DiotimosReading Desk

Diotimos Library · Journals, Notebooks & Fragments Collection · Bilingual Edition

Joseph Joubert

The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert, Volume I

Complete Notebooks · French with an independent English translation.

Explore the Lexicon
The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert, Volume I[Malebranche.] · Entry 3558

Swipe or use the arrow keys.

French Page · Branch 3558 of 3781

[Malebranche.] · Entry 3558

Book Mode

French

p. 7115

28 juin.

[Montesquieu.] « La loi en général (dit-il) est la raison humaine. » Non pas. La loi proprement dite, la vraie loi, est la raison de Dieu. La vraie loi est ce qui oblige, quand même le législateur humain ne l’auroit pas prescrit.

Montesquieu (chap. 2ᵉ, livre II) : « Libanius dit qu’à Athènes un étranger qui se mêloit dans l’assemblée du peuple étoit puni de mort. C’est qu’un tel homme usurpoit le droit de souveraineté. » Ce n’étoit pas l’usurpation qui fesoit son délit, mais l’adultère. Un tel homme, par sa présence et son suffrage pouvoit rendre douteuse ou fausse la légitimité de la loi. Je dis sa légitimité civile, qui est la majorité des voix des citoyens. C’étoit là un grand inconvénient et un grand crime digne du dernier châtiment. A s’en tenir à la raison de Mʳ de Montesquieu, on l’eût puni par point d’honneur. Un tel orgueil n’entroit point dans les mœurs des anciens.

« Le peuple (dit Montesquieu) est admirable pour choisir ». Il est peut être plus infaillible dans son estime que dans ses préférences. Athènes eut son Cléon, et Rome son Varron. Le peuple se sert de sa raison pour aprécier les hommes. Mais ce n’est pas toujours sa raison, ce sont ses passions qui choisissent. Jamais il ne choisit si mal qu’en France, tant que son pouvoir y a duré. Mais deux circonstances expliquent ses erreurs. Il ne pouvoit choisir qu’entre des inconnus : il choisit ceux qui le flattèrent. On vouloit tout boulleverser : il choisit les plus violens, les plus méchans et les plus haineux ennemis de ceux qu’il crut ses ennemis.

Montesquieu dit du peuple : « Il a besoin, comme les monarques et même plus qu’eux, d’être conduit par un conseil ou Sénat. » Belles paroles, qui avertissant à la fois les peuples et les rois de leur insuffisance à se gouverner, les engagent, par un sort qui leur est commun et qui tient à l’humanité, à recourir à la sagesse pour conserver l’authorité.

Mʳ de Montesquieu disoit dans sa préface : « On ne trouvera point ici ces traits saillants qui semblent caractériser les ouvrages d’aujourd’hui. » Il y en a plus dans son ouvrage que dans aucun autre livre. « Pour peu qu’on voye les choses avec une certaine [ ] les saillies s’évanouissent. » Mʳ de Montesquieu a prouvé le contraire. « Elles ne naissent d’ordinaire que parce que l’esprit se jette tout d’un côté et abbandonne tous les autres. » Elles naissent quelquefois du besoin de se faire entendre, parce que l’esprit, après avoir vu tous les côtés, saisit rapidement celui qu’il faut choisir pour piquer la curiosité, l’attention, et abbandonne tous les autres à l’attention avertie. Les saillies sont la ressource de ceux qui sont impatiens d’être entendus et qui veulent tout montrer, mais non pas tout dire. Elles naissent d’un grand besoin d’être compris en s’expliquant très vite. Une sagacité extrême en donne le talent, parce qu’elle nous rend ce talent nécessaire. — Tous ses traits sont des aiguillons qui réveillent l’intelligence. Tel fut l’esprit de Mʳ de Montesquieu et tel est le caractère de ses saillies.

(Saillies de mémoire. Mʳ de Montesquieu en a beaucoup : Italiam, Italiam... « mains paternelles », feuilles aux vents ), etc.)

