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The places. Alterative treatment is a branch of the pharmaceutical synopsis. (scan p. 324; DJR-067-13.) Alteratives and cordials are distinguished in a discussion of purging. (p. 365; DJR-099-28.)
In this edition. “Alterative” → “Alterative treatment” (DJR-067-13); “Alteratives and Cordials” → “alteratives and cordials” (DJR-099-28). The technical name is retained so that the divisions of Burton’s medical scheme remain recognizable.
See also. Cordial; Lenitive; Corrected medicines; Purging; Physick.
Ambodexter
The word. An ambodexter is a double-dealer who serves opposed sides for personal advantage. Burton’s plural ambodexters is applied to moral conduct.
In Burton. The satire groups ambodexters with hypocrites and compares them to pictures that show a lion from one angle and a lamb from another. A later denunciation places them among people whose apparent sociability conceals self-interest. In both places the emphasis falls on contradictory outward faces and opportunistic dealings.
The places. Changing pictures illustrate the opposed faces of hypocrites. (p. 36; DJR-010-28.) Double-dealing forms part of a catalogue of selfish conduct. (p. 109; DJR-042-38.)
In this edition. “ambodexters” → “double-dealers” (DJR-010-28); “ambodexters” → “double-dealing” (DJR-042-38). The equivalents convey the moral accusation without suggesting a person’s physical dexterity.
See also. Parasite; Temporize.
Anatomical arteries
Source forms: aspera arteria; vocall artery; Carotides; juglars; Venosal Artery
The word. Burton’s anatomical vocabulary does not map directly onto modern artery and vein names. Aspera arteria and vocal artery name the windpipe; the venosal artery belongs to the historical account of the pulmonary vessels.
In Burton. The lung passage sends air to the heart through a venosal artery and connects that route with the windpipe. The discussion of breathing likewise uses vocal artery for the airway. Elsewhere the carotides carry a strong pulse, while juglars swell in the account of excessive drinking. The latter examples must remain distinct from the older airway terminology gathered under this editorial heading.
The places. Historical vessel and airway names in the account of the lungs. (p. 19; DJR-024-16.) The vocal artery carries inhaled air. (p. 25; DJR-025-34.) The carotides are named in a description of the pulse. (p. 180; DJR-058-16.) Swollen juglars occur among the reported effects of excess drinking. (p. 306; DJR-086-31.)
In this edition. “aspera arteria” → “windpipe” (DJR-024-16); “Venosal Artery” → “venosal artery” (DJR-024-16); “vocall Artery” → “windpipe” (DJR-025-34); “Carotides” → “carotid arteries” (DJR-058-16); “juglars” → “jugular veins” (DJR-086-31). “Venosal artery” is retained where replacing the name would silently recast Burton’s physiological claim.
See also. Organical parts.
Anatomical membranes
The word. Rim can denote an abdominal membrane or lining; tunicles are thin membranes or coverings. The anatomical location matters more than the everyday shape suggested by rim.
In Burton. In the division of the lower body, the rim separates the region of the navel and flanks from that above it. In the account of head melancholy, membranes and tunicles are possible seats of the offending humour around the brain. Burton uses these coverings as landmarks within his organization of bodily regions and disease.
The places. The rim marks a division in the lower bodily region. (p. 17; DJR-024-05.) Membranes and tunicles surround the brain. (p. 176; DJR-057-23.)
In this edition. “Rim” → “abdominal membrane” (DJR-024-05); “Membranes, and Tunicles” → “membranes and coverings” (DJR-057-23). The modern text explains the type of structure without assigning a more precise modern anatomical identity than the passage warrants.
See also. Organical parts.
Anatomy
Source forms: living anatomy; anatomies
The word. An anatomy can be an exposed or skeleton-like body, and figuratively a person wasted to extreme thinness. This bodily image differs from the analytical activity announced by the book’s title.
In Burton. Envy produces a living anatomy: a ghastly, emaciated person likened to a skeleton and a carcass animated by a fiend. The more general account of cares again turns sufferers into anatomies, immediately glossed by the image of skin and bones. The metaphors make mental distress visibly consume the body.
The places. Envy reduces a person to a living anatomical specimen. (p. 100; DJR-041-04.) Care makes bodies skeleton-like and wasted. (p. 111; DJR-043-11.)
In this edition. “living Anatomy” → “living anatomical specimen” (DJR-041-04); “Anatomies” → “skeletons” (DJR-043-11). The two renderings retain the corporeal image without confusing the people described with anatomical treatises.
See also. Organical parts; Melancholy.
Anchorite
Source forms: anachorites; Anachorites
The word. An anchorite is a religious recluse. Anachorite is a related spelling used in the selected passages.
In Burton. Burton’s treatment is not uniform. In discussing diet he praises the remarkable abstinence of hermits and anchorites. In the account of pride he accuses some ascetics of making contempt for worldly honour a new occasion of pride. In the discussion of solitude, prescribed withdrawal becomes a possible source of melancholy. The same way of life can therefore supply an example of temperance and an object of criticism.
The places. Ascetic temperance supplies an admired dietary example. (p. 236–237; DJR-071-23.) Contempt of worldly honour is accused of becoming pride. (p. 124; DJR-045-45.) Enforced solitude is discussed as a cause of distress. (p. 87–88; DJR-038-02.)
In this edition. “Anachorites” → “anchorites” (DJR-071-23); “Anachorites” → “anchorites” (DJR-045-45); “Anchorites” → “anchorites” (DJR-038-02). The modern spelling is consistent, while the article preserves the changing judgment in the surrounding prose.
See also. Solitude; Mortification.
Anger
The word. In the selected classification, anger is defined by its object as a desire for revenge. Hatred is then characterized as anger that has become inveterate.
In Burton. Burton places anger among mixed affections and passions, alongside zeal, malicious joy, pride, rivalry, envy and shame. The sequence classifies emotions through their relations to desired or suffered goods and harms. The definition is narrower than every ordinary occurrence of anger: it explains the particular scheme being presented.
The places. Anger and hatred appear in a classification of mixed passions. (p. 25; DJR-025-29.)
In this edition. “Anger, which is a desire of revenge” → “anger, a desire for revenge” (DJR-025-29); “inveterate anger” → “inveterate anger” (DJR-025-29). The familiar word remains, together with Burton’s defining phrase, so that the classification can be followed on its own terms.
See also. Passion.
Animal and vegetal
Source forms: vegetals; vegetal
The word. Vegetals are plants; vegetal names the faculty associated with plant life. Animal in the article heading identifies the sensitive level of living creatures in the division Burton reports.
In Burton. The satire extends melancholy beyond humans to vegetals and sensibles, using transplanted plants as an example. The later account of soul orders the vegetative, sensitive and rational faculties: the higher includes the lower, though the lower may exist alone. Plants, other animals and humans are thus distinguished by capacities within a connected account of life.
The places. Plants and creatures with senses enter the extended account of melancholy. (p. 46; DJR-012-38.) The three faculties are ordered by inclusion. (p. 20; DJR-024-24.)