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In this edition. “Strangury” → “strangury” (DJR-099-17). The historical name is retained and explained in the note. The edition does not turn the period’s assertion of incurability into a current medical conclusion.
See also. Issue; Excrements.
Stupid
Source forms: stupified; stupid; stupidity
The word. Stupid, stupified and stupidity can describe being stunned, numbed or mentally insensible. They need not make a judgment about a person’s intelligence.
In Burton. Niobe’s grief and the women’s response to military disaster produce stupefaction. In the comic scene before the magistrate, stupidity names the company’s bewildered insensibility. The symptom passage uses stupid for an episodic state in which distressed people will not speak or answer.
The places. Stupified names the numbing force of Niobe’s grief. (p. 32; DJR-009-30.) Stupid describes women stunned by the disaster at Cannae. (p. 164; DJR-054-44.) Stupidity names the company’s stupefaction before the magistrate. (p. 171; DJR-056-30.) Stupid describes a temporary or recurrent state of insensibility. (p. 203; DJR-063-05.)
In this edition. “quite stupified” → “utterly numb” (DJR-009-30); “stupid women” → “stupefied women” (DJR-054-44); “their stupidity” → “their stupefaction” (DJR-056-30); “stupid for the time” → “insensible for the time” (DJR-063-05). The equivalents preserve states of shock or impaired responsiveness rather than substituting the modern insult. Their different causes and narrative uses remain visible.
Suit
The word. A suit can be a legal action or a petition for favour or office. Suiters in the legal catalogue are litigants, not people seeking marriage.
In Burton. Burton’s attack on litigation condemns the expense, bitterness and delay of pursuing cases. The account of ambition instead describes the exhausting performance of deference required when seeking a favour or position. Both involve pursuit, but the institutions and objects differ.
The places. Suiters are parties pursuing legal cases. (p. 51; DJR-013-41.) A sute is a petition pursued through attendance and ingratiation. (p. 113; DJR-043-23.)
In this edition. “ordinary suiters” → “ordinary litigants” (DJR-013-41); “about a sute” → “pursuing a petition” (DJR-043-23). Litigants and petition distinguish the contexts. The modern text retains Burton’s divided attribution of blame in the legal complaint.
See also. Dowry and jointure.
Supererogation
The word. To supererogate is to perform good works beyond what duty requires. Supererogation supplies the noun for that claimed surplus of merit.
In Burton. Burton sarcastically applies the term to monks whom he accuses of political intrigue and violence. His alleged peacemakers become incendiaries, and the phrase about earning heaven sharpens the contrast between their profession and the conduct charged against them.
The places. Supererogate appears in the sarcastic conclusion of an attack on monks. (p. 29; DJR-009-14.)
In this edition. “to supererogate” → “to perform works beyond duty” (DJR-009-14). The explanatory phrase retains the technical meaning so that the irony remains intelligible. The surrounding charges and account of merit are Burton’s polemical presentation.
See also. Mortification.
Synderesis
Source forms: synteresis; dictamen rationis
The word. Synderesis is the innate grasp of moral principles. Dictamen rationis is the dictate of reason. Burton lists both alongside conscience as innate kinds of understanding.
In Burton. The account distinguishes fleeting acts of apprehension from lasting intellectual dispositions, or habits. After enumerating acquired forms of understanding, it adds the three innate terms and gives a total of fourteen. The three are related without being collapsed into a single label.
The places. Synteresis and the dictate of reason occur in the classification of understanding. (p. 28; DJR-026-30.)
In this edition. “Synteresis” → “synderesis” (DJR-026-30); “Dictamen rationis” → “the dictate of reason” (DJR-026-30). The modern spelling synderesis replaces synteresis; the Latin phrase is translated directly. Habit in the surrounding passage means an enduring disposition rather than a repeated routine.
See also. Reason; Conscience.
Tables
The word. Tables can name a backgammon-type board game or physical tablets bearing records. The plural does not always refer to furniture.
In Burton. The gambling passage describes anger after losing at tables. The treatment synopsis recommends the same game among moderate mental recreations. In the shrine description, tables instead names commemorative or votive tablets displayed with inscriptions and gifts.
The places. Tables is the game whose losses provoke the gambler’s anger. (p. 119; DJR-044-35.) Tables appears among recreations in the regimen synopsis. (scan p. 323; DJR-067-09.) Tables are tablets displayed in the healing shrine. (p. 225; DJR-068-38.)
In this edition. “games at Tables” → “games of backgammon” (DJR-044-35); “cards, tables” → “cards, backgammon” (DJR-067-09); “tables, inscriptions” → “tablets, inscriptions” (DJR-068-38). Backgammon gives the reader the game family, while tablets preserves the material sense in the shrine. The contrast between uncontrolled gambling and moderate recreation belongs to the different passages.
See also. Recreate; Confection; Religion and superstition.
Tax
Source forms: taxeth; taxe; tax
The word. To tax can mean reproach, censure or attack someone in speech or writing. These uses do not concern imposing a financial levy.
In Burton. Erasmus is said to tax scholars for mishandling patrons. Princes are reported to pay Aretino to avoid being attacked in satire. Burton finally claims that his own discussion of lust aims to censure and deter it rather than teach it.
The places. Taxeth means reproaches scholars for neglecting patrons. (p. 139–140; DJR-049-01.) Taxe names an attack in Aretino’s satire. (p. 148; DJR-051-27.) Tax declares Burton’s censuring purpose in discussing love. (p. 410; DJR-108-16.)
In this edition. “as Erasmus well taxeth” → “as Erasmus justly reproaches them” (DJR-049-01); “taxe them in his Satyres” → “attack them in his satires” (DJR-051-27); “to tax and deter others from it” → “to censure it and deter others from it” (DJR-108-16). The renderings follow the different objects and force of criticism. The payment in the Aretino story is part of the reported means of avoiding censure, not the meaning of tax itself.
Temporize
Source forms: temporize; temporising
The word. To temporize is to adapt one’s conduct to circumstances, particularly for advantage. Burton’s uses concern opportunistic accommodation, rather than merely postponing a decision.
In Burton. The conscientious person refuses the practices that society rewards as worldly wisdom. In the discussion of false friends, a temporising age enables flatterers to gain access to powerful patrons and rise to office. Both passages expose the social rewards of compromised judgement.
The places. Honest people are despised for refusing opportunistic conduct. (p. 19; DJR-007-14.) The age’s opportunism makes flattering companions difficult to expose. (p. 421–422; DJR-110-23.)