)

<a id="CD0602"></a>
### Similitudines

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Appearances described as celestial.

**In the book.** Compare Visio, defined as a supernatural apparition of spirits seen by people.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Similitudines are called celestial appearances.

#### Meaning

The dictionary applies the plural name to appearances belonging to the heavens. It does not say whether every such appearance is a spirit, a sign, or a material effect.

#### Use in the book

Compare Visio, defined as a supernatural apparition of spirits seen by people. Both entries concern appearance, but the latter specifies spirits and a human observer in a way this short gloss does not.

#### Places to read

[Visio](#CD0674). A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Similitudines; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370; compare Visio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**See also.** [Visio](#CD0674)

<a id="CD0608"></a>
### Soladini

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Corporeal spirits whose dwelling is invisible fire.

**In the book.** Salamandri is a related fire-dwelling name; Sol in homine describes an inward fire nourished by the celestial sun.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Soladini are corporeal spirits dwelling in invisible fire.

#### Meaning

Corporeal and invisible qualify different parts of the description. The spirits are called bodily, while the fire they inhabit is unseen. The pairing should remain intact instead of being simplified into wholly immaterial beings.

#### Use in the book

Salamandri is a related fire-dwelling name; Sol in homine describes an inward fire nourished by the celestial sun. The compiler does not explicitly identify either with Soladini.

#### Places to read

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Sol in homine](#CD0607). An inward solar fire related to the celestial sun.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Soladini; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Salamandri, Sol in homine](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Sol in homine](#CD0607)

<a id="CD0609"></a>
### Somnia

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Dreams explained through stellar operations in the sleeper.

**In the book.** Compare Sortilegium, a presage through spirits, and Pyromancy, divination through fire.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Somnia are operations made in a person by the stars during sleep.

#### Meaning

The definition treats dreams as effects of an active relation between stars and the sleeping person. It supplies a cause within the compiler’s natural philosophy, rather than merely listing images seen in a dream.

#### Use in the book

Compare Sortilegium, a presage through spirits, and Pyromancy, divination through fire. Dreams belong to the wider vocabulary of signs and influences, but this sentence does not claim that every dream is a reliable prediction.

#### Places to read

[Pyromancy](#CD0541). Divination through the signs of fire.

[Sortilegium](#CD0613). Foretelling mediated by spirits.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Somnia; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Pyromancy, Sortilegium](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Pyromancy](#CD0541); [Sortilegium](#CD0613)

<a id="CD0613"></a>
### Sortilegium

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Foretelling mediated by spirits.

**In the book.** Compare Pyromancy, classified through fire, and Somnia, explained through the action of stars during sleep.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Sortilegium is a presage by spirits.

#### Meaning

The distinguishing feature is the agency attributed to spirits. The entry identifies a kind of presage, without saying what visible sign, instrument or verbal practice is involved.

#### Use in the book

Compare Pyromancy, classified through fire, and Somnia, explained through the action of stars during sleep. The dictionary organizes these practices by different media or causes and does not reduce all of them to a single method.

#### Places to read

[Pyromancy](#CD0541). Divination through the signs of fire.

[Somnia](#CD0609). Dreams explained through stellar operations in the sleeper.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sortilegium; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Pyromancy, Somnia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Pyromancy](#CD0541); [Somnia](#CD0609)

<a id="CD0627"></a>
### Succubus

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A night spirit associated with a deceptive sexual encounter.

**In the book.** Compare Syphita stricta, a fantastic spirit associated with sleepwalkers, and Somnia, stellar operations during sleep.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Succubus is a nocturnal spirit by which men are deceived into thinking they are coupling with women.

#### Meaning

The definition describes an experience as deception caused by a spirit. Thinking is important: the sentence attributes the apparent encounter to a mistaken belief, rather than simply describing an ordinary human relationship.

#### Use in the book

Compare Syphita stricta, a fantastic spirit associated with sleepwalkers, and Somnia, stellar operations during sleep. These entries place nocturnal experiences in different explanatory categories.

#### Places to read

[Somnia](#CD0609). Dreams explained through stellar operations in the sleeper.

[Syphita stricta](#CD0635). A spirit associated with sleepwalking.

#### In this edition

The description is presented as the dictionary’s account of a spirit. The article does not use it to diagnose the experiences of a modern reader.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Succubus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Somnia, Syphita stricta](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Somnia](#CD0609); [Syphita stricta](#CD0635)

<a id="CD0632"></a>
### Sylphes

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spirit name locally equated with pygmies.

**In the book.** Vmbragines is also equated with pygmies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Sylphes are pygmies.

#### Meaning

The present dictionary gives a direct equivalence. Its brevity does not supply a dwelling or a distribution among the elements.

#### Use in the book

Vmbragines is also equated with pygmies. Sylvestres, meanwhile, is described through airy spirits and sometimes strong woodland men. The similar beginnings should not make these entries collapse into a single description.

#### Places to read

[Sylvestres](#CD0633). Names with airy-spirit and gigantic woodland senses.

[Vmbragines](#CD0678). Another name referred to pygmies.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sylphes; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Sylvestres, Vmbragines](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Sylvestres](#CD0633); [Vmbragines](#CD0678)

<a id="CD0633"></a>
### Sylvestres

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Names with airy-spirit and gigantic woodland senses.

**In the book.** Sylphes receives a different local equation, pygmies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Sylvestres or sylvani are airy men and airy spirits; sometimes the names mean woodmen who are strong, gigantic men.

#### Meaning

The entry explicitly supplies more than one use. Airy men and spirits form the first description; the word sometimes introduces the woodland and gigantic interpretation. The qualifier preserves variation rather than resolving it into one species.

#### Use in the book

Sylphes receives a different local equation, pygmies. The common-looking forms are useful search companions, but their different definitions should remain visible. The dictionary itself does not say that the gigantic woodmen are pygmies.

#### Places to read

[Sylphes](#CD0632). A spirit name locally equated with pygmies.

[Vmbragines](#CD0678). Another name referred to pygmies.

[Vndæ](#CD0680). Spirit names given both airy and earthy qualifications.

#### In this edition

The English airy follows the witness. No particular modern folklore taxonomy is imposed on these overlapping early modern names.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sylvestres; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Sylphes, Vmbragines, Vndæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Sylphes](#CD0632); [Vmbragines](#CD0678); [Vndæ](#CD0680)

<a id="CD0635"></a>
### Syphita stricta

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spirit associated with sleepwalking.

**In the book.** Syphita prava has a different disease-name gloss, while Somnia concerns stellar operations during sleep.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Syphita stricta is a fantastic spirit of those who walk in their sleep.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a kind of spirit and associates it with sleepers who walk. Fantastic belongs to the historical explanation of appearances and imagination; it is not a clinical classification.

#### Use in the book

Syphita prava has a different disease-name gloss, while Somnia concerns stellar operations during sleep. These comparisons preserve the dictionary’s several ways of explaining nocturnal and bodily phenomena.

#### Places to read

[Somnia](#CD0609). Dreams explained through stellar operations in the sleeper.

[Succubus](#CD0627). A night spirit associated with a deceptive sexual encounter.

[Syphita prava](#CD0634). A historical disease name equated with St Vitus’s dance.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Syphita stricta; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Somnia, Succubus, Syphita prava](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Somnia](#CD0609); [Succubus](#CD0627); [Syphita prava](#CD0634)

<a id="CD0647"></a>
### Terrelati

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Bodily spirits associated with residence in earth.

**In the book.** Sagani groups spirits by the four elements.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Terrelati are corporeal spirits living in the earth.

#### Meaning

Corporeal is part of the description and should remain alongside spirits. The sentence gives them a dwelling in earth, without supplying a shape or an occupational function.

#### Use in the book

Sagani groups spirits by the four elements. Vndæ has a different combined description, airy and earthy spirits. The entries can be read together as a vocabulary of elemental dwellings while preserving their distinct qualifications.

#### Places to read

[Sagani](#CD0565). A collective name for elemental spirits.

[Vndæ](#CD0680). Spirit names given both airy and earthy qualifications.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Terrelati; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Sagani, Vndæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Sagani](#CD0565); [Vndæ](#CD0680)

<a id="CD0656"></a>
### Trarames

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Spiritual actions identified through sound without visible appearance.

**In the book.** Visio, by contrast, names a supernatural apparition seen by people.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Trarames are actions of spirits that are heard but not seen.

#### Meaning

The relative clause characterizes how the actions are perceived. They are heard while their source or action remains unseen. The definition does not identify a particular sound.

#### Use in the book

Visio, by contrast, names a supernatural apparition seen by people. The pair separates auditory and visible descriptions within the dictionary’s vocabulary of spirits.

#### Places to read

[Visio](#CD0674). A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Trarames; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Visio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Visio](#CD0674)

<a id="CD0657"></a>
### Trifertes

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fire-dwelling spirit name.

**In the book.** Salamandri and its explicit synonym Saldini provide useful comparisons.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Trifertes are spirits dwelling in fire.

#### Meaning

The dwelling is the entire identifying description. The entry does not add the fiery-men wording found under Salamandri.

#### Use in the book

Salamandri and its explicit synonym Saldini provide useful comparisons. Their shared connection with fire should be recorded without claiming a complete equivalence that the present sentence does not state.

#### Places to read

[Salamandri](#CD0578). Spirits or fiery men associated with residence in fire.

[Saldini](#CD0579). An alternative name for the fire-dwelling Salamandri.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Trifertes; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Salamandri, Saldini](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Saldini](#CD0579)

<a id="CD0658"></a>
### Trigonum

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Stellar spirits described through a fourfold elemental transformation.

**In the book.** Scaiolæ likewise coordinates a division of powers with elemental number, though there the subject is the mind.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Trigonum is a fourfold transmutation of the spirits of the stars, according to the number of the four elements.

#### Meaning

The definition specifies fourfold even though the headword can suggest another number to a reader. The actual gloss must govern. The relation to the four elements supplies the reason given for its fourfold division.

#### Use in the book

Scaiolæ likewise coordinates a division of powers with elemental number, though there the subject is the mind. The parallel concerns a way of organizing an account, not an identification of mental faculties with stellar spirits.

#### Places to read

[Scaiolæ](#CD0591). Four powers of the mind coordinated with the elements.

#### In this edition

The numerical wording is retained without silently correcting it on the basis of the name. The sentence does not enumerate the four transformations.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Trigonum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Scaiolæ](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Scaiolæ](#CD0591)

<a id="CD0661"></a>
### Turba magna

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A multitude of stars and the presage associated with them.

**In the book.** Trigonum concerns transformations of stellar spirits, while Similitudines names celestial appearances.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Turba magna is an innumerable multitude of celestial stars, and a presage made by any of them.

#### Meaning

The definition joins the celestial multitude with an act of presaging. The first clause describes the stars collectively; the second concerns a sign made by any one of them. Both senses belong to the full entry.

#### Use in the book

Trigonum concerns transformations of stellar spirits, while Similitudines names celestial appearances. Their shared celestial setting gives a reading route, without making the phenomena equivalent.

#### Places to read

[Similitudines](#CD0602). Appearances described as celestial.

[Trigonum](#CD0658). Stellar spirits described through a fourfold elemental transformation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Turba magna; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Similitudines, Trigonum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Similitudines](#CD0602); [Trigonum](#CD0658)

<a id="CD0674"></a>
### Visio

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

**In the book.** Trarames offers a useful contrast because its spiritual actions are heard but unseen.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Visio is a supernatural apparition of spirits seen by people in some manner.

#### Meaning

The definition specifies apparition, spirits and human seeing. In some manner preserves the source’s open qualification about how that appearance occurs. It supplies no particular instrument or setting.

#### Use in the book

Trarames offers a useful contrast because its spiritual actions are heard but unseen. Similitudines names celestial appearances more broadly. Comparing these entries keeps different modes of perception visible within the historical account.

#### Places to read

[Similitudines](#CD0602). Appearances described as celestial.

[Trarames](#CD0656). Spiritual actions identified through sound without visible appearance.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Visio; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Similitudines, Trarames](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Similitudines](#CD0602); [Trarames](#CD0656)

<a id="CD0678"></a>
### Vmbragines

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Another name referred to pygmies.

**In the book.** Sylphes is given the same short equivalent.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vmbragines are pygmies.

#### Meaning

The entry supplies a direct equivalence with a creature-name used elsewhere in the dictionary. It does not add a dwelling or elemental affiliation.

#### Use in the book

Sylphes is given the same short equivalent. Both headwords remain searchable; the shared gloss establishes the connection without supplying a fuller taxonomy of these beings.

#### Places to read

[Sylphes](#CD0632). A spirit name locally equated with pygmies.

[Sylvestres](#CD0633). Names with airy-spirit and gigantic woodland senses.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vmbragines; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Sylphes, Sylvestres](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Sylphes](#CD0632); [Sylvestres](#CD0633)

<a id="CD0679"></a>
### Vmbratiles

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Bodies qualified as astral.

**In the book.** Compare Visio for apparitions of spirits and Spiritus Animalis for a power of the soul related to the heavens.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vmbratiles are astral bodies.

#### Meaning

The definition keeps body and an astral qualification together. It does not directly equate the term with an ordinary visible human body or with a wholly bodiless spirit.

#### Use in the book

Compare Visio for apparitions of spirits and Spiritus Animalis for a power of the soul related to the heavens. These are different descriptions, despite their participation in a wider celestial vocabulary.

#### Places to read

[Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619). A power of the soul described through likeness to the heavens.

[Visio](#CD0674). A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vmbratiles; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Spiritus Animalis, Visio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619); [Visio](#CD0674)

<a id="CD0680"></a>
### Vndæ

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Spirit names given both airy and earthy qualifications.

**In the book.** Terrelati is explicitly described as corporeal spirits living in earth; Sylvestres includes airy men and spirits.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vndæ or Vndenæ are airy and earthy spirits.

#### Meaning

The historical sentence joins the two qualities. It should not be silently regularised to a dwelling in water merely because a reader associates a similar name with water in another system.

#### Use in the book

Terrelati is explicitly described as corporeal spirits living in earth; Sylvestres includes airy men and spirits. The present entry’s own paired qualities remain distinct from those fuller descriptions.

#### Places to read

[Sylvestres](#CD0633). Names with airy-spirit and gigantic woodland senses.

[Terrelati](#CD0647). Bodily spirits associated with residence in earth.

#### In this edition

The V forms are retained, with U forms available as editorial search variants. Both named forms lead to the same article.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vndæ; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Sylvestres, Terrelati](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Sylvestres](#CD0633); [Terrelati](#CD0647)

<a id="CD0693"></a>
### Xeninephidei

*Spirits celestial influences and signs · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Spirits described as revealers of hidden natural properties.

**In the book.** The definition concerns a claimed source of knowledge.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376.

#### Historical definition

Xeninephidei are spirits that delight in revealing the secret or occult properties of nature to people, having been granted that power.

#### Meaning

The entry assigns the beings both a disposition and an authorized power. They delight in disclosure, and the capacity to disclose is said to have been granted to them. Secret and occult characterize the natural properties revealed.

#### Use in the book

The definition concerns a claimed source of knowledge. It does not identify the beings simply through an elemental dwelling, as Sagani and Terrelati do. The difference helps readers distinguish a role in revelation from a location within a cosmological scheme.

#### Places to read

[Sagani](#CD0565). A collective name for elemental spirits.

[Terrelati](#CD0647). Bodily spirits associated with residence in earth.

[Visio](#CD0674). A visible apparition described as supernatural and spiritual.

#### In this edition

The account is attributed to the historical dictionary. The article does not turn the entry into a claim of present contact or a method for obtaining such revelations.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 48; facsimile PDF page 376 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Xeninephidei; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 376; compare Sagani, Terrelati, Visio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=376)

**See also.** [Sagani](#CD0565); [Terrelati](#CD0647); [Visio](#CD0674)

<a id="category_c56c9f03f98a"></a>
## Qualities powers and relations

<a id="CD0015"></a>
### Alcol

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term for extreme fineness of powder, not necessarily a liquid.

**In the book.** The next entry, Alcool vini, is expressly defined as rectified spirit of wine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330.

#### Historical definition

Alcol, Alcool, or Alcohol is a very fine powder of any substance.

#### Meaning

The defining feature is the state of division. The phrase “of any substance” makes clear that this entry does not identify one particular material: many substances can be described under the same term when reduced to a sufficiently fine powder. In this setting, reading Alcohol automatically as the familiar spirit of wine would change the material condition described by the source.

The entry also preserves three written forms. A reader consulting an index under Alcohol should therefore reach Alcol and Alcool as well. Their equivalence here does not justify treating every similar-looking word as a spelling variant; Alcofol is separately identified with stibium or antimony.

#### Use in the book

The next entry, Alcool vini, is expressly defined as rectified spirit of wine. The added qualification changes the dictionary’s identification. Taken together, the two entries offer a concise demonstration of why complete expressions matter more than isolated modern word recognition. Look for the named material, the preparation and the context before translating the term into a present-day category.

#### Places to read

[Alcool vini](#CD0016). The wine-qualified term for rectified spirit.

[Alcofol](#CD0014). A variant-name entry identifying stibium or antimony.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 2; facsimile PDF page 330 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Alcol ; compare Alcool vini, Alcofol](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=330)

**See also.** [Alcool vini](#CD0016); [Alcofol](#CD0014)

<a id="CD0039"></a>
### Aniadus

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The effective power attributed to things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Aniadus is the efficacy of things.

#### Meaning

The term concerns what things can accomplish rather than merely their visible shape or quantity. Its very short definition does not tell us whether a particular efficacy is natural, prepared, celestial or medicinal. Those distinctions belong to the surrounding account. The related-looking Aniada has an expressly celestial sense, but that does not authorize importing all its meanings here. This entry names efficacy broadly; each use requires the particular effect and thing to be identified.

#### Places to read

[Aniada](#CD0036). A term linking heavenly gifts, Christian sacraments and life-preserving celestial influence.

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

[Arcanum](#CD0065). A hidden virtue in natural things, capable in this account of enhancement through art.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aniadus ; compare Aniada, Qualitas, Arcanum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Qualitas](#CD0542); [Arcanum](#CD0065)

<a id="CD0065"></a>
### Arcanum

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A hidden virtue in natural things, capable in this account of enhancement through art.

**In the book.** The final clause makes art active rather than merely observant.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 6; facsimile PDF page 334.

#### Historical definition

Arcanum generally means anything hidden. In Paracelsus it means a secret incorporeal virtue in natural things, sharing a perpetual and immortal life derived from heaven; the spagyrical art can also multiply it beyond its former condition.

#### Meaning

The definition begins broadly and then narrows. In general usage Arcanum names something hidden. In the specifically Paracelsian account reported here, it names an incorporeal virtue in a natural thing. The change of scope matters: a secret in an ordinary narrative need not carry every feature of this philosophical explanation. Conversely, a technical use may concern more than information withheld from the reader.

A virtue is presented as something effective within the natural thing. The entry distinguishes it from an ordinary visible part by calling it incorporeal and linking its life to heaven. We should retain that account in explaining the word, while marking it as the historical author’s account of nature. The sentence does not offer a measurable modern entity corresponding exactly to the hidden virtue.

The connection with life is equally specific. Perpetuity and immortality are attributed to the arcanum, not simply to every material body in which it is found. That distinction helps readers understand how a text can describe a perishable substance and a more enduring power within it without considering the two claims contradictory. It is a distinction within the text’s conceptual scheme, not a demonstration that the power exists independently.

#### Use in the book

The final clause makes art active rather than merely observant. Spagyrical work is said to multiply the arcanum beyond its previous condition. The reader should therefore ask what has been enhanced in the account: the whole body, a separated preparation, or the virtue through which the preparation is expected to act. The short definition does not settle those possibilities for every passage.

Compare Astrum, which describes increased virtue and power through particular preparations of sulphur, salt and Mercury. The overlap helps explain why operations can matter to the reading of hidden virtues. It does not make Astrum and Arcanum interchangeable: one entry emphasizes a star or power gained through preparation, while the other begins with a hidden virtue in natural things.