7115

The Notebooks of Joseph Joubert, Volume I: [Malebranche.]

p. 7116

June 28.

[Montesquieu.] “Law in general (he says) is the reason of man.” Not so. Law properly so called, true law, is the reason of God. True law is what binds, even if the human legislator had not prescribed it.

Montesquieu (chap. 2, book II): “Libanius says that at Athens a foreigner who mingled in the assembly of the people was punished with death. That is because such a man usurped the right of sovereignty.” What constituted his offense was not usurpation, but adultery. Such a man, by his presence and his vote, could make the law’s legitimacy doubtful or false. I mean its civil legitimacy, which is the majority of citizens’ votes. That was a great disadvantage and a great crime, worthy of the ultimate punishment. Had one kept to Mr de Montesquieu’s reason, one would have punished him from a point of honor. Such pride had no part in the manners of the ancients.

“The people (says Montesquieu) are admirable at choosing.” They are perhaps more infallible in their esteem than in their preferences. Athens had its Cleon, and Rome its Varro. The people use their reason to assess men. But it is not always their reason, it is their passions that choose. Never did they choose so badly as in France, so long as their power lasted there. But two circumstances explain their errors. They could choose only among unknown men: they chose those who flattered them. The aim was to overturn everything: they chose the most violent, the wickedest, and the most hate-filled enemies of those they believed their enemies.

Montesquieu says of the people: “They need, like monarchs and even more than they, to be guided by a council or Senate.” Beautiful words, which, warning peoples and kings alike of their inability to govern themselves, urge them, through a fate they share and which belongs to mankind, to have recourse to wisdom in order to preserve authority.

Mr de Montesquieu said in his preface: “One will not find here those salient strokes that seem to characterize today’s works.” There are more of them in his work than in any other book. “If one views things at all with a certain [ ], the sallies vanish.” Mr de Montesquieu proved the contrary. “They ordinarily arise only because the mind throws itself wholly to one side and abandons all the others.” They sometimes arise from the need to make oneself understood, because the mind, after seeing all sides, quickly seizes the one it must choose to prick curiosity, attention, and leaves all the others to attention once alerted. Sallies are the resource of those impatient to be understood, who wish to show everything but not to say everything. They arise from a great need to be understood while explaining oneself very quickly. Extreme sagacity gives one the talent for them, because it makes that talent necessary to us. — All his strokes are goads that awaken intelligence. Such was Mr de Montesquieu’s mind, and such is the character of his sallies.

(Sallies of memory. Mr de Montesquieu has many of them: Italiam, Italiam... “paternal hands,” leaves to the winds ), etc.)

7116

About This Reading Edition

Joubert’s notebooks return to the work of thinking and writing, the demands of friendship, and questions of faith, beauty and conduct. This edition pairs the French with a new English translation, preserving the order of the chosen source and the unfinished character of its fragments. Dates and source references allow readers to follow a thought through time or return to its printed context.

Historical Text and Translation

The French text follows André Beaunier’s 1938 edition of Les Carnets de Joseph Joubert, published by Gallimard from Joubert’s autograph manuscripts. Volume I presents the entries on printed pages 32–475. French and English are aligned paragraph by paragraph, retaining the source order, printed dates and page references so readers can return to the facsimile.

About Diotimos Editions

Diotimos Editions prepared this new English translation directly from the French, preserving Joubert’s distinctions, recurring images, ambiguities and unfinished thoughts. Translator’s notes clarify wording, references and uncertain readings: Essential keeps notes that help explain a passage, while All includes technical detail. Annotations from the 1938 source edition remain distinct from the new translator’s notes.

Rights

The linked facsimile records identify the French source as public domain in the United States. The new English translation and editorial notes are © 2026 Diotimos, with source annotations and new editorial contributions credited separately. This edition pairs the complete French notebooks with an independent English translation, preserving the distinction between Joubert’s text and its accompanying notes.