Contextual lexicon

These three hundred sixteen articles form the completed text of the contextual lexicon for the modern English edition of The Anatomy of Melancholy. They run alphabetically from Abdicate through Zeal, within the fixed selection of 316 entries. Each explains a word or related group through Burton’s usage and the accompanying modern text.

The source forms preserve the spellings found in the edited passages. An article heading may gather related forms or supply an explanatory name. The word gives the relevant sense; In Burton follows its work in the argument; The places identifies selected passages; In this edition records the actual contextual renderings. Source footnotes preserve qualifications and point to the edition’s supporting notes.

References give source pagination and stable passage identifiers. Bracketed qualifications distinguish supplied or irregular numbering; scan pages are labelled explicitly. These are selected examples, not an exhaustive concordance. The source-term, modern-rendering and thematic indexes cover all 316 articles. Related-entry links lead to the corresponding articles.

Historical medical explanations, astrological claims and religious polemics are described as they occur in Burton. Explaining a term does not independently establish the claims made with it. Modern equivalents vary with context, and an unchanged word may still require explanation.

Abdicate

Source forms: abdicate; abdicated

The word. To abdicate can mean to reject someone, disown a relation, or exclude an heir. In these passages the person who loses the position is the object of another person’s action.

In Burton. Burton first describes a father repudiating a child for sexual misconduct, within a satire on the unequal treatment of rich and poor. Later he reports an heir excluded from the empire because of his devotion to study. Both uses involve deprivation imposed from outside; reading the later passage as a voluntary resignation would reverse its agency.

The places. A father disowns his child. (p. 35; DJR-010-18.) An heir is excluded because of his bookishness. (p. 127; DJR-046-19.)

In this edition. “abdicate” → “disown” (DJR-010-18); “abdicated” → “excluded” (DJR-046-19). The different equivalents preserve the family relationship in one passage and the loss of succession in the other.

See also. Estate; Church patronage.

Abraham men

Source forms: counterfeit cranks; dummerers; Abraham men; counterfeit crank

The word. Abraham men are beggars accused of feigning mental illness. Burton groups them with counterfeit cranks, accused of feigning illness more generally, and dummerers, accused of pretending to be mute.

In Burton. In the account of poverty, these labels accompany the claim that want drives people to desperate expedients. In the later passage, a poor petitioner is dismissed as a counterfeit crank despite his protests. The repetition shows how the vocabulary of suspected imposture can also serve the refusal of relief. The accusation must not be mistaken for a diagnosis established by the narrative.

The places. Poverty and the labels attached to suspected feigned disability. (p. 159; DJR-053-32.) A petitioner is rejected as a supposed cheat. (p. 430; DJR-112-15.)

In this edition. “counterfeit Cranks” → “sham invalids” (DJR-053-32); “Dummerers” → “people who pretend to be mute” (DJR-053-32); “counterfeit crank” → “feigned invalid” (DJR-112-15). The historical name “Abraham men” remains in the modern text; the article supplies its contextual explanation.

See also. Counterfeit.

Absolute

Source forms: absolute cure; absolute

The word. Absolute means complete or perfected in the selected passages. Its force is supplied by what would make a cure or a human life whole.

In Burton. The opening discussion joins the physician’s work to the clergyman’s: their combined contribution makes an absolute cure. Later, a catalogue of exceptional gifts and possessions still cannot make a person absolute or secure lasting happiness. Completeness can thus be an aim of treatment and an elusive condition of life.

The places. Bodily and spiritual care combine in a complete cure. (p. 16; DJR-006-21.) Even extraordinary advantages cannot make a life complete. (p. 108–109; DJR-042-28.)

In this edition. “absolute cure” → “complete cure” (DJR-006-21); “make thee absolute” → “make you complete” (DJR-042-28). “Complete” keeps the relation to wholeness visible. The adjective does not here promise unconditional certainty or name unrestricted political power.

See also. Just; Simple; Generous; Absolve.

Absolve

Source forms: absolved

The word. Absolve here means to finish or bring a work to completion. The headword is the dictionary form of the attested past tense absolved.

In Burton. In the report of attempts to cut a canal between Africa and Asia, earlier rulers abandon their undertaking. Ptolemy later renews it and absolves it in a more suitable place. The abandoned work and its resumption establish the sense: an engineering undertaking is completed.

The places. Ptolemy is said to complete a previously abandoned undertaking. (p. 57–58; DJR-015-12.)

In this edition. “absolved it” → “completed it” (DJR-015-12). The rendering prevents the more familiar sense of pardon from intruding into the account.

See also. Absolute; Fact.

Accident

Source forms: accident; accidental; accidents; accidentall

The word. Accident ranges from an accompanying condition or incidental circumstance to a property contrasted with substance. In medical classifications, accidents can be accompanying symptoms; opposed to innate, accidental can mean acquired.

In Burton. Discontent is called an inseparable accident of human life, while the survey of causes opens into a labyrinth of accidental causes. The treatment synopsis uses accidents for symptoms requiring relief. The astronomical digression asks whether light is substance or accident. Finally, bodily impairments are classified as innate or accidental. These contexts require distinct senses rather than a single substitution.

The places. An accompanying condition of human existence. (p. 106; DJR-042-07.) Incidental causes form a branching labyrinth. (p. 161; DJR-054-02.) The treatment synopsis lists remedies for accompanying symptoms. (unnumbered; scan p. 326; DJR-067-24.) Light is considered as substance or property. (p. 252; DJR-075-04.) Acquired impairments are distinguished from those present at birth. (p. 312; DJR-087-38.)

In this edition. “inseparable accident” → “inseparable condition” (DJR-042-07); “accidental causes” → “incidental causes” (DJR-054-02); “accidents” → “accompanying symptoms” (DJR-067-24); “an accident” → “an accidental property” (DJR-075-04); “accidentall” → “acquired” (DJR-087-38). The modern equivalents follow the argument in each place. Chance mishap is not the controlling sense of these examples.

See also. Cause; Equivocation.

Action

Source forms: action

The word. Action can name an orator’s delivery or performance. Here it stands beside speech and gesture, directing attention to the speaker’s manner of presenting words.

In Burton. Burton’s attack on declaimers judges their speech, action and gesture as signs of apparent madness. The passage then contrasts verbal display with wisdom shown in deeds. That contrast makes it particularly important to distinguish the first, rhetorical use of action from the ordinary acts invoked in the moral comparison.

The places. A satire on declaimers contrasts performance with conduct. (p. 71; DJR-018-02.)

In this edition. “speech, action, gesture” → “speech, performance, or gesture” (DJR-018-02). “Performance” gives the rhetorical sense without imposing it on every occurrence of action elsewhere in the book.

See also. Pathetical; Parrhesia; Confer and conference; Judgment; Fact.

Actuality

Source forms: ἐντελέχεια; first act

The word. Actuality renders the philosophical act by which a capacity is realized or possessed in a determinate form. First actuality must be distinguished from the active exercise of that capacity.