Magisterium supplies a further comparison with a secret extracted from natural things. Its qualification concerning elementary separation is distinctive and must not disappear under a broad summary such as “extract.” Read the entries together as related accounts of what art seeks in nature, keeping their different operations and claimed products visible.

#### Places to read

[Astrum](#CD0083). A “star” understood as a material’s enhanced power through preparation.

[Magisterium](#CD0420). An extracted secret defined by a qualified kind of separation.

[Spagiria](#CD0614). A name commonly used for alchemy.

#### In this edition

This edition treats the entry as a guide to a historical concept rather than a licence to identify every secret recipe as the same universal substance. When a work calls a preparation an arcanum, its own description should determine the material, operation and expected effect. A dictionary can disclose the conceptual field without reconstructing an unstated procedure.

For readers moving between natural philosophy, medicine and religious language, the entry offers a valuable bridge: natural things are said to contain hidden powers, those powers are linked to heaven, and human art is assigned a role in their enhancement. Each link belongs to the historical explanation. Our commentary makes those relations legible while distinguishing them from claims established by modern observation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 6; facsimile PDF page 334 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=334)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Arcanum ; compare Astrum, Magisterium, Spagiria, Aniadus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=334)

**See also.** [Astrum](#CD0083); [Magisterium](#CD0420); [Spagiria](#CD0614); [Aniadus](#CD0039)

<a id="CD0068"></a>
### Ardentia

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Materials described as combustible by their own nature.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Ardentia are things that, without receiving food, are by their own nature liable to burn, such as amber, turpentine, jet and similar materials.

#### Meaning

The examples gather several substances under a shared behaviour: their liability to burn. The unusual qualification about receiving no food belongs to the author’s description of their inherent combustibility; the entry does not explain that phrase further. The entry classifies a property rather than identifying one ingredient or one flame.

For a reader, the list also connects the vocabulary of burning with the dictionary’s accounts of resinous or pitch-like substances. Compare Æthna, where subterranean fire is associated with resin and bitumen. That connection helps locate Ardentia within the material picture without making all combustible substances the same.

#### Places to read

[Æthna](#CD0008). An underground fire explained through sulphur, resin and bitumen.

[Bitumen](#CD0108). A pitch-like earthly material described through texture and origin.

[Botin](#CD0110). A historical name for turpentine.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Ardentia ; compare Æthna, Bitumen, Botin](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Æthna](#CD0008); [Bitumen](#CD0108); [Botin](#CD0110)

<a id="CD0071"></a>
### Aromata

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A class of materials defined by agreeable scent.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335.

#### Historical definition

Aromata are all things that yield a sweet and pleasing smell.

#### Meaning

The plural gathers materials by an attributed sensory quality. It does not specify one botanical family, one imported spice or a single preparation. A passage using Aromata may later narrow the class with particular ingredients, but that detail is not built into the headword.

The definition is useful beside Odorifera because both concern smell vocabulary. A reader should still attend to whether a writer is classifying a substance by its ordinary scent or describing a change in scent during preparation. The term by itself names the quality, not its cause.

#### Places to read

[Odorifera](#CD0491). Medicines grouped through the action attributed to their odour.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 7; facsimile PDF page 335 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aromata ; compare Odorifera](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=335)

**See also.** [Odorifera](#CD0491)

<a id="CD0083"></a>
### Astrum

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A “star” understood as a material’s enhanced power through preparation.

**In the book.** Compare Arcanum, which concerns a hidden virtue in natural things that the spagyrical art can multiply.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336.

#### Historical definition

Astrum here means the virtue and power acquired through the preparation of things. Thus the star of sulphur is its ignition, by which it is turned into an excellent oil; the star of salt is its dissolution into water or oil, through which it receives more virtues than it had before; and the star of Mercury is its sublimation, by which it acquires a wonderful power and virtue greater and subtler than its natural state.

#### Meaning

The opening words restrict the sense: “in this place” means that the dictionary is explaining a particular technical use, not abolishing every other meaning of a star. Here Astrum is identified through a power gained by preparation. The term therefore directs the reader toward an altered condition of a thing and the virtue attributed to that condition. It need not denote a visible body in the sky.

The three examples are deliberately parallel. Sulphur is linked with ignition and oil; salt with dissolution into water or oil; Mercury with sublimation. Each example names a starting subject, a preparation and a claimed improvement. Keeping that three-part structure visible is the most useful way to follow the entry. It prevents the philosophical name from concealing the material action described beneath it.

The last clause compares prepared Mercury with its natural condition. That comparison gives a baseline for the historical claim: the preparation is said to make its power greater and subtler. In the salt example, the source similarly says that more virtues are received than were present before. The definition thus treats preparation as an enhancement of efficacy, not merely a change in outward name.

#### Use in the book

Compare Arcanum, which concerns a hidden virtue in natural things that the spagyrical art can multiply. The overlap is substantial, but the emphasis differs. Astrum is explained through specified preparations and the powers gained through them; Arcanum begins with a hidden incorporeal virtue and its heavenly life. Those differences can matter in a philosophical argument.

Sublimatio is a particularly useful cross-reference because it gives a direct operation term for the Mercury example. Compare it with Aquila, where a bird image is explained through sal ammoniac’s lightness in sublimation. Both entries show how an operation can motivate elevated or aerial imagery without making all such images names for one substance.

The three examples also belong beside Archeius, where sulphur, Mercury and salt appear within an account of natural differentiation. A shared threefold vocabulary can connect passages, but the function changes. Archeius concerns the ordering and production of kinds; this Astrum entry concerns the virtue attributed to prepared things. A reader should identify the question being answered before deciding that both texts make the same claim.

#### Places to read

[Arcanum](#CD0065). A hidden virtue in natural things, capable in this account of enhancement through art.

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

[Aquila](#CD0062). An eagle-name with more than one stated material meaning.

#### In this edition

To use the entry in reading, write down the material, the operation and the attributed result. Then ask whether the surrounding writer is speaking of a heavenly star, a sidereal influence or the kind of prepared virtue explained here. The dictionary itself supports this discrimination by preserving other stellar and sidereal senses under Ascendentia signa.

Our commentary reports the promised increase in virtue as part of the historical account. It does not turn “excellent oil,” “greater power” or “subtlety” into measured modern properties. The value of the explanation is that it makes the author’s reasoning visible: an artful transformation is understood to disclose or intensify what a natural thing can do.

The adjective or material attached to a star-name can be decisive. A passage naming the star of a prepared substance has already supplied a more specific subject than a bare reference to the stars. Preserve that qualification when comparing the technical and celestial senses.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 8; facsimile PDF page 336 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Astrum ; compare Arcanum, Sublimatio, Aquila, Archeius, Ascendentia signa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=336)

**See also.** [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Sublimatio](#CD0626); [Aquila](#CD0062); [Archeius](#CD0067); [Ascendentia signa](#CD0078)

<a id="CD0123"></a>
### Caleruth

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A sign interpreted as a thing’s inclination to return to its origin.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Caleruth is a sign of desire for the first perpetuum, as when something desires to return to its first matter, from which it originally came.

#### Meaning

The definition explains desire through return to first matter. It gives a philosophical interpretation of a sign, not a description of conscious human wanting alone. A material process may therefore be discussed through an inclination attributed to the thing itself. The phrase “first perpetuum” is retained because the entry does not define it independently.

For reading, distinguish the sign from the return it is said to indicate. The word does not itself establish that the return has been completed. Compare first-matter vocabulary in the first Iliaster definition and Mysterium magnum, and the explicit metallic reduction described under Aquila Philosophorum.

#### Places to read

[Iliaster](#CD0349). First matter organised through three principles, four elements and a further human fourfold account.

[Mysterium magnum](#CD0470). A universal first matter, rather than one particular prepared subject.

[Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063). The philosophers’ eagle explained as metallic first matter.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Caleruth ; compare Iliaster (first matter), Mysterium magnum, Aquila Philosophorum, Inclinatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470); [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Inclinatio](#CD0360)

<a id="CD0133"></a>
### Calx permanens

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A calx classified by resistance to burning.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341.

#### Historical definition

Calx permanens, or fixa, is an incombustible matter.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a property rather than naming the starting substance. Permanens and fixa are offered as alternative qualifiers, and incombustibility supplies their explanation here. The entry does not say that every fixed matter or every calx elsewhere is identical with it.

Fixatio provides a related operation word. Comparing the two can help a reader distinguish a material described as fixed from the process of making something fixed. The historical claim of incombustibility should be interpreted through the particular passage’s account, not turned into an unlimited statement about every possible condition.

#### Places to read

[Fixatio](#CD0284). An operation defined through resistance to loss or flight in fire.

[Calx lignorum](#CD0127). A direct identification of a calx as ash from wood.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 13; facsimile PDF page 341 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Calx permanens ; compare Fixatio, Calx lignorum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=341)

**See also.** [Fixatio](#CD0284); [Calx lignorum](#CD0127)

<a id="CD0158"></a>
### Cherio

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A hidden elemental virtue distinguished from familiar sensible qualities.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Cherio is the hidden accidental virtue of the external elements, rather than qualities such as heat, cold and the like.

#### Meaning

The definition makes an explicit contrast. Cherio is not simply heat, cold or another such quality; it belongs to a hidden virtue associated with the external elements. “Accidental” is retained as part of the historical philosophical vocabulary and should not be read casually as merely a mistake or chance occurrence.

Qualitas supplies the dictionary’s account of heat, cold, dryness and moisture through elemental predominance. Comparing the entries makes the exclusion concrete. Arcanum offers a related discussion of hidden virtue, but Cherio has its own elemental qualification. The link should clarify the conceptual field without erasing the distinction.

#### Places to read

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

[Arcanum](#CD0065). A hidden virtue in natural things, capable in this account of enhancement through art.

[Elementum](#CD0247). The elemental domain described through corruption, transience and change.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cherio ; compare Qualitas, Arcanum, Elementum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Qualitas](#CD0542); [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Elementum](#CD0247)

<a id="CD0159"></a>
### Cherionium

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A naturally fixed condition illustrated through crystal.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343.

#### Historical definition

Cherionium is that in which Nature cannot be altered, such as crystal, which is so hardened by nature that it cannot be melted like what is made by art. [^CDV005]

#### Meaning

The historical account contrasts natural hardening with what art makes. Crystal supplies the example, and resistance to melting gives the claimed distinction. The statement should be preserved as the dictionary’s explanation, rather than generalized into a modern claim about every specimen or every temperature.

The first clause is broader than the example: it concerns a condition in which Nature cannot be altered. The reader should therefore distinguish the stated category from crystal as its illustration. A surrounding passage may apply the term through that claimed fixity without naming the same material.

#### Places to read

[Fixatio](#CD0284). An operation defined through resistance to loss or flight in fire.

[Calx permanens](#CD0133). A calx classified by resistance to burning.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 15; facsimile PDF page 343 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cherionium ; compare Fixatio, Calx permanens](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=343)

**See also.** [Fixatio](#CD0284); [Calx permanens](#CD0133)

<a id="CD0176"></a>
### Clissus

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A returning hidden virtue illustrated by seasonal movement into a root.

**In the book.** Arcanum provides broader hidden-virtue vocabulary, while Caleruth concerns a desire to return to first matter.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Clissus is the hidden virtue of things returning to where they came from, as the virtue of an herb returns into its root in autumn.

#### Meaning

The definition explains a general relation through a plant example. A thing’s virtue is described as returning to its origin, and autumnal return into an herb’s root makes the idea concrete. The stated subject is the virtue, not necessarily the visible movement of the whole plant. This distinction helps a reader follow the account without imagining every material part returning in the same way.

The seasonal detail is meaningful. The example locates the return within a cycle, rather than describing an undifferentiated permanent state. A passage about gathering or preparing a plant may draw on such an account of where its virtue is thought to reside, though the dictionary sentence itself gives no harvesting instruction.

#### Use in the book

Arcanum provides broader hidden-virtue vocabulary, while Caleruth concerns a desire to return to first matter. The resemblance in return-language is useful, but the entries answer different questions. Clissus describes a returning virtue; Caleruth names a sign of inclination toward an origin. Keeping action, power and sign distinct improves interpretation.

#### Places to read

[Arcanum](#CD0065). A hidden virtue in natural things, capable in this account of enhancement through art.

[Caleruth](#CD0123). A sign interpreted as a thing’s inclination to return to its origin.

[Leffas](#CD0393). An unseen earthly vapour credited with the growth of plants.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Clissus ; compare Arcanum, Caleruth, Leffas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Caleruth](#CD0123); [Leffas](#CD0393)

<a id="CD0190"></a>
### Complexio

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The constitution of a part described through its qualities.

**In the book.** Qualitas supplies the complementary list hot, cold, dry and moist, tied to the predominance of an element.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Complexio is the nature of any part, or its quality of heat, cold, and the like.

#### Meaning

“Complexion” here means a nature or constitution, rather than the everyday description of the colour of someone’s face. The entry applies it to any part and illustrates its qualities through heat and cold. It therefore gives the reader a way to discuss how something is constituted or acts within the book’s natural philosophy.

The phrase “and the like” leaves the list open. It should not be expanded into a detailed system beyond the qualities stated elsewhere in the dictionary. Nor do heat and cold become measured temperatures merely because the words remain familiar.

#### Use in the book

Qualitas supplies the complementary list hot, cold, dry and moist, tied to the predominance of an element. Temperatum describes a condition in which no quality exceeds its measure. Diameter Spagiricus gives temperament as another short classification. These entries explain one another through relations of balance, predominance and constitution.

#### Places to read

[Diameter Spagiricus](#CD0226). A spagyrical term glossed as temperament.

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

[Temperatum](#CD0640). A balanced condition without excess in a quality.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition keeps both “nature” and “quality.” Choosing only one would flatten a deliberate pair in the historical explanation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Complexio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Diameter Spagiricus](#CD0226); [Qualitas](#CD0542); [Temperatum](#CD0640)

<a id="CD0191"></a>
### Compositum

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A compound body considered before separation.

**In the book.** Corpus names the subject in which virtues are hidden, and Digestio describes preparation through the separation of pure from impure.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Compositum, used without qualification, is a body that has not been separated.

#### Meaning

The qualification “used without qualification” is part of the definition. It tells a reader how the word is to be understood when an author gives no more specific context. The body is defined by its unseparated condition, rather than by a list of ingredients or a statement about their proportions.

That condition is relative to an operation. The same subject can be considered as a body containing several things and as the source from which distinct portions may be separated. The entry does not require that all apparent bodies can be divided by one common process.

#### Use in the book

Corpus names the subject in which virtues are hidden, and Digestio describes preparation through the separation of pure from impure. Extractum names what has been extracted while grossness is left behind. These connections make Compositum useful for tracking whether a passage is discussing a whole subject or a selected product.

#### Places to read

[Corpus](#CD0208). A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

[Extractum](#CD0269). A selected product distinguished from bodily concretion and its gross remainder.

#### In this edition

“Compound” should not silently acquire the narrow meaning of a chemically pure compound in modern classification. The dictionary’s governing distinction is separation.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Compositum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Corpus](#CD0208); [Digestio](#CD0233); [Extractum](#CD0269)

<a id="CD0195"></a>
### Congluten

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Viscous matter described as the product of putrefaction.

**In the book.** Gluten names viscous matter within the body and connects it with disease.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Congluten is matter that has been turned viscous by putrefaction.

#### Meaning

The entry describes both a state and its reported origin. The matter is viscous, and putrefaction is said to have brought it into that condition. It does not name a particular bodily fluid, mineral or plant product. Context is needed to determine what subject the word describes.

#### Use in the book

Gluten names viscous matter within the body and connects it with disease. Gluta concerns the efficacy of tenacious pitch, while Tenacitas glutinis names mineral resin. Together they show a vocabulary organised around adhesion and thickness, without proving that these materials have one common composition.

#### Places to read

[Gluta](#CD0309). The power attributed to strongly adhering pitch.

[Gluten](#CD0310). Bodily viscous matter given a role in persistent disease.

[Tenacitas glutinis](#CD0641). A mineral resin identified through a glue-like name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Congluten](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Gluta](#CD0309); [Gluten](#CD0310); [Tenacitas glutinis](#CD0641)

<a id="CD0226"></a>
### Diameter Spagiricus

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A spagyrical term glossed as temperament.

**In the book.** Complexio describes the nature of a part through qualities such as heat and cold.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Diameter Spagiricus is a temperament.

#### Meaning

The compiler supplies a concept of constitution rather than a geometrical measurement. The familiar word diameter should therefore not lead the reader to look for a line or dimension in this particular use. The definition gives temperament and no further qualification.

#### Use in the book

Complexio describes the nature of a part through qualities such as heat and cold. Qualitas explains a complexion through hot, cold, dry and moist. Those entries provide a useful interpretive setting for temperament, without authorising a more specific mixture or balance under Diameter Spagiricus itself.

#### Places to read

[Complexio](#CD0190). The constitution of a part described through its qualities.

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Diameter Spagiricus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Complexio](#CD0190); [Qualitas](#CD0542)

<a id="CD0228"></a>
### Diaphanum

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A description of transparency.

**In the book.** Gemma tartarea is described through diaphanous and perspicuous tartar, while Citrinulum names a transparent salt made from calcined vitriol.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347.

#### Historical definition

Diaphanum is that which is transparent.

#### Meaning

This is a quality term, rather than the name of one material. It can describe something through which one can see. The entry adds no account of why the subject is transparent or what it is made of.

#### Use in the book

Gemma tartarea is described through diaphanous and perspicuous tartar, while Citrinulum names a transparent salt made from calcined vitriol. These examples show the quality entering descriptions of different subjects. Transparency by itself does not make those subjects identical.

#### Places to read

[Citrinulum](#CD0173). A vitriol-derived salt identified through transparency and preparation.

[Gemma tartarea](#CD0304). A stone described through the clarity and origin of its tartar.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 19; facsimile PDF page 347 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Diaphanum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=347)

**See also.** [Citrinulum](#CD0173); [Gemma tartarea](#CD0304)

<a id="CD0252"></a>
### Enochdianum

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term describing longevity.

**In the book.** Annus Aniadin is also directly glossed as a long life, while Senio maximus is called the author of long life.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Enochdianum is something that has long life.

#### Meaning

The entry gives duration as its distinguishing feature. It does not restrict the subject to a human being, identify a medicine, or explain how long life is obtained. Its general wording should remain open to the context in which the headword appears.

#### Use in the book

Annus Aniadin is also directly glossed as a long life, while Senio maximus is called the author of long life. These related terms have different grammatical and explanatory roles: a duration, something possessing it, and an attributed source of it. The brief definition does not make them identical.

#### Places to read

[Annus Aniadin](#CD0043). A lifespan expression rather than a fixed calendrical year.

[Senio maximus](#CD0596). A name associated with the source or producer of long life.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Enochdianum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Annus Aniadin](#CD0043); [Senio maximus](#CD0596)

<a id="CD0258"></a>
### Essatum essentiale

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An essential power attributed to vegetable and mineral subjects.

**In the book.** Corpus locates virtues within a subject; Formæ rerum can mean the virtues of things.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349.

#### Historical definition

Essatum essentiale is the essential [nature] and power present in vegetables and minerals.

#### Meaning

The original phrase “the essentiall, and power” is compressed and grammatically awkward. The bracketed nature is an editorial aid to reading that incomplete construction; power and the two stated fields, vegetables and minerals, are explicit in the text. The supplement does not name a separate ingredient or an additional principle.

The term concerns what a subject is said to possess or express, rather than a visible form named by colour or shape. The definition supplies no extraction process under this heading.

#### Use in the book

Corpus locates virtues within a subject; Formæ rerum can mean the virtues of things. Essentia quinta adds an account of extraction and purification. Those parallels help readers distinguish a statement about essential efficacy from a statement about how a selected matter is prepared.

#### Places to read

[Corpus](#CD0208). A body understood as the subject containing a thing’s hidden efficacy.

[Essentia quinta](#CD0260). Quintessence described through extraction, purification and claimed incorruptibility.

