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In Burton. Burton’s discussion of evacuation places electuaries among the treatments proposed when the body does not discharge its ordinary wastes naturally. They stand beside suppositories, preserved prunes and other preparations, so the noun identifies one particular medicinal form within a varied list.
The places. Lenitive electuaries appear among proposed aids to evacuation. (p. 237; DJR-071-28.)
In this edition. “lenitive electuaries” → “laxative electuaries” (DJR-071-28). Electuaries remains as the name of the preparation; laxative makes the intended action explicit. The local note explains the sweet vehicle and the gentler force of lenitive.
See also. Receipt.
Emblem
Source forms: impresse; impresses
The word. An impresse is a symbolic device or emblem, often associated with a motto. Impresses can therefore name images that carry an argument, rather than impressions left on a surface or on the mind.
In Burton. The bending branch is the device attributed to the Colonna family. Its Latin motto and Burton’s explanation disagree about bending and breaking; an explanation of the emblem must preserve that difficulty. In the praise of love, rings and other figures suggest ideas through symbols, devices and emblems.
The places. The Colonna branch is called an impresse. (p. 353; DJR-096-36.) Poets convey ideas about love through symbolic devices. (p. 416; DJR-109-18.)
In this edition. “an Impresse” → “their emblem” (DJR-096-36); “Symbols, Impresses, Emblemes” → “symbols, devices and emblems” (DJR-109-18). Emblem and device convey the visual and symbolic function. Neither rendering resolves the contradictory explanation of the branch.
Empiric
Source forms: empiricks; Empericks in policie; Empericks; empirick; Empirick
The word. An empiric practises from experience or particular remedies without the learned physician’s systematic account of causes. Burton often uses the term disparagingly, but its force varies. It does not mean a practitioner of modern empirical science.
In Burton. The medical discussion contrasts relief from particular remedies with treatment based on causes. Elsewhere, Burton admits that an empiric may accomplish remarkable cures because the patient trusts him. Political empirics are similarly people exercising a profession without adequate training. A later example of acquired confidence uses the term more neutrally.
The places. Impoverished clergy turn to empirical healing. (p. 16; DJR-006-18.) Unqualified rulers are political empirics. (p. 48–49; DJR-013-20.) Empirical treatment is contrasted with knowledge of causes. (p. 37; DJR-028-03.) Patient confidence can favour an empiric. (p. 96; DJR-039-29.) The learned physician is distinguished from untrained practitioners. (p. 226; DJR-069-04.) Experience produces confident practitioners. (p. 295–292 [296]; DJR-084-13.)
In this edition. “empiricks” → “empirical healers” (DJR-006-18); “Empericks in policie” → “untrained practitioners of politics” (DJR-013-20); “Empericks” → “Empirical practitioners” (DJR-028-03); “An Empirick” → “An empiric” (DJR-039-29); “Empericks” → “untrained practitioners” (DJR-069-04); “bold Empericks” → “confident practitioners” (DJR-084-13). The varied renderings preserve the professional contrast without giving every occurrence the same degree of condemnation.
See also. Physick.
Emulation
Source forms: κακοζηλίαν; emulation; honest emulation
The word. Emulation is rivalry or a wish to equal or surpass another. It can be honourable and useful, or misguided and excessive. The Greek kakozēlia in the satire emphasizes a perverse form of imitation.
In Burton. The chain of favourites and flatterers illustrates servile ambition. The classification of passions places emulation among emotions that become destructive when immoderate. Burton then expressly allows honest emulation in study and other callings, presenting it as a stimulus to intelligence and courage.
The places. Misguided imitation drives a chain of dependence. (p. 37; DJR-011-07.) Emulation is listed among passions liable to excess. (p. 97 [scan p. 197]; DJR-040-03.) Honest emulation is defended. (p. 103; DJR-041-19.)
In this edition. “κακοζηλίαν” → “misguided imitation” (DJR-011-07); “Emulation” → “rivalry” (DJR-040-03); “Honest emulation” → “Honourable rivalry” (DJR-041-19). Rivalry gives the competitive sense. Honourable preserves the qualification that makes Burton’s approval intelligible; honest is not limited here to truthfulness.
See also. Jealousy.
Entertain
Source forms: entertainment; entertain; gives entertainment
The word. To entertain can mean to receive someone, provide a place in a household, or maintain a person in service. Entertainment consequently includes reception and support, without necessarily implying amusement.
In Burton. The impoverished scholar may be admitted to a patron’s household yet wait years for an appointment. Princes entertain jesters by maintaining them at court, even though the jesters’ work is itself entertaining in the modern sense. A man acting the grandee gives entertainment by receiving visitors.
The places. A patron may receive a scholar into his household. (p. 142 [printed 128]; DJR-049-28.) Princes maintain jesters and actors. (p. 420; DJR-110-09.) The imagined grandee receives visitors. (p. 194; DJR-061-03.)
In this edition. “give him entertainment” → “take him into his household” (DJR-049-28); “entertain Jesters” → “maintain jesters” (DJR-110-09); “gives entertainment” → “receives visitors” (DJR-061-03). The translations identify the particular act of reception or employment. They retain the difference between providing a livelihood and securing the desired appointment.
See also. Ordinary; Hospital; Conversation; Familiar.
Enthusiasm
Source forms: fanaticall; Enthusiasts; Enthusiasmus; enthusiasticks; Enthusiasmes
The word. Enthusiasm here means inspiration or possession attributed to a divine spirit. An enthusiast is someone understood or claiming to be so inspired. Fanatical can likewise describe prophetic frenzy, rather than simply intense commitment.
In Burton. Burton uses inspired figures to qualify the rule that melancholy always brings fear and sorrow. He also reports a medical account linking inspired possession with exceptional intellectual ability. In the religious discussion, enthusiasm appears amid claims he distrusts, ranging from excessive devotion to the revelations of hostilely described sects. The word’s valuation therefore depends on the passage.
The places. Prophetic frenzy qualifies a general account of melancholy. (p. 181; DJR-058-25.) Inspired people are excluded from one classification. (p. 181; DJR-058-27.) Enthusiasmus is linked with exceptional ability. (p. 192; DJR-060-22.) Excessive devotion is said to produce claims of inspiration. (p. 632–633; DJR-151-23.) Bodily and environmental conditions are alleged precursors. (p. 656; DJR-156-07.) Sectarian revelations are attacked. (p. 677; DJR-160-21.)
In this edition. “fanaticall persons” → “people seized by prophetic frenzy” (DJR-058-25); “Enthusiasts” → “people seized by inspiration” (DJR-058-27); “Enthusiasmus” → “inspired possession” (DJR-060-22); “enthusiasticks” → “people who believe themselves inspired” (DJR-151-23); “Enthusiasmes” → “states of inspiration” (DJR-156-07); “strange Enthusiasmes” → “strange claims of divine inspiration” (DJR-160-21). Inspiration and possession preserve the stronger historical senses. Where the passage contests a claim, the rendering makes that distance visible.
See also. Religion and superstition.