In this edition. “bugbears” → “bogeymen” (DJR-050-41); “bugbears” → “terrifying apparitions” (DJR-058-38). The two renderings distinguish the frightening figure invoked by another person from the apparition apparently seen by a sufferer.

See also. Daemon and genius.

Calenture and ague

Source forms: quartan ague; calentures; quartane

The word. Ague names a fever, often a recurrent one. Quartan marks recurrence on the fourth day by inclusive counting; calenture denotes a burning fever in the selected travel account.

In Burton. A dietary warning associates pork with quartan ague. Travellers’ calentures are reported alongside fluxes after unfamiliar food. Later, Burton records a dispute about quartan fever: although improvement after it is claimed, prolonged agues are also numbered among causes of melancholy. The vocabulary identifies the historical fever patterns without resolving these competing causal assertions.

The places. Quartan ague appears in a warning about pork. (p. 66; DJR-033-38.) Travellers are said to suffer burning fevers and diarrhoea. (p. 77; DJR-035-52.) Quartan fever is discussed both as a possible precursor to relief and as a cause. (p. 212; DJR-065-08.)

In this edition. “quartan ague” → “quartan ague” (DJR-033-38); “Calentures” → “burning fevers” (DJR-035-52); “quartane” → “quartan fever” (DJR-065-08). The periodic designation remains without assigning a modern disease identity to every historical example.

See also. Phrenitis; Madness; Helleborism; Feral.

Calling

Source forms: calling; callings

The word. Calling means an occupation or vocation: the work for which a person is trained or which ordinarily occupies them.

In Burton. In the criticism of government, people raised without a calling are driven into begging or theft and then punished. Later, studies and callings help explain the particular objects that occupy a melancholy person’s thoughts. Occupation thus matters both as a social provision and as a source of the mind’s habitual material.

The places. Failure to train people for occupations contributes to poverty and punishment. (p. 35; DJR-010-20.) Studies and occupations shape the content of symptoms. (p. 194; DJR-061-02.)

In this edition. “no calling” → “no occupation” (DJR-010-20); “studies and callings” → “studies and occupations” (DJR-061-02). “Occupation” fits both examples. Neither requires a special inward summons or an exclusively religious office.

See also. Commonwealth.

Careful

Source forms: carefull

The word. Careful can mean filled with cares or burdened by worry. Carefull thoughts are thoughts that trouble someone.

In Burton. In the account of balm, Burton lists among its attributed virtues the expulsion of carefull thoughts and anxious imaginations. The parallel with anxious makes the sense clear: the claimed benefit concerns relief from worry, not the removal of attentive or conscientious thinking.

The places. Worried thoughts figure among the troubles a herb is claimed to relieve. (p. 368–369; DJR-100-12.)

In this edition. “carefull thoughts” → “worried thoughts” (DJR-100-12). “Worried” preserves the emotional burden expressed by the older adjective.

See also. Painful.

Carnal presumption

Source forms: carnall presumption

The word. Carnal presumption is unfounded confidence rooted in the unrenewed self, as distinguished here from warranted religious assurance. Carnal is not confined to sexual desire.

In Burton. The troubled speaker asks how assurance can be distinguished from carnal presumption, then lists signs of sanctification that seem to be missing. This is an objection voiced within the consolatory exchange. Treating it as a settled diagnosis by the narrator would erase the dialogue between distress and reassurance.

The places. The sufferer fears that apparent assurance may instead be unfounded confidence. (p. 714; DJR-167-54.)

In this edition. “carnall presumption” → “fleshly presumption” (DJR-167-54); “my security” → “my assurance” (DJR-167-54). “Fleshly” preserves the theological contrast, while “assurance” clarifies security. The article explains why the first phrase is broader than sensual indulgence.

See also. Faith and assurance.

Carriage

Source forms: cariages

The word. Carriage can mean conduct or manner of behaving. Cariages is the spelling found in the selected passage.

In Burton. Burton’s catalogue of follies runs through mad labours, books, endeavours and cariages before naming ignorance, actions and gestures. The sequence concerns forms of human activity and behaviour. Conduct supplies the sense appropriate to this satirical enumeration.

The places. Conduct is included in the catalogue of supposedly mad human activities. (p. 74; DJR-018-33.)

In this edition. “endeavors, cariages” → “undertakings and conduct” (DJR-018-33). The rendering prevents an irrelevant image of wheeled vehicles from entering the list.

See also. Conversation.

Casuists

Source forms: casuists

The word. Casuists are writers who discuss cases of conscience: particular problems of moral conduct and judgment.

In Burton. Burton invokes their criticism while attacking a gentry whose lives are consumed by recreation. The clause refers to their judgment on the sports and recreations just listed, especially the immoderation Burton immediately emphasizes. It identifies a type of moral authority rather than itself accusing that authority of dishonest reasoning.

The places. Writers on cases of conscience are cited against excessive aristocratic recreation. (p. 266; DJR-078-06.)

In this edition. “our Casuists tax” → “our writers on cases of conscience condemn” (DJR-078-06). The expanded phrase explains both the writers’ field and tax in its sense of censure.

See also. Divine.

Catoptrics and perspectives

Source forms: perspectives; Catoptricks; perspective glasses

The word. Perspectives can name optics, the study of sight. Catoptrics concerns reflected images, while perspective glasses denotes optical instruments or glasses without necessarily specifying one device.

In Burton. Burton assigns the problems of vision to writers on perspectives. Later, catoptrics helps explain apparently uncanny sights through dark rooms and shaped mirrors. Optical glasses also enter a gallery of objects enjoyed as recreation. The vocabulary spans an organized inquiry, an account of visual effects and a class of objects for viewing.

The places. Perspectives names the discipline concerned with vision. (p. 22; DJR-025-09.) Dark-room effects and shaped mirrors explain strange sights. (p. 211; DJR-064-28.) Optical glasses appear among objects of pleasurable inspection. (p. 278; DJR-080-33.)

In this edition. “Perspectives” → “optics” (DJR-025-09); “Catoptricks” → “catoptrics” (DJR-064-28); “perspective glasses” → “optical glasses” (DJR-080-33). “Optics” makes the disciplinary sense clear. “Optical glasses” leaves the instrument unspecified, as it is in the source.

See also. Glass; Species in perception; Fascination.

Cause

Source forms: impulsive cause; efficient cause; Continent causes; next causes; instrumental causes

The word. Cause takes several technical qualifications. An impulsive cause impels; an instrumental cause supplies the means; an efficient cause brings an action about. In the medical classification, antecedent causes prepare a condition, continent causes sustain it directly, and next causes are nearest or proximate.