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

#### In this edition

The grammatical clarification is editorial. The accompanying original wording remains the authority for the source’s compressed form, and no additional doctrine is inferred from it.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 21; facsimile PDF page 349 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Essatum essentiale](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=349)

**See also.** [Corpus](#CD0208); [Essentia quinta](#CD0260); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290)

<a id="CD0309"></a>
### Gluta

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The power attributed to strongly adhering pitch.

**In the book.** Gluten concerns viscous matter in the body and its association with disease, while Glutinis tenacitas is mineral resin.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352.

#### Historical definition

Gluta is the efficacy of tenacious pitch.

#### Meaning

The headword names efficacy, rather than simply renaming pitch as a material. “Tenacious” qualifies the subject whose action is in view. The entry supplies no particular application, extraction or change of condition.

#### Use in the book

Gluten concerns viscous matter in the body and its association with disease, while Glutinis tenacitas is mineral resin. The similar names and the recurring qualities of viscosity and adhesion make comparison useful, but the definitions have distinct subjects. Gluta’s explicit focus remains the efficacy of pitch.

#### Places to read

[Gluten](#CD0310). Bodily viscous matter given a role in persistent disease.

[Glutinis tenacitas](#CD0311). A phrase directly identified as mineral resin.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 24; facsimile PDF page 352 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Gluta](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=352)

**See also.** [Gluten](#CD0310); [Glutinis tenacitas](#CD0311)

<a id="CD0340"></a>
### Iesahach

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term glossed only by supernatural character.

**In the book.** Corpora supercœlestia are described through being known by reason rather than the senses, while Ilech supernaturale gives a particular conjunction involving stars and wine.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354.

#### Historical definition

Iesahach is supernatural.

#### Meaning

The adjective is the full explanation supplied. The entry does not name an object, power or action to which it applies. Its exact referent must therefore be recovered from the surrounding passage rather than invented from the gloss.

#### Use in the book

Corpora supercœlestia are described through being known by reason rather than the senses, while Ilech supernaturale gives a particular conjunction involving stars and wine. Those more detailed entries should not automatically define Iesahach. The edition retains its limited information and leaves its reference open.

#### Places to read

[Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207). Bodies distinguished by a rational mode of knowing.

[Ilech supernaturale](#CD0347). A conjunction involving several levels of stars and wine.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 26; facsimile PDF page 354 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Iesahach](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=354)

**See also.** [Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207); [Ilech supernaturale](#CD0347)

<a id="CD0360"></a>
### Inclinatio

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A natural propensity described as a manifestation of power.

**In the book.** Formæ rerum can mean the virtues of things, while Imaginatio is described through a star within a person.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355.

#### Historical definition

Inclinatio is a power of Nature manifested in a human being through a propensity towards one thing or another.

#### Meaning

The definition moves from an attributed power to its manifestation as a person’s tendency or propensity. The direction of the tendency is left open: this or that thing. The entry therefore concerns the relation between Nature and inclination, rather than a list of particular human dispositions.

“Power” is retained because the compiler treats inclination as an expression of efficacy, not merely as a neutral name for an observed preference. The definition gives no rule for judging a person’s character from a single tendency.

#### Use in the book

Formæ rerum can mean the virtues of things, while Imaginatio is described through a star within a person. Idea concerns a conceived figure or pattern. These comparisons place inclination within a broader vocabulary of human powers without declaring it identical with imagination or every other manifestation of Nature.

#### Places to read

[Formæ rerum](#CD0290). Forms explained through received celestial influences or active virtues.

[Idea](#CD0338). A conceived figure understood as an enduring pattern.

[Imaginatio](#CD0355). Imagination described through human, celestial and supercelestial relations.

#### In this edition

The modernised definition clarifies the old phrase “prone to this or that” while preserving its open scope. It adds no deterministic account of personality or unmentioned astrological classification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 27; facsimile PDF page 355 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Inclinatio](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=355)

**See also.** [Formæ rerum](#CD0290); [Idea](#CD0338); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

<a id="CD0383"></a>
### Lapis

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Stone as a general designation of fixity.

**In the book.** Lapis Philosophorum is a particular exalted term, defined through terrestrial power and tincture.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Lapis is used for any fixed thing.

#### Meaning

The defining property is fixity, not geological origin. A substance may be called lapis because it remains fixed within the relevant work. The word therefore cannot always be understood as an ordinary stone picked up from the ground.

#### Use in the book

Lapis Philosophorum is a particular exalted term, defined through terrestrial power and tincture. The general Lapis entry should be read before that compound, but it does not make every fixed thing the philosophers’ stone.

#### Places to read

[Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384). The philosophers’ stone defined through supreme terrestrial power and its imparting of tincture.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Lapis](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384)

<a id="CD0392"></a>
### Leffa

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A term for the predestination assigned to herbs.

**In the book.** Leffas is a closely neighbouring form, but receives a different definition: a hidden earthly vapour through which plants grow.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357.

#### Historical definition

Leffa is called the predestination of herbs.

#### Meaning

The unusual word predestination is the compiler’s own explanation, and must not be flattened into a simple name for a plant. It directs attention to the determination or destined course of an herb. The entry does not describe a visible part, a seed or a preparation.

#### Use in the book

Leffas is a closely neighbouring form, but receives a different definition: a hidden earthly vapour through which plants grow. The similarity of the spellings offers a useful comparison without making the two statements identical.

#### Places to read

[Leffas](#CD0393). An unseen earthly vapour credited with the growth of plants.

#### In this edition

The historical explanatory word is retained because the source supplies no fuller account of its force here.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 29; facsimile PDF page 357 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 357, Leffa](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=357)

**See also.** [Leffas](#CD0393)

<a id="CD0399"></a>
### Liquidum de resoluto

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Liquidity belonging to a thing’s own nature.

**In the book.** Menstruum defines a liquid through its use in dissolution or digestion.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358.

#### Historical definition

Liquidum de resoluto is that which is liquid by its own nature.

#### Meaning

The decisive qualification is of its own nature. The entry does not merely designate something observed in liquid form at one moment; it assigns liquidity to what the thing is. That differs from a description centred on an operator’s dissolving a previously solid body.

#### Use in the book

Menstruum defines a liquid through its use in dissolution or digestion. Liquidum de resoluto instead defines a condition of the subject itself. A liquid can be discussed through either relation, but the two headings ask different questions.

#### Places to read

[Menstruum](#CD0452). The liquid medium of dissolution or digestion.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 30; facsimile PDF page 358 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 358, Liquidum de resoluto](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=358)

**See also.** [Menstruum](#CD0452)

<a id="CD0527"></a>
### Pionitides

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** Pairs understood as natural enemies.

**In the book.** The relation belongs to a natural vocabulary of affinity and opposition.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Pionitides are natural enemies that pursue one another to death, such as the stork and frogs.

#### Meaning

The definition identifies a relation between creatures. The example supplies the stork and frogs; pursuit to death gives the force of the stated enmity. The word is not a name for either creature alone.

#### Use in the book

The relation belongs to a natural vocabulary of affinity and opposition. The sentence itself does not identify an occult cause or give a complete account of predation.

#### In this edition

The historical example is retained at its stated level. The plural form can guide a search for the pair or class described in another passage.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Pionitides; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

<a id="CD0542"></a>
### Qualitas

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

**In the book.** Temperatum names the corresponding condition in which no quality exceeds its proper measure.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367.

#### Historical definition

Qualitas is called a complexion, whether hot or cold, dry or moist, according to the predominance of an element.

#### Meaning

Complexion means a constitution or mixture characterized by predominant qualities. The four adjectives supply two pairs: hot and cold, dry and moist. An element’s predominance gives the compound its characteristic condition. The word does not describe a person’s skin color in this entry.

#### Use in the book

Temperatum names the corresponding condition in which no quality exceeds its proper measure. Read together, the definitions make quality relational: a thing is understood through the balance and excess of attributes within it. Relloleum uses complexion to distinguish a plant’s manifest warmth from another, hidden virtue.

#### Places to read

[Relloleum](#CD0556). A distinction between a manifest quality and an occult virtue.

[Temperatum](#CD0640). A balanced condition without excess in a quality.

#### In this edition

Keep the historical qualities visible when translating. Replacing hot with a modern temperature measurement, or moist with a measured water content, would give a precision this definition does not supply. These qualities belong to the book’s account of natural constitution and activity.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 39; facsimile PDF page 367 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Qualitas; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 367; compare Relloleum, Temperatum](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=367)

**See also.** [Relloleum](#CD0556); [Temperatum](#CD0640)

<a id="CD0556"></a>
### Relloleum

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A distinction between a manifest quality and an occult virtue.

**In the book.** Qualitas supplies the relevant sense of complexion.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368.

#### Historical definition

Relloleum is a virtue arising from complexion. In St John’s wort, for example, the first virtue is in heat and is healing; the other is accidental and hidden, preserving against worms and corruption. [^CDV011]

#### Meaning

The example separates two ways of explaining a plant’s powers. Heat belongs to complexion, the mixture of qualities. Another virtue is called accidental and occult. Accidental here qualifies its relation to that account; the entry still attributes definite effects to it.

#### Use in the book

Qualitas supplies the relevant sense of complexion. Reading the articles together prevents heat and occult virtue from collapsing into one explanation. The named plant serves as the compiler’s example of this distinction.

#### Places to read

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

#### In this edition

Healing and preservation are historical claims in the definition. They are retained as claims of the text, without assigning modern evidence or a modern mechanism to the obscure headword.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 40; facsimile PDF page 368 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Relloleum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 368; compare Qualitas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=368)

**See also.** [Qualitas](#CD0542)

<a id="CD0585"></a>
### Sanguis calcetus

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A material described by taste and whiteness in comparison with calx.

**In the book.** Calx supplies the point of comparison, not an explicit statement that the material is itself a calx.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Sanguis calcetus is that which has as sharp a taste as calx and is as white.

#### Meaning

The definition is comparative. Quick taste is rendered as sharp taste; the sentence also supplies a white appearance. These sensory qualities are the entire identifying description given by this entry.

#### Use in the book

Calx supplies the point of comparison, not an explicit statement that the material is itself a calx. The distinction preserves the compiler’s wording while leaving the obscure name open to contextual identification.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Sanguis calcetus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

<a id="CD0596"></a>
### Senio maximus

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A name associated with the source or producer of long life.

**In the book.** The short gloss leaves the referent open.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370.

#### Historical definition

Senio maximus is the author of long life.

#### Meaning

Author names an originating or producing power in this phrase. It need not denote the writer of a book. The definition supplies a relation to long life without naming a substance, a preparation or a particular person.

#### Use in the book

The short gloss leaves the referent open. Its abstract relation is retained rather than expanded into an invented account of a longevity medicine.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 42; facsimile PDF page 370 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Senio maximus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 370](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=370)

<a id="CD0616"></a>
### Spara

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A mineral power related to the first being of metals.

**In the book.** Compare Stannar, where an occult fume is called the mother of metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Spara is the mineral virtue from the first being of metals.

#### Meaning

Virtue names efficacy or active power. The definition relates that power to an originating condition, the first being of metals, rather than naming a finished metal or an ordinary mine.

#### Use in the book

Compare Stannar, where an occult fume is called the mother of metals. Both entries use a language of origin; their different terms and relations should remain visible.

#### Places to read

[Stannar](#CD0620). An occult fume described as the mother of metals.

[Truphat](#CD0660). A hidden mineral power understood through its appointed end.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Spara; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Stannar, Truphat](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Stannar](#CD0620); [Truphat](#CD0660)

<a id="CD0621"></a>
### Staraphaxat

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A power characterized by restraint or driving back.

**In the book.** Repercussiva names medicines that drive back a flow.

**In this edition.** A textual note records the reading of the 1650 printing and the editorial treatment.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371.

#### Historical definition

Staraphaxat is a restraining or repercussive virtue. [^CDV013]

#### Meaning

The definition describes an action rather than naming its material bearer. Restraining checks something; repercussive connects the power with the driving-back action described under Repercussiva.

#### Use in the book

Repercussiva names medicines that drive back a flow. That entry helps explain the action word, though the present sentence does not identify one medicine or specify a particular flow.

#### Places to read

[Repercussiva](#CD0557). Medicines classified by their supposed action of driving a flow back.

#### In this edition

The 1650 printing reads resinging; the transcription aid conjectures restringing. The modernised definition adopts restraining as an interpretation of that conjecture. This is a disclosed editorial reading, not the word printed in 1650.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 43; facsimile PDF page 371 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Staraphaxat; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 371; compare Repercussiva](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=371)

**See also.** [Repercussiva](#CD0557)

<a id="CD0640"></a>
### Temperatum

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A balanced condition without excess in a quality.

**In the book.** Qualitas lists the relevant pairs, hot or cold and dry or moist, according to an element’s predominance.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Temperatum is that which exceeds in no quality.

#### Meaning

The entry describes a relation among qualities. It does not mean that a thing lacks qualities; the distinguishing feature is absence of excess.

#### Use in the book

Qualitas lists the relevant pairs, hot or cold and dry or moist, according to an element’s predominance. Read together, the definitions situate Temperatum within the compiler’s account of constitution and proportion.

#### Places to read

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

#### In this edition

Temperate or balanced can help an English reader, but the historical heading is retained. Its sense here is broader than a statement about moderate temperature alone.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Temperatum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372; compare Qualitas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**See also.** [Qualitas](#CD0542)

<a id="CD0653"></a>
### Tinctura

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** An agent defined by imparting color to another body.

**In the book.** Rubella is a useful companion entry because it distinguishes an extracting essence from the tincture it draws out of bodies.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Tinctura is that which tinges a body with its color.

#### Meaning

The definition describes a relation between an agent and a receiving body. The agent tinges; the body receives its color. It therefore gives an action and an effect without identifying one universal substance called tincture.

#### Use in the book

Rubella is a useful companion entry because it distinguishes an extracting essence from the tincture it draws out of bodies. The extraction and the later imparting of color are different relations. Following which material acts and which receives helps readers avoid confusing the agent with its source or product.

The word body is broad in this short definition. The compiler does not restrict it to a human body or one named metal. Nor does this sentence alone establish that a change of color proves a change of metallic species. More expansive uses elsewhere must be argued from the particular passage rather than assumed from the headword.

#### Places to read

[Rubella](#CD0564). An essence defined by dissolving and extracting tincture.

[Quintessentia](#CD0544). A purified spiritual matter obtained from living things.

#### In this edition

Tincture is retained as the familiar technical rendering, with the source’s emphasis on tinging made explicit. Modern associations with a particular alcoholic extract are not sufficient to identify every historical use. The surrounding material, operation and claimed result remain the proper guides.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Tinctura; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Rubella, Quintessentia](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Rubella](#CD0564); [Quintessentia](#CD0544)

<a id="CD0660"></a>
### Truphat

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A hidden mineral power understood through its appointed end.

**In the book.** Spara gives another mineral virtue related to the first being of metals.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Truphat is an occult virtue of minerals by which they act toward the end for which they were ordained.

#### Meaning

The definition explains activity through purpose. The virtue is hidden, belongs to minerals, and directs their action toward an ordained end. Occult names what is concealed in the account; it does not itself specify a chemical composition.

#### Use in the book

Spara gives another mineral virtue related to the first being of metals. Truphat emphasizes the end toward which the action is directed instead. Keeping origin and purpose separate makes both entries more informative.

#### Places to read

[Spara](#CD0616). A mineral power related to the first being of metals.

[Stannar](#CD0620). An occult fume described as the mother of metals.

#### In this edition

The explanation follows the historical claim about natural ends. It does not convert the mineral’s ordained purpose into a modern scientific measurement.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Truphat; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Spara, Stannar](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Spara](#CD0616); [Stannar](#CD0620)

<a id="CD0664"></a>
### Veneris gradus

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A qualified Venus expression describing mildness and sweetness.

**In the book.** The same family of names can receive different material or qualitative applications.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Veneris gradus is a mild and sweet nature.

#### Meaning

The gloss supplies qualities of a nature, rather than directly naming a planet or metal. The complete compound should guide interpretation: Veneris on its own is not the whole entry.

#### Use in the book

The same family of names can receive different material or qualitative applications. Semen veneris, for example, is referred to squama aris. The two expressions should remain distinct despite their shared qualifier.

#### Places to read

[Semen veneris](#CD0595). A compound name equated with the expression squama aris.

[Qualitas](#CD0542). The balance of hot, cold, dry and moist qualities.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Veneris gradus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374; compare Semen veneris, Qualitas](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**See also.** [Semen veneris](#CD0595); [Qualitas](#CD0542)

<a id="CD0685"></a>
### Volatile

*Qualities powers and relations · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A general upward-moving or upward-carried condition of light matter.

**In the book.** Sublimatio describes a more particular operation: dry matter is forced upward by the heat of fire.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Volatile is, in general, any light matter that is carried upward.

#### Meaning

The words in general establish breadth. The term can characterize different materials through lightness and upward movement. It is not restricted by this definition to one named liquid, metal or spirit.

#### Use in the book

Sublimatio describes a more particular operation: dry matter is forced upward by the heat of fire. Volatile supplies a broader characteristic, while sublimation supplies material and cause within an operation. Their connection should preserve that difference.

Volans, the neighboring headword, is directly equated with quicksilver. A familiar-looking word family can therefore contain a general property and a specific material name. The gloss, rather than the resemblance alone, tells the reader which role is active.

#### Places to read

[Sublimatio](#CD0626). An operation defined by the upward movement of heated dry matter.

[Volans](#CD0684). Two names directly equated with quicksilver.

#### In this edition

The historical direction of movement is retained. A modern technical measure of volatility may be useful in another kind of reference work, but it would not replace what this witness defines. Read the complete sentence to establish what rises, what remains and what is being compared.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Volatile; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Sublimatio, Volans](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Sublimatio](#CD0626); [Volans](#CD0684)

<a id="category_f5cc314d621e"></a>
## Language number and measures

<a id="CD0043"></a>
### Annus Aniadin

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A lifespan expression rather than a fixed calendrical year.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Annus Aniadin is a long life.

#### Meaning

The dictionary explains this expression by duration of life, not by a stated number of days or months. A literal substitution of an ordinary calendar year would therefore miss its supplied sense. The relation to the neighbouring Aniada vocabulary is useful because that entry expressly concerns influences thought to contribute to long life. The connection is thematic; it does not turn Annus Aniadin into the name of a specific medicine or prove the longevity claims associated with the group.

#### Places to read

[Aniada](#CD0036). A term linking heavenly gifts, Christian sacraments and life-preserving celestial influence.

[Aniaday](#CD0037). An expression for everlasting renewal and the world to come.

[Annus Platonicus](#CD0044). A time expression given two very different scales.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Annus Aniadin ; compare Aniada, Aniaday, Annus Platonicus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Aniaday](#CD0037); [Annus Platonicus](#CD0044)

<a id="CD0044"></a>
### Annus Platonicus

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A time expression given two very different scales.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332.

#### Historical definition

Annus Platonicus is a common month, or an age.

#### Meaning

The unusual breadth of the definition should remain visible: an ordinary month and an age are both offered. The entry does not supply a computation that would reconcile them or specify a universal duration. Readers should resist replacing it automatically with another familiar explanation of a Platonic year. In this dictionary, the immediate evidence is this twofold gloss. A dated operation, explicit number of days or discussion of an age in the surrounding source must decide the applicable scale.

#### Places to read

[Annus Aniadin](#CD0043). A lifespan expression rather than a fixed calendrical year.

[Mensis Philosophicus](#CD0442). A philosophical month measured as forty days of digestion.

[Periodus](#CD0523). The limit or duration of life.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 4; facsimile PDF page 332 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Annus Platonicus ; compare Annus Aniadin, Mensis Philosophicus, Periodus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=332)

**See also.** [Annus Aniadin](#CD0043); [Mensis Philosophicus](#CD0442); [Periodus](#CD0523)

<a id="CD0052"></a>
### Aphorismus

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A medical rule treated as an accepted starting point.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333.

#### Historical definition

Aphorismus is a general rule in medicine, taken for granted.

#### Meaning

This entry classifies a kind of statement rather than a substance. “General” gives the rule a wider application, while “taken for granted” describes its assumed status within an argument. A historical writer may therefore use an aphorism as something from which to reason rather than something newly demonstrated in the passage.

Recognizing that role can clarify the structure of a difficult text: distinguish the stated rule from the particular case offered beneath it. The dictionary does not identify every such accepted rule as correct; it explains how the term functions in medical discourse.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 5; facsimile PDF page 333 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Aphorismus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=333)

<a id="CD0142"></a>
### Carena

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A small measure expressed as a fraction of a drop.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342.

#### Historical definition

Carena is the twentieth part of a drop.

#### Meaning

The definition gives a relative measure: one drop divided into twenty parts. It does not state the size of the original drop or identify a modern unit of volume. A conversion to a fixed number of millilitres would therefore require information not supplied by the dictionary.

Karena provides a related spelling in the inventory. Such variants should be linked so a reader can recognize the measure in different passages. For historical interpretation, preserve both the fraction and its unit rather than rounding it to a familiar modern dose.

#### Places to read

[Karena](#CD0373). A minute quantity measured as a fraction of a drop.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 14; facsimile PDF page 342 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Carena ; compare Karena](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=342)

**See also.** [Karena](#CD0373)

<a id="CD0171"></a>
### Cist

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A wine measure expressed as two gallons.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344.

#### Historical definition

Cist, or Kist, is a quantity of two gallons of wine.

#### Meaning

The definition gives both a quantity and its material setting. The two historical names should remain linked in the index. It does not identify a locality or define the gallon, so converting it into a single exact modern volume would require additional evidence.

Kist has its own entry, making the cross-reference especially useful when a reader searches under the alternative spelling. Retaining the original measure in a translated recipe preserves the historical statement; any later conversion should state which standard is being assumed.

#### Places to read

[Kist](#CD0377). A capacity expressed through gallon and pint equivalents.

[Carena](#CD0142). A small measure expressed as a fraction of a drop.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 16; facsimile PDF page 344 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Cist ; compare Kist, Carena](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=344)

**See also.** [Kist](#CD0377); [Carena](#CD0142)

<a id="CD0189"></a>
### Cometz

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A quantity expressed as one half of a drop.

**In the book.** Carena and Karena each give a twentieth part of a drop.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345.

#### Historical definition

Cometz is half a drop.

#### Meaning

This is a measure entry, defined by a fraction of another quantity. Its meaning depends on the historical use of “drop” in the passage being read. The dictionary does not specify a fixed volume, the liquid concerned, or an instrument that would make all drops equal.

#### Use in the book

Carena and Karena each give a twentieth part of a drop. Their presence shows a vocabulary of small fractions, but does not provide a conversion into modern units. Preserve the half-drop relation when comparing quantities in a historical text.

#### Places to read

[Carena](#CD0142). A small measure expressed as a fraction of a drop.

[Karena](#CD0373). A minute quantity measured as a fraction of a drop.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 17; facsimile PDF page 345 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Cometz](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=345)

**See also.** [Carena](#CD0142); [Karena](#CD0373)

<a id="CD0271"></a>
### Faba

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A fractional quantity measured against a scruple.

**In the book.** Cometz defines half a drop, while Carena gives a twentieth of a drop.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350.

#### Historical definition

Faba is one third of a scruple.

#### Meaning

The entry defines a quantity through a proportion. One third is clear within the statement, but the dictionary gives no independent calibration for the scruple or its use in a particular text. The term should not be converted to a modern amount from the gloss alone.

#### Use in the book

Cometz defines half a drop, while Carena gives a twentieth of a drop. Together the entries show several scales and kinds of small measure. Their fractions are meaningful within their own stated reference quantities; they do not establish a common modern unit.

#### Places to read

[Carena](#CD0142). A small measure expressed as a fraction of a drop.

[Cometz](#CD0189). A quantity expressed as one half of a drop.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 22; facsimile PDF page 350 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary 1650, s.v. Faba](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=350)

**See also.** [Carena](#CD0142); [Cometz](#CD0189)

<a id="CD0373"></a>
### Karena

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A minute quantity measured as a fraction of a drop.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Karena is the twentieth part of a drop.

#### Meaning

The entry defines a relation of one part to twenty. Its unit is a drop, whose material size the dictionary does not standardise. The precision of the fraction must therefore be distinguished from the absence of a fixed volume for its base unit.

#### In this edition

The fraction is retained without conversion into a modern volume. Such a conversion would require information about the liquid and the way drops were produced which this definition does not supply.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Karena](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

<a id="CD0377"></a>
### Kist

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A capacity expressed through gallon and pint equivalents.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356.

#### Historical definition

Kist, or Cist, is half a gallon, or four pints.

#### Meaning

The two equivalents establish the compiler’s intended relation between the named capacity and familiar measures. A kist is half a gallon and, within this account, four pints. The entry does not identify a modern national standard for either unit.

#### In this edition

Both historical equivalents are kept. Converting the measure into litres would give an appearance of precision unsupported by this short definition.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 28; facsimile PDF page 356 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 356, Kist](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=356)

<a id="CD0442"></a>
### Mensis Philosophicus

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A philosophical month measured as forty days of digestion.

**In the book.** Digestio supplies a separate explanation of the operation.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361.

#### Historical definition

Mensis Philosophicus is the full period of digestion, namely forty days.

#### Meaning

The compiler defines the month by the completion of an operation and then gives its duration. Forty days is therefore part of the stated meaning, rather than a calendar month silently assumed by a modern reader. The entry does not describe what is digested or the conditions under which that span applies.

#### Use in the book

Digestio supplies a separate explanation of the operation. Keeping the operation and its named full period together makes the technical use of month more precise than a general statement that all philosophical time is symbolic.

#### Places to read

[Digestio](#CD0233). Preparation understood through digestion and the separation of pure from impure.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 33; facsimile PDF page 361 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**Sources.** [A Chymical Dictionary 1650, 1650 dictionary, facsimile PDF page 361, Mensis Philosophicus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=361)

**See also.** [Digestio](#CD0233)

<a id="CD0523"></a>
### Periodus

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** The limit or duration of life.

**In the book.** The Iliaster family also uses term of life and balm-of-life language.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366.

#### Historical definition

Periodus is the term of life.

#### Meaning

Term can mean the appointed extent or limit of a period. The definition concerns life’s temporal span, rather than identifying a medicine or a celestial body.

#### Use in the book

The Iliaster family also uses term of life and balm-of-life language. Those fuller entries show how duration can be related to different accounts of life and its sustenance. The present short equivalence supplies no number of years.

#### Places to read

[Iliaster primus](#CD0351). The first human Iliaster described through life and its balsam.

[Iliaster secundus](#CD0352). The second human Iliaster associated with elemental life.

[Iliaster tertius](#CD0353). The third human Iliaster associated with life through quintessence.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 38; facsimile PDF page 366 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Periodus; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 366; compare Iliaster primus, Iliaster secundus, Iliaster tertius](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=366)

**See also.** [Iliaster primus](#CD0351); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353)

<a id="CD0630"></a>
### Supermonicum

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A descriptive name for what is expressed as an enigma.

**In the book.** In a dictionary intended to clarify obscure authors, such a word helps distinguish difficulty arising from figurative or riddling expression from difficulty caused by an unfamiliar material name.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372.

#### Historical definition

Supermonicum is enigmatic.

#### Meaning

The gloss characterizes the manner in which something is presented or understood. It does not identify a substance, a vessel or a stage of a preparation.

#### Use in the book

In a dictionary intended to clarify obscure authors, such a word helps distinguish difficulty arising from figurative or riddling expression from difficulty caused by an unfamiliar material name.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 44; facsimile PDF page 372 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Supermonicum; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 372](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=372)

<a id="CD0654"></a>
### Toruscula

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A small quantity named as a drop.

**In the book.** Carena is defined as the twentieth part of a drop.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373.

#### Historical definition

Toruscula is a drop.

#### Meaning

The definition supplies a simple equivalent without identifying the liquid or the method by which the drop is formed. Its role in a passage can therefore depend on the material named beside it.

#### Use in the book

Carena is defined as the twentieth part of a drop. That fractional measure provides a useful comparison without settling the absolute volume of either term. The drop itself remains unspecified by liquid or weight, so no single modern volume has been assigned.

#### Places to read

[Carena](#CD0142). A small measure expressed as a fraction of a drop.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 45; facsimile PDF page 373 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Toruscula; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 373; compare Carena](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=373)

**See also.** [Carena](#CD0142)

<a id="CD0665"></a>
### Verto

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A measure equal to one quarter of a pound.

**In the book.** For a historical preparation, preserve the relation unless another cited source establishes the particular weight standard in use.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374.

#### Historical definition

Verto is the fourth part of a pound.

#### Meaning

The source defines a proportional measure. One fourth is exact as a relation, while the weight of the pound itself is not specified by this sentence.

#### Use in the book

For a historical preparation, preserve the relation unless another cited source establishes the particular weight standard in use. Assigning a single modern gram value here would supply information absent from the entry.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 46; facsimile PDF page 374 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Verto; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 374](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=374)

<a id="CD0682"></a>
### Vnitas Trithemii

*Language number and measures · A Chymical Dictionary*

#### At a Glance

**The word.** A numerical unity characterized as supernatural and spagyrical.

**In the book.** Spagiria is commonly equated with alchemy, and Spagirus is defined through distinguishing and separating.

**A place to read.** The historical definition below, 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375.

#### Historical definition

Vnitas Trithemii is the reduction of the number three to a unity by casting away the number two; it is supernatural and spagyrical.

#### Meaning

The entry states a relation among three, two and one, then gives that reduction two qualifications. Supernatural and spagyrical both belong to the historical description. The arithmetic form is clear, while the particular objects represented by the numbers are not identified in this sentence.

#### Use in the book

Spagiria is commonly equated with alchemy, and Spagirus is defined through distinguishing and separating. Those articles supply context for one of the qualifiers. They do not by themselves establish what the three or the two stand for here.

The compound headword attributes or associates the unity with Trithemius, but this definition gives no title, chapter or quotation from him. The attribution should therefore be reported at the level actually supplied by this witness. A fuller account of a particular work would require its own checked passage.

#### Places to read

[Spagiria](#CD0614). A name commonly used for alchemy.

[Spagirus](#CD0615). The alchemical practitioner defined through discrimination and separation.

#### In this edition

The entry remains a concise numerical formulation with an explanation of its limits. It has not been expanded into an assumed trinitarian scheme, a laboratory recipe or a doctrine attributed to Trithemius without a cited text.

**Historical source.** 1650 dictionary, unnumbered definition page 47; facsimile PDF page 375 — [Facsimile](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**Sources.** [A Chymicall Dictionary (1650), s.v. Vnitas Trithemii; 1650 facsimile PDF p. 375; compare Spagiria, Spagirus](https://archive.org/download/newlightofalchym00sedz/newlightofalchym00sedz.pdf#page=375)

**See also.** [Spagiria](#CD0614); [Spagirus](#CD0615)

<a id="READING_GLOSSES"></a>
## Words retained in the modernisation

These short editorial glosses explain words used in the modernised definitions and commentary. They are reading aids supplied by this edition, rather than additional entries attributed to the historical compiler.

Aposteme. A historical word for a swelling or abscess. Individual definitions may identify one through its bodily site, hardness, dryness or another described feature. See [Rana](#CD0547) and [Sephirus](#CD0597).

Art. Skilled practice or knowledge of how to do something. An art may concern materials, instruments, healing or interpretation. Its intended subject and end are specified by the particular definition. See [Spagirus](#CD0615) and [Thamatica](#CD0649).

Calx. Read the complete material name and the given preparation. The dictionary includes several different calx expressions; it does not identify all of them with one modern substance. Compare [Calx lignorum](#CD0127), [Calx Mercurii](#CD0130) and [Calx Solis](#CD0131).

Complexion. The constitution or qualitative character of a thing or part. Heat, cold and related qualities supply its terms in these definitions. See [Complexio](#CD0190) and [Qualitas](#CD0542).

Crocus. A preparation-name in several metal expressions. Its source and operation should be read from the complete phrase. Compare [Calx Martis](#CD0129), [Minium](#CD0455) and the textual problem under [Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508).

Digestion. In the chemical definition, an operation compared with digestion in the human stomach, through which matter is decocted toward separation of pure from impure. See [Digestio](#CD0233).

Fixed and volatile. Fixation makes what flies in fire endure the fire; volatile matter is generally described as light matter carried upward. These definitions give the historical relations to heat and movement. See [Fixatio](#CD0284) and [Volatile](#CD0685).

Liquor. A liquid expression whose particular sense can depend on the attached material name. The dictionary says it is often used for an oil when so qualified. See [Liquor](#CD0400) and the following compound names.

Mine. Attend to whether a passage concerns a place or a mineral material. In definitions of an unripe metallic matter or mercury separated from its mine, ore may convey the material relation. See [Kachimia](#CD0368) and [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445).

Physic. The historical art or practice of medicine in the relevant definitions. The word should not be confused with the name of the modern discipline physics. See the account of natural magic under [Magia](#CD0418).

Spirit. The subject and its predicates establish the sense. A spiritual matter can be extracted corporeally; a spirit can be called corporeal; a power of the soul can be described through likeness to the heavens. See [Quintessentia](#CD0544), [Terrelati](#CD0647) and [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619).

Tincture. In the dictionary’s general definition, that which tinges a body with its color. An article may distinguish the extracting agent, the extracted tincture and its receiving body. See [Tinctura](#CD0653) and [Rubella](#CD0564).

Virtue. Power or efficacy within the historical account. A virtue can be described through its origin, its action, its hidden character or its appointed purpose. See [Relloleum](#CD0556), [Spara](#CD0616) and [Truphat](#CD0660).

<a id="READING_ROUTE_MATERIALS"></a>
## Reading route through materials and preparations

Begin with [Regulus](#CD0555), [Quintessentia](#CD0544) and [Tinctura](#CD0653). Ask what each names: a separated portion, an extracted spiritual matter, or an agent that tinges. Then read [Rubella](#CD0564) for the relation between an extracting essence and the tincture it draws from bodies. Follow the verbs before assigning a material identity.

For a short exercise in material identification, compare [Alcol](#CD0015), [Alcool vini](#CD0016), [Aqua celestina](#CD0053) and [Aqua Celestis](#CD0054). One pair distinguishes a fine powder from rectified spirit of wine; the other distinguishes a mercurial water from rectified wine. Full expressions and small spelling differences can change the material intended.

Compare [Resina terræ](#CD0559) with [Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560). Which added words and operations distinguish the preparation? Read [Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628) beside [Vitriolatum](#CD0675) to see how a shared word family can name a derived material in one place and a liquid condition in another.

Discussion questions. What does purity mean in each selected definition? Which descriptions identify an origin, and which identify a result? When does a quality such as color carry the identification? What further evidence would be needed to give a secure modern chemical name?

<a id="READING_ROUTE_ART"></a>
## Reading route through operations and practitioners

Read [Spagiria](#CD0614), [Spagirus](#CD0615) and [Ysopus](#CD0696) as a group. They bring the art, its practitioner and the action of separating pure from impure into relation. Compare [Sophistæ](#CD0612) for an occupational name that can praise a master or condemn a deceiver.

Add [Alchymia](#CD0013), [Chymia](#CD0165) and [Cautela](#CD0147). Alchymia makes separation central, Chymia adds the making of essences, and Cautela describes skill acquired through habit. Together they connect the stated aims of the art with a practitioner’s capacity to conduct it.

Continue with [Sublimatio](#CD0626), [Volatile](#CD0685) and [Reverberatorium](#CD0561). Distinguish an operation, a general property and an instrument. [Vulcanii](#CD0687) and [Vulcanus](#CD0688) add the workers and fire itself. This route shows how a practical vocabulary distributes different roles across connected names.

Discussion questions. What makes an artist competent in the dictionary’s account? How does an operation differ from the property of a material? Which details identify an instrument’s function? Where would a historical recipe need more information than these definitions supply?

<a id="READING_ROUTE_BODY"></a>
## Reading route through the body and its descriptions

Begin with [Tartarum](#CD0638) and [Realgar](#CD0548). Both connect a mineral or material vocabulary with the human body. Attend to the compiler’s markers of usage: often and metaphorically do different work.

Compare [Ragadiæ](#CD0546), [Rana](#CD0547) and [Sephirus](#CD0597). Their descriptions identify a condition through bodily place or qualities. Then read [Sedativa](#CD0594), [Repercussiva](#CD0557) and [Stiptica](#CD0624), where remedies are grouped through attributed action. These are different ways of classifying historical medical terms.

Discussion questions. Which definitions identify a place, a visible condition or an attributed cause? What does a therapeutic action word add? When would a modern diagnosis go beyond the information supplied? How can a commentary make an old claim intelligible while keeping it attributed to its source?

<a id="READING_ROUTE_HEAVENS"></a>
## Reading route through heavens and inward powers

Read [Sol in homine](#CD0607), [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619) and [Scaiolæ](#CD0591). The articles relate inward life to the wider order through nourishment, likeness and elemental number. These relations are connected but distinct.

For a fuller account of natural agency, read [Archeius](#CD0067) beside [Arcanum](#CD0065) and [Astrum](#CD0083). Distinguish a dispenser of Nature, a hidden virtue in natural things, and a power said to be acquired through preparation. Their shared vocabulary of spirit and virtue does not cancel those different roles.

Continue with [Somnia](#CD0609), [Similitudines](#CD0602) and [Turba magna](#CD0661). Distinguish an operation during sleep, an appearance and a presage. Then compare [Trarames](#CD0656) and [Visio](#CD0674) for auditory and visible descriptions of spiritual actions.

Discussion questions. Which verbs explain the relation between the heavens and a person? What is seen, heard or inferred in each account? When does the dictionary describe a being and when a power? Which aspects of the account remain unspecified?

<a id="READING_ROUTE_WORDS"></a>
## Reading route through names and changing senses

Follow the pairs [Rebis](#CD0549) and [Rebus](#CD0552), [Silo](#CD0601) and [Sylo](#CD0631), [Saxifraga](#CD0588) and [Saxifragus](#CD0589). Small changes in spelling accompany substantial differences in the glosses. The correct response is to preserve the distinct records and compare them.

Then compare [Anthos](#CD0033), [Cheiri](#CD0157) and [Alcaest](#CD0011). The first two expressly change their senses with their vegetable or metallic setting and with qualification. Alcaest instead records competing identifications and directs the reader toward the author’s preparation. Context can mean subject matter, grammar or an operation, depending on the entry.

Read [Viltrum philosophorum](#CD0666), [Vrina vini](#CD0686) and [Zaidir](#CD0698) for qualifications and alternatives. Finally compare [Zinck](#CD0703) with [Zuitter](#CD0705). A familiar modern-looking headword can carry a historical explanation that should remain visible.

Discussion questions. Which words in a compound expression govern the identification? How does the compiler signal alternatives? What is lost when a synonym is detached from its fuller target entry? Which editorial search forms help readers without claiming to be historical synonyms?

<a id="BIBLIOGRAPHY"></a>
## Bibliography and acknowledgments

Historical witness. A Chymicall Dictionary explaining hard places and words met withall in the writings of Paracelsus and other obscure authours. London, printed by Richard Cotes for Thomas Williams, 1650. Separately titled dictionary in A New Light of Alchymie. English version attributed to John French, based on Gerhard Dorn’s Dictionarium Theophrasti Paracelsi. The title leaf itself does not name either man.

Getty Research Institute copy. Internet Archive identifier newlightofalchym00sedz, Getty call number 374378. Dictionary title and definitions checked in PDF sequence pages 327–376. [Consult the facsimile](https://archive.org/details/newlightofalchym00sedz). This edition newly typesets the historical wording; it does not reproduce the page photographs.

Wellcome Collection catalogue. Record nxy235ys identifies John French, describes the dictionary’s relationship to Dorn and records the separately titled components of the 1650 volume. [Consult the bibliographical record](https://wellcomecollection.org/works/nxy235ys).

Project Gutenberg electronic transcription, ebook 61112. Prepared by Emmanuel Ackerman, Chris Curnow and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team from images made available through Internet Archive. Used as a transcription aid, with the dictionary checked against the printed witness. Its rearrangement and editorial interventions are distinguished from the original printing. [Consult the transcription](https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/61112).

Diotimos Editions prepared the modernised definitions, expanded contextual articles, reading routes and finding indexes for this edition. Historical definitions and new interpretation remain separately labelled throughout. The paired digital Lexicon records use the same stable identifiers and editorial text.

<a id="HISTORICAL_FORMS"></a>
## Historical variants and aliases

**Alazar.** [Alcubrith](#CD0017)

**Alcohol.** [Alcol](#CD0015)

**Alcool.** [Alcol](#CD0015)

**Alcosol.** [Alcofol](#CD0014)

**Alcur.** [Alcubrith](#CD0017)

**Alemzadar.** [Anotasier](#CD0048)

**Alhandal.** [Alandahal](#CD0010)

**Aliocab.** [Anotasier](#CD0048)

**Altaest.** [Alcaest](#CD0011)

**alumen scissum.** [Sal scissum](#CD0576)

**Amilum.** [Amidum](#CD0025)

**Anachthron.** [Anathron](#CD0029)

**Antaris.** [Anatris](#CD0035)

**Athanar.** [Athanor](#CD0085)

**Athonar.** [Anthonor](#CD0051)

**Brassatella.** [Brassadella](#CD0111)

**Cabales.** [Caballi](#CD0116)

**Cabalia.** [Cabela](#CD0115)

**Ceningotam.** [Cenigdam](#CD0151)

**Cibur.** [Chybur](#CD0164)

**Cist.** [Kist](#CD0377)

**Cobaltum.** [Kobalt](#CD0378)

**Cobletum.** [Kobalt](#CD0378)

**Cohop.** [Cohopb](#CD0182)

**Confortantia.** [Confortativa](#CD0193)

**Divertellum.** [Divertalium](#CD0236)

**Estphara.** [Escara](#CD0256)

**fixa.** [Calx permanens](#CD0133)

**genicula.** [Hinicula](#CD0329)

**Grillus.** [Grilla](#CD0315)

**gumicula.** [Hinicula](#CD0329)

**Iliadum.** [Iliaster](#CD0349)

**Iliastes.** [Iliaster](#CD0349)

**Kahimia.** [Kachimia](#CD0368)

**Kist.** [Cist](#CD0171)

**Lephantes.** [Lephante](#CD0395)

**Maris.** [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098)

**Martach.** [Martath](#CD0433)

**Meloes.** [Melaones](#CD0439)

**Mumia de Medullis.** [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095)

**Natta.** [Nasda](#CD0473)

**Neuta.** [Neutha](#CD0479)

**Nymphidicæ.** [Nymphæ](#CD0486)

**Paneritium.** [Pandalitium](#CD0513)

**Paracelsus.** [Chiromancy](#CD0163); [Essentia quinta](#CD0260)

**Passa.** [Pandalitium](#CD0513)

**Quartura.** [Quartatio](#CD0543)

**quartus.** [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

**Salamandri.** [Saldini](#CD0579)

**Selenipum.** [Saltz](#CD0582)

**spagiricus.** [Spagirus](#CD0615)

**sylvani.** [Sylvestres](#CD0633)

**Talcum.** [Talk](#CD0636)

**Tronossa.** [Tronus](#CD0659)

**Vndenæ.** [Vndæ](#CD0680)

**Vnquasi.** [Volans](#CD0684)

**Vulcanici.** [Vulcanii](#CD0687)

**Zitter.** [Zuitter](#CD0705)

**Zysar.** [Zymar](#CD0706)

<a id="FINDING_FORMS"></a>
## English and editorial finding forms

**Adder’s-Tongue.** [Brassadella](#CD0111)

**Aes.** [Æs](#CD0006)

**Aestphara.** [Æstphara](#CD0007)

**Aethna.** [Æthna](#CD0008)

**Aethnici.** [Æthnici](#CD0009)

**Alcalisated Water.** [Amnis alcalisatus](#CD0026)

**Alchemy.** [Alchymia](#CD0013)

**Alchymy.** [Alchymia](#CD0013)

**Alcohol vini.** [Alcool vini](#CD0016)

**Alkahest.** [Alcaest](#CD0011)

**Alkali.** [Alcali](#CD0012)

**Amalgam.** [Amalgama](#CD0023)

**Antimony.** [Alcofol](#CD0014); [Caput corvi](#CD0137)

**Aphorism.** [Aphorismus](#CD0052)

**Archeus.** [Archeius](#CD0067)

**Archiatrus.** [Archeius](#CD0067)

**Ares.** [Archeius](#CD0067)

**Aromatics.** [Aromata](#CD0071)

**Artanech.** [Arsenicum](#CD0074)

**Artanek.** [Arsenicum](#CD0074)

**Arthoicum.** [Arthoicnm](#CD0076)

**Asphalt.** [Asphaltum](#CD0079)

**Assaliae vermes.** [Assaliæ vermes](#CD0081)

**Atramentum.** [Attramentum](#CD0087)

**Augur.** [Augurista](#CD0088)

**Aurum vitae.** [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091)

**Austromancy.** [Austromantia](#CD0093)

**Azure Flower of Silver.** [Calx Luna](#CD0128)

**Bain-Marie.** [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098)

**Balneum Mariae.** [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098)

**Balneum Maris.** [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098)

**Balsam.** [Balsamum](#CD0100)

**Bird of Hermes.** [Avis Hermetis](#CD0094)

**Bismuth.** [Bismutum](#CD0107)

**Blacking.** [Attramentum](#CD0087)

**Bone Marrow.** [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095)

**Borax.** [Anticar](#CD0034)

**Brine.** [Baurac](#CD0104)

**Burnt Ash.** [Cinificatum](#CD0170)

**Butter of Saturn.** [Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114)

**Cabala.** [Cabela](#CD0115)

**Calcinatum.** [Cinificatum](#CD0170)

**Calcined Gold.** [Calx Solis](#CD0131)

**Calx fixa.** [Calx permanens](#CD0133)

**Calx Jovis.** [Calx Iovis](#CD0126)

**Camphor.** [Cafa](#CD0118)

**Carbones coeli.** [Carbones cœli](#CD0139)

**Caseus praeparatus.** [Caseus præparatus](#CD0143)

**Cataputia.** [Cherva](#CD0161)

**Celestial Water.** [Aqua Celestis](#CD0054)

**Cement of Gold.** [Cineritium](#CD0169)

**Cement of Silver.** [Cineritium](#CD0169)

**Cementation.** [Cementum](#CD0150)

**Cerviculae.** [Cerviculæ](#CD0153)

**Champhir.** [Cafa](#CD0118)

**Chaomantia.** [Chaomancy](#CD0154)

**Character of Venus.** [Character veneris](#CD0156)

**Cherubim.** [Cherubin](#CD0160)

**Chiromantia.** [Chiromancy](#CD0163)

**Chymistry.** [Chymia](#CD0165)

**Cinnabar.** [Azemasor](#CD0096)

**Coagulation.** [Coagulatio](#CD0177)

**Coeli planetarum.** [Cœli planetarum](#CD0178)

**Coelum Philosophorum.** [Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179)

**Coelum Spagiricum.** [Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180)

**Coloquintida.** [Alandahal](#CD0010)

**Copperas.** [Attramentum](#CD0087)

**Coral.** [Arbor Maris](#CD0064)

**Corpora coelestia Spagyrorum.** [Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206)

**Corpora supercoelestia.** [Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207)

**Corrosive Water.** [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055)

**Crocus of Iron.** [Calx Martis](#CD0129)

**Crocus of Steel.** [Calx Martis](#CD0129)

**Crow-foot.** [Citrinula](#CD0172)

**Crowfoot.** [Citrinula](#CD0172)

**Crystalline Looking-Glass.** [Berillus](#CD0106)

**Dead Head.** [Caput mortuum](#CD0138)

**Dissolving Water.** [Acetum radicale](#CD0002); [Aqua solvens](#CD0060)

**Distilled Vinegar.** [Aqua solvens](#CD0060)

**Eagle.** [Aquila](#CD0062)

**Egg White.** [Claretta](#CD0175)

**Eggshell Ash.** [Annora](#CD0042)

**Essarae.** [Essaræ](#CD0257)

**Eternal Spring.** [Aniaday](#CD0037)

**External Balsam of the Elements.** [Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102)

**Faeces.** [Chymus](#CD0168)

**Faedula.** [Fædula](#CD0273)

**Feces.** [Chymus](#CD0168)

**Fixed Calx.** [Calx permanens](#CD0133)

**Flagae.** [Flagæ](#CD0285)

**Formae rerum.** [Formæ rerum](#CD0290)

**Formicae.** [Formicæ](#CD0291)

**Gold.** [Chrysos](#CD0167)

**Gold of Life.** [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091)

**Graeca Magia.** [Græca Magia](#CD0313)

**Hammered Gold.** [Aurum planatum](#CD0089)

**Heaven of the Philosophers.** [Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179)

**Heavenly Coals.** [Carbones cœli](#CD0139)

**Hermetic Bird.** [Avis Hermetis](#CD0094)

**Hidden Virtue.** [Arcanum](#CD0065)

**Humor vitae.** [Humor vitæ](#CD0332)

**Idiotae.** [Idiotæ](#CD0339)

**Iliastes.** [Archeius](#CD0067)

**Illiaste.** [Chaos](#CD0155)

**Illiastro.** [Chaos](#CD0155)

**Ink.** [Attramentum](#CD0087)

**Kabbalah.** [Cabela](#CD0115)

**Labor Sophiae.** [Labor Sophiæ](#CD0381)

**Leaf Gold.** [Aurum planatum](#CD0089)

**Liquor Mumiae.** [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405)

**Liquor Mumiae de gummi.** [Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](#CD0406)

**Living Gold.** [Aurum vivum](#CD0092)

**Locus vitae.** [Locus vitæ](#CD0408)

**Locustae.** [Locustæ](#CD0409)

**Long Life.** [Annus Aniadin](#CD0043)

**Mandrake.** [Aroph](#CD0072)

**Manna.** [Alusar](#CD0022)

**Melibaeum.** [Melibæum](#CD0440)

**Mercurius metallorum praecipitatus.** [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448)

**Mercury.** [Anterit](#CD0050)

**Mercury of Metals.** [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063)

**Minium.** [Azemasor](#CD0096); [Calx Saturni](#CD0134)

**Minium of Lead.** [Cauda vulpis rubicundi](#CD0146)

**Mulae.** [Mulæ](#CD0460)

**Nutmeg.** [Assala](#CD0080)

**Nymphae.** [Nymphæ](#CD0486)

**Nymphidicae.** [Nymphæ](#CD0486)

**One Twentieth of a Drop.** [Carena](#CD0142)

**Opopyron Laudani.** [Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501)

**Orizeum praecipitatum.** [Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508)

**Orizonaeternitatis.** [Orizonæternitatis](#CD0505)

**Perdetae.** [Perdetæ](#CD0521)

**Permanent Calx.** [Calx permanens](#CD0133)

**Permanent Water.** [Aqua permanens](#CD0058)

**Philosophers’ Eagle.** [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063)

**Philosophers’ Stone.** [Anontagius](#CD0047)

**Philosophers’ Vinegar.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001)

**Planetary Heavens.** [Cœli planetarum](#CD0178)

**Platonic Year.** [Annus Platonicus](#CD0044)

**Potable Gold.** [Aurum potabile](#CD0090)

**Practical Skill.** [Cautela](#CD0147)

**Praesagium.** [Præsagium](#CD0532)

**Precipitated Mercury.** [Calx Mercurii](#CD0130)

**Prepared Cheese.** [Caseus præparatus](#CD0143)

**Purified Alembrot.** [Alembrot](#CD0018)

**Pygmeae.** [Pygmeæ](#CD0539)

**Quicklime.** [Annora](#CD0042)

**Radical Vinegar.** [Acetum radicale](#CD0002)

**Ragadiae.** [Ragadiæ](#CD0546)

**Raven’s Head.** [Caput corvi](#CD0137)

**Rectified Spirit of Wine.** [Alcool vini](#CD0016)

**Red Fox’s Tail.** [Cauda vulpis rubicundi](#CD0146)

**Regale.** [Cineritium](#CD0169)

**Residue.** [Caput mortuum](#CD0138); [Chymus](#CD0168)

**Resina terrae.** [Resina terræ](#CD0559)

**Resina terrae potabilis.** [Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560)

**Rosemary Flowers.** [Anthos](#CD0033)

**Saint Anthony’s Fire.** [Brunus](#CD0112)

**Sal Ammoniac.** [Anotasier](#CD0048)

**Salamander.** [Amianthus](#CD0024)

**Salt of the Philosophers.** [Alembroth](#CD0019)

**Saltpetre.** [Callena](#CD0124)

**Sapo sapientiae.** [Sapo sapientiæ](#CD0587)

**Saturnian Water.** [Aqua Saturnia](#CD0059)

**Scaiolae.** [Scaiolæ](#CD0591)

**Scum of Silver.** [Cathimia](#CD0145)

**Sea Tree.** [Arbor Maris](#CD0064)

**Secret.** [Arcanum](#CD0065)

**Smaltum.** [Anatrum](#CD0031)

**Sophistae.** [Sophistæ](#CD0612)

**Soul.** [Anima](#CD0040)

**Soul of Saturn.** [Anima Saturni](#CD0041)

**Spagyrical Heaven.** [Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180)

**Sperma aquae fortis.** [Sperma aquæ fortis](#CD0617)

**Spirit of Hart’s Heart-Bone.** [Cerviculæ](#CD0153)

**Spirit of Tin.** [Calx Iovis](#CD0126)

**Spurge.** [Cherva](#CD0161)

**St Anthony’s Fire.** [Brunus](#CD0112)

**Star.** [Astrum](#CD0083)

**Sublimed Arsenic.** [Arsaneck](#CD0073)

**Sultz.** [Saltz](#CD0582)

**Sweet Matter of Lead.** [Altey plumbi](#CD0021)

**Sweetness of Lead.** [Anima Saturni](#CD0041); [Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114)

**Tartar.** [Calx peregrinorum](#CD0132)

**Teredones.** [Assaliæ vermes](#CD0081)

**Terra Sarasenica.** [Anatrum](#CD0031)

**Turpentine.** [Botin](#CD0110)

**Two Gallons of Wine.** [Cist](#CD0171)

**Ulcus aestiomenum.** [Vlcus æstiomenum](#CD0677)

**Umbragines.** [Vmbragines](#CD0678)

**Umbratiles.** [Vmbratiles](#CD0679)

**Undae.** [Vndæ](#CD0680)

**Undenae.** [Vndæ](#CD0680)

**Undosa.** [Vndosa](#CD0681)

**Uniones.** [Vniones](#CD0683)

**Unitas Trithemii.** [Vnitas Trithemii](#CD0682)

**Unquasi.** [Volans](#CD0684)

**Urina vini.** [Vrina vini](#CD0686)

**Urine.** [Baul](#CD0103)

**Uzifur.** [Vzifur](#CD0689)

**Vaporous Furnace.** [Balneum roris](#CD0099)

**Verdigris.** [Almizadir](#CD0020); [Calx Veneris](#CD0135)

**Virgin’s Milk.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001)

**Viscus secundae generationis.** [Viscus secundæ generationis](#CD0673)

**Vitriol.** [Calcanthum](#CD0119)

**Water Bath.** [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098)

**Water of Wine Lees.** [Aqua fecum vini](#CD0056)

**Wood Ash.** [Calx lignorum](#CD0127)

<a id="THEMATIC_INDEX"></a>
## Thematic index

**adhesion.** [Gluta](#CD0309)

**air.** [Aerdadi](#CD0005); [Chaomancy](#CD0154); [Chaos](#CD0155); [Ileidus](#CD0348); [Lemures](#CD0394); [Nenufareni](#CD0478)

**alkali.** [Impurum alcali](#CD0358)

**alternative identifications.** [Flos sectarum Croe](#CD0287)

**alternative names.** [Cortex Maris](#CD0211); [Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242); [Elephas](#CD0248); [Filius unius Diei](#CD0280); [Filum arsenicale](#CD0282); [Folia daure](#CD0288); [Fons philosophorum](#CD0289); [Gumicula](#CD0318); [Henricus rubeus](#CD0328)

**alum.** [Entali](#CD0253); [Mercurialis seva](#CD0451)

**amber.** [Electrum](#CD0246)

**anatomical descriptions.** [Dubelech](#CD0239)

**anatomy.** [Coostrum](#CD0202); [Gamonynum](#CD0299)

**Animal kingdom.** [Pionitides](#CD0527); [Scacurcula](#CD0590); [Sperniolum](#CD0618); [Tassus](#CD0637); [Vndosa](#CD0681); [Vniones](#CD0683); [Yrcus](#CD0695)

**animal materials.** [Cerviculæ](#CD0153); [Claretta](#CD0175); [Ficus cutis](#CD0277)

**animals.** [Assaliæ vermes](#CD0081); [Bruta](#CD0113); [Lumbrici Nitri](#CD0412); [Macha](#CD0417); [Melaones](#CD0439); [Monstra](#CD0458)

**antimony.** [Caput corvi](#CD0137); [Duenech](#CD0241)

**apparatus.** [Anthonor](#CD0051); [Athanor](#CD0085); [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098); [Balneum roris](#CD0099); [Berillus](#CD0106); [Cauterium](#CD0148); [Cenigdam](#CD0151); [Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180); [Cornu cervi](#CD0205); [Cucurbita](#CD0215); [Cyphantum](#CD0218); [Descensorium](#CD0224); [Diota](#CD0234); [Fons philosophorum](#CD0289)

**apparatus materials.** [Gravus](#CD0314)

**appearance.** [Aquaster](#CD0061)

**appearances.** [Græca Magia](#CD0313); [Incubus](#CD0362); [Kymenna](#CD0379); [Nostoch](#CD0484)

**art and practice.** [Alchymia](#CD0013); [Cautela](#CD0147); [Chymia](#CD0165)

**artificial generation.** [Homunculus](#CD0330)

**arts.** [Gladialis](#CD0301); [Græca Magia](#CD0313); [Idiotæ](#CD0339); [Mangonaria](#CD0429); [Mechanopeotica](#CD0438); [Neboch](#CD0474)

**Arts and practitioners.** [Organopeotica](#CD0504); [Sophistæ](#CD0612); [Spagiria](#CD0614); [Spagirus](#CD0615); [Thamatica](#CD0649); [Virgulta fossorum](#CD0670); [Vnitas Trithemii](#CD0682); [Vulcanii](#CD0687); [Ysopus](#CD0696)

**ash.** [Calx lignorum](#CD0127); [Cinificatum](#CD0170)

**ashes.** [Kali](#CD0370)

**astral bodies.** [Confirmamentum](#CD0192); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

**astral correspondences.** [Ilech supernaturale](#CD0347)

**astral virtues.** [Conservativa](#CD0196); [Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206); [Ilech magnum](#CD0345)

**attraction.** [Attractiva](#CD0086)

**balms.** [Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404); [Mumia](#CD0461); [Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462)

**balsam.** [Balsamum de Mumiis](#CD0101); [Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351)

**balsams.** [Heliotropium](#CD0326); [Helismidan](#CD0327)

**baths.** [Fons philosophorum](#CD0289)

**beetles.** [Melaones](#CD0439)

**bitumen.** [Asphaltum](#CD0079); [Bitumen](#CD0108)

**blood.** [Cassatum](#CD0144)

**bodies.** [Compositum](#CD0191); [Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207); [Innaturalia](#CD0364)

**bodily stones.** [Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423); [Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432)

**body.** [Æstphara](#CD0007); [Amygdale](#CD0027); [Anodus](#CD0045); [Aridura](#CD0069); [Artetiscus](#CD0075); [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095); [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Balsamum de Mumiis](#CD0101); [Baul](#CD0103); [Calcedonium tartarum](#CD0117); [Cambuca](#CD0136); [Cerviculæ](#CD0153); [Chiromancy](#CD0163); [Cohos](#CD0183); [Colica](#CD0186); [Contorsio](#CD0200); [Contractio](#CD0201); [Coostrum](#CD0202); [Corpus](#CD0208); [Corpus invisibile](#CD0209); [Emunctorium](#CD0251); [Essila](#CD0261); [Esthionemus](#CD0263); [Exitura](#CD0267); [Ficus cutis](#CD0277); [Fugile](#CD0292); [Humor vitæ](#CD0332); [Liquor essentialis](#CD0402); [Locus vitæ](#CD0408); [Mustus](#CD0468); [Nacta](#CD0471); [Nasda](#CD0473)

**Body and historical medicine.** [Oppilativa](#CD0499); [Oppodeltoch](#CD0500); [Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501); [Ordoleum](#CD0502); [Orexis](#CD0503); [Ossa paraleli](#CD0510); [Pandalitium](#CD0513); [Percipiolum](#CD0520); [Periodus](#CD0523); [Physiognomy](#CD0529); [Preservativa](#CD0533); [Pruina](#CD0536); [Pulpezia](#CD0537); [Ragadiæ](#CD0546); [Rana](#CD0547); [Realgar](#CD0548); [Rebis](#CD0549); [Rebisola](#CD0550); [Rebona](#CD0551); [Relloleum](#CD0556); [Repercussiva](#CD0557); [Rosea](#CD0563); [Sal crystallinum](#CD0568); [Saxifraga](#CD0588); [Sedativa](#CD0594); [Senio maximus](#CD0596); [Sephirus](#CD0597); [Serpheta](#CD0599); [Sinonia](#CD0604); [Sirones](#CD0605); [Sirza](#CD0606); [Sol in homine](#CD0607); [Staraphaxat](#CD0621); [Stiptica](#CD0624); [Struma](#CD0625); [Syphita prava](#CD0634); [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Testa](#CD0648); [Thaphneus](#CD0650); [Vlcus æstiomenum](#CD0677); [Vrina vini](#CD0686); [Xenectum](#CD0692)

**body and nature.** [Digestio](#CD0233)

**bones.** [Mandibularum liquor](#CD0428)

**boundaries.** [Cohos](#CD0183)

**bowels.** [Contorsio](#CD0200)

**breathing.** [Asthma](#CD0082)

**brief identifications.** [Adamita](#CD0003); [Alandahal](#CD0010); [Baul](#CD0103); [Callena](#CD0124); [Chrysos](#CD0167)

**byproducts.** [Cathimia](#CD0145)

**calces.** [Mustus](#CD0468)

**calcination.** [Fumigatio](#CD0295); [Nitriales](#CD0481); [Obrizum](#CD0489)

**calx.** [Annora](#CD0042); [Calx Iovis](#CD0126); [Calx lignorum](#CD0127); [Calx Luna](#CD0128); [Calx Martis](#CD0129); [Calx Mercurii](#CD0130); [Calx Solis](#CD0131); [Calx peregrinorum](#CD0132); [Calx permanens](#CD0133); [Calx Saturni](#CD0134); [Calx Veneris](#CD0135)

**capacity.** [Kist](#CD0377)

**caustics.** [Escara](#CD0256)

**celestial bodies.** [Influentia](#CD0363)

**celestial influence.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Bruta](#CD0113); [Cherubin](#CD0160); [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290); [Gamahei](#CD0297); [Gladialis](#CD0301); [Impressiones](#CD0357)

**Celestial influences.** [Olympicus spiritus](#CD0497); [Orizonæternitatis](#CD0505); [Primales](#CD0534); [Pulpezia](#CD0537); [Scirona](#CD0592); [Seraphin](#CD0598); [Similitudines](#CD0602); [Sol in homine](#CD0607); [Somnia](#CD0609); [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619); [Trigonum](#CD0658); [Tronus](#CD0659); [Turba magna](#CD0661); [Vmbratiles](#CD0679)

**celestial powers.** [Imagines](#CD0356)

**celestial virtues.** [Gamathei](#CD0298)

**cementation.** [Cineritium](#CD0169)

**change.** [Elementum](#CD0247)

**change of state.** [Coagulatio](#CD0177)

**Christianity.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Aniadum](#CD0038); [Cabela](#CD0115)

**circulation.** [Diota](#CD0234)

**classification.** [Bismutum](#CD0107); [Innaturalia](#CD0364); [Monstra](#CD0458)

**cleansing.** [Mundificativa](#CD0467)

**coagulation.** [Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](#CD0443)

**cold.** [Deliquium](#CD0221)

**cold dissolution.** [Gravus](#CD0314)

**colour.** [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091); [Azemasor](#CD0096); [Calx Luna](#CD0128); [Calx Saturni](#CD0134); [Cauda vulpis rubicundi](#CD0146); [Chrysocolla](#CD0166); [Citrinulus](#CD0174); [Essila](#CD0261); [Gutta rosacea](#CD0319); [Hydropiper](#CD0335); [Lato](#CD0387); [Mercurius Corallinus](#CD0444)

**comparison.** [Chrysocolla](#CD0166)

**comparisons.** [Morus](#CD0459)

**composition.** [Ilech crudum](#CD0344)

**compounds.** [Compositum](#CD0191); [Laudanum](#CD0388)

**confections.** [Diasatyrion](#CD0230)

**conjunction.** [Ilech supernaturale](#CD0347)

**consistency.** [Coagulatio](#CD0177)

**constitution.** [Complexio](#CD0190)

**contextual names.** [Cor](#CD0203)

**copper.** [Corbatum](#CD0204); [Lato](#CD0387); [Melibæum](#CD0440)

**copper materials.** [Calx Veneris](#CD0135)

**corporeality.** [Durdales](#CD0243)

**corrosion.** [Cementum](#CD0150); [Coleritium](#CD0185); [Corrosiva](#CD0210)

**cosmology.** [Archaltes](#CD0066); [Cœli planetarum](#CD0178); [Confirmamentum](#CD0192); [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Influentia](#CD0363); [Innaturalia](#CD0364); [Labor Sophiæ](#CD0381); [Limbus](#CD0398); [Magnalia](#CD0421); [Matrices rerum](#CD0436); [Microcosmus](#CD0454); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470)

**crafts.** [Kali](#CD0370)

**criticism.** [Aurum potabile](#CD0090)

**crystal.** [Cherionium](#CD0159); [Citrinulus](#CD0174); [Glacies dura](#CD0300)

**cycles.** [Avis Hermetis](#CD0094); [Clissus](#CD0176)

**death.** [Caballi](#CD0116); [Demotinus lapsus](#CD0222); [Lapsus Demotinus](#CD0385)

**degrees.** [Oleum ardens](#CD0493)

**destiny.** [Leffa](#CD0392)

**destructive conditions.** [Esthionemus](#CD0263)

**devices.** [Mangonaria](#CD0429); [Mechanopeotica](#CD0438)

**dew.** [Arles crudum](#CD0070); [Maius noster](#CD0425)

**digestion.** [Arthoicnm](#CD0076); [Cruor salis](#CD0214); [Digestio](#CD0233); [Fimus equinus](#CD0283); [Liquor herbarum](#CD0403); [Mensis Philosophicus](#CD0442)

**discharge.** [Exitura](#CD0267)

**discovery.** [Lethargius](#CD0397)

**disease explanations.** [Gluten](#CD0310)

**disease names.** [Brunus](#CD0112); [Lapsus Demotinus](#CD0385)

**dissolution.** [Deliquium](#CD0221); [Grilla](#CD0315); [Ludus](#CD0411); [Menstruum](#CD0452)

**distillation.** [Alcool vini](#CD0016); [Aqua Celestis](#CD0054); [Cohobatio](#CD0181); [Cyphantum](#CD0218); [Liquor Aquilegius](#CD0401)

**divination.** [Augurista](#CD0088); [Austromantia](#CD0093); [Berillistica](#CD0105); [Berillus](#CD0106); [Chaomancy](#CD0154); [Divinatio](#CD0237); [Edelphus](#CD0244); [Geomancy](#CD0306); [Hydromancy](#CD0334)

**Divination and signs.** [Pentacula](#CD0519); [Physiognomy](#CD0529); [Præsagium](#CD0532); [Primales](#CD0534); [Pyromancy](#CD0541); [Similitudines](#CD0602); [Somnia](#CD0609); [Sortilegium](#CD0613); [Telon](#CD0639); [Trarames](#CD0656); [Turba magna](#CD0661); [Visio](#CD0674)

**divine works.** [Magnalia](#CD0421)

**ears.** [Fugile](#CD0292)

**earth.** [Æthna](#CD0008); [Archaltes](#CD0066); [Derses](#CD0223); [Geomancy](#CD0306); [Gnomi](#CD0312)

**earth materials.** [Asphaltum](#CD0079); [Bitumen](#CD0108); [Chrysocolla](#CD0166)

**effects.** [Anodyna](#CD0046); [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055); [Attractiva](#CD0086); [Citrinula](#CD0172); [Impressiones](#CD0357)

**elements.** [Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102); [Cherio](#CD0158); [Complexio](#CD0190); [Divertalium](#CD0236); [Edelphus](#CD0244); [Elementum](#CD0247); [Ignis leonis](#CD0341); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Lemures](#CD0394); [Matrices rerum](#CD0436); [Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462); [Nenufareni](#CD0478)

**Elements and principles.** [Phenix](#CD0528); [Qualitas](#CD0542); [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Quintum esse cujuslibet Elementi per se solum](#CD0545); [Rebus](#CD0552); [Sagani](#CD0565); [Scaiolæ](#CD0591); [Silo](#CD0601); [Stannar](#CD0620); [Sulphur rerum](#CD0629); [Sylo](#CD0631); [Temperatum](#CD0640); [Terrelati](#CD0647); [Trigonum](#CD0658); [Vegetabilia](#CD0663); [Vndæ](#CD0680); [Zinck](#CD0703)

**elixir.** [Elixir](#CD0250)

**elixirs.** [Cheiri](#CD0157)

**embodiment.** [Anachmus](#CD0028); [Nymphæ](#CD0486)

**essence.** [Elixir](#CD0250); [Essatum essentiale](#CD0258); [Flos cheiri](#CD0286)

**essences.** [Chymia](#CD0165)

**expulsion.** [Emunctorium](#CD0251); [Excrementa](#CD0266)

**external remedies.** [Consolidativa](#CD0197)

**extraction.** [Balsamum de Mumiis](#CD0101); [Essentia quinta](#CD0260); [Extractum](#CD0269); [Magisterium](#CD0420)

**face.** [Gutta rosacea](#CD0319)

**ferment.** [Elixir](#CD0250); [Fermentum](#CD0276)

**fermentation.** [Iumnizum](#CD0366); [Kamir](#CD0371)

**ferns.** [Haro](#CD0323)

**fevers.** [Diaceltatesson](#CD0225)

**figurative names.** [Amianthus](#CD0024); [Aqua Celestis](#CD0054); [Aquila](#CD0062); [Arbor Maris](#CD0064); [Aurum vivum](#CD0092); [Avis Hermetis](#CD0094); [Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114); [Caput corvi](#CD0137); [Carbones cœli](#CD0139); [Cauda vulpis rubicundi](#CD0146); [Character veneris](#CD0156)

**fire.** [Æthna](#CD0008); [Æthnici](#CD0009); [Amianthus](#CD0024); [Anthonor](#CD0051); [Ardentia](#CD0068); [Astrum ex igne](#CD0084); [Athanor](#CD0085); [Fixatio](#CD0284); [Fusio](#CD0296); [Ignis leonis](#CD0341); [Nitriales](#CD0481)

**Fire.** [Penates](#CD0518); [Phenix](#CD0528); [Pyromancy](#CD0541); [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Sol in homine](#CD0607); [Soladini](#CD0608); [Sublimatio](#CD0626); [Telon](#CD0639); [Trifertes](#CD0657); [Vulcanii](#CD0687); [Vulcanus](#CD0688)

**fire language.** [Ignis Persicus](#CD0342)

**first being.** [Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450)

**first matter.** [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Caleruth](#CD0123); [Chaos](#CD0155); [Ilech crudum](#CD0344); [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Limbus](#CD0398); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470)

**fixedness.** [Fermentum](#CD0276); [Fixatio](#CD0284)

**fixity.** [Calx permanens](#CD0133); [Cherionium](#CD0159); [Lapis](#CD0383)

**flesh.** [Escara](#CD0256)

**flowers.** [Hellebria](#CD0325)

**flows.** [Congelativa](#CD0194)

**flying creatures.** [Macha](#CD0417)

**food materials.** [Amidum](#CD0025); [Caseus præparatus](#CD0143); [Claretta](#CD0175)

**forging.** [Gladialis](#CD0301)

**forms.** [Adech](#CD0004); [Folia daure](#CD0288); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

**four elements.** [Iliaster](#CD0349)

**fourfold life.** [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

**fractions.** [Faba](#CD0271)

**fruits.** [Hydri](#CD0333)

**fumes.** [Fumigatio](#CD0295)

**furnaces.** [Descensorium](#CD0224)

**generation.** [Archeius](#CD0067); [Dardo](#CD0219); [Divertalium](#CD0236); [Enur](#CD0254); [Gemma tartarea](#CD0304); [Genula](#CD0305); [Kachimia](#CD0368); [Leffa](#CD0392); [Leffas](#CD0393); [Marcasita](#CD0431); [Mater metallorum](#CD0434); [Matrices rerum](#CD0436); [Monstra](#CD0458); [Nebulgea](#CD0475)

**glass.** [Anatrum](#CD0031); [Fel vitri](#CD0275)

**gold.** [Anthos](#CD0033); [Aurum planatum](#CD0089); [Aurum potabile](#CD0090); [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091); [Calx Solis](#CD0131); [Chrysos](#CD0167); [Cor](#CD0203); [Discus solis](#CD0235); [Fido](#CD0279); [Flos cheiri](#CD0286); [Folia daure](#CD0288); [Horion](#CD0331); [Obrizum](#CD0489)

**growth.** [Derses](#CD0223); [Iliaster](#CD0350); [Laxa Chimolea](#CD0390); [Locustæ](#CD0409)

**gum.** [Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](#CD0406)

**habitats.** [Dienez](#CD0232)

**heart.** [Confortativa](#CD0193)

**heating.** [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098); [Balneum roris](#CD0099)

**heavenly influence.** [Guarini](#CD0316)

**hellebore.** [Daura](#CD0220); [Hellebria](#CD0325); [Mandella](#CD0427)

**herb names.** [Karlina](#CD0374); [Laudina](#CD0389)

**herbal extracts.** [Melissa](#CD0441)

**herbs.** [Liquor herbarum](#CD0403)

**higher and lower.** [Ilech magnum](#CD0345)

**historical judgements.** [Exorcista](#CD0268); [Græca Magia](#CD0313); [Idiotæ](#CD0339)

**historical medicine.** [Amygdale](#CD0027); [Anatomia Essata](#CD0030); [Anodyna](#CD0046); [Antera](#CD0049); [Aphorismus](#CD0052); [Aqua Saturnia](#CD0059); [Aridura](#CD0069); [Asaphatum](#CD0077); [Asthma](#CD0082); [Attractiva](#CD0086); [Aurum potabile](#CD0090); [Bothor](#CD0109); [Brunus](#CD0112); [Calcedonium tartarum](#CD0117); [Calcinatum majus](#CD0120); [Calcinatum minus](#CD0121); [Cambuca](#CD0136); [Carbunculus](#CD0140); [Cardonium](#CD0141); [Cassatum](#CD0144); [Cenigdam](#CD0151); [Ceniotemium](#CD0152); [Colica](#CD0186); [Collatenna](#CD0187); [Confortativa](#CD0193); [Congelativa](#CD0194); [Conservativa](#CD0196); [Consolidativa](#CD0197); [Constrictiva](#CD0199); [Contorsio](#CD0200); [Contractio](#CD0201); [Corrosiva](#CD0210); [Demotinus lapsus](#CD0222); [Diaceltatesson](#CD0225); [Diaphoreticum](#CD0229); [Diasatyrion](#CD0230); [Dubelech](#CD0239); [Duelech](#CD0240); [Emunctorium](#CD0251); [Escara](#CD0256); [Essaræ](#CD0257); [Esthionemus](#CD0263); [Exitura](#CD0267); [Ficus cutis](#CD0277); [Formicæ](#CD0291); [Fugile](#CD0292); [Gibar](#CD0307); [Gluten](#CD0310); [Gutta rosacea](#CD0319); [Icteritia rubea](#CD0337); [Ignis Persicus](#CD0342)

**honey.** [Hel](#CD0324)

**human being.** [Adech](#CD0004); [Aniadum](#CD0038); [Confirmamentum](#CD0192); [Guarini](#CD0316); [Ileidus](#CD0348); [Imaginatio](#CD0355); [Inclinatio](#CD0360); [Microcosmus](#CD0454)

**human forms.** [Gigantes](#CD0308)

**human generation.** [Limbus](#CD0398)

**human materials.** [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405)

**human-like forms.** [Gnomi](#CD0312); [Inanimati](#CD0359)

**humours.** [Liquor essentialis](#CD0402)

**ideas.** [Idea](#CD0338)

**Iliaster.** [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Iliaster](#CD0350); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353); [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

**illicit arts.** [Nigromancy](#CD0480)

**images.** [Gamahei](#CD0297); [Gamathei](#CD0298); [Homunculus](#CD0330); [Imagines](#CD0356)

**imagination.** [Adech](#CD0004); [Idea](#CD0338); [Imaginatio](#CD0355)

**impressions.** [Constellatio](#CD0198); [Gamahei](#CD0297); [Impressiones](#CD0357)

**inclination.** [Caleruth](#CD0123); [Inclinatio](#CD0360)

**incorruptibility.** [Essentia quinta](#CD0260)

**infancy.** [Neutha](#CD0479)

**influence.** [Influentia](#CD0363)

**instruments.** [Neboch](#CD0474)

**Instruments and vessels.** [Organopeotica](#CD0504); [Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511); [Pelicanus](#CD0517); [Pentacula](#CD0519); [Phiala](#CD0526); [Pyramis](#CD0540); [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Rillus](#CD0562); [Thamatica](#CD0649); [Viltrum philosophorum](#CD0666); [Virgulta fossorum](#CD0670)

**intermediate matter.** [Lephante](#CD0395)

**interpretation.** [Æs](#CD0006); [Alcaest](#CD0011); [Alcol](#CD0015); [Anthos](#CD0033); [Annus Platonicus](#CD0044); [Aqua celestina](#CD0053); [Aquaster](#CD0061); [Attramentum](#CD0087); [Aurum vivum](#CD0092); [Cheiri](#CD0157); [Chifir Minerale](#CD0162)

**invisibility.** [Corpus invisibile](#CD0209)

**iron.** [Calx Martis](#CD0129); [Edir](#CD0245); [Hadid](#CD0320)

**joints.** [Nodi](#CD0483)

**juices.** [Hydri](#CD0333)

**knowledge.** [Bruta](#CD0113); [Cautela](#CD0147); [Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207); [Flagæ](#CD0285); [Magia](#CD0418); [Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419); [Magnalia](#CD0421); [Necromancy](#CD0477); [Nigromancy](#CD0480)

**language.** [Liquor](#CD0400); [Nymphidica](#CD0487)

**Language and interpretation.** [Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508); [Phenix](#CD0528); [Supermonicum](#CD0630); [Vnitas Trithemii](#CD0682); [Vulcanus](#CD0688); [Xeninephidei](#CD0693)

**lead.** [Altey plumbi](#CD0021); [Anima Saturni](#CD0041); [Butyrum Saturni](#CD0114); [Calx Saturni](#CD0134); [Cauda vulpis rubicundi](#CD0146); [Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242); [Minium](#CD0455)

**life.** [Aniada](#CD0036); [Annus Aniadin](#CD0043); [Enochdianum](#CD0252); [Humor vitæ](#CD0332); [Iliaster](#CD0349); [Iliaster](#CD0350); [Iliaster primus](#CD0351); [Iliaster secundus](#CD0352); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353); [Locus vitæ](#CD0408); [Necrolica](#CD0476)

**limits.** [Gigantes](#CD0308)

**liquid media.** [Menstruum](#CD0452)

**liquidity.** [Liquidum de resoluto](#CD0399)

**liquids.** [Aqua lubricata](#CD0057); [Baurac](#CD0104); [Coleritium](#CD0185); [Cotoronium](#CD0213); [Kymenna](#CD0379); [Muria](#CD0465); [Muscilago](#CD0466)

**liquors.** [Liquor](#CD0400); [Materia saphirea](#CD0435); [Mumia versa](#CD0464)

**litharge.** [Cycima](#CD0216)

**longevity.** [Enochdianum](#CD0252)

**love.** [Character veneris](#CD0156)

**lumps.** [Nasda](#CD0473)

**lunar names.** [Lunaria](#CD0415)

**lyes.** [Laterium](#CD0386)

**magic.** [Magia](#CD0418); [Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419); [Magoreum](#CD0424)

**magisteries.** [Magisterium](#CD0420)

**major concepts.** [Alchymia](#CD0013); [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Archeius](#CD0067); [Astrum](#CD0083); [Azoth](#CD0097); [Cabela](#CD0115)

**making.** [Andena](#CD0032); [Calcitis](#CD0122)

**manna.** [Manna](#CD0430); [Melissa](#CD0441); [Mumia transmarina](#CD0463); [Nuba](#CD0485)

**marine materials.** [Arbor Maris](#CD0064)

**marks.** [Essodinum](#CD0262); [Hydropiper](#CD0335)

**material forms.** [Aurum planatum](#CD0089)

**material states.** [Metallum currens](#CD0453)

**materials.** [Ardentia](#CD0068); [Attramentum](#CD0087); [Cafa](#CD0118); [Congluten](#CD0195); [Cycima](#CD0216); [Duenech](#CD0241); [Fel vitri](#CD0275); [Fuligo Metallorum](#CD0293); [Glutinis tenacitas](#CD0311); [Hel](#CD0324)

**matter.** [Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206); [Corpus](#CD0208)

**means of preparation.** [Fimus equinus](#CD0283)

**measures.** [Carena](#CD0142); [Cist](#CD0171); [Cometz](#CD0189); [Faba](#CD0271); [Karena](#CD0373); [Kist](#CD0377)

**Measures and quantities.** [Pars cum parte](#CD0515); [Periodus](#CD0523); [Toruscula](#CD0654); [Verto](#CD0665)

**medicine.** [Incarnativa](#CD0361); [Ios](#CD0365); [Lapsus Demotinus](#CD0385); [Laudanum](#CD0388); [Laxativa](#CD0391); [Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404); [Liquor salis](#CD0407); [Ludus](#CD0411); [Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423); [Magoreum](#CD0424); [Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432); [Maturativa](#CD0437); [Mitigativa](#CD0457); [Morus](#CD0459); [Mulæ](#CD0460); [Mundificativa](#CD0467); [Nacta](#CD0471); [Narcotica](#CD0472); [Nasda](#CD0473); [Necrolica](#CD0476); [Neutha](#CD0479); [Nodi](#CD0483); [Odorifera](#CD0491)

**medicines.** [Ilech magnum](#CD0345)

**melting.** [Colliquation](#CD0188); [Fusio](#CD0296)

**mercurial terms.** [Liquor Mercurii](#CD0404); [Mercurius mineralium](#CD0449); [Mercurialis seva](#CD0451)

**mercurial water.** [Lac Virginis](#CD0382)

**mercury.** [Alembroth](#CD0019); [Amalgama](#CD0023); [Anatris](#CD0035); [Anima](#CD0040); [Anterit](#CD0050); [Aqua celestina](#CD0053); [Aquila](#CD0062); [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Aurum vivum](#CD0092); [Avis Hermetis](#CD0094); [Azoth](#CD0097); [Balsamum Elementorum externum](#CD0102); [Calx Mercurii](#CD0130); [Ceniotemium](#CD0152); [Cheiri](#CD0157); [Diatessadelton](#CD0231); [Discus solis](#CD0235); [Fel Draconis](#CD0274); [Fido](#CD0279); [Fuligo Metallorum](#CD0293); [Guma](#CD0317); [Horion](#CD0331); [Kimit elevatum](#CD0376); [Luna compacta](#CD0414); [Mater metallorum](#CD0434); [Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](#CD0443); [Mercurius Corallinus](#CD0444); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445); [Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446); [Mercurius laxus](#CD0447); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448); [Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450); [Metallum currens](#CD0453); [Missadam](#CD0456); [Myssadar](#CD0469)

**metallic matter.** [Kobalt](#CD0378); [Magnesia](#CD0422)

**metals.** [Æs](#CD0006); [Amalgama](#CD0023); [Andena](#CD0032); [Aquila Philosophorum](#CD0063); [Arsenicum](#CD0074); [Bismutum](#CD0107); [Calcitis](#CD0122); [Cementum](#CD0150); [Chifir Minerale](#CD0162); [Cineritium](#CD0169); [Coleritium](#CD0185); [Cor](#CD0203); [Corbatum](#CD0204); [Cydar](#CD0217); [Edir](#CD0245); [Electrum](#CD0246); [Fida](#CD0278); [Gibar](#CD0307); [Hadid](#CD0320); [Imagines](#CD0356); [Iupiter](#CD0367); [Kachimia](#CD0368); [Kobalt](#CD0378); [Lato](#CD0387); [Lethargyrium](#CD0396); [Luna](#CD0413); [Luna compacta](#CD0414); [Marcasita](#CD0431); [Martath](#CD0433); [Mater metallorum](#CD0434); [Melibæum](#CD0440); [Mercurius à naturâ coagulatus](#CD0443); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445); [Metallum currens](#CD0453); [Missadam](#CD0456); [Myssadar](#CD0469)

**Metals and minerals.** [Oleum Vitrioli aurificatum](#CD0496); [Operimethiolim](#CD0498); [Orizeum](#CD0506); [Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507); [Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508); [Orobo](#CD0509); [Ozo](#CD0512); [Pars cum parte](#CD0515); [Pauladadum](#CD0516); [Plumbum Philosophorum](#CD0530); [Quartatio](#CD0543); [Realgar](#CD0548); [Redue](#CD0553); [Regale](#CD0554); [Regulus](#CD0555); [Resina auri](#CD0558); [Resina terræ](#CD0559); [Rillus](#CD0562); [Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569); [Sandaracha](#CD0584); [Saxifragus](#CD0589); [Semen veneris](#CD0595); [Sibar](#CD0600); [Spara](#CD0616); [Stannar](#CD0620); [Stellio adustus](#CD0622); [Stibium](#CD0623); [Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628); [Talk](#CD0636); [Tenacitas glutinis](#CD0641); [Terra argenti](#CD0643); [Terra auri](#CD0644); [Terra fidelis](#CD0645); [Terra Hispanica](#CD0646); [Thisma](#CD0651); [Tracksat](#CD0655); [Truphat](#CD0660); [Turbith minerale](#CD0662); [Vitriolatum](#CD0675); [Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676); [Vniones](#CD0683); [Volans](#CD0684); [Vzifur](#CD0689); [Wismodt](#CD0691); [Zaidar](#CD0697); [Zaidir](#CD0698); [Zarfa](#CD0699); [Zelotum](#CD0700); [Zerus](#CD0701); [Zoraba](#CD0702); [Zinck](#CD0703); [Ziniar](#CD0704); [Zuitter](#CD0705); [Zymar](#CD0706)

**microcosm.** [Microcosmus](#CD0454)

**milk.** [Lustrum](#CD0416)

**Mind and soul.** [Olympicus spiritus](#CD0497); [Scaiolæ](#CD0591); [Somnia](#CD0609); [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619); [Succubus](#CD0627); [Syphita stricta](#CD0635)

**minerals.** [Alcofol](#CD0014); [Almizadir](#CD0020); [Arsaneck](#CD0073); [Azemasor](#CD0096); [Calcanthum](#CD0119); [Lephante](#CD0395)

**minerals and plants.** [Essatum essentiale](#CD0258)

**mines.** [Lethargius](#CD0397); [Mercurius mineralium](#CD0449)

**moisture.** [Humor vitæ](#CD0332)

**motion.** [Lorindt](#CD0410)

**movement.** [Contractio](#CD0201)

**multiple meanings.** [Cornu cervi](#CD0205); [Cyphantum](#CD0218); [Electrum](#CD0246); [Fida](#CD0278); [Fido](#CD0279); [Fuligo Metallorum](#CD0293); [Hydri](#CD0333)

**multiple senses.** [Antera](#CD0049); [Arsenicum](#CD0074); [Ascendentia signa](#CD0078); [Attramentum](#CD0087); [Cauterium](#CD0148); [Chaos](#CD0155); [Magnesia](#CD0422)

**mumia.** [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095); [Helismidan](#CD0327); [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405); [Mumia](#CD0461); [Mumia transmarina](#CD0463); [Mumia versa](#CD0464)

**named preparations.** [Heliotropium](#CD0326)

**named remedies.** [Diaceltatesson](#CD0225); [Diasatyrion](#CD0230)

**named waters.** [Elephas](#CD0248)

**names.** [Corbatum](#CD0204); [Coruscus](#CD0212); [Cycima](#CD0216); [Daura](#CD0220); [Diapensia](#CD0227); [Duenech](#CD0241); [Essaræ](#CD0257); [Ezezich](#CD0270); [Fabiola](#CD0272); [Fulmen](#CD0294); [Glacies dura](#CD0300); [Gelion](#CD0302); [Geluta](#CD0303); [Guma](#CD0317); [Hadid](#CD0320); [Hal](#CD0321); [Harmel](#CD0322); [Hel](#CD0324); [Icteritia rubea](#CD0337); [Ignis leonis](#CD0341); [Inanimati](#CD0359); [Ios](#CD0365); [Iumnizum](#CD0366); [Kald](#CD0369); [Kamir](#CD0371); [Kaprili](#CD0372); [Kibrith](#CD0375); [Kist](#CD0377); [Kyram](#CD0380); [Labor Sophiæ](#CD0381); [Lac Virginis](#CD0382); [Lethargius](#CD0397); [Lumbrici Nitri](#CD0412); [Luna compacta](#CD0414); [Lustrum](#CD0416); [Malek](#CD0426); [Martath](#CD0433); [Melibæum](#CD0440); [Mercurius laxus](#CD0447); [Missadam](#CD0456); [Muria](#CD0465); [Myssadar](#CD0469); [Nitrum](#CD0482); [Nysadir](#CD0488); [Ocob](#CD0490); [Oleum squaminum](#CD0495)

**natural agency.** [Archeius](#CD0067)

**natural materials.** [Calcinatum minus](#CD0121); [Calliette](#CD0125)

**natural philosophy.** [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Corpus](#CD0208); [Elementum](#CD0247); [Gamonynum](#CD0299)

**Natural places.** [Pauladadum](#CD0516); [Phantasmata](#CD0525); [Sal congelatum](#CD0570); [Sal petre](#CD0573); [Sal nitrum](#CD0574); [Scirona](#CD0592); [Tereniabin](#CD0642); [Thisma](#CD0651); [Tracksat](#CD0655); [Tronus](#CD0659); [Virgulta fossorum](#CD0670)

**natural processes.** [Æthna](#CD0008); [Amnis alcalisatus](#CD0026)

**natural substances.** [Kyram](#CD0380); [Lustrum](#CD0416); [Nostoch](#CD0484); [Nuba](#CD0485)

**natural wisdom.** [Magia](#CD0418)

**nature.** [Chiromancy](#CD0163); [Liquidum de resoluto](#CD0399)

**Nature.** [Excrementa](#CD0266); [Gigantes](#CD0308); [Iliaster](#CD0350); [Inclinatio](#CD0360)

**nature and art.** [Cherionium](#CD0159)

**necromancy.** [Neboch](#CD0474); [Necromancy](#CD0477)

**nourishment.** [Liquor essentialis](#CD0402)

**Number and order.** [Vnitas Trithemii](#CD0682)

**obstruction.** [Cassatum](#CD0144)

**odours.** [Odorifera](#CD0491)

**oiliness.** [Oleitas rerum](#CD0492)

**oils.** [Arthoicnm](#CD0076); [Liquor](#CD0400); [Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](#CD0406); [Mandibularum liquor](#CD0428); [Oleum Calcotharinum](#CD0494)

**operations.** [Æstphara](#CD0007); [Alcali](#CD0012); [Alchymia](#CD0013); [Amalgama](#CD0023); [Caput mortuum](#CD0138); [Cementum](#CD0150); [Cinificatum](#CD0170); [Coagulatio](#CD0177); [Cohobatio](#CD0181); [Cohopb](#CD0182); [Colliquation](#CD0188); [Deliquium](#CD0221); [Digestio](#CD0233); [Elevation](#CD0249); [Exaltatio](#CD0265); [Filtratio](#CD0281); [Fimus equinus](#CD0283); [Fixatio](#CD0284); [Fumigatio](#CD0295); [Fusio](#CD0296); [Iumnizum](#CD0366); [Kamir](#CD0371); [Magisterium](#CD0420); [Mensis Philosophicus](#CD0442); [Menstruum](#CD0452); [Nitriales](#CD0481)

**Operations.** [Ovum Philosophicum](#CD0511); [Pelicanus](#CD0517); [Pusta](#CD0538); [Quartatio](#CD0543); [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Redue](#CD0553); [Regale](#CD0554); [Regulus](#CD0555); [Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560); [Reverberatorium](#CD0561); [Rubella](#CD0564); [Sal enixum](#CD0571); [Saphirea materia](#CD0586); [Spagiria](#CD0614); [Spagirus](#CD0615); [Sublimatio](#CD0626); [Tinctura](#CD0653); [Trigonum](#CD0658); [Vitriolatum](#CD0675); [Volatile](#CD0685); [Ysopus](#CD0696)

**ores.** [Kachimia](#CD0368); [Marcasita](#CD0431); [Mercurius Crudus](#CD0445)

**origins.** [Acetum radicale](#CD0002); [Anatomia Essata](#CD0030); [Ilech primum](#CD0346)

**pain.** [Mitigativa](#CD0457)

**Paracelsian terminology.** [Heliotropium](#CD0326)

**Paracelsian texts.** [Homunculus](#CD0330)

**Paracelsus.** [Laudanum](#CD0388)

**paradise.** [Aniaday](#CD0037)

**parts.** [Gelion](#CD0302)

**patterns.** [Idea](#CD0338)

**people.** [Artetiscus](#CD0075); [Augurista](#CD0088); [Cautela](#CD0147); [Cedurini](#CD0149)

**Philosophers Stone.** [Filius unius Diei](#CD0280); [Filum arsenicale](#CD0282)

**philosophers stone.** [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384)

**philosophers’ stone.** [Anontagius](#CD0047); [Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179)

**philosophical names.** [Maius noster](#CD0425)

**philosophical substances.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001); [Anima](#CD0040); [Anima Saturni](#CD0041); [Aqua permanens](#CD0058); [Cortex Maris](#CD0211); [Flos cheiri](#CD0286); [Horion](#CD0331)

**pitch.** [Gluta](#CD0309)

**planetary names.** [Cydar](#CD0217); [Electrum](#CD0246); [Iupiter](#CD0367); [Luna](#CD0413)

**planets.** [Cœli planetarum](#CD0178)

**plant parts.** [Locustæ](#CD0409)

**plants.** [Alandahal](#CD0010); [Anthos](#CD0033); [Antera](#CD0049); [Aroph](#CD0072); [Arthoicnm](#CD0076); [Assala](#CD0080); [Brassadella](#CD0111); [Cardonium](#CD0141); [Cheiri](#CD0157); [Cherva](#CD0161); [Citrinula](#CD0172); [Clissus](#CD0176); [Collatenna](#CD0187); [Cornu cervi](#CD0205); [Coruscus](#CD0212); [Daura](#CD0220); [Diapensia](#CD0227); [Dracunculus](#CD0238); [Fabiola](#CD0272); [Flos sectarum Croe](#CD0287); [Gelion](#CD0302); [Geluta](#CD0303); [Genula](#CD0305); [Gumicula](#CD0318); [Harmel](#CD0322); [Haro](#CD0323); [Hellebria](#CD0325); [Hinicula](#CD0329); [Hydropiper](#CD0335); [Iassa](#CD0336); [Karlina](#CD0374); [Laudina](#CD0389); [Leffa](#CD0392); [Leffas](#CD0393); [Locustæ](#CD0409); [Mandella](#CD0427)

**plants and fungi.** [Fædula](#CD0273)

**plants and growths.** [Calliette](#CD0125)

**poisons.** [Ios](#CD0365)

**polemical language.** [Augurista](#CD0088); [Austromantia](#CD0093); [Berillus](#CD0106); [Cabela](#CD0115); [Cedurini](#CD0149)

**powers.** [Aniadus](#CD0039); [Arcanum](#CD0065); [Astrum](#CD0083); [Astrum ex igne](#CD0084); [Cherio](#CD0158); [Cherubin](#CD0160); [Clissus](#CD0176)

**Powers and virtues.** [Operimethiolim](#CD0498); [Orizonæternitatis](#CD0505); [Senio maximus](#CD0596); [Seraphin](#CD0598); [Spara](#CD0616); [Spiritus Animalis](#CD0619); [Staraphaxat](#CD0621); [Truphat](#CD0660); [Vinum essatum](#CD0668); [Yrcus](#CD0695)

**practice.** [Berillistica](#CD0105)

**practitioners.** [Edelphus](#CD0244); [Exorcista](#CD0268); [Idiotæ](#CD0339)

**precipitation.** [Calx Mercurii](#CD0130); [Diatessadelton](#CD0231); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448); [Minium](#CD0455)

**preparation.** [Astrum](#CD0083); [Aurum vitæ](#CD0091); [Calcinatum majus](#CD0120)

**preparations.** [Alcol](#CD0015); [Cineritium](#CD0169); [Colcothar](#CD0184); [Diatessadelton](#CD0231); [Entali](#CD0253); [Helismidan](#CD0327); [Ignis pruinus adeptus](#CD0343); [Kimit elevatum](#CD0376); [Lac Virginis](#CD0382); [Laterium](#CD0386); [Liquor Aquilegius](#CD0401); [Liquor herbarum](#CD0403); [Liquor Mumiæ de gummi](#CD0406); [Magnesia](#CD0422); [Mandibularum liquor](#CD0428); [Materia saphirea](#CD0435); [Melissa](#CD0441); [Mercurius Corallinus](#CD0444); [Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446); [Mercurius laxus](#CD0447); [Mercurius metallorum præcipitatus](#CD0448); [Mercurius mineralium](#CD0449); [Mercurialis seva](#CD0451); [Minium](#CD0455); [Mumia versa](#CD0464); [Obrizum](#CD0489); [Oleum ardens](#CD0493); [Oleum Calcotharinum](#CD0494); [Oleum squaminum](#CD0495)

**Preparations.** [Oleum Vitrioli aurificatum](#CD0496); [Oppodeltoch](#CD0500); [Opopopyron Laudani](#CD0501); [Orizeum foliatum](#CD0507); [Orizeum præcipitatum](#CD0508); [Orobo](#CD0509); [Perdomium](#CD0522); [Plumbum Philosophorum](#CD0530); [Preservativa](#CD0533); [Pusta](#CD0538); [Resina auri](#CD0558); [Resina terræ potabilis](#CD0560); [Rubella](#CD0564); [Sal aluminosum](#CD0566); [Sal anathron](#CD0567); [Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569); [Sal Mercurii](#CD0572); [Sal nitrum](#CD0574); [Sal practicum](#CD0575); [Sal taberzet](#CD0577); [Sanguis calcetus](#CD0585); [Saphirea materia](#CD0586); [Sapo sapientiæ](#CD0587); [Scacurcula](#CD0590); [Scuma](#CD0593); [Semen veneris](#CD0595); [Simus](#CD0603); [Sperma aquæ fortis](#CD0617); [Sperniolum](#CD0618); [Sulphur vitriolatum](#CD0628); [Terra argenti](#CD0643); [Terra auri](#CD0644); [Thaphneus](#CD0650); [Tinctura](#CD0653); [Turbith minerale](#CD0662); [Vinum correctum](#CD0667); [Vinum essatum](#CD0668); [Viriditas salis](#CD0669); [Viscus](#CD0672); [Viscus secundæ generationis](#CD0673); [Vitriolatum](#CD0675); [Vrina vini](#CD0686); [Xenectum](#CD0692)

**preparative relations.** [Discus solis](#CD0235); [Fel Draconis](#CD0274)

**prepared forms.** [Alembrot](#CD0018); [Altey plumbi](#CD0021); [Amidum](#CD0025); [Anatrum](#CD0031); [Aqua fecum vini](#CD0056); [Aqua lubricata](#CD0057); [Arsaneck](#CD0073); [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Calx Iovis](#CD0126); [Calx Martis](#CD0129); [Calx Solis](#CD0131); [Ceniotemium](#CD0152); [Cerviculæ](#CD0153); [Citrinulum](#CD0173)

**presages.** [Erodinium](#CD0255); [Essodinum](#CD0262)

**preservation.** [Balsamum](#CD0100); [Conservativa](#CD0196); [Liquor salis](#CD0407); [Necrolica](#CD0476)

**principles.** [Elementum](#CD0247); [Ilech crudum](#CD0344); [Ilech primum](#CD0346); [Kaprili](#CD0372); [Kibrith](#CD0375); [Lapis](#CD0383); [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384); [Lunaria](#CD0415); [Maius noster](#CD0425); [Mercurius regeneratus](#CD0450); [Mumia Elementorum](#CD0462); [Mysterium magnum](#CD0470); [Oleitas rerum](#CD0492)

**products.** [Extractum](#CD0269)

**propagation.** [Dardo](#CD0219)

**properties.** [Aniadus](#CD0039); [Ardentia](#CD0068); [Aromata](#CD0071); [Calx permanens](#CD0133); [Kobalt](#CD0378)

**prophecy.** [Evestrum](#CD0264)

**protection.** [Character veneris](#CD0156)

**providence.** [Archaltes](#CD0066)

**purification.** [Essentia quinta](#CD0260); [Fulmen](#CD0294); [Impurum alcali](#CD0358)

**purity.** [Materia saphirea](#CD0435)

**pustules.** [Mulæ](#CD0460)

**putrefaction.** [Congluten](#CD0195)

**Pygmies.** [Inanimati](#CD0359)

**qualities.** [Cherio](#CD0158); [Complexio](#CD0190); [Diameter Spagiricus](#CD0226); [Diaphanum](#CD0228); [Kymenna](#CD0379); [Liquidum de resoluto](#CD0399); [Lorindt](#CD0410); [Mulæ](#CD0460); [Muscilago](#CD0466)

**Qualities.** [Orexis](#CD0503); [Panna](#CD0514); [Perdetæ](#CD0521); [Pionitides](#CD0527); [Qualitas](#CD0542); [Relloleum](#CD0556); [Sanguis calcetus](#CD0585); [Sephirus](#CD0597); [Stiptica](#CD0624); [Talk](#CD0636); [Temperatum](#CD0640); [Tenacitas glutinis](#CD0641); [Veneris gradus](#CD0664); [Viriditas salis](#CD0669); [Vitriolum Novum](#CD0676); [Volatile](#CD0685); [Wismodt](#CD0691); [Zelotum](#CD0700)

**quantities.** [Cometz](#CD0189); [Karena](#CD0373)

**quantity.** [Carena](#CD0142)

**quintessence.** [Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179); [Essentia quinta](#CD0260); [Ignis pruinus adeptus](#CD0343); [Iliaster tertius](#CD0353)

**reason.** [Corpora supercœlestia](#CD0207)

**reasoning.** [Aphorismus](#CD0052)

**rectification.** [Essatum vinum](#CD0259)

**refining.** [Lethargyrium](#CD0396); [Martath](#CD0433)

**regeneration.** [Aniadum](#CD0038)

**religious names.** [Iassa](#CD0336)

**remedy classes.** [Confortativa](#CD0193); [Congelativa](#CD0194); [Diaphoreticum](#CD0229)

**renewal.** [Aniaday](#CD0037)

**repetition.** [Cohobatio](#CD0181)

**reported occurrence.** [Nuba](#CD0485)

**residues.** [Caput mortuum](#CD0138); [Caseus præparatus](#CD0143); [Chymus](#CD0168); [Colcothar](#CD0184); [Fel vitri](#CD0275); [Henricus rubeus](#CD0328); [Impurum alcali](#CD0358); [Lethargyrium](#CD0396)

**resins.** [Botin](#CD0110); [Glutinis tenacitas](#CD0311)

**return.** [Clissus](#CD0176)

**sal ammoniac.** [Nysadir](#CD0488); [Ocob](#CD0490)

**salt.** [Liquor salis](#CD0407)

**saltpetre.** [Nitrum](#CD0482)

**salts.** [Alcali](#CD0012); [Alembrot](#CD0018); [Alembroth](#CD0019); [Amnis alcalisatus](#CD0026); [Anathron](#CD0029); [Anticar](#CD0034); [Anotasier](#CD0048); [Aqua fecum vini](#CD0056); [Aquila](#CD0062); [Arsenicum](#CD0074); [Baurac](#CD0104); [Callena](#CD0124); [Citrinulum](#CD0173); [Cruor salis](#CD0214); [Entali](#CD0253); [Ezezich](#CD0270); [Hal](#CD0321); [Laxa Chimolea](#CD0390); [Malek](#CD0426); [Muria](#CD0465); [Nebulgea](#CD0475); [Nitrum](#CD0482); [Nysadir](#CD0488); [Ocob](#CD0490)

**Salts.** [Pruinum](#CD0535); [Sal aluminosum](#CD0566); [Sal anathron](#CD0567); [Sal crystallinum](#CD0568); [Sal Calcotharinum](#CD0569); [Sal congelatum](#CD0570); [Sal enixum](#CD0571); [Sal Mercurii](#CD0572); [Sal petre](#CD0573); [Sal nitrum](#CD0574); [Sal practicum](#CD0575); [Sal scissum](#CD0576); [Sal taberzet](#CD0577); [Sallena](#CD0580); [Saltabari](#CD0581); [Saltz](#CD0582); [Samech](#CD0583); [Sapo sapientiæ](#CD0587); [Tartarum](#CD0638); [Tinkar](#CD0652); [Viriditas salis](#CD0669); [Viscus secundæ generationis](#CD0673)

**scent.** [Aromata](#CD0071)

**scriptural examples.** [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354)

**seasonal materials.** [Arles crudum](#CD0070)

**seasonal occurrence.** [Nostoch](#CD0484)

**secret knowledge.** [Cabela](#CD0115)

**secrets.** [Flagæ](#CD0285); [Magia Metaphysica](#CD0419); [Magoreum](#CD0424)

**seeds.** [Harmel](#CD0322); [Mandella](#CD0427)

**sensory properties.** [Melaones](#CD0439)

**separation.** [Anodus](#CD0045); [Chymia](#CD0165); [Chymus](#CD0168); [Compositum](#CD0191); [Cruor salis](#CD0214); [Descensorium](#CD0224); [Digestio](#CD0233); [Extractum](#CD0269); [Filtratio](#CD0281)

**signatures.** [Gamathei](#CD0298)

**signs.** [Caleruth](#CD0123); [Chiromancy](#CD0163); [Divinatio](#CD0237); [Erodinium](#CD0255); [Essodinum](#CD0262); [Evestrum](#CD0264); [Geomancy](#CD0306); [Hydromancy](#CD0334)

**silver.** [Calx Luna](#CD0128); [Cathimia](#CD0145); [Fulmen](#CD0294); [Luna](#CD0413)

**skin.** [Asaphatum](#CD0077); [Bothor](#CD0109); [Carbunculus](#CD0140); [Essaræ](#CD0257); [Formicæ](#CD0291); [Icteritia rubea](#CD0337); [Neutha](#CD0479)

**sleep.** [Incubus](#CD0362); [Narcotica](#CD0472)

**solution.** [Aqua permanens](#CD0058)

**solvents.** [Acetum Philosophorum](#CD0001); [Acetum radicale](#CD0002); [Alcaest](#CD0011); [Aqua corrodens](#CD0055); [Aqua solvens](#CD0060); [Cortex Maris](#CD0211); [Elephas](#CD0248)

**Solvents.** [Warnus](#CD0690); [Xisinum](#CD0694)

**soul.** [Corpus invisibile](#CD0209); [Iliaster magnus](#CD0354); [Locus vitæ](#CD0408)

**spagyric art.** [Nymphidica](#CD0487)

**spagyrics.** [Corpora cœlestia Spagyrorum](#CD0206); [Diameter Spagiricus](#CD0226)

**spatial terms.** [Cœlum Spagiricum](#CD0180)

**spelling distinctions.** [Citrinulus](#CD0174); [Fida](#CD0278)

**spirits.** [Aerdadi](#CD0005); [Æthnici](#CD0009); [Anachmus](#CD0028); [Ascendentia signa](#CD0078); [Caballi](#CD0116); [Dienez](#CD0232); [Durdales](#CD0243); [Essatum vinum](#CD0259); [Evestrum](#CD0264); [Exorcista](#CD0268); [Flagæ](#CD0285); [Gnomi](#CD0312); [Ileidus](#CD0348); [Incubus](#CD0362); [Lemures](#CD0394); [Necromancy](#CD0477); [Nenufareni](#CD0478); [Nigromancy](#CD0480); [Nymphæ](#CD0486)

**Spirits and beings.** [Penates](#CD0518); [Pentacula](#CD0519); [Phantasmata](#CD0525); [Pygmeæ](#CD0539); [Quintum esse cujuslibet Elementi per se solum](#CD0545); [Sagani](#CD0565); [Salamandri](#CD0578); [Saldini](#CD0579); [Seraphin](#CD0598); [Soladini](#CD0608); [Sortilegium](#CD0613); [Succubus](#CD0627); [Sylphes](#CD0632); [Sylvestres](#CD0633); [Syphita stricta](#CD0635); [Terrelati](#CD0647); [Trarames](#CD0656); [Trifertes](#CD0657); [Visio](#CD0674); [Vmbragines](#CD0678); [Vmbratiles](#CD0679); [Vndæ](#CD0680); [Xeninephidei](#CD0693)

**stars.** [Ascendentia signa](#CD0078); [Carbones cœli](#CD0139)

**steel.** [Edir](#CD0245)

**stone.** [Lapis](#CD0383); [Ludus](#CD0411)

**stones.** [Amianthus](#CD0024); [Anathron](#CD0029); [Calcitis](#CD0122); [Dienez](#CD0232); [Duelech](#CD0240); [Enur](#CD0254); [Gamathei](#CD0298); [Glacies dura](#CD0300); [Gemma tartarea](#CD0304); [Gravus](#CD0314); [Laxa Chimolea](#CD0390)

**straining.** [Filtratio](#CD0281)

**styptics.** [Collatenna](#CD0187); [Constrictiva](#CD0199)

**sublimation.** [Arsaneck](#CD0073); [Kimit elevatum](#CD0376); [Mercurius Crystallinus](#CD0446)

**substances.** [Kald](#CD0369); [Kali](#CD0370); [Liquor Mumiæ](#CD0405); [Manna](#CD0430); [Mumia](#CD0461); [Mumia transmarina](#CD0463)

**subtilisation.** [Elevation](#CD0249); [Exaltatio](#CD0265)

**sulphur.** [Alcubrith](#CD0017); [Chifir Minerale](#CD0162); [Chybur](#CD0164); [Kaprili](#CD0372); [Kibrith](#CD0375); [Lunaria](#CD0415); [Oleitas rerum](#CD0492)

**sun.** [Essila](#CD0261)

**superfluities.** [Excrementa](#CD0266)

**supernatural.** [Iesahach](#CD0340)

**surgery.** [Cauterium](#CD0148); [Cenigdam](#CD0151); [Consolidativa](#CD0197); [Constrictiva](#CD0199); [Corrosiva](#CD0210); [Incarnativa](#CD0361); [Laterium](#CD0386); [Maturativa](#CD0437); [Mitigativa](#CD0457)

**sweating.** [Diaphoreticum](#CD0229)

**sweetness.** [Calcinatum majus](#CD0120); [Calcinatum minus](#CD0121); [Dulcedo Saturni](#CD0242); [Manna](#CD0430)

**swellings.** [Formicæ](#CD0291); [Morus](#CD0459); [Nacta](#CD0471); [Nodi](#CD0483)

**tartar.** [Adamita](#CD0003); [Calcedonium tartarum](#CD0117); [Calx peregrinorum](#CD0132); [Colica](#CD0186); [Duelech](#CD0240); [Gemma tartarea](#CD0304); [Ignis pruinus adeptus](#CD0343); [Lephante](#CD0395); [Magneticus tartarus](#CD0423); [Marmoreus tartarus](#CD0432); [Oleum ardens](#CD0493); [Oleum squaminum](#CD0495)

**temperament.** [Diameter Spagiricus](#CD0226)

**textual references.** [Homunculus](#CD0330); [Iliaster](#CD0350)

**texture.** [Bitumen](#CD0108)

**theology.** [Cherubin](#CD0160)

**therapeutic classes.** [Laxativa](#CD0391); [Maturativa](#CD0437); [Mundificativa](#CD0467); [Narcotica](#CD0472); [Odorifera](#CD0491)

**three principles.** [Aqua Saturnia](#CD0059); [Archeius](#CD0067); [Astrum](#CD0083); [Iliaster](#CD0349)

**time.** [Annus Aniadin](#CD0043); [Annus Platonicus](#CD0044); [Mensis Philosophicus](#CD0442)

**tin.** [Calx Iovis](#CD0126); [Cydar](#CD0217); [Fel Draconis](#CD0274); [Iupiter](#CD0367)

**tincture.** [Lapis Philosophorum](#CD0384)

**transformation.** [Elixir](#CD0250); [Fermentum](#CD0276)

**transparency.** [Diaphanum](#CD0228)

**transplantation.** [Genula](#CD0305)

**trees.** [Durdales](#CD0243)

**ulcers.** [Ignis Persicus](#CD0342)

**uncertain identification.** [Cotoronium](#CD0213); [Fædula](#CD0273); [Geluta](#CD0303); [Gibar](#CD0307); [Haro](#CD0323); [Iassa](#CD0336)

**uncertain identifications.** [Alcaest](#CD0011); [Anathron](#CD0029); [Annora](#CD0042); [Azemasor](#CD0096)

**uncertain reference.** [Iesahach](#CD0340)

**universal medicine.** [Azoth](#CD0097); [Cœlum Philosophorum](#CD0179)

**universality.** [Gamonynum](#CD0299)

**urine.** [Mustus](#CD0468)

**valerian.** [Gumicula](#CD0318); [Hinicula](#CD0329)

**vapours.** [Derses](#CD0223); [Enur](#CD0254); [Leffas](#CD0393)

**variant names.** [Alcofol](#CD0014); [Alcubrith](#CD0017); [Almizadir](#CD0020); [Alusar](#CD0022); [Anticar](#CD0034); [Anatris](#CD0035); [Anontagius](#CD0047); [Anotasier](#CD0048); [Anterit](#CD0050); [Aroph](#CD0072); [Assala](#CD0080); [Axungia de Mumia](#CD0095); [Botin](#CD0110); [Brassadella](#CD0111); [Cafa](#CD0118); [Calcanthum](#CD0119); [Calx peregrinorum](#CD0132); [Calx Veneris](#CD0135); [Cherva](#CD0161); [Chybur](#CD0164); [Cohopb](#CD0182); [Demotinus lapsus](#CD0222); [Divertalium](#CD0236); [Glutinis tenacitas](#CD0311); [Grilla](#CD0315); [Hinicula](#CD0329)

**variant spellings.** [Dracunculus](#CD0238)

**Vegetable kingdom.** [Perdetæ](#CD0521); [Perdomium](#CD0522); [Peucedamum](#CD0524); [Porosa](#CD0531); [Quintessentia](#CD0544); [Relloleum](#CD0556); [Sophia herba](#CD0611); [Tereniabin](#CD0642); [Vegetabilia](#CD0663); [Vinum essatum](#CD0668); [Viscaleus](#CD0671); [Viscus](#CD0672)

**vessels.** [Cucurbita](#CD0215); [Diota](#CD0234)

**vinegar.** [Aqua solvens](#CD0060); [Kald](#CD0369)

**virtues.** [Corpus](#CD0208); [Essatum essentiale](#CD0258); [Formæ rerum](#CD0290); [Gluta](#CD0309)

**viscosity.** [Muscilago](#CD0466)

**viscous matter.** [Congluten](#CD0195); [Gluten](#CD0310)

**visions.** [Aquaster](#CD0061); [Berillistica](#CD0105)

**vitriol.** [Citrinulum](#CD0173); [Colcothar](#CD0184); [Grilla](#CD0315); [Henricus rubeus](#CD0328); [Ignis pruinus adeptus](#CD0343); [Oleum Calcotharinum](#CD0494)

**volatility.** [Fixatio](#CD0284)

**water.** [Amnis alcalisatus](#CD0026); [Aqua celestina](#CD0053); [Aqua Saturnia](#CD0059); [Balneum Mariæ](#CD0098); [Balneum roris](#CD0099); [Hydromancy](#CD0334); [Kyram](#CD0380); [Lorindt](#CD0410); [Nymphæ](#CD0486); [Nymphidica](#CD0487)

**water-works.** [Mechanopeotica](#CD0438)

**weather.** [Nebulgea](#CD0475)

**weights.** [Mangonaria](#CD0429)

**winds.** [Austromantia](#CD0093)

**wine.** [Alcool vini](#CD0016); [Aqua Celestis](#CD0054); [Aqua fecum vini](#CD0056); [Cardonium](#CD0141); [Cist](#CD0171); [Essatum vinum](#CD0259); [Ilech supernaturale](#CD0347); [Liquor Aquilegius](#CD0401)

**wisdom.** [Labor Sophiæ](#CD0381)

**wood.** [Assaliæ vermes](#CD0081); [Calx lignorum](#CD0127)

**worms.** [Lumbrici Nitri](#CD0412)

**wounds.** [Incarnativa](#CD0361)

[^CDV001]: The 1650 printing groups Anotasier, Aliocab and Alemzadar with a brace before the plural “are Salt Armoniack.” They are retained as one grouped definition. The transcription aid regularises the construction to a singular alternative.
[^CDV002]: The printed witness repeats Ares at the transition between pages. The modernised definition suppresses the apparent duplication; the source record preserves the reading for comparison.
[^CDV003]: The historical headword is printed Arthoicnm. Arthoicum is the corrected form used by the transcription aid and is supplied as an editorial finding form.
[^CDV004]: The printed phrase is “observation of of Winds.” The modernised definition removes the repeated of.
[^CDV005]: The original prints Natture with a doubled t. The modernised definition reads Nature.
[^CDV006]: The original prints supernaturll, omitting a letter. The modernisation reads supernatural.
[^CDV007]: The original prints terrrestial. The modernisation reads terrestrial.
[^CDV008]: The original has “loud falling upon stones,” apparently omitting the initial c of cloud. The modernised definition supplies cloud, following the sense and the transcription aid.
[^CDV009]: The 1650 headword reads Opopopyron Laudani. The shortened Opopyron Laudani of the transcription aid is supplied as an editorial finding form.
[^CDV010]: The original divides the form as Cro-s, yielding Cros. This edition retains cros in the definition. The transcription aid supplies Crocus, a conjectural correction explained in the commentary.
[^CDV011]: The original prints complexionn with a doubled final n. The modernised definition reads complexion.
[^CDV012]: The original gives “Saltz, saltz, Selenipum.” Its repeated spelling is preserved in the historical record. Sultz is the transcription aid’s correction and is supplied only as an editorial finding form.
[^CDV013]: The original prints resinging. The transcription aid conjectures restringing; the modernisation’s restraining interprets that conjecture. Repercussive, the accompanying word, is retained.
[^CDV015]: The original prints reſine with long s, meaning resine. The transcription aid misreads the long s as f and gives refine. Resine normalizes the printed glyph correctly; it is not an emendation of the historical text.
[^CDV014]: The original prints “in Tin” where a copula appears to be intended. The modernised definition reads “is tin.”